Lecture 20

calculating electric ux electric ux through closed surface

plane and conductor

required for Gausss law: calculate E more easily; applies to moving charges

Uses of Gausss Law: charged sphere, wire,

Calculating Electric Flux I

Analogy: volume of air per second (m3 /s) = v A = vA cos

thru surface): e = E A = EA cos Electric Flux (amount of E = An Area vector: A

Calculating Electric Flux II

e =
i e =

i . A E i

, Uniform E at surface:
e =
surf ace

A E.d E cos dA
...

= E cos = E cos A
...

dA

=
surf ace

A E.d EdA
...

= = E

dA = EA
...

points toward outside: ambiguous for single Closed surface ( dA A surface): e = E.d

Calculating Electric Flux III

strategy: divide closed surface into either tangent or perpendicular to E example: cylindrical charge distribution,
wall = EAwall
e = = A E.d 0 + 0 + EAwall (2 RL)
= E0 r2 /r2 r E r in xy -plane) 0 (

= top + bottom + wall = EAwall R2 = E0 2 r0

Flux due to point charge inside...

Gaussian surface with same symmetry as of charge distribution and hence E

A = EAsphere e = E.d and same at all points) (E E = 4 q0 r2 ; Asphere = 4 r2 q e = 0

ux independent of radius approximate arbitrary shape...

e = A = E.d
q
0

Charge outside..., multiple charges...Gausss Law

=E 1 + E 2 + ... (superposition) E 1 .dA + E 2 .dA + ... e = E

= 1 + 2 + ... q1 q2 = + ...for all charges inside
0 0

Qin

+(0 + 0 + ...for all charges outside) = q1 + q2 + ... for all charges inside

Using Gausss Law

Gausss law derived from Coulombs law, but states general : charges create E ; net ux ow) thru any property of E surface surrounding is same quantitative: connect net ux to amount of charge

Strategy
model charge distribution as one with symmetry (draw picture) symmetry of E Gaussian surface (imaginary) of same symmetry (does not have to enclose all charge)
either tangent (e = 0) or perpendicular to (e = EA) surface E

charge distribution inside has spherical symmetry (need not be uniform) Q

A = in e = E.d 0 EAsphere = E 4 r2 (dont know E, but same at all points on surface) + Qin = Q Q E = 4 0 (same as point charge)

outside and inside Charged Sphere: E

ux integral not easy for other surface using superposition requires 3D integral! spherical surface inside sphere Qin = Q

model as long line... = +

e top

Charged wire and plane

bottom

+ wall

0 + 0 + EAcyl.
Qin

= E 2 rL

independent of L of imaginary... cylinder encloses only part of wires charge: outside does not contribute to ux, but essential to cylindrical symmetry (easy ux integral); cannot use for not same on wall) nite length (E Gausss law effective for highly symmetrical: superposition always works...

e = 0 ; Qin = L Ewire = 20 r

at surface Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium: E

in = 0 if E

not, charges (free to move ) would...

= 0 outside net charge E tangent to surface, charges move... If E

e = AEsurf ace for outside face in = 0) +0 for inside face (E surface) +0 for wall (E ; Qin = A e = Qin 0 surf ace = , to surface E
0

Within conductor...

excess charge on exterior surface

= 0 inside hole (E = 0 inside E conductor and no charge in hole): screening

charge inside hole of neutral conductor polarizes...