Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Industrial Automation
(Automação
( uto ação de Processos
ocessos Industriais)
dust a s)
Syllabus:
Integration
g in Flexible Fabrication Cells.
…
Chap. 6 – Discrete Event Systems [2 weeks]
S
Some pointers
i t to t CAD/CAM and
d CNC
History: http://users.bergen.org/~jdefalco/CNC/history.html
Tutorial: http://users.bergen.org/~jdefalco/CNC/index.html
http://www-me.mit.edu/Lectures/MachineTools/outline.html
http://www.tarleton.edu/~gmollick/3503/lectures.htm
Tool / Methodology
gy
P t t
Prototype
1947 – US Air Force needs lead John Parsons to develop a machine able to
P d
Produce parts ddescribes
ib iin 3D.
3D
Evolution in brief
CAD/CAM and CNC
• Close-loop
p control systems
y for axis control.
CAD/CAM e CNC
Objectives:
• To augment
g the workload.
CAD/CAM e CNC
Methodology CAD/CAM
• Speed of advance
• Speed of rotation
• Type of tool
Electrolitical machining
Exctrusion
“Afiar”
“Polir”
“Quinar”
API P. Oliveira Page 15
IST / DEEC / ACSDC Chap. 5 – CAD/CAM and CNC
• Aerospace
• Maquinery
• Automobiles
• Instrumentation
• Moulds
Architecture of a NC system
gear table
Open-loop transmission
reference
step
motor
Cl
Close-loop
l
gear table encoder
transmission
reference
controller DA
DC
motor
p
CAD/CAM and CNC
p(t)
Interpolation
Motivation: numerical integration Δp
A off a ffunction
Area ti
z (t ) = ∫ p (τ )dτ ≅ ∑i =1 pi Δt
t k
0 t
Introducing zk, as the value of z at t=kΔt Δ
Δt
z k = ∑i=
k −1
p Δt + pk Δt = z k −1 + Δz k ,
i =1 i
Δz k = pk Δt
The integrator works at a rythm of f=1/Δt and the function p is given app. by:
pk = pk −1 ± Δpk
To be able to implement the integrator in registers with n bits, p must verify
pk<2n .
Setting C=α, 15
pk
Δz
p(t)
− Δp = Δz 10
p(t)
5
+Δp
−Δp
Δp f0
Δz 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time iterations
+Δp pk
p(t)
−Δp
Δp Y
ωRcos(ωt)dt -5
Y
-10
+Δp
L
f −Δp
X
+Δp C
−Δp
Δp f0
+Δp L
−Δp
Y
desacceleration
C
DC
motor
Ts
Dynamics of a control loop
k2
k1
fref 1 k1
k DA kg
s 1 + τs
Relevant features:
• The workspace of a machine versus the part to be produced
• The options
p available on each machine
• The tools available
• The mounting and the part handling
• The operations that each machine can perform
Relevant features:
• The material to be machinned and its characteristics
• Standard tools cost less
• The q
quality
y of the mounting
gppart is function of the number od
parts to produce
• Use the right tool for the job
• Verify if there are backup tools and/or stored available
• Take into account tool aging
D) Cutting data
• Spindle Speed – speed of rotation of the cutting tool (rpm)
N30 G0 T1 M6
N35 S2037 M3
N40 G0 G2 X6.32 Y-0.9267 M8
N45 Z1.1
N50 Z0.12
N55 G1 Z0. F91.7
N60 X
X-2.82
2 82
N65 Y0.9467
N70 X6.32
N75 Y2.82
N80 X-2.82
N85 G0 Z1.1
...
• M02 - Program
g end
G81 – Drilling
g cycle
y with multiple
p holes
G78 – Rectangular
g ppocket cycle,
y used to clean a
square shaped area
• Compact II
• Autospot
• SPLIT
Rules of Security
• Security is essential!
Load program
Verify
y carefully
y the pproduced part.
p