COMBINING THE RMR, Q and THE RMi SYSTEMS

INFORMATION to the user

This spreadsheet combines the following three numerical, empirical classisifcation systems for estimates of rock support The Q s#ste$, de2eloped by Barton et al. )n "#G1 and later re2ised in "##$ and in /001. - about the Q system, see: - Grimstad E. and Barton

. !"##$%: &pdating the Q-system for 'T. (roc. )

- Barton, . and Grimstad, E. !/001%: The Q-system following thirty years of d The RMR or Geo$e%hani%s s#ste$, de2eloped by Bieniawski in "#G$ and later re2ised in "#G1, "#G7, "#G@, and

- about the 4'4 system of "#8# 2ersion, see Bieniawski 9.T. !"#8#%: Engineering rock mass classifications The RMi ro%& su''ort s#ste$, de2eloped by (almstrom in "##7, partly re2ised in /000.

- about the 4'i system, see: - (almstr>m -. !/000%: 4ecent de2elopments in rock support estimates by th - (almstr>m -. !/00#%: +ombining the 4'4, Q and 4'i classification system

)n the sheet C) (&T D-T-C, the input ratings or 2alues of of the parameters applied in the three systems are gi2en either C+alculationsC sheet. -s the three systems apply partly the same input parameters on rock mass and ground, the input 2a C(arameters tablesC sheet. ,or many of the parameters, common 2alues are automatically used if no input has been gi2 !degree of 3ointing% for a crude estimate to be made. Fowe2er, the more input gi2en, the better the result found will be.

)n the sheet C(arameters 2aluesC, tables are presented for all the input parameters. )t is possible here to ad3ust ithe input The input parameters in C) (&T D-T-C are linked to the C(-4-'ETE4 T-BEE*C

The 2alues or rationgs of the input parameters and the calculated 4'4, Q, and 4'i 2alues are gi2en in the sheet C4E*&

The influence of the rock stresses must be assessed and stress input gi2en in the C) (&T D-T-C sheet according to the The lists of input parameters in the C) (&T D-T-C sheet can be remo2ed, as shown.

USE THIS SPREA SHEET !ITH CARE" & DE4*T- D) G TFE *)TE GE.E.G)+-E - D GE.TE+F )+-E +. D)T). * )* - (4.?)*). Some important limitations are indicated, but there may be others not being mentioned

,.4 -44)?

-s there are 2ery many functions and relations in2ol2ed in the spreadsheet, errors or unaccuracies may be present. =ou

) hope the 4'4-Q-4'i spreadsheet can be useful to you

Arild Palmstrm, RockMass as, February 2009

RMi SYSTEMS

ems for estimates of rock support: orway "##$, orwegian +oncrete -ssociation, .slo, /0

ng the Q-system for 'T. (roc. )nt. *ymp. on *prayed +oncrete, ,agernes,

Q-system following thirty years of de2elopment and application in tunneling pro3ects. (roc. )*4' *ymp. E&4.+5 /001. *al6burg, -ustr re2ised in "#G1, "#G7, "#G@, and "#8# ew =ork, /7" pp.

ineering rock mass classifications. :ohn ;iley < *ons,

nts in rock support estimates by the 4'i. :ournal of 4ock 'echanics and Tunnelling Technology, ?ol. @, 4, Q and 4'i classification systems. www.rockmass.net, /7p

o. " 'ay /000, pp. " A "#B als

he three systems are gi2en either as input symbols or as 2alues. The calculations are made in the ock mass and ground, the input 2alues parameters ha2e been combined as shown in the cally used if no input has been gi2en. Thus, it is sufficient to insert only data for a few parameters e better the result found will be. possible here to ad3ust ithe input ratings or 2alues for most of the parameters.

alues are gi2en in the sheet C4E*&ET*C

(&T D-T-C sheet according to the *4, factor !in the Q-system%.

* )* - (4.?)*).

,.4 -44)?) G -T -((4.(4)-TE 4E*&ET*

naccuracies may be present. =ou are welcome to con2ey your comments

an +oncrete -ssociation, .slo, /0 p.

mp. E&4.+5 /001. *al6burg, -ustria, /001, pp. "7-"8.

. @,

o. " 'ay /000, pp. " A "#B also in www.rockmass.net

INPUT

ATA on TUNNE( and GROUN CON ITIONS

used in the RMR, Q and RMi ro%&$ass %)assi*i%ation s#ste$s

Pro+e%t"
Einks to C(arameter tablesC

ate" (o%ation" Note"

Tunne)" O,ser-er" Ro%&.s/"

Input symbols are shown in blue below see also !Parameter tables!

In'ut 'ara$eters
Tunnel span or diameter !Dt% Tunnel wall height !;t%

A0 +ompressi2e strength of rock !&+* or c%: B0 B1 Degree of B2 3ointing B3 C0 C1 :ointing C2 pattern C3 0 :oint 1 roughness :oint 2 alteration or weathering 3 :oint length: 4 :oint separation: E F 4QD !4ock Quality Designation%: Block 2olume !?b%: ?olumetric 3oint count !:2%: :oint spacing: Block shape: :oint sets: .rientation of main 3oint set: :oint smoothness: :oint undulation: o filling: ,illing J ca. 7mm thickness: ,illing I ca. 7mm thickness: check input "or R#$ %ersus &b 4QD H ?b H :2 H
!a H I /mB b H 0.@ - /mB c H 0./ - 0.@mB d H 0.0@ - 0./mB e H J 0.0@m% !a H cubical blocksB b H slightly long or flat blocksB c H mod. long or flat blocksB d H 2ery long or flat blocks% !aHno setsB bH" setB cH" setKrandomB dH/ setsB eH/ setsKrandomB fH$ setsB gH$ setsKrandomB i H crushed% !a H 2ery fa2ourableB b H fa2ourableB c H fairB d H unfa2ourableB e H 2ery unfa2ourable% in roof in wall

!a H 2. roughB b H roughB c H slightly roughB d H smoothB e H polishedB f H slickensidedB g H filled 3oints% !a H discontin.B b H strongly undulatingB c H mod. undul.B d H slightly undul.B e H planarB f H filled 3oints% !a H healedB b H fresh LL no fillingB c H slightly alteredB d H alteredB e H sandLsilt coatingB f H clay coat.% !h H sand L siltB 3 H hard clayB l H soft clayB n H swelling clay% !i H sand L siltB k H hard clayB m H soft clayB o H swelling clay%

!a H crackB b H partingB c H 2. short !0."-"m%B d H short !"-$m%B e H medium !$-"0m%B f H long !"0-$0m%B g H seam or shear% !a H noneB b H 2.tight !J0."mm%B c H tight !0."-0.7mm%B d H mod.open !0.7-/.7mm%B e H open !/.7-"0mm%B f H 2. open% !a H 2ery tightB b H tight or compact B c H disturbedB d H poorly interlocked% !a H dry or dampB b H wetB c H drippingB d H gushingB e H flowingB f H hea2ily flowing% !a H 2ery low stress le2elB b H low stressB c H moderate L medium stressB d H high stress% !e H moderate slabbingB f H rock burstB g H hea2y burst% input of !h H moderate sMuee6eB i H hea2y sMuee6e% *4, !3 H multiple 6onesB k H single 6one J70mB l H single 6one I70mB m H multiple shearsB M H crushed%

)nterlocking or compactness of rockmass structure: Ground water inflow to tunnel or ca2ern: 4ock spalling or bursting: *Muee6ing: Type: Thickness or width of 6one !m%: .rientation of 6one:

G0 *tress le2el: 'input "or # and RMi( G1 H0 .2erstressing

;eakness H1 6one !fault, H2 etc.% H3

'%alid "or ) * 20m wide +ones(

!a H 2ery fa2ourableB b H fa2ourableB c H fairB d H unfa2ourableB e H 2ery unfa2ourable% in roof in wall

,-./0 1wellin2 rock is not included I,F-0 3ess important input has been 2i%en 2rey letters

.he 2round may show stress problems4 5ou should e%aluate whether the rockmass may ha%e burstin2 or s6uee+in2 beha%iour and insert the appropriate symbol "or 1RF

Reference: A. Palmstrm, Q-R R-R i, !ersion ".#. Rock ass AS,

ay "$$%

2er. /./-/."

Rock

ass

INFORMATION AN COMMENTS
,ill input symbols for the input parameters as gi2en in blue or shown in the sheet C(arameters tables
'nly input for one of the parameters for the ()egree of *ointing( +green cells, is needed to make a simple estimate.
J-- use input symbol !*% or unit

of symbols and 2alues

,or the other input parameters, common"% 2alues are automatically used if no input is gi2en. ;here 2alues on these other parameters are a2ailable, or can be estimated, fill in also for these to arri2e at a more accurate result. ,or more details of the parameters, see the sheet C(arameter tablesC. &o clear all lists of input symbols
fill C N C

566 INPUT

Three 2arious measurements for the degree of 3ointing can be used: - RQ , ;, ! block 2olume% and <- !2olumetric 3oint count%. )f input for only one of them is gi2en, the 2alues of the others needed in the classification systens are calculated automatically /%.

3 471 008 9: 09709 d * % , d , % d , ,

m m '(a O mP 3ointsLmP * * * * * * * * * * * * &b 7 )84)99 dm:, as calculated "rom R#$

,ote0 the correlation between R#$ and block si+e can be inaccurate or e%en wron2

.TE: !ater may sometimes reduce the stabilityB for eNample:

- where unfa2ourable 3oint orientations occur and high water pressure can build up, and - in tunnels where water. inflow can soften possible clay-containing 3oints. .ften, water sealing by grouting is applied in such cases before support is installed. The eNperience is that a successful grouting often impro2es the stability because of increased 3oint friction. The groundwater input 2alue should be ad3usted accordingly.

m * *
)(

he rockmass may ol "or 1RF

-ommon !alues:

;here no input has been gi2en, the generally most common 2alues or ratings are used: Inaccurate input "or one o" the items in the $e2ree o" ;ointin2< - ,or 3oint spacing !input to 4'4%, block diameter is used as the a2erage spacing,

- ,or C:oint set number, :nC !or 3 in the 4'i system% the 2alue generally 2aries with block si6e !or Based on this, the 3oint set number used is estimated according to Table +/ in
2(

.arious calculations for the )egree of *ointing:

- The 4QD is found from :2 !2olumetric 3oint count% from the eMuation: 4QD H ""0 - 1.7:2 !for :2 - The block 2olume !?b% is found from :2 from the eMuation: ?b H :2 - $ where is the block shape factor, see sheet C(arameter tablesC

ers tables

g can be used: etric 3oint count%. others needed in the

ssure can build up, and

upport is installed. The y because of usted accordingly.

atings are used:

e spacing,

y 2aries with block si6e !or 4QD%. C(arameter tablesC

4QD H ""0 - 1.7:2 !for :2 H /./ - /1.7%

The in'ut data =i-en and the %a)%u)ated resu)ts

Pro+e%t" Tunne)" O,ser-er" Ro%&.s/" ate" (o%ation" Note"

Rock

ass

In'ut 'ara$eters
Tunnel data -. 4ock B. Degree of 3ointing
-" B" B/ B$ +" +/

In'ut -a)ues and ratin=s used

RMR "#8#
*pan H 1 ;all H 7./

Q "##$
*pan H 1 ;all H 7./

RMi /008
Dt H ;t H c H 1 7./ ""0
'(a

+. :ointing pattern

Tunnel span !m% ;all height !m% +ompressi2e strength of intact rock: 4ock Quality Designation !4QD%: Block 2olume: :oint spacing: Block shape factor: umber of 3oint sets:

-" H "/ -/ H "G -$ H 8 -

4QD H G8 :n H # :r H /.7 :a H / :w H 0.@@ *4, H " -

B H -7 -1c H " -1e H $ -1d H @ -1a H 1 -1b H 7 -7 H "0

+$ .rientation of main in roof: +1 3oint set in walls: D" :oint smoothness: D/ :oint undulation: D$ :oint alteration

roughness:

D. :oint characteristics

?b H "G."G m$ H $@ 3H " +o H ".7 +o H " 3s H " 3w H /.7 3- H 3E H )E H G; H *E H +g H T6 H +o H +o H / ".7 " " " -

weathering: filling: D1 :oint length or persisstence: D7 :oint separation or aperture:

E ,

E. )nterlocking ,. Ground water G. 4ock stresses F. ;eakness 6ones

+ompactness of rockmass: Ground water inflow:

G" *tress le2el: G/

*tress ratioLLground competency: F" Type of weakness 6one: F/ Thickness or width of 6one:
F$ .rientation F1 of 6one in roof: in walls: ,ote that swellin2 rock is not included

RESU(TS FROM CA(CU(ATIONS !for conditions in tunnel or ca2ern% RMR +ontinuity of rockmass !related to tunnel% --I )nterlocking of rockmass structure --I Ro%& $ass @ua)it# !approN. strength, cm% Ground @ua)it#
!related to stability% in roof in walls in roof

Q Q > 9704
Fair

RMi
=ontinuous > massi%e .i2ht structure

RMR > ?0
?ood

c$ Q

RMi > 3971

&ery hi2h

G% > 3971
&ery 2ood

4'4 H @"

Qwall H "G.8G7

Gcwall H /$@ Sr > 079

&ery "a%ourable

Blockiness

!related to block instability% in walls

*rwall H ".7
&ery "a%ourable

;eakness 6one 4ockmass stresses Eimitations

(otential stress problems ---I

Medium stress le%el Minor

Eimitations
*r H *i6e ratio !geometrical factor in2ol2ing block diameter, tunnel span, plus number of 3oint sets and orientation of 3oints% Gc H Ground condition factor Re"erence0 A4 Palmstrm, #*RMR*RMi, %ersion 24)4 +g H +ompetency of ground !+g H cm L H 4'i L % RockMass A1, May 2009

Rock

ass

INTERIM CA(CU(ATIONS
+/lue !alues and blue te0t can be ad*usted,

Q6s#ste$
Para$eter 4ock Quality interim 4QD H Designation 4QD used H umber of 3oint sets :n H
#

RMR s#ste$
;a)ue
G8

Co$$ent
G8 H 4QD calculated from block 2olume !?b% from input 2alue of :n from input 2alue of :n

G8

Para$eter 4ock strength 4QD :oint spacing rating :oint si6e factors -$ H

-" H -/ H

Ratin= "/ "G

8

Co$$ent

from block diam. !Db% from input of spacing

:oint roughness factor

:n used H 3s H 3w H :r used H :a H :a used H :w H *4, H *4, used H

A
" /.7 :r H /.7

:oint smoothness )nfilling

-$ used H length, -1a H separation, -1b H roughness, -1c H

J 7mm I 7mm

: 1 7 "
@ $

/.7
/ no filling filling J 7mm filling I7mm

-1d H

"#

:oint characteristics

:oint alteration factor :oint water factor *tress reduction factor

1 0.@@
" from *4, input, blocky ground from *4, input, burst from *4, input, sMuee6ing from *4, input, 6one

;eathering -1e H -lteration !infillingKweathering% used H ;ater -7 H :oint orientation !in roof% BH

A "0 -7

@et Fair

RMR >
2imit of R R:

?0

1ood

Q -a)ue Tunnel data

0 9704 3air Qc H G.8@7 including &+* Qwall H "G.8G7

Q>

4'&5: blue !alues and blue te0t can be ad*usted

*pan H ;all height H 1 7./

2imit of Q:

RMi s#ste$
07 RMi Basi% 'ara$eters
Para$eter 4ock strength :oint roughness factor

37 RMi %a)%u)ations in Bea&ness Cones c H

;a)ue ""0 " /.7 /.7
/

Co$$ent '(a 34 H /.7

Para$eter 9one width 9one orientation

3s H 3w H 34 used H 3- H 3- used H 3E H 3+ H

T6 H +o6one H +o6one H

;a)ue -

Co$$ent m roof wall

no filling filling J 7mm filling I7mm

:oint alteration factor

:oint si6e factor :oint condition factor Block shape factor H Block 2olume ?b H Block diameter Db H :ointing parameter :( H f H 'assi2ity factor )nterlockingLLcompactness )E H Ro%& Mass indeD RMi >

1 ".7 ".8G7 $@ "G."G mP $.1$#11 m 0.@#/7 0.1/#01 " 3970A3 .ery high

Ground conditions in 6one, 4'i LG; H Gcroof H 4oof condition Gcwall H ;all condition Sr roo* > *i6e ratio 6one Sr Ba)) > 9one width 2s. tunnel si6e 2imit of R i: T6 I DtR T6 I ;tR -

roof wall roof wall

47 Ro%&$ass %ontinuit#
4oof: -ontinuous 6 massi!e ;all: -ontinuous 6 massi!e

17 RMi %a)%u)ations in dis%ontinuous =round

Para$eter Tunnel span ;all height 4ockmass continuity factor Ground water *tress le2el Dt H ;t H +,roof H +,wall H G; H *E H 3H
"

?7 Ro%&$ass stresses .*ro$ in'ut o* SRF/

Co$$ent )nput stress le2el *E H Medium stress le%el Ground competency +g H 'approAimate( (otential stress problems: Minor

;a)ue 1 7./ "."@/#8 ".7""8G " "

m m roof wall

from block si6e

umber of 3oint sets

from input 2alue from input 2alue

:oint orientation

3 used H +o H

" ".7

roof

Fair

:oint orientation

+o H

"

wall

Fa%ourable

Ground %ondition *a%tor, G% SiCe ratio

Gcroof H 3970A32 &ery 2ood Gcwall H 1247A90 Sr roo* > 079 &ery "a%ourable Sr Ba)) > 074 &ery "a%ourable

C(ASSIFICATIONS
C)assi*i%ation o* RMR
4'4 H 4'4 H 4'4 H 4'4 H 4'4 H "00 80 @0 10 /0 80 @0 10 /0 0 ?ery good Good ,air (oor ?ery poor

C)assi*i%ation o* Q
QH QH QH QH QH QH QH QH QH "000 100 "00 10 "0 1 " 0." 0.0" 100 "00 10 "0 1 " 0." 0.0" 0.00" ENcept, good ENtremely good ?ery good Good ,air (oor ?ery poor ENtremely poor ENceptionally poor

C)assi*i%ation o* RMi
4'i H 4'i H 4'i H 4'i H 4'i H 4'i H "00 10 "0 " 0.1 0." 10 "0 " 0.1 0." 0.0"

?ery high Figh 'oderate Eow ?ery low ENtremely low

C)assi*i%ation o* =round %ondition *a%tor .G%/

Gc Gc H Gc H Gc H Gc H Gc H 10 "0 " 0.1 0." I 10 "0 " 0.1 0." 0.0" ?ery good Good ,air (oor ?ery poor ENtremely poor

C)assi*i%ation o* SiCe ratio .Sr/

*r *r H *r H *r H *r H *r 1 "0 10 "00 J I 1 "0 10 "00 100 100 ?ery fa2ourable *rLGc J ,a2ourable *rLGc H ,air &nfa2ourable ?ery unfa2ourable ENtremely unfa2ourable

Su==ested *or SrEG%

0." " 10 /70 /000 I /000 2ery good good fair poor 2ery poor eNtremely poor

C)assi*i%ation o* %ontinuit# .CF/

+, H +, H +, H +, H +, H 0 $ @ 10 @0 $ @ 10 @0 8 +ontinuous L massi2e +ontinuous LL discontin. Discontinuous Discontinuous LL contin. +ontinuous L particulate weakness 6one massi%e > solid massi%e > blocky blocky blocky > bulky bulky >particulate

es%ri'ti-e +ointin= %)asses

massi2e or intact 3ointed or fractured highly 3ointed or broken crushed 6one or fault 6one

4'&5: blue !alues and blue te0t can be ad*usted

Rock

ass

Corre)ations o* the in'ut 'ara$eters to Q, RMR and RMi

.alues used in the spreadsheet are sho7n in blue8 common !alues used are gi!en in the green cells

A
A0

ROCFS
*oil

UniaDia) %o$'ressi-e stren=th rock

?ery low strength Eow strength 4ock 'oderate strength 'edium strength Figh strength ?ery high strength

!&+* or c% of intact c !'(a% J 1

" - 7 7 - /7 /7 - 70 70 - "00 "00 - /70

RMR in'ut
-" H 0 "
use -a)ue !rating -" is calculated%

Q
-

RMi
c H )nput of the actual 2alue of c

/ 1 G 01 "7

ot included, eNcept in Qc H Q N c L"00

common 2alue H

Back

088

c !'(a% I /70

B
B0

EGREE OF <OINTING
Ro%& @ua)it# desi=nation .RQ /
?ery good Good ,air 4QD H #0 - "00 G7 - #0 70 - G7 /7 - 70 4QD J /7
use -a)ue !rating -/ is calculated%

RMR in'ut
-/ H /0 "G "$ 8 7 use -a)ue

Q
4QD H

RMi
-

Back (oor
?ery poor

-ctual 4QD 2alue !min 4QD H "0%

ot included

A crude %alue o" R#$ may be "ound "rom R#$ 7 ))0*B4CD% 'D% is the %olumetric ;oint count(

B1 B)o%& siCe Back Block 2olume !?b% B2 ensit# o* +oints

ot included

?b H -ctual 2alue of ?b

ot included

&b may be calculated "rom &b 7 GD%*E A crude %alue o" &b may be "ound "rom E9GD%*E ' 7 block shape "actor(

*
use -a)ue

*
ot included -

*
ot included -

Back ?olumetric 3oint count !:2%

D% may be used instead o" &b and>or R#$

ot included -$ H

B3

<oint s'a%in="%
?ery large spacing Earge spacing 'oderate spacing

spacing I / !m% 0.@ - / 0./ - 0.@

a b c

/0 "7 "0 8 7 ot included ot included

Back *mall spacing

0.0@ - 0./ d spacing ?ery small spacing J 0.0@ e !m% )( @here more than one ;oint set occurs, the ratin2 "or the smallest spacin2 should be applied

C
C0

<OINTING PATTERN
B)o%& sha'e
+ubical blocks !or compact blocks% *lightly long or flat blocks 'oderately long or flat Ratio lar2est side>smallest side )*2 2*C C * )2 )2 * 80 F 80

RMR in'ut
a , c d e a b c d e * g h i BH a 0 ot included ot included *

Q
*

RMi
7
28*E2 E2*C0

ot included

C0*)00 )00*C00 FC00

Back ?ery long or flat blocks

ENtremely long or flat blocks

C1

<oint sets
o or few 3oints " 3oint set " 3oint set K random 3oints / 3oint sets / 3oint sets K random 3oints $ 3oint sets $ 3oint sets K random 3oints

:n H 0.G7 / $ 1 @ A "/ "7 /0 -

3H @ $ / ".7 "./ 0 0.87 0.@ 0.7 +o H "

Back 1 3oint sets or moreB hea2ily 3ointed

+rushed, earth-like

C2, C3 Orientation o* $ain +oint set !+$ in roofB +1 in walls%

?ery fa2ourable

ot included

,a2ourable ,air

, c d e

61 -7 -"0 -"/ ot included

0 ".7 / $

Back &nfa2ourable
?ery unfa2ourable

<OINT CHARACTERISTICS
0

RMR in'ut
a b % d e f g a b c d e f ,ote0 ;R 7 Dr 7 ;s A ;w 7 ) "or "illed ;oints -1e H a , c d e f @ ? $ 0 " 0 0 -1d H
t J 7mm t I 7mm

Q"%
!3s H% / ".7 0714 " 0.G7 0.7 " !3w H% 1 /.7 / 073 " " :a H 0.G7 0 / 1 $ 1

RMi
3s H / ".7 0714 " 0.G7 0.7 " 3w H 1 /.7 / 073 " " 3- H 0.G7 0 / 1 $ 1

<oint Ba)) s$oothness !small scale roughness%

!called CroughnessC in the 4'4% ?ery rough or interlocking 4ough or irregular *lightly rough *mooth

-1c H @ 7 2 " 0 0 0 -

Back (olished
*lickensided ,or filled 3oints

<oint ')ane undu)ation or Ba-iness !large scale roughness%

Discontinuous 3oints *trongly undulating 'oderately undulating

Back *lightly undulating

(lanar ,or filled 3oints
)(

ot included

Dr is "ound "rom0 ;s A ;w

2 :oint weathering

<oint a)teration or Beatherin=

Fealed or welded 3oints &nweathered, fresh 3oint walls *lightly weathered 3oint walls !coloured, stained% -ltered 3oint wall !no loose material% Fighly weathered L +oating of friction materials !silt, sand, etc.% Decomposed L +oating of cohesi2e materials !clay, chlorite, etc.% ,illed 3oints

For "illed ;oints H

't 7 ;oint thickness(

wall contact T% no wall contact TT% t J ca. 7mm

3- H 1 @ 8 "0 8 8 "/ "8

:oint infilling

o filling ,riction materials !silt, sand, etc.% Fard, cohesi2e materials !clay, talc, chlorite% *welling clay materials G( @all contact be"ore )0cm shear GG( ,o contact when sheared

6 h LL i 3 LL k l LL m n LL o 7 1 / 0

? / / 0 0

1 @ 8 "0

Back *oft, cohesi2e materials !soft clay%

,ote0 # and RMi apply a combination o" ;oint weatherin2 and in"illin2, while RMR has input o" both weatherin2 and in"illin2

<oint )en=th
+rack "% !irregular break% (arting !2ery short, thin 3oint% ?ery short 3oint *hort 3oint 'edium 3oint Eength J S0.$m J "m 0.$ A "m " A $m $ A "0m "0 A $0m /% I "0m
2(

-1a H a b c d e f g
E(

3E H 7 $ /

8 @ 1 1 " 0 -1b H ot included

".7 0 0.G7 0.7

Back Eong 3oint

,illed 3oint, seam or shear $%
)(

I=rackI has been introduced in this spreadsheet

3en2th )0 J 20 m is applied in the RMR a b % d e

Ksed in cases where most ;oints in the location are "illed

<oint se'aration or a'erture .A/

?ery tight Tight 'oderately open .pen ?ery open one - J 0."mm 0." A 0.7mm 0.7 - "mm " A /.7mm /.7 - 7mm 7 - "0mm "0 - /7mm

@ 7 3 ot included " 0

(artly included in C)nterlocking of rockmass structureC

Back

INTER(OCFING OF ROCFMASS STRUCTURE

Co$'a%tness o* ro%&$ass
?ery tight structure Tight structure &ndisturbed rock mass, well interlocked &ndisturbed rock mass with some 3oint sets ,olded L faulted with angular blocks Broken with angular and rounded blocks

RMR in'ut
a , c d (artly included in C:oint separation or apertureC -

Q
-

RMi
)E H ".$ 0 0.8 0.7

Back Disturbed L open

(oorly interlocked

ot included

,-./0 Interlockin2 has been introduced in this spreadsheet based on its e""ects presented in the ?1I system

GROUN !ATER
In*)oB to tunne) or %a-ern
Dry or damp ;et Dripping Gushing Loutwashing or no water inflow inflow J "0 litresLmin "0 - /7 litresLmin /7 - "/7 litresLmin inflow I "/7 litresLmin

!ater 'ressure .'B/

"%

RMR in'ut
a , c d e f -7 H "7 08 G 1 0 .utside limit of 4'4

Q
:w H 0 0.@@ 0.7 0.$ 0."7 0.08

RMi
G; H 0 /.7 7 .utside limit of 4'i

pw J " kgLcmU " - /.7 kgLcmU /.7 - "0 kgLcmU pw I "0 kgLcmU
)(

Back ,lowing, decaying

Fea2ily flowing, without noticeable decay

,-./L ?@ is related to 2roundwater!s in"luence on rockmass stability4

@ater pressure can be applied in the #*system

G
G0

ROCF STRESSES .stresses around tunne)/

Stress )e-e)G stresses ,e)oB ro%&$ass stren=th
*tresses below rock mass strength ! J ?ery low stress le2el !in portals% Eow stress le2el 'edium stress le2el Figh stress le2el after I" hr after few minutes 'ild sMuee6ing Fea2y sMuee6ing

RMR in'ut
a b % d e f g h i ot included ot included -

Q
*4, H /.7 0 0.@G *4, H /7 "00 $00 "0 /0

RMi
*E H 0." 0.7 0 ".7 +g H 4'i L

Back % cm G1

O-erstressin=G stresses eD%eed ro%&$ass stren=th

'oderate slabbing .2erstressing ! I cm% *labbing and rock burst in massi2e, brittle rock Fea2y rock burst

Back

.2erstressing in deformable rock mass

0.G7 0.1 0./7 0.G7 0.7

+g H competency of groundB 7 tan2ential stresses around the openin2 cm Q RMi 7 compressi%e stren2th o" rock mass

H
H0

!EAFNESS HONES I/
T#'e o* Bea&ness Cone
'ultiple weakness 6ones *ingle weakness 6one 'ultiple shear 6ones *ingle shear 6one any depth depth J 70m depth I 70m any depth depth J 70m depth I 70m any depth any depth

RMR
in'ut
3 k ) m n o p M use -a)ue

Q
*4, H "0 7 /.7 G.7 7 /.7 7 7 ot included -

RMi
-

;eakness 6ones and shears are not eNplicitly included in 4'4

Type of weakness 6ones and shears are not eNplicitly included in 4'i

Back Eoose, open 3oints

Fea2ily 3ointed !Vsugar cubeV%

H1 SiCe o* the Cone Back Thickness or width of the 6one !T6% H2, Orientation o* Cone related to eNca2ation !F$ in roofB F1 in walls% H3
?ery fa2ourable ,a2ourable ,air

T6 H ;idth of 6one in m +o6 H " "

ot included -

a b c d e ot included ot included

".7 / $

Back &nfa2ourable
?ery unfa2ourable
G(

Most weakness +ones should be especially e%aluated, to2ether with the use o" en2ineerin2 ;ud2ement

Reference: A. Palmstrm, Q-R R-R i, !ersion ".#. Rock ass AS,

ay "$$%

4'&5: blue !alues can be ad*usted RMi

c H )nput of the actual 2alue of c

common 2alue H

)nput rating of &+* to 4'4 !-"% is automatically calculated from the &+* 2alue gi2en

088

RMi
-

ot included

)nput rating of 4QD !-/% to 4'4 is automatically calculated from input or calculation of 4QD

?b H -ctual 2alue of ?b

*
ot included -

?alues of 4QD and ?b will automatically be calculated.

ot included

;hen 2alue for 3oint spacing !B$% is not gi2en, it is automatically calculated from the block diameter !Db%

RMi
used H /G 2? G7 /70 G70 3H @ $ / ".7 "./ 0 0.87 0.@ 0.7 +o H "

Esti$ated <-, ,ased on ;,, Bhen in'ut *or C1 is not =i-en BE.+5 ?.E&'E !?b% in mP (ossible number of :.) T *ET* "7 mP or more o or few 3oints 7 - "7 " 3oint set " - 7 " 3oint set K random 3oints 0." - " / 3oint sets 0.0" - 0." / 3oint sets K random 3oints 0.00" - 0.0" $ 3oint sets 0.000" - 0.00" $ 3oint sets K random 3oints 0.0000" - 0.000" 1 3oint sets or moreB hea2ily 3ointed In one !A((
TERM strike !o% W G0 dip !o% all ?ery fa2ourable

In o''osite !A((
strike !o% I @0 dip !o% all

In ROOF
dip !o% I @0

all strikes

".7 / $

,air &nfa2ourable ?ery unfa2ourable

70 $0

G0 X 70 70 X $0 /0 -

I /0 17 W 17 W 17

X $0 X $0

X 17 I 17

all strikes

,a2ourable

J G0

X /0

$0

@0

all

17 $0 "7

- @0 - 17 - $0 X "7

RMi
3s H / ".7 0714 " 0.G7 0.7 " 3w H 1 /.7 / 073 " " 3- H 0.G7 0 / 1 $ 1

3- H
t I ca. 7mm

Ran=e o* <a and +A =i-en in the no wall Q and in the RMi contact s#ste$s
wall contact or t M ca4 Cmm or t F ca4 Cmm 8 7 - "0 "/ "$ - /0

8 8 "/ "8

J-J-J-J--

1 @ 8 8 - "/

3E H 7 $ / ".7 0 0.G7 0.7

cation are "illed

(artly included in C)nterlocking of rockmass structureC

RMi
)E H ".$ 0 0.8 0.7

J--

The rating 2alues are based on the G*) system

RMi
G; H 0 /.7 7 .utside limit of 4'i

For RMi" J-- when the ground water has minor influence on stability J-- when the ground water has some influence on stability J-- when the ground water has significant influence on stability 0." - 0./ J-0.07 - " J-used in Q system

RMi
*E H 0." 0.7 0 ".7 +g H 4'i L

Assu$ed )i$its L cm T% 0.0/ 0.7 0.G " J 0.0/ - 0.7 - 0.G

Gi-en in the Q6s#ste$ c L " 4ange of *4, I /00 " - /.7 /00 - "0 " "0 - 7 0.7 - /
7 - 70 70 - /00 /00 - 100 7 - "0 "0 - /0

L c 0.0" 0.$ 0.7 0.@7 " J" 0.@7 "

0.G7 0.1 0./7 0.G7 0.7

" ".G ".G 7 7 'aN E)')T used H /0

I " I

7 $

$ / /

T% in the Q system c L" and Lcm are used

assumed 2alues

RMi
-

Type of weakness 6ones and shears are not eNplicitly included in 4'i

T6 H ;idth of 6one in m +o6 H " " ".7 / $

C)assi*i%ation o* Cone orientation re)ated to tunne)

TERM ?ery fa2ourable ,a2ourable ,air &nfa2ourable ?ery unfa2ourable 70 $0 -

In one !A((
strike !o% W G0 J G0 G0 X 70 70 X $0 /0 dip !o% all X /0 I /0 17 W 17 W 17 $0

In o''osite !A((
strike !o% I @0 @0 dip !o% all all X 17 I 17

In ROOF
dip !o% I @0 17 $0 "7 - @0 - 17 - $0 X "7

X $0 X $0

4'&5: blue !alues can be ad*usted

all strikes

The RMR su''ort ta,)e .*or tunne)s Bith 08$ s'an/

Ro%& su''ort Ground %)ass
".?ery good rock 4'4: 8"-"00 /. Good rock 4'4: @"-80 $. ,air rock 4'4: 1"-@0

ED%a-ation !drill and blast%

,ull face: $m ad2ance ,ull face: ".0 - ".7m ad2anceB +omplete support /0 m from face Top heading and bench: ".7 - $m ad2ance in top headingB +ommence support after each blastB +ommence support "0 m from face Top heading and bench: ".0 - ".7m ad2ance in top headingB )nstall support concurrently with eNca2ation - "0 m from face 'ultiple drifts: 0.7 - ".7m ad2ance in top headingB )nstall support concurrently with eNca2ationB shotcrete as soon as possible after blasting

4ock bolts
!/0 mm diam., fully bonded%

Generally no support reMuired eNcept for occasio Eocally bolts in crown, $m long, spaced /.7m with occasional wire mesh *ystematic bolts 1m long, spaced ".7 - /m in crown and walls with wire mesh in crown *ystematic bolts 1 - 7m long, spaced " - ".7m in crown and walls with wire mesh *ystematic bolts 7 - @m long, spaced " - ".7m in crown and walls with wire mesh. Bolt in2ert

1. (oor rock 4'4: /"-10

7. ?ery poor rock 4'4 J /"

Ro%& su''ort
*hotcrete *teel sets

Generally no support reMuired eNcept for occasional spot bolting

70mm in crown where reMuired

one

70 - "00mm in crown, and $0mm in sides

one

"00 - "70mm in crown and "00mm in sides

Eight ribs spaced ".7m where reMuired

"70 - /00mm in crown, "70mm in sides, and 70mm on face

'edium to hea2y ribs spaced 0.G7m with steel lagging and forepoling if reMuired. +lose in2ert

ROCF C(ASSES G
E Nceptionally poor

F ENtremely poor

E ?ery poor
re a ed a cr et ".G m sh ot
".7 m

C (oor ,air
/.$ m

B Good ?ery good

A ENt. good ENc. good /0

"00
/." m

/.7 m

Bolt length in m for E*4 H "

70

B ol
".0 m

cin g t sp a
"./ m

in

"" G 7

".$ m

S'an or hei=ht in $ ESR

/0
A

1
1.0 m

"0
cm

$ /.1

cm /7

"7

1c

7c

"/

cm

cm

$.0 m /.0 m

".@ m

/
".0 m

".$ m

ts ol

pa

c in

in

un

o sh

et e tc r

da

re

as

".7

" 0.00"

0.001

0.0"

0.01

0."

0.1

"

"0 <r D<a

10 <B D SRF

"00

100

"000

RQ Ro%& $ass @ua)it# Q > <n

REINFORCEMENT CATEGORIES"
"% &nsupported /% $% 1% 7% *pot bolting *ystematic bolting *ystematic bolting, !and unreinforced shotcrete, 1 - "0 cm% ,ibre reinforced shotcrete and bolting, 7 - # cm @% ,ibre reinforced shotcrete and bolting, #- "/ cm G% ,ibre reinforced shotcrete and bolting, "/ - "7 cm 8% ,ibre reinforced shotcrete, I "7 cm, reinforced ribs of shotcrete and bolting #% +ast concrete lining

The RMi ro%& su''ort %hart *or +ointed ro%& and Bea&ness Cones

The RMi ro%& su''ort %hart *or o-erstressed ro%&

Ei mit

RMi ro%& su''ort %hart *or +ointed ro%&s and Bea&ness Cones also for initial support in o2erstressed, particulate ground
Eim it
@00 100

ote: use an
REINFORCE
188 6 6 6

"N" - ".7N".7m
d, un TE o & )# r RE st i % s G C )a @u ')u I N T t , t e , (IN HO = or re st S in n s h ot % ,) a E TE E e )i h r N s * te C R G et a N SI % r O E on C % ( I A or EC SP
f ib re r ein fo

Eimit

* ( E+) - E DE *) G E D 4.+5 *&( ( .4T

Ro%& , o )t "./-".7
a I$ ar e . 7-$ / te d % re -/.7 ot / sh i n -/ in= ". G a% s' -". G
".7

ROC

For Bea&ness Cones with thickness T6 J Dt: *r H !T6LDb% N 5/ else *r H !DtLDb% N 5/

r ce

071 6 6 6 6 074 6

*r H ! Dt L Db% N 5/

me

nt

/00

m m 00

2ery h

088
80 @0

"

m 7 0m
0 "0 mm

*( E +)- E DE *) G E D 4.+5 *&( ( .4T

FIBRECRE

10

m 0m
m m @0
70 mm

1 8 8 6660 4 8 6666 071 6 6 6 6 074 6

ROC

m N$

For ,)o%&# and 'arti%u)ate =round

SiC e ra tio . Sr/

SHOTCRETE AN ROCF BO(TS

/0

ro%

Ei t mi

1 0m m

2ery hea2y 0./

08
8 @

o-ers
ON(Y ROCF BO(TS
". 7lt bo ck 4o

0."

//.7

in g ac sp

7/. $

"

8 78 0

0.0/

0.01

8 70

0. /

0. 1 0. @

08

/0

10

@0

088

/00

100

@00

Ground %ondi ti on *a%tor

G% > RMi D F0

Dt H diameter of tunnel !span or wall height% 5" H *E N + N G; N )E ! *E H stress le2elB + H factor for roof 2s. wallB G; H water inflowB Db H diameter of representati2e rock block )E H interlocking of rockmass structure% % T6 H thickness !width% of weakness 6ones 5/ H !+oL 3% !+o H factor for orientation of 3oint set or weakness 6one, 5" and 5/ are ad3ustment factors 3 H factor for number of 3oint sets%

o-erstressed ro%&

ote: use it with care, as there might be uncertainties in stress measurement or in calculations, and the fact that the chart for sMuee6ing is based on a limited amount of cases
188 6 6 6 048 6 6 6 018 6 6 6 088 6 6 6 :8 6 6 6 ?8

Ei mit

* ( E+) - E DE *) G E D 4.+5 *&( ( .4T

FOR MASSI;E ROCFS" . 4.+5 *&((.4T FOR PARTICU(ATE ROCFS" K se su p p or t ch ar t

"o r ; oi n ted ro c ks

ROCF BO(TS !spacing, m%

071 6 6 6 6 074 6 6 6 6 079 6 6 6 6 6 1 6 6 6 6 174 6 6 6 6 6 2

s@ueeCin= 2ery hea2y 0.$7 hea2y fair light 0.7 0.G " SCA(ING J SPOT BO(TING high stress le2el

*( E +)- E DE *) G E D 4.+5 *&( ( .4T

FIBRECRETE !thickness, mm%

1 8 8 6660 4 8 6666 0 1 8 666 A 8 6666 9 8 6666 4 8 666

ROCF BO(TS ! spacing, m% ro%& ,urst 2ery hea2y 0./ hea2y 0.7 s'a))in= mild

N O R OC F SU PPOR T

071 6 6 6 6 074 6 6 6 6 6 079 6 6 6 6 6 1 6 6 6 6 174 6 6 6 6 6 2

o-erstressed .in%o$'etent/
0." " /.7 "0

Co$ 'eten%# *a%tor C= > RMi E

,ritt)e, $assi-e r o%&s

du%ti)e, $assi-e and so$e 'arti%u)ate ro%&s

REINFORCE

SHOTCRETE !thickness mm%

So$e ro%& 'ro'erties

K,IANIA3 =-MPR/11I&/ 1.R/,?.O A,$ RA.I,?1 -F .O/ mi FA=.-R I, O-/P*QR-@, FAI3KR/ =RI./RI-, F-R R-=P MA11/1
&niaNial compressi2e strength !'(a% 4ating of the factor mi
!see notes%

&niaNial compressi2e strength !'(a%

4.+5 T=(E
+oal +laystone +onglomerate +oral chalk Dolomite Eimestone 'udstone *hale *andstone *iltstone Tuff -ndesite -northosite Basalt Diabase !dolerite% Diorite Gabbro Granite Granodiorite 'on6onite epheline syenite orite (egmatite 4hyolite *yenite &ltrabasic rock ?ery soft clay *oft clay ,irm clay

low - a2erage - high

4.+5 T=(E
-mphibolite -mphibolitic gneiss -ugen gneiss Black shale Garnet mica schist Granite gneiss Granulite Gneiss Gneiss granite Greenschist Greenstone Greywacke 'arble 'ica gneiss 'ica Muart6ite 'ica schist 'ylonite (hyllite Quart6 sandstone Quart6ite Quart6itic phyllite *erpentinite *late Talc schist

low - a2erage - high

*.)E

ote": The Foek - Brown failure criterion for rock masses

The compressi2e strength 2alues gi2en are based on measurements by *) TE,, orway

*.)E

"@ - /"- /@ / - 7 - "0 G0 - 87 - "00 $ - "0 - "8 @0 - "00 - $00 70 - "00 - "80 17 - #7 - "17 $@ - #7 - "G/ G7 - "/0 - "@0 "0 - 80 - "80 $ - /7 - "70 G7 - "10 - $00 10 - "/7 - /"0 "00 - "@7 - $77 //G - /80 - $"# "00 - "10 - "#0 "#0 - /10 - /87 #7 - "@0 - /$0 G7 - "07 - "$7 87 - "17 - /$0 "/7 - "@7 - /00 /#0 - /#8 - $/@ $# - 70 - @/ - 87 R G7 - "70 - /$0 80 - "@0 - $@0 0.0/7 0.0/7 - 0.07 0.07 - 0."

$.1 !/0% G./ "0." 8.1

"8.# !"G% "7./ !/G% /7.8 $/.G !/0% !$0% /".G !/0% !$0%

)G E.&* 4.+5*

'ET-'.4(F)+ 4.+5*

"8.8 #.@

G7 - "/7 - /70 #7 - "@0 - /$0 #7 - "@0 - /$0 $7 - G0 - "07 G7 - "07 - "$0 80 - "/0 - "77 80 - "70 - /80 80 - "$0 - "87 @7 - "07 - "10 @7 - G7 - 87 "/0 - "G0 - /80 "00 - "/0 - "17 @0 - "$0 - /$0 77 - 80 - "00 17 - 87 - "/7 /0 - 80 - "G0 @7 - #0 - "/0 /" - 70 - 80 G0 - "/0 - "G7 G7 - "17 - /17 17 - "00 - "77 @7 - "$7 - /00 "/0 - "#0 - $00 17 - @7 - #0

*ED)'E T-4= 4.+5*

*tiff clay ?ery stiff clay Fard clay *ilt, sand

0." - 0./7 0./7 - 0.7 0.7 - " 0.000" - 0.00"

ote /: ?alues in brackets ha2e been assumed

QR-@, FAI3KR/
4ating of the factor mi
!see notes%

$"./ !$"% !$0%

!$0% /#./ !$0% !/0% #.$ !$0% !/7% !"7% !"$% /$.G

"".1 !"0%