Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
January 2013
Introduction
Erosion
Naturally Accelerated by human activities
Natural erosion is generally considered to be due to the influence of climatic forces on the surface of the earth.
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Introduction
1-1
January 2013
Erosion
Waterfalls Canyons
Introduction
1-2
January 2013
Wind Erosion
Alcove, Moab, Utah Altiplano, Bolivia
Erosion
Introduction
1-3
January 2013
10
Accelerated erosion when not managed properly is not beautiful and can create undue problems.
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Introduction
1-4
January 2013
Hydraulic Modification
Silted up pond
Ecological Impacts
Property Damage
Introduction
1-5
January 2013
16
Legal Issues
Civil Penalties Criminal Prosecution
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Introduction
1-6
January 2013
The goal of regulations is not to stop natural erosion The goal is to control accelerated erosion caused by human activities In other words, no net increase in sediment being discharged from construction sites over pre-construction conditions
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Deforestation
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Pastures
Introduction
1-7
January 2013
Farm Land
Poor Practice ?
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Construction
Region g 1
Region g 2
Region 3
Region 4 & 5
Sources of Erosion
Forest Land Farm Land (pastures) Farming (row crop) Construction
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Introduction
1-8
January 2013
Regulatory q Requirements
Federal Regulations
Clean Water Act enacted with the intent of restoring and maintaining the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the waters of the United States National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Point and nonpoint sources Agency having authority - EPA
Regulatory Requirements
2-1
January 2013
Regulatory Requirements
2-2
January 2013
Regulatory Requirements
2-3
January 2013
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Regulatory Requirements
2-4
January 2013
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Regulatory Requirements
2-5
January 2013
Types of Erosion
Water Erosion Wind Erosion
Rain hitting the land surface can dislodge significant amounts of pollutants
Sheet flow overland can erode slopes The receiving water bears the impact of quantity and quality degradation
3-1
January 2013
Types of Erosion
Raindrop Erosion
Sheet Erosion
Sheet erosion is caused by shallow sheets of water flowing over the soil surface.
3-2
January 2013
Rill Erosion
Gully Erosion
Gullies are formed when runoff cuts rills deeper and wider or when flows from several rills come together and form a large channel.
Channel Erosion
Channels may become unstable due to increased flows or changes in upstream sediment load.
3-3
January 2013
Channel Erosion
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Wind Erosion
Types of Wind Erosion: Suspension Very fine dust particles thrown into the air through impact with other particles or by the wind itself itself. Saltation Fine soil particles are lifted into the air by the wind and drift horizontally across the surface increasing in velocity as they go. Can cause severe damage to the surface and vegetation, most serious wind erosion type. Surface Creep Large particles which are too heavy to be lifted into the air are moved through a process called surface creep.
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3-4
January 2013
Wind Erosion-Suspension
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Wind Erosion-Saltation
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Geotechnical Instability
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3-5
January 2013
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Erosion Prevention
Measures employed to prevent erosion including: soil stabilization practices, limited grading, mulch, temporary or permanent cover, compost application, and construction phasing phasing.
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3-6
January 2013
Runoff Control
Methods employed to treat stormwater leaving the site including conveying runoff, diverting runoff, controlling flows, and stabilizing outlets
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Sediment Control
Methods employed to prevent sediment from leaving the site including silt fence, sediment traps, earth dikes, vegetated drainage swales, check dams, storm drain inlet protection and temporary or permanent sedimentation protection, basins.
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3-7
January 2013
before
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During
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And after
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3-8
January 2013
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Sedimentation Impacts
Turbidity and suspended solids are water quality parameters that reflect the level of sediment yield: As turbidity increases, photosynthetic activity decreases, resulting in less dissolved oxygen for aquatic life Suspended solids may destroy water supplies for human, animal and other wildlife consumption as well as feeding and nesting habitats
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In-stream Damages
May include: Destruction of spawning areas, food sources, habitat Direct toxicity to wildlife Lake degradation Siltation of navigation channels Impacts to commercial fisheries Reduction of water storage capacities
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3-9
January 2013
Off-stream Damages
Increased flood hazards Increased water treatment costs Decreased capacity in conveyance facilities
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3-10
January 2013
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3-11
January 2013
Erosion Prevention
Erosion Prevention
Any practice that protects the soil surface and prevents the soil particles from being detached by rainfall or wind. prevention, , therefore, , is a source control that Erosion p treats the soil as a resource that has value and should be kept in place.
Erosion Prevention
4-1
January 2013
Leaving g existing g vegetation is particularly important along the site perimeter or adjacent to water bodies.
Drip Line
Erosion Prevention
4-2
January 2013
Erosion Prevention
4-3
January 2013
Installation:
Maintenance: Inspect and repair flagging or fencing and re-cover or seal exposed roots
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Buffer Zone
(Pg 3-8) A buffer zone consists of an undisturbed area or strip of natural vegetation or an established suitable planting adjacent j to a disturbed area that reduces erosion and runoff
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What they do
Filter sediment Promote infiltration Provide habitat Reduce velocity and volume of runoff Dissipate energy Provide visual screening Can be used to stabilize stream banks Reduce maintenance
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Erosion Prevention
4-4
January 2013
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Buffer Zone
Application: Between disturbed areas and streams or other water bodies and along natural swales and wetlands Requires Inspector or Contractor to flag off area (i.e., tree or shrub driplines)
Installation:
Maintenance: Inspect and repair flagging or fencing and re-cover or seal exposed roots
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Erosion Prevention
4-5
January 2013
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Mulch
(Pg 3-14) Mulches function by: moderating the soil temperature reducing d i soil il moisture i t l loss th through h evaporation ti protecting the soil surface from compaction and increasing infiltration reducing weed competition for desirable plants armoring the soil against raindrop impact and sheet erosion due to runoff
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Erosion Prevention
4-6
January 2013
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Organic Mulches
Straw mulch Wood cellulose or paper fiber applied hydraulically Wood chips Corn stalks Manure mulches Compost
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Erosion Prevention
4-7
January 2013
Synthetic Mulches
Spray-on synthetic mulches and soil binders can seal the soil surface May have adverse impact effects on water quality Not recommended for use as a mulch
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Mulch
Application: Seed cover, dust control or temporary stabilization Many types of mulches to choose from. Balance longevity of mulch application with replacement by vegetative growth.
Installation:
Maintenance: Inspect for proper rate of application and replace mulch on areas damaged by wind or water erosion.
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Erosion Prevention
4-8
January 2013
First the seed and a trace amount of mulch is broadcast (i.e., with a hydroseeder).
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Next, the straw is applied with a straw blower like this one.
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Erosion Prevention
4-9
January 2013
Crimpers have teeth that incorporate the straw into the soil
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Erosion Prevention
4-10
January 2013
Hydraulic Application
Application: Used to apply seed and soil amendments as a first step before application of organic mulch (i.e., straw, erosion control blankets). Also used as one one-step step treatment of hydraulic mulch, soil amendments and seed on sites that cannot receive adequate seed bed preparation or that are difficult to reach. Also used for dust control.
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Hydraulic Mulching
Fiber, seed, and soil amendments are mixed with water and applied as a slurry
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Erosion Prevention
4-11
January 2013
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Erosion Prevention
4-12
January 2013
37
Wood/Bark Chips
Wood or bark chips are suitable for areas where slopes are less than 3:1 Complements ornamental plantings of shrubs or trees
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The best applications for wood/bark chips are around container plants on flatter areas
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Erosion Prevention
4-13
January 2013
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Manure Mulches/Compost
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Compost
Manure mulches or compost can add fertility to an otherwise sterile cut slope
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Erosion Prevention
4-14
January 2013
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Sod
(Pg 3-18) Establishes permanent turf for immediate erosion protection and stabilizes drainage ways.
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Erosion Prevention
4-15
January 2013
Sod
Application: Disturbed areas requiring short or long term cover or areas requiring immediate vegetative cover. Use sod that is weed free with uniform thickness. Soil surface needs to be smoothed and shaped. Sod strips installed perpendicular to water flow, rolled and irrigated.
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Installation:
Sod (continued)
Maintenance: Inspect sodded area frequently for soil moisture content and root establishment. Re-tack, re-sod or re-seed as appropriate.
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Sod
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Erosion Prevention
4-16
January 2013
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Matting
(Pg 3-19)
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Erosion Prevention
4-17
January 2013
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ODOT Specs
0280.14(e) Type A: 1:3 or flatter Clay soils Type B: 1:3 or flatter Sandy soils Type C: Steeper than 1:3 Clay soils Type D: Steeper than 1:3 Sandy soils Type E: Channel Liner 0-96 Pascal shear stress Type F: Channel Liner 0-192 Pascal shear stress
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Erosion Prevention
4-18
January 2013
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Excelsior
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Straw Fiber
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Erosion Prevention
4-19
January 2013
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Coconut Fiber
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Erosion Prevention
4-20
January 2013
Matting
Application: Steep slopes and in areas of concentrated water flow As per manufacturers instructions, but generally in direction of water flow with specified overlaps. Staples or pins used to fasten to soil.
Installation:
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Erosion Prevention
4-21
January 2013
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Synthetic Materials Turf Reinforcement Mats (TRMs) Erosion Control Revegetation Mats (ECRMs)
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Erosion Prevention
4-22
January 2013
TRMs are combined with vegetation to resist the tractive forces of flowing water The roots, stems and geotextiles work together in a mutually reinforcing manner
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Erosion Control and Revegetation Mats (ECRMs) can be used for areas of concentrated flow
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Erosion Prevention
4-23
January 2013
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Erosion Prevention
4-24
January 2013
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Erosion Prevention
4-25
January 2013
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Plastic Sheeting
(Pg 3-21) Provides immediate, short-term protection to slopes and disturbed areas where mulch is not practicable. Poor pp , installation, , and maintenance can cause application, problems, so use alternatives to plastic whenever possible.
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Erosion Prevention
4-26
January 2013
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Erosion Prevention
4-27
January 2013
Plastic Sheeting
Application: On disturbed areas that require cover for less than 30 days. When vegetation cannot be established quickly enough to protect soil during the rainy season season. Critical not to use on slopes where downstream areas will be adversely affected. Anchor with sand bags or other suitable tethered system.
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Installation:
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Erosion Prevention
4-28
January 2013
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Dust Control
(Pg 3-23) Measures used to prevent or minimize wind transport of soil which prevents traffic hazards and helps keep sediment from being g deposited p in water resources.
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Erosion Prevention
4-29
January 2013
Dust Control
Application: On construction routes and other disturbed areas subject to surface dust movement and where off-site damage might occur if not controlled Water truck, wind fences, surface cover and dust palliatives
Installation:
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Erosion Prevention
4-30
January 2013
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Erosion Prevention
4-31
January 2013
Runoff Control
Runoff Control
Even the best erosion and sediment control system cannot perform properly without proper runoff control measures in place. It is critical that appropriate runoff control measures be in place before the rainy season and/or other periods of the year where weather is apt to increase the hazard of erosion.
Runoff Control
Runoff controls divert runoff from exposed areas and reduce runoff velocities Diverting runoff from exposed soils reduces erosion Decreasing runoff velocities reduces erosion and the amount of pollutants carried off-site
5-1
January 2013
Hydrologic Cycle
5-2
January 2013
Construction Entrance
(Pg 3-25)
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Applications
Wherever traffic will be leaving at the rate of 25 trips per day, And Traveling on paved roads or other paved areas located within 100 feet of the site
Design Criteria
50 feet in length for drainage areas having less than 1 acre of exposed soil 100 feet in length for drainage areas having more than 1 acre of f exposed soil Minimum width: 20 feet Minimum aggregate depth: 8 inches
5-3
January 2013
Maintenance
Immediately remove tracked-out sediment from paved areas Add or refresh aggregate as needed Remove aggregate that gets carried onto paved areas
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Construction Entrance
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Shaker Plates
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5-4
January 2013
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5-5
January 2013
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Type 1:
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Type 2:
Concrete-lined basin
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5-6
January 2013
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5-7
January 2013
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5-8
January 2013
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5-9
January 2013
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Outlet Protection
Refer to ODOT Erosion Control Manual RD1050 Temporary Scour Basin and NDET446 Sediment Control at Pipe Inlet/Outlet Refer to ODOT Hydraulics Manual for specific criteria
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Surface Roughening
(Pg 3-35) 30
5-10
January 2013
Surface Roughening
Roughening can be accomplished by track walking, serrated wing blade or the use of agricultural equipment such as harrows or chisel plows Roughening reduces runoff velocities and traps seeds Research shows that roughening in of itself reduces erosion
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Sheepsfoot Roller
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Track Walking
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5-11
January 2013
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This tilting test bed was constructed at SDSU to conduct rainfall simulation testing for Caltrans.
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5-12
January 2013
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Students collect and evaluate the runoff for erosion rate and water quality.
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5-13
January 2013
TREATMENT
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Check Dams
Type 1 Aggregate: Aggregate material only Type 2 Straw Bales: Entrenched straw bales staked to the ground with an aggregate weir Type 3 Bio-filter Bags: Bio-filter bags staked to the ground with or without an aggregate weir Type 4 Sand Bags: Sand bags with or without an aggregate weir Type 5 Prefabricated Check Dam System: A manufactured system specifically designed to slow water so that suspended particles settle out; field-fabricated systems are not allowed
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5-14
January 2013
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5-15
January 2013
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Erosion & Sediment Control Fundamentals Oregon Department of Transportation Type 4 Sand Bags
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5-16
January 2013
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5-17
January 2013
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Diversion
Gravel berm Soil berm
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5-18
January 2013
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Concrete-lined diversion
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Asphalt-lined diversion
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5-19
January 2013
Grass-lined swale
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5-20
January 2013
Sediment Control
Sediment Control
Any practice that traps the soil particles after they have been detached and moved by wind or water. yp passive systems y Sediment control measures are usually that rely on filtering or settling the particles out of the water or wind that is transporting them.
Important!
It is not adequate to rely solely on sediment control measures for sites that discharge to sensitive areas and for sites with p potential to violate Oregon Water Quality Standards for turbidity. There are no permissible amounts of sediment allowed to be discharged.
6-1
January 2013
Why?
Standard sediment control practices not effective in eliminating fine particles, such as clay yp y more effective on Sediment control methods are typically large particles Unless methods, such as sediment basins, are enhanced by flocculation
6-2
January 2013
Sediment Barriers
6-3
January 2013
Straw Bales
Application: Below areas subject to sheet and rill erosion. Slope 1:2 or flatter. Swales or ditches with a maximum of 2 acres contributing drainage drainage. Spacing as per Table 3-3. Embedded in soil a minimum of 4 inches and anchored by wooden stakes. Binding should not be placed in contact with the soil.
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Installation:
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6-4
January 2013
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Biofilter Bags
Application: Manufactured from 100% recycled woodproduct waste placed in a plastic mesh bag. Used to capture and retain sediment on slopes around drain inlets and reduce slopes, water velocity on paved streets. Can be staked in developing rills or gullies.
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6-5
January 2013
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6-6
January 2013
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Straw Rolls
Application: Straw wrapped in tubular plastic netting used to capture and retain sediment on slopes. Also installed on unvegetated slopes above V V-ditches ditches and on perimeters of disturbed sites Dig small trenches on the contour and spacing based on Table 3-3 and place wattles at depth about thickness of roll. Drive wooden stakes through roll and into soil 4 feet apart. Tamp loose uphill soil against wattle.
Installation:
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6-7
January 2013
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6-8
January 2013
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Sand Bags
Application: Geotextile bags filled with sand are used to capture and retain sediment on slopes and around drain inlets. Can also be used tocapture sediment and reduce water velocity in unlined and lined channels and on paved streets. Used in streams to isolate work areas. Slope applications should be installed on the contour. Use Table 3-3 for appropriate spacing. Ends of bags should be tightly abutted.
Installation:
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6-9
January 2013
Detail 6002
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Brush Barrier
Application: Construct at the perimeter of a disturbed area using materials available from clearing and grubbing. Generally on gently sloping areas with disturbed area draining less than acre where runoff is primarily sheet and rill erosion.
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Maintenance: Generally require little maintenance. Remove sediment when it reaches 1/3 the barrier height. Inspect, repair or replace as needed.
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6-10
January 2013
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Filter Berm
Application: Gravel or crushed rock berm that retains sediment in traffic areas on construction sites, on gently sloping areas. Also used along roadways to dissipate sheet flow flow. Use 2 inch minimum washed and wellgraded gravel or crushed rock with less than 5% fines. One (1) foot high with 1:3 side slopes. Length is 6 feet 8 inches per 0.03 cubic meter per second flow, based on the peak flow of the 10-year storm.
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Installation:
Filter Berm
Maintenance: Remove and replace gravel when filtering capacity is reduced by half to maintain performance. Remove sediment accumulation when it reaches 1/3 the barrier height.
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6-11
January 2013
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A manufactured system specifically designed for temporary erosion control applications. Field fabricated systems are not allowed.
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Installation:
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6-12
January 2013
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Terra Tubes
A Fiber Filtration Tube (FFT) is an engineered composite of Thermally Refined wood fibers, man-made fibers and performance-enhancing polymers encased within cylindrical tubes composed of a heavyduty, knitted, high density polyethylene mesh.
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Sediment Fence
(Pg 3-59)
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6-13
January 2013
Sediment Fence
Application: Can be used as sole treatment when the area draining to the fence is less than acre per 300 ft. of sediment fence and the average slope (perpendicular to the fence) is 1:3 or flatter. Otherwise, use sediment fence in conjunction with other measures, (i.e., slopes flatter than 50%; downslope of areas prior to clearing and grubbing). Do not use in concentrated water flows.
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6-14
January 2013
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6-15
January 2013
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Inlet protection based on site conditions in the ODOT Erosion Control Manual
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6-16
January 2013
Maintenance: Inspect weekly and after each storm event. Replace and repair as necessary. Remove accumulated sediment when it has reached 1/3 the height of the barrier. barrier
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6-17
January 2013
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6-18
January 2013
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Type 4: Biobag
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6-19
January 2013
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6-20
January 2013
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Type 6: Sod
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6-21
January 2013
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Sediment Traps
Application: A small, temporary ponding area for drainage areas less than 5 acres. Refer to detail: NDET414 Temporary Sediment Trap.
Installation:
Maintenance: Constant maintenance is essential for proper functioning. Remove sediment when it reaches 1/3 the storage capacity.
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6-22
January 2013
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Sediment Basins
(Pg 3-67)
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6-23
January 2013
Sediment Basins
Application: Serves drainage areas five to ten acres and has a design life of approximately one year Refer to detail: NDET417 Temporary Sediment Basin (Type 1)
Installation:
Maintenance: Inspect weekly and after each rain. All damage should be repaired at end of working day. Remove sediment when storage zone is half full.
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6-24
January 2013
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Sediment Removal
Catch basins no more than 6 inches of accumulation Sediment fences, barriers, check dams 1/3 the height of the control or storage depth Rock filters and filter berm material replaced when sediment reduces the effective filtering capacity by 50%
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Sediment Disposal
Removed sediment shall be re-graded into slopes or removed and disposed of off-site in accordance with all federal, state, local laws and ordinances. Sediment-laden S water shall not be flushed f into the storm drain system or waterways of any type duration of the project.
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6-25
January 2013
7-1
January 2013
7-2
January 2013
7-3
January 2013
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7-4
January 2013
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Design Example A
Where would you locate the construction entrances and exits? e e would ou d you locate ocate t the e materials ate a s ya yard? d Where Where would you place the concrete waste facilities?
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7-5
January 2013
BMPs
Specific Installation Mistakes and Maintenance Problems
Plastic, geotextile covers and soil binders must be routinely inspected and replaced if effectiveness degraded
8-1
January 2013
Tracking Controls
Mistakes Short cuts around device Length of gravel and/or plates inadequate Not backed up by road sweeping (maintenance)
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Silt Fence
Mistakes Inadequately sized Improperly installed In the wrong location Not maintained
Silt Fence
Dont use in waterways Place on contour Limit drainage area Inspect frequently Examples to trigger silt fence maintenance: height or volume of accumulation storm events
8-2
January 2013
Sand Bags
Mistakes Sand-filled geotextile bags g sometimes used when burlap bags are more appropriate
Mistakes Used when sand bags are more appropriate (e.g., to block or divert flow)
8-3
January 2013
Mistakes Adequately sized pp p Appropriate spacing Low point in center of flow Maintained
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Mistakes Diverting flow, rather th th than filt filtering i it Flooding Maintenance and replacement
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Fiber Rolls
Mistakes
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8-4
January 2013
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Soil Roughening
Mistakes Roughening in the wrong direction can increase erosion rather than reduce it.
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Vegetation
Inspect frequently to verify vegetation is growing. Reseed if necessary. Soil analysis may be required.
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8-5
January 2013
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Wood/Bark Chips
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Check for erosion and undermining. Repair slope if washout or breakage occurs and reinstall material.
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8-6
January 2013
Mistakes Insufficient drying time before rainfall Product selection Application rate
Maintain by reapplying in high traffic areas, after storm events or after degradation period.
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Inspection Guidelines
The performance of BMPs depends on how the measures are operated and maintained and the severity of weather conditions for the first 1-5 years following implementation BMPs should be monitored before, during and after significant rainfall events During grading and construction the owner and Contractor(s) are responsible for maintaining storm water pollution control measures.
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Inspection Points
All disturbed areas of the site Areas for material storage Access and egress points All the erosion and sediment controls that are part of the plan must be inspected regularly
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8-7
January 2013
Inspection Points
Problem areas must be documented Repairs identified and implemented immediately Effort continues until site finally stabilized and permanent measures are in place and performing adequately
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Site Inspections
Site inspections conducted to ascertain: All measures completed in field g controlled Erosion is being Sediment not transported off-site
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Walkthroughs
Walkthroughs help identify critical inspection locations: All disturbed areas of the site g areas Material storage Vehicle entrance and exit points All erosion and sediment control measures
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8-8