Class 28: Outline

Hour 1: Displacement Current Maxwells Equations Hour 2: Electromagnetic waves

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Finally: Bringing it All Together

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Displacement Current

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Amperes Law: Capacitor

Consider a charging capacitor:
I Use Amperes Law to calculate the magnetic field just above the top plate

Ampere's law:

B d s = 0 I enc

1) Red Amperian Area, Ienc= I 2) Green Amperian Area, I = 0

Whats Going On?

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Displacement Current
We dont have current between the capacitor plates but we do have a changing E field. Can we make a current out of that?

Q E= Q = 0 EA = 0 E 0 A
dE dQ = 0 Id dt dt
This is called (for historic reasons) the Displacement Current
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Maxwell-Amperes Law

B d s = ( I + I ) 0 encl d = 0 I encl dE + 0 0 dt
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PRS Questions: Capacitor

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Maxwells Equations

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Electromagnetism Review
E fields are created by: (1) electric charges (2) time changing B fields B fields are created by (1) moving electric charges (NOT magnetic charges) (2) time changing E fields Gausss Law Faradays Law Amperes Law Maxwells Addition

E (B) fields exert forces on (moving) electric charges Lorentz Force

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Maxwells Equations
E dA =
S

Qin
0

(Gauss's Law) (Faraday's Law) (Magnetic Gauss's Law) (Ampere-Maxwell Law)

dB Ed s = dt C

B dA = 0
S

dE B d s = 0 I enc + 0 0 dt C F = q (E + v B)

(Lorentz force Law)

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Electromagnetic Radiation

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A Question of Time

http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/8/ 8.02T/f04/visualizations/light/ 05-CreatingRadiation/05pith_f220_320.html

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Electromagnetic Radiation: Plane Waves

http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/8/8.02T/f04/visualizations/light/07-EBlight/07-EB_Light_320.html
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Traveling Waves
Consider f(x) = x=0 What is g(x,t) = f(x-vt)? t=0 t=t0 t=2t0

x=0

x=vt0 x=2vt0
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f(x-vt) is traveling wave moving to the right!

Traveling Sine Wave

Now consider f(x) = y = y0sin(kx):
Amplitude (y0)

2 Wavelength ( ) = wavenumber (k )

x What is g(x,t) = f(x+vt)? Travels to left at velocity v y = y0sin(k(x+vt)) = y0sin(kx+kvt)

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Traveling Sine Wave

y = y0 sin ( kx + kvt )
At x=0, just a function of time: y = y0 sin( kvt ) y0 sin( t )

Amplitude (y0)

1 Period (T ) = frequency (f ) 2 = angular frequency ( )

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Traveling Sine Wave

i Wavelength: i Frequency : f i Wave Number: k =

y = y0 sin(kx t )
2

i Angular Frequency: = 2 f 1 2 i Period: T = = f

i Speed of Propagation: v =

k i Direction of Propagation: + x

=f
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Electromagnetic Waves

Hz

Remember:

f =c

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Electromagnetic Radiation: Plane Waves

http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/8/8.02T/f04/visualizations/light/07-EBlight/07-EB_Light_320.html

Watch 2 Ways: 1) Sine wave traveling to right (+x) 2) Collection of out of phase oscillators (watch one position) Dont confuse vectors with heights they are magnitudes of E (gold) and B (blue)

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PRS Question: Wave

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Group Work: Do Problem 1

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Properties of EM Waves
Travel (through vacuum) with speed of light

v=c=

m = 3 10 s 0 0
8

At every point in the wave and any instant of time, E and B are in phase with one another, with

E E0 = =c B B0

E and B fields perpendicular to one another, and to the direction of propagation (they are transverse):

Direction of propagation = Direction of E B

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Direction of Propagation E sin(k ( p B sin(k ( p r ) t) E=E r B = B t ); ) 0 0

B =p E
E i j k j k i B j k i i j k p k i j k i j r) (p z x y z x y
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PRS Question: Direction of Propagation

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In Class Problem: Plane EM Waves

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Energy & the Poynting Vector

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Energy in EM Waves
Energy densities: Consider cylinder:

1 1 2 2 uE = 0 E , uB = B 2 20

2 1 B 2 dU = (u E + u B ) Adz = 0 E + Acdt 2 0

What is rate of energy flow per unit area?

2 B 1 dU c 2 = 0 E + S= = 2 0 A dt EB EB 2 = 0 0c + 1 = 0 20

c EB 0 cEB + 2 c 0

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Poynting Vector and Intensity

Direction of energy flow = direction of wave propagation

S=

EB

: Poynting vector

units: Joules per square meter per sec

Intensity I:

E0 B0 E cB = = I <S >= 20 20c 20

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2 0

2 0

Energy Flow: Resistor

S= EB

On surface of resistor is INWARD

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PRS Questions: Poynting Vector

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Energy Flow: Inductor

S= EB

On surface of inductor with increasing current is INWARD

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Energy Flow: Inductor

S= EB

On surface of inductor with decreasing current is OUTWARD

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