Southeast Asian Bulletin of Mathematics (2002) 26: 133145

Southeast Asian Bulletin of Mathematics

: Springer-Verlag 2002

On Fuzzy Metric Space

Sushil Sharma
Department of Mathematics, Madhav Science College, Vikram University, Ujjain, India E-mail: sksharma2005@yahoo.com

AMS Subject Classication (1990): 47H10, 54H25 Abstract. In this paper we prove a common xed point theorem for three mappings in fuzzy metric space and then extend this result to fuzzy 2 and 3-metric spaces. Our theorem is an extension of result of Fisher [12], to fuzzy metric spaces. Keywords: Fuzzy metric space, sequence, common xed point

1. Introduction In 1965, the concept of fuzzy sets was introduced by Zadeh [31]. Since then many authors have expansively developed the theory of fuzzy sets and applications. Especially, Deng [8], Erceg [10], Kaleva and Seikkala [23], Kramosil and Michalek [25] have introduced the concept of fuzzy metric spaces in dierent ways. Recently, many authors have also studied the xed point theory in these fuzzy metric spaces are [1], [6], [11], [17], [20], [21], [22], [27] and for fuzzy mappings [2], [3], [4], [5], [19], [26]. There are many view points of the notion of a metric space in fuzzy topology. We can devide them into two groups. The rst group is formed by those results in which a fuzzy metric on a set X is treated as a map d : X X ! R where X H I x [10] or X the totality of all fuzzy points of a set [2], and Hu [18] satisfying some collection of axioms or that are analogous of the ordinary metric axioms. Thus in such an approach numerical distances are set up between fuzzy objects. We keep in the second group results in which the distance between objects is fuzzy, the objects themselves may be fuzzy or not. The most interesting references in this direction are [9], [23], [24]. Ga hler in a series of papers [13], [14], [15] investigated 2-metric spaces. It is to be remarked that Sharma, Sharma and Iseki [29] studied for the rst time contraction type mappings in 2-metric space. Recently Wenzhi [30] and many others initiated the study of Probabilistic 2-metric spaces (or 2-PM spaces). We know that 2-metric space is a real valued function of a point triples on a set X, whose abstract properties were suggested by the area function in Euclidean spaces. Now it is natural to expect 3-metric space which is suggested by the volume func-

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tion. The method of introducing this is naturally dierent from 2-metric space theory, here we have to use simplex theory from algebraic topology. Denition 1 [28]. A binary operation : 0; 1 0; 1 ! 0; 1 is called a continuous tnorm if 0; 1; is an abelian topological monoid with unit 1 such that a b a c d whenever a a c and b a d for all a; b; c; d A 0; 1. Example of t-norm are a b ab and a b minfa; bg. Denition 2 [25]. The 3-tuple X ; M ; is called a fuzzy metric space (shortly, FMspace) if X is an arbitrary set, * is a continuous t-norm and M is a fuzzy set in X 2 0; y satisfying the following conditions: for all x; y; z A X and s; t > 0, (FM-1) (FM-2) (FM-3) (FM-4) (FM-5) M x ; y; 0 0, M x; y; t 1, for all t > 0 if and only if x y, M x; y; t M y; x; t, M x; y; t M y; z; s a M x; z; t s, M x; y; : : 0; 1 ! 0; 1 is left continuous.

In what follows, X ; M ; will denote a fuzzy metric space. Note that M x; y; t can be thought of as the degree of nearness between x and y with respect to t. We identify x y with M x; y; t 1 for all t > 0 and M x; y; t 0 with y. In the following example, we know that every metric induces a fuzzy metric. Example 1 [16]. Let X ; d be a metric space. Dene a b ab (or a b minfa; bg) and for all x; y A X and t > 0, M x; y; t t : t d x ; y 1: a

Then X ; M ; is a fuzzy metric space. We call this fuzzy metric M induced by the metric d the standard fuzzy metric. On the other hand, note that there exists no metric on X satisfying (1.a). Lemma 1 [17]. For all x; y A X ; M x; y; : is nondecreasing. Denition 3 [17]. Let X ; M ; is a fuzzy metric space: (1) A sequence fxn g in X is said to be convergent to a point x A X , (denoted by lim xn x), if
n!y n!y

lim M xn ; x; t 1

for all t > 0. (2) A sequence fxn g in X is called a Cauchy sequence if

n!y

lim M xnp ; xn ; t 1

for all t > 0 and p > 0.

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(3) A fuzzy metric space in which every Cauchy sequence is convergent is said to be complete. Remark 1. Since * is continuous, it follows from (FM-4) that the limit of the sequence in FM-space is uniquely determined. Let X ; M ; is a fuzzy metric space with the following condition: FM-6
t!y

lim M x; y; t 1

for all x; y A X :

Lemma 2 [7]. Let f yn g be a sequence in a fuzzy metric space X ; M ; with the condition (FM-6). If there exists a number q A 0; 1 such that M yn2 ; yn1 ; qt b M yn1 ; yn ; t for all t > 0 and n 1; 2; . . . then f yn g is a Cauchy sequence in X. Proof. For t > 0 and q A 0; 1, we have M y2 ; y3 ; qt b M y1 ; y2 ; t b M y0 ; y1 ; t=q or M y2 ; y3 ; t b M y0 ; y1 ; t=q 2 : By simple induction with the condition (1.b) [17], we have for all t > 0 and n 1; 2; . . . M yn 1 ; y n 2 ; t b M y1 ; y 2 ; t = q n 1: c 1:b

Thus by (1.c) and (FM-4), for any positive integer p and real number t > 0, we have -times ....... M yn ; ynp ; t b M yn ; yn1 ; t= p . . . .p.

M ynp1 ; ynp ; t= p

-times ....... b M y1 ; y2 ; t= pq n1 . . . .p. Therefore, by (FM-6), we have -times lim M yn ; ynp ; t b 1 . . . .p. .......

M y1 ; y2 ; t= pq np2

n!y

1 b 1;

which implies that f yn g is a Cauchy sequence in X. This completes the proof. Lemma 3 [27]. If, for all x; y A X , t > 0 and for a number q A 0; 1,

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M x; y; qt b M x; y; t then x y. Lemmas 1, 2, 3 and Remark 1 hold for fuzzy 2-metric spaces and fuzzy 3-metric spaces also. Denition 4. A function M is continuous in fuzzy metric space i whenever xn ! x, yn ! y, then
n!y

lim M xn ; yn ; t M x; y; t

for each t > 0. Denition 5. Two mappings A and S on fuzzy metric space X are weakly commuting i M ASu; SAu; t b M Au; Su; t for all u A X and t > 0. Denition 6. A binary operation : 0; 1 0; 1 0; 1 ! 0; 1 is called a continuous t-norm if 0; 1; is an abelian topological monoid with unit 1 such that a1 b1 c1 a a2 b2 c2 whenever a1 a a2 , b1 a b2 , c1 a c2 for all a1 ; a2 ; b1 ; b2 and c1 ; c2 are in 0; 1. Denition 7. The 3-tuple X ; M ; is called a fuzzy 2-metric space if X is an arbitrary set, * is a continuous t-norm and M is a fuzzy set in X 3 0; y satisfying the following conditions: for all x; y; z; u A X and t1 ; t2 ; t3 > 0. (FM 0 -1) M x; y; z: ; 0 0, (FM 0 -2) M x; y; z; t 1, t > 0 and when at least two of the three points are equal, (FM 0 -3) M x; y; z; t M x; z; y; t M y; z; x; t, (Symmetry about three variables) (FM 0 -4) M x; y; z; t1 t2 t3 b M x; y; u; t1 M x; u; z; t2 M u; y; z; t3 (This corresponds to tetrahedron inequality in 2-metric space) The function value M x; y; z; t may be interpreted as the probability that the area of triangle is less than t. (FM 0 -5) M x; y; z; : : 0; 1 ! 0; 1 is left continuous. Denition 8. Let X ; M ; is a fuzzy 2-metric space: (1) A sequence fxn g in fuzzy 2-metric space X is said to be convergent to a point x A X , if
n!y

lim M xn ; x; a; t 1

for all a A X and t > 0.

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(2) A sequence fxn g in fuzzy 2-metric space X is called a Cauchy sequence, if

n!y

lim M xnp ; xn ; a; t 1

for all a A X and t > 0, p > 0. (3) A fuzzy 2-metric space in which every Cauchy sequence is convergent is said to be complete. Denition 9. A function M is continuous in fuzzy 2-metric space i whenever xn ! x, yn ! y, then
n!y

lim M xn ; yn ; a; t M x; y; a; t

for all a A X and t > 0. Denition 10. Two mappings A and S on fuzzy 2-metric space X are weakly commuting i M ASu; SAu; a; t b M Au; Su; a; t for all u; a A X and t > 0. Denition 11. A binary operation : 0; 1 4 ! 0; 1 is called a continuous t-norm if 0; 1; is an abelian topological monoid with unit 1 such that a1 b1 c1 d1 a a2 b2 c2 d2 whenever a1 a a2 , b1 a b2 , c1 a c2 and d1 a d2 for all a1 ; a2 ; b1 ; b2 ; c1 ; c2 and d1 ; d2 are in 0; 1. Denition 12. The 3-tuple X ; M ; is called a fuzzy 3-metric space if X is an arbitrary set, * is a continuous t-norm and M is a fuzzy set in X 4 0; y satisfying the following conditions: for all x; y; z; w; u A X and t1 ; t2 ; t3 ; t4 > 0. (FM 00 -1) M x; y; z; w; 0 0, (FM 00 -2) M x; y; z; w; t 1 for all t > 0, (only when the three simplex hx; y; z; wi degenerate) (FM 00 -3) M x; y; z; w; t M x; w; z; y; t M y; z; w; x; t M z; w; x; y; t (FM 00 -4) M x; y; z; w; t1 t2 t3 t4 b M x; y; z; u; t1 M x; y; u; w; t2 M x; u; z; w; t3 M u; y; z; w; t4 00 (FM -5) M x; y; z; w; : : 0; 1 ! 0; 1 is left continuous. Denition 13. Let X ; M ; be a fuzzy 3-metric space: (1) A sequence fxn g in fuzzy 3-metric space X is said to be convergent to a point x A X , if
n!y

lim M xn ; x; a; b; t 1

for all a; b A X and t > 0.

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(2) A sequence fxn g in fuzzy 3-metric space X is called a Cauchy sequence, if

n!y

lim M xnp ; xn ; a; b; t 1

for all a; b A X and t > 0, p > 0. (3) A fuzzy 3-metric space in which every Cauchy sequence is convergent is said to be complete. Denition 14. A function M is continuous in fuzzy 3-metric space i whenever xn ! x, yn ! y, then
n!y

lim M xn ; yn ; a; b; t M x; y; a; b; t

for all a; b A X and t > 0. Denition 15. Two mappings A and S on fuzzy 3-metric space X are weakly commuting i M ASu; SAu; a; b; t b M Au; Su; a; b; t for all u; a; b A X and t > 0. Fisher [12] proved the following theorem for three mappings in complete metric space: Theorem A. Let S and T be continuous mappings of a complete metric space X ; d into itself. Then S and T have a common xed point in X i there exists a continuous mapping A of X into S X V T X which commute with S and T and satisfy: d Ax; Ay a a d Sx; Ty for all x; y A X and 0 < a < 1. Indeed S, T and A have a unique common xed point. Main results. In this paper we extend Theorem A to fuzzy metric space, fuzzy 2metric space and fuzzy 3-metric space. We prove the following: Theorem 1. Let X ; M ; be a complete fuzzy metric space with the condition (FM6) and let S and T be continuous mappings of X in X, then S and T have a common xed point in X if there exists continuous mapping A of X into S X V T X which commute with S and T and M Ax; Ay; qt b minfM Ty; Ay; t; M Sx; Ax; t; M Sx; Ty; tg 1: 1

for all x; y A X , t > 0 and 0 < q < 1. Then S, T and A have a unique common xed point.

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139

Proof. We dene a sequence fxn g such that Ax2n Sx2n1 and Ax2n1 Tx2n ; n 1; 2; . . .

We shall prove that fAxn g is a Cauchy sequence. For this suppose x x2n and y x2n1 in (1.1), we write M Ax2n ; Ax2n1 ; qt

b minfM Tx2n1 ; Ax2n1 ; t; M Sx2n ; Ax2n ; t; M Sx2n ; Tx2n1 ; tg b minfM Ax2n ; Ax2n1 ; t; M Ax2n1 ; Ax2n ; t; M Ax2n1 ; Ax2n ; tg b minfM Ax2n1 ; Ax2n ; t=q; M Ax2n ; Ax2n1 ; t=q; M Ax2n ; Ax2n1 ; t=qg Therefore M Ax2n ; Ax2n1 ; qt b M Ax2n1 ; Ax2n ; t=q By induction M Ax2k ; Ax2m1 ; qt b M Ax2m ; Ax2k1 ; t=q for every k and m in N. Further if 2m 1 > 2k , then M Ax2k ; Ax2m1 ; qt b M Ax2k1 ; Ax2m ; t=q . . . . . . . . . . . . b M Ax0 ; Ax2m12k ; t=q 2k If 2k > 2m 1, then M Ax2k ; Ax2m1 ; qt b M Ax2k1 ; Ax2m ; t=q . . . . . . . . . . . . b M Ax2k2m1 ; Ax0 ; t=q 2m1 By simple induction with (1.2) and (1.3) we have M Axn ; Axnp ; qt b M Ax0 ; Axp ; t=q n for n 2k , p 2m 1 or n 2k 1, p 2m 1 and by (FM-4) M Axn ; Axnp ; qt b M Ax0 ; Ax1 ; t=2q n M Ax1 ; Axp ; t=2q n if n 2k , p 2m or n 2k 1, p 2m. For every positive integer p and n in N, by noting that M Ax0 ; Axp ; t=q n ! 1 as n ! y: 1: 4 1: 3 1: 2

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Thus fAxn g is a Cauchy sequence. Since the space X is complete there exists z lim Axn
n!y

and

z lim Sx2n1 lim Tx2n :

n!y n!y

It follows that Az Sz Tz and M Az; A 2 z; qt b minfM TAz; AAz; t; M Sz; Az; t; M Sz; TAz; tg Therefore M Az; A 2 z; qt b M Sz; TAz; t b M Sz; ATz; t b M Az; A 2 z; t ............ b M Az; A 2 z; t=q n Since lim M Az; A 2 z; t=q n 1, so Az A 2 z.
n!y

Thus z is a common xed point of A, S and T. For uniquencess, let w w 0 z be another common xed point of S, T and A. By (1.1) we write M Az; Aw; qt b minfM Tw; Aw; t; M Sz; Az; t; M Sz; Tw; tg which implies that M z; w; qt b M z; w; t: Therefore by lemma 3, we write z w. This completes the proof of Theorem 1. Now we prove Theorem 1 for fuzzy 2-metric space. We prove the following: Theorem 2. Let X ; M ; be a complete fuzzy 2-metric space and let S and T be continuous mappings of X in X, then S and T have a common xed point in X if there exists continuous mapping A of X into S X V T X which commute with S and T and M Ax; Ay; a; qt b minfM Ty; Ay; a; t; M Sx; Ax; a; t; M Sx; Ty; a; tg 2:1 for all x; y; a in X , t > 0 and 0 < q < 1,
t!y

lim M x; y; z; t 1

for all x; y; z in X :

2: 2

Then S, T and A have a unique common xed point.

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141

Proof. We dene a sequence fxn g such that Ax2n Sx2n1 and Ax2n1 Tx2n ; n 1; 2; . . .

We shall prove that fAxn g is a Cauchy sequence. For this suppose x x2n and y x2n1 in (2.1), we write M Ax2n ; Ax2n1 ; a; qt

b minfM Tx2n1 ; Ax2n1 ; a; t; M Sx2n ; Ax2n ; a; t; M Sx2n ; Tx2n1 ; a; tg b minfM Ax2n1 ; Ax2n ; a; t=q; M Ax2n ; Ax2n1 ; a; t=q; M Ax2n ; Ax2n1 ; a; t=qg which gives M Ax2n ; Ax2n1 ; a; qt b M Ax2n1 ; Ax2n ; a; t=q: By induction M Ax2k ; Ax2m1 ; a; qt b M Ax2m ; Ax2k1 ; a; t=q for every k and m in N. Further if 2m 1 > 2k , then M Ax2k ; Ax2m1 ; a; qt b M Ax2k1 ; Ax2m ; a; t=q . . . . . . . . . . . . b M Ax0 ; Ax2m12k ; a; t=q 2k If 2k > 2m 1, then M Ax2k ; Ax2m1 ; a; qt b M Ax2k2m1 ; Ax0 ; a; t=q 2m1 By simple induction with (2.3) and (2.4) we have M Axn ; Axnp ; a; qt b M Ax0 ; Axp ; a; t=q n for n 2k , p 2m 1 or n 2k 1, p 2m 1 and by (FM 0 -4) M Axn ; Axnp ; a; qt b M Ax0 ; Axp ; Ax1 ; t=3q n M Ax0 ; Ax1 ; a; t=3q n M Ax1 ; Axp ; a; t=3q n if n 2k , p 2m or n 2k 1, p 2m. For every positive integer p and n in N, by noting that M Ax0 ; Axp ; a; t=q n ! 1 as n ! y: 2: 5 2: 4 2: 3

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Thus fAxn g is a Cauchy sequence. Since the space X is complete there exists z lim Axn
n!y

and

z lim Sx2n1 lim Tx2n :

n!y n!y

It follows that Az Sz Tz and M Az; A 2 z; a; qt b minfM TAz; AAz; a; t; M Sz; Az; a; t; M Sz; TAz; a; tg Therefore M Az; A 2 z; a; qt b M Sz; TAz; a; t b M Sz; ATz; a; t b M Az; A 2 z; a; t ............ b M Az; A 2 z; a; t=q n Since lim M Az; A 2 z; a; t=q n 1, so Az A 2 z.
n!y

Thus z is a common xed point of A, S and T. For uniqueness, let w w 0 z be another common xed point of S, T and A. By (2.1) we write M Az; Aw; a; qt b minfM Tw; Aw; a; t; M Sz; Az; a; t; M Sz; Tw; a; tg which implies that M z; w; a; qt b M z; w; a; t Therefore by lemma 3, we write z w. This completes the proof of Theorem 2. Now we prove Theorem 1 for fuzzy 3-metric space. We prove the following: Theorem 3. Let X ; M ; be a complete fuzzy 3-metric space and let S and T be continuous mappings of X in X, then S and T have a common xed point in X if there exists continuous mapping A of X into S X V T X which commute with S and T and M Ax; Ay; a; b; qt b minfM Ty; Ay; a; b; t; M Sx; Ax; a; b; t; M Sx; Ty; a; b; tg for all x; y; a; b in X, t > 0 and 0 < q < 1,
t!y

3: 1

lim M x; y; z; w; t 1

3: 2

for all x; y; z; w in X. Then S, T and A have a unique common xed point.

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Proof. We dene a sequence fxn g such that Ax2n Sx2n1 and Ax2n1 Tx2n ; n 1; 2; . . .

We shall prove that fAxn g is a Cauchy sequence. For this suppose x x2n and y x2n1 in (3.1), we write M Ax2n ; Ax2n1 ; a; b; qt

b minfM Tx2n1 ; Ax2n1 ; a; b; t; M Sx2n ; Ax2n ; a; b; t; M Sx2n ; Tx2n1 ; a; b; tg b minfM Ax2n1 ; Ax2n ; a; b; t=q; M Ax2n ; Ax2n1 ; a; b; t=q; M Ax2n ; Ax2n1 ; a; b; t=qg which gives M Ax2n ; Ax2n1 ; a; b; qt b M Ax2n1 ; Ax2n ; a; b; t=q By induction M Ax2k ; Ax2m1 ; a; b; qt b M Ax2m ; Ax2k1 ; a; b; t=q for every k and m in N. Further if 2m 1 > 2k , then M Ax2k ; Ax2m1 ; a; b; qt b M Ax0 ; Ax2m12k ; a; b; t=q 2k If 2k > 2m 1, then M Ax2k ; Ax2m1 ; a; b; qt b M Ax2k2m1 ; Ax0 ; a; b; t=q 2m1 By simple induction with (3.3) and (3.4) we have M Axn ; Axnp ; a; b; qt b M Ax0 ; Axp ; a; b; t=q n for n 2k , p 2m 1 or n 2k 1, p 2m 1 and by (FM 00 -4) M Axn ; Axnp ; a; b; qt b fM Ax0 ; Axp ; a; Ax1 ; t=4q n M Ax0 ; Axp ; Ax1 ; b; t=4q n M Ax0 ; Ax1 ; a; b; t=4q n M Ax1 ; Axp ; a; b; t=4q n g if n 2k , p 2m or n 2k 1, p 2m. 3: 5 3: 4 3: 3

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For every positive integer p and n in N, by noting that M Ax0 ; Axp ; a; b; t=q n ! 1 as n ! y:

Thus fAxn g is a Cauchy sequence. Since the space X is complete there exists z lim Axn
n!y

and

z lim Sx2n1 lim Tx2n :

n!y n!y

It follows that Az Sz Tz. Thus z is a common xed point of S, T and A. We see that M Az; A 2 z; a; b; qt b M Az; A 2 z; a; b; t=q n Since lim M Az; A 2 z; a; b; t=q n 1, so Az A 2 z.
n!y

Thus z is a common xed point of A, S and T. For uniqueness, let w w 0 z be another common xed point of S, T and A. By (3.1) we write M Az; Aw; a; b; qt b minfM Tw; Aw; a; b; t; M Sz; Az; a; b; t; M Sz; Tw; a; b; tg which implies that M z; w; a; b; qt b M z; w; a; b; t Therefore by lemma 3, we write z w. This completes the proof of Theorem 3.
Acknowledgement. Author extends thanks to Prof. S.N. Mishra for this paper.

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