Home News Conferences Magazine Directory Video Knowledge Base Jobs Login Run Advertise About

Conferences CemTrader Past

Global CemTrader - Review 2012

10 - 11 May 2012 London Chamber of Commerce and Industry, City of London, UK Conference review - by Robert McCaffrey, conference convenor View the videos from Global CemTrader 2012 The inaugural CemTrader Conference in London on 10-11 May 2012 brought together delegates from 21 countries from the Americas, Africa, Asia, the Middle East and Europe to discuss supplementary cementitious materials, coal and petcoke for the cement industry. The event was one of the most highly rated of those organised by Global Cement and will be repeated in London in May 2013 with the inclusion of cement and clinker trading. The Global CemTrader conference was organised to allow discussion of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), coal and petcoke in the global cement industry. Charles Zeynel of ZAG International set the scene at the conference, pointing out that SCMs are not just cheap fillers and that they bring many advantages to the cement industry. The closure of Japanese nuclear power plants may lead to an increase in coal-fired power generation and ash supply, while Japanese steelmakers have cut back steel - and slag - production. There are going to be shortages of blast furnace slag, since there is not enough steel production around the world to supply all of the cement industrys needs. China is exporting much less cement, due to the fact that it is consuming most of its own production, while Japan is also sold out for the next five years... similar to Thailand, Taiwan and Indonesia. Slags and flyash are very low value freights compared to the normal cargos. There are only 12,000 bulk freighters in the world, but they are not fully employed at the moment: bulk freight rates are now depressed and are likely to remain depressed for the next couple of years before they move upwards again. Critically, the SCM industry has little influence on freight rates. Charlie pointed out that the cement industry is a strong long term business and that the US has very good prospects, albeit from a depressed base. A number of plants are due to close owing to stringent environmental regulations, while the US PCA is forecasting increases in demand in double figures in the next couple of years and subsequent shortages of cement. SCMs might be of crucial importance in the forecast 40Mt supply gap in the US by the end of the decade, with the US set to become a major importer of GGBFS, since most of its blast furnaces are situated remotely from major areas of cement usage. He pointed out that GGBFS is easy to move and store, whereas coal-combustion byproducts (CCPs) are more difficult and expensive to handle and are often used more locally. Charles pointed out that the US will close down a number of coal-fired power plants and will switch to gas (including shale gas) so that CCPs including flyash will become scarce: users are already on allocation. Finally he concluded that there are strong trends towards increased use of SCMs globally. Elaine Chen from Ocean Shipping Consultants (OSC) next spoke on global cement and clinker trade trends. She pointed out that only 5-8% of global cement consumption is traded and this was estimated at 163Mt in 2011. Around 80% was moved by sea. Elaine pointed out that the global financial crisis has had fundamental effects on global cement trade: strong consumers like Ireland, the US and Spain have been brought low, while new cement superpowers have risen, including Turkey, Bangladesh, India, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and the UAE. Trade flow trends have been strongly affected.

There are only 426 specialised cement carriers around the world and new orders are being dominated by self-unloaders. Around 32% of the specialised cement-carrying fleet sails under the Japanese flag, but these are mostly used for the domestic trade and are of below average size at around 4300dwt. The general bulk carrier fleet is dominated by Capesize vessels, with average size increasing sharply in the last few years. Scrappage has increased in the last few years, but there is still significant tonnage on order: Elaine reiterated that freight market pricing will be weak for the next few years. Increasing imports are expected for north America and Africa over the next decade, which will bolster demand for specialised cement-carrying ships in the longer term. Boudewijn Piscaer of Univerde/Sustcon then spoke on facilitating the use of SCMs for cement and concrete. He pointed out that highly sustainable companies have a higher financial yield than nonsustainable companies. He pointed out that cement and concrete are in competition with other materials and that the performance of all mateials is under increased scrutiny. He suggested that prescriptive national regulations are increasingly being questioned and that non-cement binders will increasingly be used (and cannot be stopped). Boudewijn pointed out that SCMs can be used by a variety of producers: clinker producers, cement producers and concrete producers. Each has a different outlook on the ideal SCM to use and how best to optimise the profitability of the product. This may not be in accord with the wishes or best interests of the final user. He suggested that there should be a shift to dynamic performance verification methodology, leading to more eco-innovation. Lifecycle performance indicators should be deve loped for cement-based products, to counter similar schemes for other building materials, he concluded. Robert Lewis of Elkem next spoke on the use of silica fume in cement and concrete. Around 10Mm3 of silica fume concrete is produced each year. Silica fume is produced as a by-product of electric arc furnaces and is produced as a very fine powder, with composition and material characteristics determined by process and filter performance. American and European standards are used for various different grades of silica fume. Only 1-1.5Mt of silica fume is produced each year, with only 400,000-600,000t actually being used, largely in fibre cement and in concrete and to a lesser extent in refractories. Asbestos cement has largely been superseded by sophisticated fibre cement mixes, often including silica fume. Silica fume can offer greater strength to concrete, with higher durability, greater sulphate resistance and greater chloride resistance. Due to the small size and spherical shape of micro silica, it can improve pumpability of concrete. Robert pointed out that some municipalities in the US have started to specify a maximum of 440lbs of OPC per cubic yard of concrete, meaning that more SCMs must be used. In common with other speakers, he pointed out that multi-component blends (tri-blends, quad-blends and even more complex blends) can offer performance well beyond OPC. Robert gave an example where a skyscraper was built with a high-silica fume concrete that was 50% more expensive than normal, but which led to a project that was built on time, for less than the original design and where the owner achieved more rentable space due to slimmer, higher-strength columns in the building. Next Dean Reilly of InterBulk Group spoke about transportation strategies for SCMs using intermodal supply chains, specifically the use of ISO-Veyors. Tank containers require much less infrastructure than pure bulk transport, requiring the use of less capital. InterBulk has previously used bag in box solutions (containes with liners) for moving granular materials, but has found that this does not necessarily work for powdery materials including SCMs. The ISO-Veyor is a bulk tank which is set within a standard 20ft container-sized frame, but this usually requires an empty return leg. A new solution is to use bag in box for intercontinental transport (allowing the container to be reused on any return leg) and then the ISO-

Veyor for national or regional transport. The company has a number of terminals that allow this transshipment and is looking to expand in the Middle East and Russia. Dean suggested that the new system can be used for SCMs, cement, mortars, plasters and lime, as well as a variety of minerals including gypsum. Narayan Singhania of N K Enterprises then spoke on the use of rice husk ash (RHA), which is obtained by burning the protective covering that is separated from around rice grains. RHA increases levels of calcium silicate hydrate and decreases calcium hydroxide in final concrete and reduces chemical attack on cement by reducing the permeability of concrete. Addition of RHA also reduces the heat of hydration. Global RHA availability in 2011 was around 18Mt (the total generated was around 35Mt, but around half of the worlds rice production is used for the production of parboiled rice, where the husk is used as a fuel). Narayan suggested that RHA has great potential for revolutionising the global cement and concrete industries. Much interesting discussion ensued. Dr Denis Bezard of Newchem next gave details on metakaolin use in the cement industry. His company started out by selling a byproduct metakaolin, but eventually demand became so high that it was forced to institute dedicated production. Kaolin is a decomposition product of granite and is found in many countries around the world. In primary deposits there is much silica and mica and the material has to be cleaned, but in secondary lacustrine deposits kaolin can be found at much higher concentrations. Once the kaolin is heated to over 500C, water is driven off, although at higher temperatures non-reactive mullite can be formed so that careful processing is required. Originally bricks of kaolin were burned, but much finer feedstock is now used to ensure even burning and predictable reactivity. Different deposits and different processes give different products. In a flash calciner the kaolin is burned in a flame to form a popcorn-like snowball of platelets of metakaolin, giving a very reactive product. Metakaolin may have a Blaine of 15,000 to 28,000m2/kg and has 50% SiO and 40% Al2O3, with average particle size of 4m. Metakaolin has many of the advantages of a pozzolanic material, is thixotropic and is light in colour, while metakaolin concrete has high resistance to chemical attack. Denis pointed out that if the matrix in concrete can be made as strong as the aggregate, then high performance can be achieved for the concrete as a whole. Howard Epstein of RVA spoke on secondary aluminas, which is a low-cost alumina source for clinker production. Reprocessed aluminium gives rise to secondary aluminas, all creating a salt slag byproduct. Around 5-6Mt of salt slag is created each year, with 1.3Mt produced in Europe. 40% of the salt slag is salt. Salt slag is now not allowed to be landfilled and must be reprocessed and one of its processed products is known as Valoxy. Secondary aluminas such as Valoxy offer a number of advantages to the cement industry. Slag is pretreated to extract aluminium granules. A dissolution reaction, filtration and crystallisation process gives rise to Valoxy, which can be used in mineral applications as a potential alternative to bauxite or alumina. Valoxy can act as a flux in the clinkerisation process - partly because of its fluorine content - typically forming 1-3% of the raw meal. Due to its origin, Valoxy enjoys stable supply and long-term fixed price structures. Harald Schmitt of Knauf next gave details of the use of synthetic gypsum in the cement industry. The company operates from 150 factories in more than 40 countries, with a turnover in 2008 of Euro5.8bn and 22,000 employees. Harald gave details of the ECOBA/Eurogypsum quality standard for FGD gypsum, which prescribes a single standard for all uses for FGD gypsum, allowing free trading of the commodity. Lignite-fired power stations give rise to FGD with larger average particle sizes than hard coal plants. The producers of the FGD are focused on the SO2 concentration in their exhaust gases, on the pH values of

the wastewaters from the process and finally on the characteristics of the by-product solids. FGD crystal shapes can have a very significant effect on the final behaviour of the gypsum. Future trends in FGD quality will be influenced by a decrease in quality due to irregular running of coal-fired power stations due to electricity market volatility and variations in coal source. Mercury is a potentially very significant issue that is on the horizon for FGD producers. Calcium sulphite is an unwelcome contaminant in FGD gypsum. New requirements for improvements in flue gas cleaning could however have a positive effect on FGD quality. More than 8Mt of FGD gypsum is used by members of Eurogypsum each year. However, the legal approach to FGD gypsum has not been harmonised across Europe: the answer to the question is it a waste or is it a product? has not yet been definitively answered. However, further use is certain, no further processing is necessary (and a washing step may be included in production to make sure that FGD conforms to specification), production is an integral part of power generation and further use is lawful and there are no environmental or human health issues, suggesting that FGD is not a waste! Boudwijn Piscaer ascended to the podium once again to speak on the production of activated paper minerals, which are a by-product of recycled paper making. A patented fluidised bed thermal treatment to convert the slurry into a valuable mineral while also producing electricity was awarded in the late 1990s in the Netherlands and the IP for this was sold to Voith in 2010. Activated Paper Recycled Minerals (APReM) contains metakaolin, CaO and CaCO3. It functions as a sorbent for mercury in flue gases, as a soil stabiliser and as a SCM for concrete and mortars. The Blaine of the material is around 15,000 and is an off-white colour. Boudwijn railed against the prescriptive standards for cement and concrete, which are unhelpful for the use of APReM at the moment. He suggested that lifecycle information, special insurance for innovative mixes and a Pantheon sustainability label will all be of use to increase the use of SCMs.

Second day
On the second day of the conference, Thomas Duve of STEAG Power Minerals started off a new session with an overview of trends in coal combustion by-products in Europe. The STEAG group of companies expects to handle more than 6Mt/year of CCPs by 2016. Coal is expected to grow its share of global electrical energy generating capacity and coal has the longest-lasting reserves, in the hundreds of years, of all energy sources globally. Technical problems with some boilers mean that there is now a looming electricity shortage and future possible shortages of fly ash. New power stations use clean coal technology with efficiencies of up to 47%, while carbon capture and sequestration plants are planned for CO2-free generation, but this would decrease generation efficiency and might increase the amount of coal that would need to be burned. Oxyfuel/Oxycoal are other Low-CO2 technologies on the horizon. The quality of the fly ash is controlled by the fuel and the process, while the total quantity of the ash produced by a plant is controlled by the ash content of the fuel, the installed capacity and the number of operating hours of the plant. Thomas stated that the quality of the fly ash in Europe is often comparatively poor, with high loss on ignition and some chemical impurities such as ammonia. The production of CCPs in Europe is around 60Mt per year in the EU15 and around 100Mt from the EU27. Around 21% of the fly ash from the EU15 is used for cement raw material, 14% as an ingredient in blended cement and 33% as a concrete additive, while 22% is used for road construction. He stated that there is currently an undersupply of quality ash in Europe, leading to cross border transport to supply markets. Research is ongoing into the activation of fly ash to increase the early strength development in concrete, into special applications such as acid-resistant concrete, beneficiation of fly ash and exploration of the use of conditioned and stockpiled ash. Production of fly ash is very difficult to predict and power station usage

hours are less predictable now than ever. Thomas concluded that ash has gone from a local or regional business to being a Europe-wide operation, with logistics being crucial to economic success. Ad Kourthout next spoke about pulverised fuel ash (PFA) - also known as fly ash - in the Dutch cement and concrete industry. Ad showed statistics from Eurelectric that indicated that the use of lignite and coal would decrease from 2010 to 2020, suggesting a tightening in fly ash supply. Vliegasunies core missi on is to ensure that there are no unforeseen unavailabilites of fly ash for its customers. The company takes in PFA and processes it into a much higher value final product. Ad agreed with Thomas Duve and said that all forecasts are defeated by reality as early as tomorrow, due to the volatility of reality. This is partly due to the fact that green electricity from wind and solar is given priority and that gas and coal -fired power stations are now the swing producers. Increased use of wood pellets with v ery low ash content is expected to have a minimal impact on ash quality and in the future there is expected to be an increased role for torrefied wood in power generation. For the moment, the supply of PFA from the Netherlands is still growing, contrary to the situation in the surrounding countries. Ad pointed out that in the Netherlands, for the past couple of years at least, the demand for PFA in the summer has been higher than the available supply: A frustrating situation, according to Ad Kourthout. Lindon Sear of the UK Quality Ash Association rounded off the session on PFA with a look at trends in the UK. Coal-fired power stations have historically accounted for around 30% of the generation capacity of the UK. Nuclear generation capacity will not take over from coal for at least 15 years, while there is not enough biomass for all the combustion plants proposed across the EU. Gas is the most likely alternative but this is also not a CO2 free fuel and has already effectively replaced a proportion of coal-fired generation capacity starting in around 1993, during the dash for gas. Total production of ash in the UK has stabilised at around 5-6Mt per year, but the utilisation rate is affected by the buoyancy of the construction industry. Increased processing of UK ash has led to reductions in carbon contents and improvements in particle size distributions. In the UK the cement and concrete industries have had a tough time in the recession, but PFA sales have not suffered much, since more PFA is being used in cement and concrete. As mentioned by the previous speakers, due to the closure of power stations, there will be a dip in the supply of PFA. However, the remaining stations will operate for longer periods of time, which should improve the quality of the ash and which may reduce the dip in ash supply. The price of gas and the CO2 price will eventually dictate the amount of coal that is used, said Lindon. There is 50Mt of ash in stockpiles in the UK which could additionally be used, possibly following drying and further processing, to reduce the LOI, since stockpiled ash generally has high carbon. There are of course cost implications to using stockpiled materials. Environmental legislation is increasingly making utilisation of all PFA much harder. The introduction of low NOx burners into the UK power industry has led to a reduction of furnace bottom ash: all FBA in the UK is already sold, so that there is demand for more. Leaching of chromium VI is a potential issue on the horizon, not just for PFA, but many other materials. If and when PFA ceases to be a waste and becomes a product, it will be required to register under the REACH regulations, probably at a cost of around Euro1m. Lindon concluded by saying that UK and EU environmental regulations are a terrible mess and need to be sorted out as soon as possible. Upon this point there seemed to be general agreement.

Mike Sumner of WR Grace looked at the use of additives to facilitate the use of SCMs and other materials in cement and concrete. Mike pointed out that the use of additives can increase the output of grinding units (while reducing the specific energy consumption), as well as increasing the two and 28 day strengths of cement cubes by 2-10 MPa. Mike pointed out that improving the performance of the cement can allow the addition of increasing amounts of SCMs and other materials. Slag has highest cost, followed by flyash and then limestone, but the reduction in strength effect is highest for limestone followed by flyash and then slag. In broad terms the economics of increased slag, fly ash or limestone can be similar when you consider thetypical costs, percentages added and strength effects. He concluded that more complex additives now exist, albeit with higher cost but bringing greater overall economic benefits.

Coal and petcoke

Patrick Peenaert of Lafarge next spoke on coal and petcoke trends and effects on the cement industry. Lafarge has a policy of concentrating its resources on developing countries, which now represent around 70% of its sales. Thermal, coking coal and anthracite are the three main grades that are used worldwide, but thermal coal is the grade primarily used by the cement industry. China produces around 2500Mt of thermal coal each year, with the rest of the world producing around 4000Mt, of which the USA produces around 1075Mt. India, Indonesia, Australia, South Africa and Russia are major producers, while Colombia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Poland and Vietnam are significant producers. Seaborne trade is around 10-15% of the total production amount, so that around 750Mt each year is transported by ship. The Atlantic market is dominated by US and Colombian coal. In the Pacific trades, China is a major importer, while Indonesia and Australia are major exporters: Chinas requirements can change rapidly and strongly affect the price of coal. Patrick suggested that the market and price changes in the market are becoming less easy to understand and to forecast. At the moment there seems to be more supply than demand, so that we should see the price going down, although forward curves are actually up. However, nobody knows what will be the actual price development. Prices are impacted by a number of parameters; the price of gas affects the coal price due to substitution effects; market fundamentals - particularly Chinese demand - have a strong influence; climate change regulations could have a negative effect on the price competitiveness of coal; foreign exchange rates influence buying behaviours; and climate events and natural disasters can also affect pricing. Patrick next spoke about petcoke, a by-product from the petroleum refining industry. At the moment, petcoke supply is around 100Mt, but this is expected to increase to 200Mt by 2016. Fully 41% of fuel petcoke is produced in the US and 20% in China. Around 38% of petcoke is involved in seaborne trade, primarily from the US to Europe and from the US to Asia. Colombia currently has large stockpiles, partly because a critical conveyor belt is not working (!). Factors that influence petcoke prices include the coal price, since this provides an upper price cap for petcoke prices (the average discount being 20-50% compared to coal at the moment); gas prices (mainly in the USA but also in the EU); ocean freight rates and economic growth in Asia. In the cement industry, fossil fuels are still dominant, but alternative fuels are increasingly gaining attention... and these fuels will become yet more important if conventional fuels become more expensive. The cement industry uses the energy equivalent of around 380Mt of coal each year, which is a small portion of the overall global coal consumption. Two thirds of coal used by the cement industry comes from domestic sources (it is not traded internationally), with around one third derived from international trade.

Jo Gardner next spoke on behalf of HC Trading (HTC), the international trading arm of HeidelbergCement (HC) which has around 40% of its sales in emerging markets. HCT buys around 1Mt of coal and petcoke, trades around 3Mt of coal and petcoke to third parties and is active in all fuel markets, with an emphasis on coal from Russia, the US, Colombia, South Africa, Indonesia and Australia and petcoke from Venezuela and the US Gulf. Jo stated that shale gas is here to stay and that it will have a significant impact on energy prices in the future, probably pushing down natural gas and coal prices in the medium to long term: this process is already underway. Russian suppliers are currently concerned by the low prices for Russian coal into the European and Turkish markets. US domestic coal demand is being displaced by the advent of the shale gas revolution and therefore US coal is increasingly coming to Europe and Asia. US coal is reasonably priced and is therefore depressing the delivered European price for coal. The global coal market is well supplied and has not seen a repeat of the weather/geopolitical supply shocks witnessed in early 2011. Russian infrastructure problems, mainly rail, may cause an uptick in Russian coal prices, since logistics is a significant proportion of the Russian coal price. Some US producers may idle capacity or stop production in the longer term if domestic demand remains weak as logistics costs to export coal are also increasing due to the high price of oil. If China starts to use shale gas, this could cause a major shift in coal demand and trade patterns. There are suggestions that by 2025, India may need to import up to one billion tonnes of coal each year, which would obviously affect global coal prices. According to Jo Gardner, petcoke prices peaked and then collapsed in 2008 and in 2009, possibly due to the inelastic nature of supply and demand in the industry and the herd mentality of buyers. Short term demand and supply changes can lead to significant price fluctuations. Exceptionally low freight rates in the first quarter of 2012 have subsidised petcoke FOB prices. He concluded that flexibility is critical in ensuring a profitable trading operation. Ramesh Malhotra of Coal Network Inc next looked at the future role of US coal in the global cement energy mix. Ramesh pointed out that although demand in the global cement industry is continually growing, global production capacity has grown at the same rate and is always greater than the demand. Coal demand in the developed countries is decreasing, with growth now exclusively concentrated in developing countries. Coal quality varies from basin to basin in the US, as well as within basins and coalfields, with sulphur content being a critical quality factor. Production is dominated by the Appalacian and Western regions, with Wyoming standing out as a major producer, contributing 40% of US production in 2010. The Illinois Basin is the fastest growing area and has good infrastructure and transport links, producing over 115Mt of coal each year. The Northern Appalacian region is now declining. The US has extensive coal reserves and capacity to meet global coal demand: domestic coal demand is projected to decline, pushing US call producers onto the international market. US exports have grown from 60Mt in 2009 and are expected to be double this amount in 2012. New Orleans ships more coal than any other port, nearly equal to the rest of the countrys ports combined, partly due to the excellent river transport links, as well as the citys position close to petcoke production in the Gulf. US coal producers will soon become the major players in the global steam coal trade, while freight disadvantages will be negated by expanding vessel loading capabilities. Thomas Springer of Biehl & Co spoke further on US coal exports. Around half of US coal exports go to northern Europe, with another quarter going into the Mediterranean and around 6% going to Mexico and to South American destinations. Petcoke exports however go out more evenly to regions around the world, primarily China, the Mediterranean and to other Asian destinations. US terminals have upgraded their facilities and can now more commonly export both coal and petcoke. Corpus Christi is set to be

developed as a 20Mt per year coal export terminal by 2017, with 45ft draught. Houston is limited to Panamax ships due to its 40ft draught. Beaumont, Texas, has also proposed to build a large bulk handling facility, with three berths, with a dredged 45ft draught channel. Very substantial expansion plans for a variety of locations are being considered for the Mississippi River and the New Orleans area. Midstream or anchorage operations on the river can also handle substantial tonnages, but there are a number of complications, including possible demurrage, difficulties in sampling moisture due to moisture settling in shipments and other sampling issues and possible contamination. The Louisiana Mid-stream operation possibly avoids some of these problems. Thomas suggested that the first projects to be built will have a great advantage in gaining market share. Some existing and planned terminals are constrained by their draught. Larger vessels, including Capesize vessels, are significantly cheaper than the smaller vessels and its just a matter of time before a dedicated facility is built to allow easier loading of Capesize vessels.

Conclusion
The Global CemTrader conference was one of the highest-rated events ever staged by Global Cement, according to delegates, who also requested the addition of cement and clinker trading to the programme, as well as requesting London as the repeat venue. The 2nd Global CemTrader Conference and Exhibition will take place in London on 9-10 May 2013. We look forward to seeing you there!

Presentations
Trends in global SCM demand and supply - Charles Zeynel, ZAG International Global cement & clinker trade: prospects to 2025 - Elaine Chen, Ocean Shipping Consultants Facilitating the use of SCMs for cement and concrete - Boudewijn M. Piscaer, Univerde/Sustcon The use of silica fume in sustainable high performance concrete, global supply and demand Robert Lewis, Elkem Silicon Materials Achieving an economic and sustainable transportation strategy for SCMs through intermodal supply chains - Dean Reilly, InterBulk Group Rice husk ash: a valuable green resource with great potential - Narayan Singhania, NK Enterprises Metakaolin - A supplementary cementitious material made to measure - Denis Bzard, Newchem AG Secondary aluminas - A sustainable, low-cost alumina source for clinker production - Howard Epstein, RVA FGD gypsum as a raw material in the gypsum and cement industry - Harald Schmitt, Knauf Gips KG

Activated paper recycled minerals: an innovative upcycled SCM for the cement and concrete industry - Boudewijn M. Piscaer, Univerde/Sustcon Trends in coal combustion by-products in Europe - Thomas Duve, STEAG Power Minerals Ltd Pulverised fuel ash an excellent clinker replacement material for the Dutch concrete and cement industry - Ad Korthout, Vliegasunie BV Trends in UK coal ash supply, demand and legislation - Lindon Sear, UK Quality Ash Association A global overview of worldwide coal and petcoke: supply/demand trends and expected price consequences for the cement industry - Patrick Peenaert, Lafarge Fuel supply for cement markets - Jo Gardner, Senior Manager Fuel Trading, HeidelbergCement Trading Role of US coal in the global cement market - Ramesh Malhotra, Coal Network Inc US coal and petcock exports - Thomas Springer, Biehl & Co LP Customised cement additives deliver maximum benefit - Mike Sumner, Grace

Home News Conferences Magazine Directory Video Knowledge Base Jobs Login Run Advertise About Magazine >> Latest issue Articles Editorial programme Contributors Link Awards Back issues Subscribe Photography Register for free copies The Last Word Conferences >> Global CemTrader Global CemPower Global Fuels Global Insulation Global Gypsum

Global Slag Websites >> Global Gypsum Global Slag Global CemFuels Global Insulation DealZone PRo Publications

2013 PRo Publications International Ltd. All rights reserved