Chapter 05: Interest Rate Risk Management

Lectured by: PEOU Rithjayasedh, MFin (Melb)

Content
!! Interest Risk Measurement !! Maturity Model (Homework) !! Duration Model !! Repricing Model !! Convexity !! Managing Interest Rate Risk
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Introduction
!! MM theory suggests that: The firm should find the NPV of the prospective real asset first as if it is being financed exclusively by stockholders; and if it is positive, then the appropriate asset financing should take advantage of existing financial market imperfections. !! This resource allocation process seems to work well with a non-financial firm, but not a financial firm or a bank.

!!Why?
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Introduction
!! The banks assets are as much financial as its liabilities. But more fundamentally, as we saw in Chapter 2, the basic premise for the existence of banks is rooted in financial market inefficiencies, and this premise is at odds with the MM theory. !! Indeed, such inefficiencies signify a joint consideration of investment and financing decisions, and the computation of the cost of capital (as suggested by, for instance, MM) as a cutoff rate becomes less meaningful for a bank than for the nonfinancial firm. !! Furthermore, any investment project cannot be considered in isolation or by itself. Instead, its impact on the owners must be analyzed in the context of other investments of the firm.
4

Introduction
!! Bank management practice that focuses on joint consideration of (a) investment-financing decisions, and (b) an investment proposal with existing investments (rather than the proposal in itself ) is consistent with the above conceptual implications. !! Hence, this chapter concentrates on bank management practice that emphasizes asset-liability management, rather than consideration of a single project. !! In turn, the asset-liability management practice has highlighted the risk (rather than return) dimension. Its objective has been to optimize three components of risk: liquidity risk, credit risk, and interest rate risk.
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Interest Risk Measurement

!! Given the mix of a banks assets and liabilities, interest rate changes may raise or lower the spread or net interest income as well as the market value of assets and liabilities, and thereby affect the equity value. !! Interest Rate Risk is defined as the risk incurred by a financial institution when the maturities of its assets and liabilities are mismatched. !! Interest rate risk is primarily measured in terms of the volatility of (a) net interest income, or (b) the banks value due to changes in the interest rates.
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Interest Risk Measurement

!! There are three conventional methods for measuring and managing interest rate risk. These are maturity model, duration model and repricing model. !! However, the two commonly employed conventional methods for measuring and managing interest rate risk are the gap/repricing models and duration models. !! The gap model focuses on net interest income as the target measure of bank performance, while the duration models target primarily the market value of bank equity

Repricing Model
!! (Funding) Gap model can be called the repricing model. !! The repricing model is essentially a book value accounting cash flow analysis on the repricing gap between the interest earned on an FIs assets and the interest paid on its liabilities over some particular period. !! The objective of this approach is to stabilize or increase the expected net interest income (NII). !! At a given point, NII is managed by dividing the planning period into several intervals, and for each interval a gap is determined, where the gap is the difference between the dollar amount of rate-sensitive assets (RSAs) and the dollar amount of rate-sensitive liabilities (RSLs).
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Repricing Model
!! The US Federal Reserve requires US commercial banks to report quarterly (on schedule RC-J of the call report) the repricing gaps for assets and liabilities with these maturities: (1)! One day, (2)! More than one day to three months, (3)! More than three months to six months, (4)! More than six months to twelve months, (5)! More than one year to five years, and (6)! More than five years.
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Repricing Model
!! Rate sensitivity in this context means the time to repricing of the asset or liability. More simply it means how long the FI manager has to wait to change the posted interest rates on any asset or liability. !! While the cumulative gap over the whole balance must by definition be zero, the advantage of the repricing model lies in its information value and its simplicity in pointing to an FIs net interest income exposure (or earnings exposure) to interest rate changes at different maturity buckets.
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Repricing Model
!! Specifically, let: !! NIIi = Change in NII in the ith bucket. !! GAPi = The dollar sizze of the gap between the book value of assets and liabilities in maturity bucket i. !! Ri = The change in the level of interest rates impacting assets and liabilities in the ith bucket. !! Formula: NIIi = GAPi x Ri = (RSAi RSLi) x Ri
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Repricing Model
Assets Liabilities Gaps (1) One day (2) More than one day to three months (3) More than three months to six months (4) More than six months to twelve months (5) More than one year to five years (6) More than five years $20 30 70 90 40 10 $260
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$30 40 85 70 30 5 $260

-10 -10 -15 +20 +10 +5 0

Repricing Model
!! The one-day gap indicates a negative $10 million difference between assets and liabilities being repriced in one day. !! Assets and liabilities that are repriced each day are likely to be interbank borrowings and loans or repurchase agreements. !! Thus, this gap indicates that a rise in the overnight rate would lower the banks net interest income because the bank has more rate sensitive liabilities and assets in this bucket.
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Repricing Model
!! In the first bucket, the gap is negative $10 million and the overnight rate rises by 1 percent so that the annualized change in the banks future net interest income is:

NIIi = GAPi x Ri NIIi= (-$10 million) x 0.01 = -$100,000

!! The financial institution manager can also estimate cumulative gaps (CGAP) over various repricing categories or buckets.
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Repricing Model
!! A common cumulative gap of particular interest is the one-year repricing gap estimated from the table above as: CGAP = (-$10) + (-$10) + (-$15) + $20 = -$15 !! If Ri is the average rate change affecting assets and liabilities that can be repriced within a year, the cumulative effect on the banks net interest income is:

NIIi = CGAP x Ri = (-$15) x (0.01) = -$150,000

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Repricing Model
!! Bank management uses the above gap information against expectations of interest rate changes either to hedge net interest income or to speculatively change the size of the gap for each time interval. !! Hedging removes the volatility of net interest income by either changing the dollar amount of assets and liabilities sensitive to interest rate changes or using less traditional instruments such as forwards, futures, option contracts, and interest rate swaps.

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Repricing Model
!! Speculation focuses on improving profitability in the wake of the anticipated interest rate change. If the anticipated change does not materialize, profitability is likely to worsen. !! For example, if management expects an interest rate increase in a given time interval, it may move its gap in the positive direction, that is, decrease the maturity of its assets and/or increase the maturity of its liabilities belonging to longer time intervals.

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Repricing Model

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Repricing Model
!! Strength of Repricing Model !! Its calculations are easy. !! Its results are readily understandable. !! Many asset/liability software programs are available to produce a gap report and analyze a banks general interest rate sensitivity.

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Repricing Model
!! Weakness of Repricing Model !! It ignores the market value effect. !! It ignores the time value of money within each interval; thus assets and liabilities may mature at the front or the back of an interval and are still lumped together without differentiation within that interval. !! It assumes a parallel shift in the term structure of interest rates. !! It ignores the problem of runoffs, which is periodic cash flow of interest and principal amortization payments on long-term assets.
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Duration Model
!! Duration is the weighted-average time to maturity of a series of cash flows, using the relative present values of the cash flows as the weights.
N N

!! A general formula for duration !! Where:

! CFt " DFt " t

t =1 N

! PV
t =1 N t =1

"t
t

D=

=
t

! CF
t =1

" DF t

! PV

!! CFt = Cash flow received on the security at end of period t !! N = The last period in which the cash flow is received !! DFt = The discount factor = (1 / (1+R)t, where R is the yield or current level of interest rates in the market !! PVt = The present value of the cash flow at the end of period t, which equals CFt x DFt
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5.1.2. Duration Gap Analysis

!! For example: !! Suppose the annual coupon rate is 8 percent, the face value is $100, and the annual yield to maturity, R, is 12 percent. !! See table below for the calculation of the duration of a two-year bond. t CFt DFt PVt PVt x t Half a year One year One year and a half Two years 40 40 40 1,040 0.9434 0.8900 0.8396 0.7921 37.74 35.60 33.58 823.78 930.70 18.87 35.60 50.37 1,647.56 1,752.40

1, 752.40 D= = 1.88 years 930.70

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5.1.2. Duration Gap Analysis

!! The Economic Meaning of Duration !! Duration is the a DIRECT measure of the interest rate sensitivity or elasticity of an asset or liability. !! In other words, the larger the numerical value of D that is calculated for an asset or liability, the more sensitive the price that asset or liability is to changes or shocks in interest rates. " % $ ' " dR % dP dR = !D $ = !D $ !! Formula: dP ' or ' 1 #1 + R & P P !! Meaning: The economic interpretation of the Equation is that the number D is the interest-elasticity or sensitivity of the securitys price to small interest rate change.
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$1 + R' # & 2

5.1.2. Duration Gap Analysis

!! Immunizing the whole Balance Sheet of an FI !! To estimate the overall duration gap, we determine first the duration of an FIs asset portfolio and the duration of its liability. These can be calculated as:
A A A DA = X1 A D1 + X 2 A D2 + + X nA Dn

"A "R "R = # DA ! "A = # DA $ A $ A (1 + R ) (1 + R )

!! And:
L L L DL = X1L D1 + X 2 L D2 + + X nL Dn

"L "R "R = # DL ! "L = # DL $ L $ L (1 + R ) (1 + R )

!! Where:
X1 j + X 2 j + + X nj = 1 and j = A, L
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5.1.2. Duration Gap Analysis

!! Immunizing the whole Balance Sheet of an FI !! From the Balance Sheet:
A= L+E And: !A = !L + !E Or: !E = !A " !L % !R ( % !R ( # !E = '" DA $ A $ $ L $ " " D * ' * L (1 + R ) ) & (1 + R ) ) & # !E = [" DA $ A + DL $ L ] !R (1 + R ) !R # !E = " [ DA $ A " DL $ L ] (1 + R ) % !R A L( # !E = " ' DA $ + DL $ * $ A $ & (1 + R ) A A) Duration Gap Model: !E = " [ DA + DL k ] $ A $
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!R (1 + R )

5.1.2. Duration Gap Analysis

!! Immunizing the whole Balance Sheet of an FI !! From the Balance Sheet: Duration Gap Model: !E = " [ DA + DL k ] # A # !R
The leverage adjusted duration gap = DA ! DL k
(1 + R )

!! This gap is measured in years and reflects the degree of duration mismatch in an FIs balance sheet. Specifically, the larger this gap in absolute terms, the more exposed the FI is to interest rate shocks. !! .The size of the interest rate shock = !R !! The size of the FI, A: The larger the scale of the FI, the larger the dollar size of the potential net worth exposure from any given interest rate shock. !! The larger the shock, the greater the FIs exposure.
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(1 + R)

5.1.2. Duration Gap Analysis

!! Example: !! The following is the ABC Banks simplified balance sheet: A = $100 million; L = $80 million; E = $20 million !! Suppose that:
Asset Duration (DA) = 6; Liability Duration (DL) = 4; Interest rate change (r) = 1%; Current Interest Rate (r) = 10%

!! The adjusted duration gap will be: !! The change in the banks equity value will be as follows:

!! A 1% interest rate increase will reduce the equity value by $2.55 mln.
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Repricing Vs. Duration Model

!! A comparison between the duration and gap analyses is instructive: !! A positive gap or d-gap responds favorably, for instance, to a positive interest rate change. !! Duration analysis concentrates on the stockholders equity value; the gap approach only looks at net earnings for stockholders. !! Duration measures are additive. Hence the bank can match assets with liabilities, instead of matching individual accounts. !! The d-gap method takes a longer-term viewpoint.
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Convexity
!! In the duration and gap analysis, we focused on interest rate risk that would arise from the parallel shift of the term structure of interest rate. !! In many instances, the term structure does not have a parallel shift. In fact, the slope of the term structure changes at different rates because the change in interest rates for different maturities is not constant !! Convexity reflects the rate of change in the bond price increase (decrease) as a result of the rate of change in the interest rate decrease (increase). !! A larger value of convexity suggests greater sensitivity of the bond price to a given change in its interest rate. !! A smaller convexity value means less bond price sensitivity to its interest rate change..
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Managing Interest Rate Risk

!! Basic immunization procedure in gap versus d-gap models !! Gap Model (Gap = o) !! Calculate periodic gaps over short time intervals. !! If the gap is positive, rate-sensitive assets should be decreased, or rate-sensitive liabilities should be increased, through a combination of actions such as the following: !! Match funding of re-priceable assets with similar repriceable liabilities so that periodic gaps approach zero. !! Match funding of long-term assets with short term, interestsensitive liabilities in the positive-gap slots. !! Use off-balance sheet transactions, such as financial futures and interest rate swaps, to construct synthetic securities for hedging purposes.
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Managing Interest Rate Risk

!! Basic immunization procedure in gap versus d-gap models (Contd) !! Duration Model (D-gap = 0) !! In the duration model, calculation of the adjusted dgap is required. If it is positive, the duration of assets is greater than the leverage-weighted duration of liabilities. Hence, a combination of strategies is possible: !! Decrease the duration of assets. !! Increase the duration of liabilities. !! Increase debt ratio.
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Managing Interest Rate Risk

!! Strategies of interest rate risk management can be implemented by two categories of actions: balance sheet related; and those belonging to the off-balance sheet category. !! Balance sheet-related actions attempt to change the banks interest rate sensitivity by altering various components of the assets and liabilities on the balance sheet. !! These actions are basic tools for interest rate risk management and have been extensively used by banks. !! Off-balance sheet strategies involve more recent financial instruments, such as financial futures and interest rate swaps.
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5.4. Managing Interest Rate Risk

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End of chapter 05!

Lectured by: PEOU Rithjayasedh, MFin (Melb)