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Basic Tissues Lectures #3 & 4 Epithelium I & II by r! "in Li #$%$#4 &'ote( This is a word)*or)word transcription *rom the lecture!+ Slide 1-17 MISSING from odcast !first "# minutes$ Slide 1% - &lassification Dr' (in Li S)uamous cells are flattened' *+am les are s,in- oral mucosa- these are all the to layer of cells are all s)uamous e ithelial cell' &uboidal cells the hei.ht e)ual to the /idth' So this the name indicate the sha e- of the columnar are taller in hei.ht and cylinder in sha e' 0nd the transitional- e ithelial cells- they can chan.e sha e based on the certain or.an- the tissues are distended- 1ersus rela+ed- so the surface cell sha e can chan.e' Slide 12 - Sha es Dr' (in Li So here the details is s)uamous e ithelial cells is a loo, this center- laced nuclei- and this from surface 1ie/- and this from side if you do cross section you can see the centrally laced bul.in. nucleus' 0nd the cuboidal- the /hole cells is oly.on sha ed and in middle is a round nuclei- and the columnar e ithelia from the to the surafcae loo,s 1ery similar /ith cuboida' 3ut the side 1ie/ /hen you do section they are of course taller in the sha e- as /ell the nuclei are different' The nuclear sha e are o1oidand most of the time they are close to the basement membrane the bottom art of the cells' 0nd this is transitional e ithelia- see this cell has a ty ical mor holo.y- this is dome sha ed- /here the or.an are in rela+es condition' So these cells can be found in the uterus- and the best e+am le is bladder' 0nd /hen bladder is filled /ith urine- it4s this cells become flat- loo,s more li,e s)uamous cells' 3ut don4t /orry- /hate1er the section /e as, you if there is a conference e+am- /hate1er e+ams- this transitional- /e /ill not sho/ you this ,ind of section to as, you /hat ,ind of e ithelial cells' 5ou /ill see this one' So this is an 6 7 * stainin. of sho/in. this bladder- see- this ty ical dome sha ed transitional e ithelia' Slide 8#981 - Locations Dr' (in Li So this slides combined- this and the ne+t slides combined the conce t of sim le 1s stratified- seudostratified and the sha e of cells' So /hen /e characteri:e/hen /e describe e ithelial tissue- a ty e of e ithelial tissue- the best com lete descri tion /ill be its stratified s)uamous e ithelia' S; e+am les are oral mucosa as /ell as eso ha.us' S,in also- but s,in- later /e /ill learn they are ,eratinali:ed- the surface ha1e some s eciali:ation- but these are all s)uamous- and they are stratified' <e commonly see stratified e ithelial tissue and the to layer cells are s)uamous' It4s easy to thin, thou.h because there are so many layers of cells so it4s not necessary to ,ee all the bi. cells cuboidal or columnar- but in rare cases you can find stratified usually t/o layers of stratified cuboidal or e1en stratified columnar e ithelia' So this is dia.ram sho/s a

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cuboidal- t/o layer- and you can find ducts of sali1ary .land- of stratified cuboidal' 0nd this stratified columnar can be found con=uncti1a of the eye- certain lar.e e+cretory ductsand also can be found in sali1ary .lands' It4s not common- but there are some stratified columnar cells' Slide 88 Sali1ary Gland Dr' (in Li This is sho/in. the duct of sali1ary .land' Sali1ary .land sho/s the duct cells- this is cuboidal- t/o layers of cuboidal cells- and their main function is to rotect' Slide 8" &lassification based on function Dr' (in Li So the last ty e of classification /e /ill learn today based on the function of e ithelia' So either co1erin. or linin. or .landular they can secrete some substance' Slide 8> Goblet &ells Dr' (in Li 0n e+am le .i1en is .oblet cells' Goblet cells are mucus secretin. cellsthey secrete mucus' They are commonly found in columnar and seudostratified columnar e ithelial tissue' So these are some- this loo,s li,e seudocolumnar- yeah it loo,s li,e- so this nuclei- there some tall cells- this loo,s li,e seudocolumnar e ithelia' 0nd this is more clear loo, of .oblet cells' 0nd this s ecific stainin.- this dar, blue ?0S stainin.- /e /ill tal, later- the mucin are ositi1e- so this stain the mucin are all stained /ith this blue' 0nd as /ell as mucin already- mucus already bein. secreted to the tissue' Slide 8@ - Goblet &ells Dr' (in Li This is another icture of .oblet cells- so the .oblet cells .ot the name because the sha e loo, li,e a .oblet' 0nd actually later it learned that these cells normally act- they in fact loo, li,e re.ular columnar e ithelial cells' The reason /hy they resent this .oblar sha e in their 6 7 * section is because the /ay eo le- the tissue been rocessed' So the fi+ed !teefA$ ,ind of ma,es the cells e+ and es ecially /hen there is mucin- so ma,es the base of the cell loo, narro/er and they ma,e a bi. blue-li,e sha e on the to - so that4s ho/ they .ot the name' 3ut in real these .oblet cells are li,e re.ular columnar cells' Slide 8B - Goblet &ells Dr' (in Li So this is a stainin.- is eriodic acid-Schiff stainin. s ecifically for the mucin- so /e can see the mucin inside of the .oblet cells' So this another one- and another one- and this mucin- they released- and this is electronic microsco y sho/in. .oblet cells' This is a nuclei- and this is a mucin of a secretory substance' So they /ill release to this lumen s ace from the a ical surface of the cells' Slide CN?;ST*D- ?D0&TI&* EC*STI;NSF

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Dr' (in Li So I don4t ,no/ maybe this /ill not /or,' Still not /or,in.A Not /or,in. because you don4t ,no/ the channelA ;,' Let4s .o o1er each of these statements' So stratified s)uamous e ithelium tissue are found at oral mucosa- linin. on lun. and blood 1essels' &orrect or notA So this sentence is correct till here' Stratified s)uamous e ithelium tissue are found at oral mucosa- that4s correct- but it sim le s)uamous e ithelia linin. on the lun. and blood 1essels' So =ust thin, of- to use blood 1essels- you don4t need thic,- multi le layer of cells to form blood 1essels- because blood 1essels /e need a certain ermeability- ri.htA So this is easy to identify' *1en you don4t ,no/ lun.the lin. is also the air sac- also needed the air e+chan.e- it don4t need multi le layer of cells' So the second statement is also /ron.- e ithelium co1er intestine- .lands- ,idney are sim le cuboidal or columnar e ithelium' That4s ri.ht- most of the intestine- GI tract are either cuboidal or columnar e ithelia- but not the .lands or ,idney- are not sim le cuboidal- they could be stratified' So the third one is correctF stratified transitional e ithelium are found in ureters because they need stretchin.- as /ell as ro+imal urethraor.ans' The fourth statement- seudostratified cuboidal e ithelium are found in u er res iratory tract' So this should not be cuboidal- it should be columnar' So seudostratified columnar e ithelia- best e+am le is u er res iratory tract' 0nd later /e /ill learn this seudostratified columnar cells they also ha1e a s eciali:ed surfaceciliated' &ilia are the free surface of these cells' Slide 87 Mor holo.y 7 Gunction Dr' (in Li So this slide ,ind of summari:es /hat /e =ust learned about the mor holo.y- the sha e- the ty e- the number of layers of e ithelias- and their function' So there is also a mor holo.y and function lin,- not only in my lecture- but any about our human body basically' <hat /e see is the sha e- /hat the cell tissue loo, li,e are related to their function' So e+am le this- /e =ust mentioned- this lun.- the air sacs of lun.s are sim le s)uamous e ithelia- because they need a certain ermeability to e+chan.e the air' 0nd sim le cuboidal e ithelia found in ,idney- sim le columnar e ithelia intestine"

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cuboidal and this lace you do not find s)uamous e ithelia- because this lace- es ecially this intestine- you need a bi..er cells' So these cells can not only- there are many functions- absor tion' So absor tion- you need en:ymes- li,e acid condition- you need these cells- you need more cellular or.anelles to e+ert their function' S; for this- if its only sim le s)uamous layer- they cannot e+ert this function- to absorb nutrients' So and there is u er res iratory tract you find these seudostratified ciliated columnar cells- and /e /ill later learn that cilia- the function of cilia ca ro el the mucus out- and it4s also a rotection' 0nd here- eso ha.us- e+am le of stratified s)uamous e ithelia' 0s /ell as the oral mucosa- it4s ,ind of an e+tension of our s,in- but it does not ha1e a surface s eciali:ation- a ,eratinali:ation' <hich is only found on our s,in' Slide 8% Surface s eciali:ations Dr' (in Li So ne+t /e tal, about- =ust no/ /e ,no/ the .eneral information about e ithelia- definition- classification- common features- functions- and /e also try to learn classification to di1ide e ithelial tissue based on number of cells layers- sha e of to layer cells- and their functions' 0nd ne+t- /e /ill loo, at ,ind of indi1idual e ithelial cells- to learn their surface s eciali:ations' Slide 82 * ithelial Surfaces Dr' (in Li Girst- /e need to ,no/ ho/ many surfaces- ho/ /e define the e ithelial surface' S; this cartoon9dia.ram of e ithelial tissue sho/in. three li,e cuboidal- actually this should be columnar e ithelia- because their nuclei ,ind of close to the 1assal membrane' S; the " face- /e also call the a ical face9surface- so this is the lumen- the basal- this is one ty e of surface of e ithelial tissue' 0nd /e call this basal surface- and in bet/een ad=acent e ithelial cells- a collateral surface of intracellular cell surface' Slide "# 0 ical s eciali:ations Dr' (in Li So then- ne+t /e /ill learn ho/ these cells- e ithelial cells ma,in. certain s eciali:ation on these surfaces to hel e+ert their function' So first /e learn about a ical s eciali:ations of e ithelial cells' Slide "1 Gree Surface S eciali:ationsF Micro1illi Dr' (in Li So the first one /e call micro1illi- so these are all electronic microsco ysho/ this mor holo.y- ho/ the micro1illi loo, li,e- so they are on the a ical surface- the free surface- so these are the lumen of the cells- cyto lasma- and on the surface these are he micro1illi- /e can see they4re many- and the more closer loo, detail structure- /e can see each they loo,s li,e they ha1e a core- this called filaments- and throu.h these ,ind of fiber structure connected to the terminal /eb- /e call terminal /eb- and this in /hole /e call micro1illi- this is lura micro1illi' Slide "8 Micro1illi Dr' (in Li 0nd ne+t you see this more clearly- so the filament connected to the terminal /eb' This is a detailed structure illustrated here' S; inside this filament are actin filaments- they4re connected at the to by 1illin- and they4re e+tended connect to the internal /eb' This internal /eb many formed by t/o ty e of rotein- li,e fibers' This is intermediate filaments' 0nother is called actin corte+ lin,ed- sho/ this .reen one- this

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actin filaments lin,ed by this called s ectrin' So these lin, these to.ether ,ind of su the micro1illi- because micro1illi is rotruded from the cell surface so this ,ind of cytos,eletal structure su ort this structure'

Slide "" Gree Surface S eciali:ationsF Micro1illi Dr' (in Li So under li.ht microsco e- this indi1idual micro1illi cannot be seen- but collecti1ely the layer of is loos li,e the border of micro1illi from a brush-li,e structurecan be obser1ed by li.ht microsco e' S; the len.ths of a micro1illi is about 1-8mm/hich beyond is a li.ht microsco e resolution- but to.ether they can be identified- /e cannot see indi1idual- but /e ,no/ these border are all micro1illi' This I belie1e is intestinal e ithelia- the function of a micro1illi is a many to- /e can usually- /hen the cell loo,s li,e this then the surface this much- but /hen ha1e micro1illi- so the surface increased' So this hel s the cells to absorb to e+ ose to more surface to hel them absorb' So this is a ma=or function of to absor tion and also see this is .oblet cell- secretion- so ho/ also hel secrete' Slide "> Gree Surface S eciali:ationsF &ilia Dr' (in Li So the ne+t free surface s eciali:ation /e call cilia' &ilia com ared to micro1illi they are lon.er and they are motile- they can mo1e' The micro1illi also ha1e certain- 1ery lo/ le1el of mobility- but com ared to cilia- this is really because they can consume 0T? ener.y to ro el certain- li,e articles- mucus- to mo1e' So these are really mobile- cilia are mobile- and they are hair li,e under li.ht microsco e' ;b1iously they are lon.er than the micro1illi' 0nd you ,ind of can see each indi1idual cilia under li.ht microsco e' Slide "@ Gree Surface S eciali:ationsF &ilia Dr' (in Li 0nd this is electronic structure sho/in. cilia' 0nd- the im ortance is that the core of the microtubules of these cilia- so this hel s microcilia to mo1e- so the structure is ty ically called a+oneme- it4s a ty ical 2 lus 8 structure- so as /e see here- 2 doubletsand t/o sin.lets' Slide "B &iliary 0+onemes Dr' (in Li So /e /ill see more detail here' This called ciliary a+oneme formed by 2 microtubule doublets and t/o center microtubules- and these s o,e they connect to.ether- this is a cilium cross section- and this lasma membrane of cilia of cilia all are e+tension of cell lasma membrane- so it4s the same' Inside this is the core of cilia- the structure al/ays t/o microtubule doublets and there are 2 airs of them connected to this sin.let in the center' 0nd this dynein arm- all this structure is form the basis of cilia to mo1e' 0nd this rocess consumes 0T?' It4s an 0T? dri1en rocess' Slide "7 &ilia Dr' (in Li So here on these slides /e /ill see /here this s eciali:ation been found' Its u er res iratory system- the trachea and het bronchi- and the laryn+- these can ha1e ciliated e ithelia cells' 0nd as /ell as this in the o1ary- the o1iduct in the o1um' S; this /e found a ciliated e ithelia cells- this it4s ,ind of rotection hel to ro el- s/ee any atho.en or article mucus out form our body- and this in the o1iduct- this is ro el the

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o1um to the uterus' 0nd these are the mostly ciliated e ithelial cells bein. found- and also in s ecial case- li,e in certain- hair cells inside the inner ear- here' So this one this ty e of cell ha1e one sin.le cilia- and /e .i1e a name called ,inocilium- because it4s one sin.le only one called cilium- sin.le' 0nd this is another lace /here cilia can be found' 0nd later these ty e of cells also has another cell s free surface s eciali:ation /e /ill learn in the ne+t slides /e /ill call stereocilia- as you can com are to this cilium- this loo,s li,e se1eral but actually its one- called stereo because it4s ,ind of "D- some structure' Its shorter- its stereocilia- also been found in this 1estibular a aratus here in the inner ear' Slide "% Gree Surface S eciali:ationsF Stereocilia Dr' (in Li so this is structureSlide "2 Gree Surface S eciali:ationsF Stereocilia Dr' (in Li and this is detailed stereocilia' 0nd the main function of stereocilia is also to increase the surface area' This is a common feature- a common function of other free surface s eciali:ation- to increase the surface area' 0nd this stereocilia can also facilitatin. the mo1ement of molecules' So this can also be seen under hi.h resolution li.ht microsco e' Slide ># Gree Surface S eciali:ationsF Heratini:ation Dr' (in Li so the last free surface s eciali:ation /e /ill tal, about is ,eratini:ation' <e already mentioned there are t/o ty es of stratified s)uamous e ithelial tissue' The s,in ,eratinali:ed' The oral mucosa and the eso ha.us are =ust stratified s)uamous e ithelia /ithout ,eratinali:ation' So this is a section sho/in. the alm of hand sho/in. the alm of hand is co1ered by a thic, stratified s)uamous ,eratinali:ed e ithelia' These are all ,eratin- and these are the to layer of e ithelial tissue- they are s)uamous- so that4s /hy they4re called s)uamous e ithelia' S; easily you ha1e this thic, ,eratinali:ation- you can feel the alm- or a better e+am le /ill be the feet' This s eciali:ation is to rotect tissue from abrasion or desiccation' So it4s a rotection' CN?;ST*D SLID*F EC*STI;NF

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So I belie1e its /or, no/- so the channel should be fifty- @-#' ;,- so they4re- so this statement is /ron.' There are se1eral laces- but his art- so /e tal, about all these are free surface s eciali:ations- they increase cell surface in free surface- but not in basement membrane' This is /here you can that this statement is 1ery /ron.' It4s true that only cilia is 1isible under li.ht microsco e' 0nd /e- and another lace is here- the micro1illi and the cilia are both motile' Normally /e only say that cilia is motile' Micro1illi /e don4t consider as motile' 3ut actually should41e been mobile' Slide >1 Lateral S eciali:ations Dr' (in Li So ne+t /e /ill tal, about lateral s eciali:ations' Slide >8 Gunctions of Intercellular Iunctions Dr' (in Li So lateral is bet/een the surface- bet/een the ad=acent e ithelial cells- its intercellular =unctions' So the ma=or function of intercellular =unctions- this s eciali:ations- the intercellular surface- to seal' S; /e already ,no/ that one of the feature of e ithelia they are ti.ht' So cells are closely o osed' There almost none- either no or 1ery fe/ s aces in bet/een' So this intercellular =unctions hel s e ithelial cells ne+t to each other to seal- to form im ermeable surface- im ermeable layer or surfaceli,e our s,in- and also they can adhere- or .lue t/o cells to.ether' 0nd throu.h this adhesi1e or anchorin. =unctions' 0nd another ty e- and this also intercellular =unctions as another im ortant function- they can communicate- so cells need to tal, to each other- so they need a certain channel to e+chan.e information- material' So there are .a =unctions to hel them communicate' Slide >" Intercellular Iunctions Dr' (in Li So first /e tal, about this first ty e of intercellular =unctions- the occludin. =unction' The name is :onula occludens- it4s retty a/,/ard' So /e short of J; as you may see later in certain slides- /hen /e labellin. this structure' So this occludin. =unctions as indicated by the name either form im ermeable barriers occludin. anythin.so it4s to seal' 0nd the membranes of these ad=oinin. cells basically fused to.ether so that4s character of these :onula occludens- as its sho/ here- this membrane ,ind of fused to.ether' This is a membrane of one cells- this is membrane of ad=acent cells- and throu.h this :onula occludens- the membrane has sealed to.ether- so these form im ermeable barriers' Slide >> ;ccludin. =unctions Dr' (in Li So this sho/s electron- fro:en section' 0nd because this ty e of =unction seals cells to.ether- /e call them ti.ht =unction' This sho/s rid.es- .roo1es- of the lasma membrane of the t/o ad=acent cells' So the flo/ of material bet/een the cells are re1ented' So the material cannot freely e+chan.e bet/een cells' 3ut /hen they need to e+chan.e they need to throu.h certain s eciali:ed channel- so /e /ill learn shortly after' Slide >@ Intercellular Iunctions Dr' (in Li So the net ty e of intercellular unction are adhesion =unctions' So there are t/o ty es /e call :onula adherens- and desmosomes' So the function of this =unction is ob1iously adhesion- to adhere e ithelial cells to.ether- or to adhere the e ithelial cells to

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the basal membrane- this is s eciali:ed- /e call hemi- because only one cell is there- so the other is the basal lamina- so it4s called hemidesmosomes' So this is J0- they4re formed by these microfilaments- it4s not 1ery ob1ious- a little bit dar,- inside here it4s not 1ery ob1ious throu.h these- and another name of these is called belt desmosomes- these are 1ery similar they are both adherent =unctions- from here it4s ,ind of difficult you can see more li,e fibrils here in the desmosomes structure and less in the J0- but it4s not 1ery- I feel it4s not 1ery ob1ious to distin.uish these t/o- es ecially this J0 is ,ind of difficult to identify' Slide CN?;ST*D

Dr' (in Li So these you can find in the summary slides- I =ust cut and e+ and here to com are to =ust s ecifically com are this to adherence =unctions' So this ty e =unction/e already mentioned its membrane fused to.ether- and here- this one is :onula adherensand this cause desmosome' So this :onula adherens also called a belt desmosome is because li,e this desmosome it4s li,e s ot li,e- it4s li,e a button here structure- but his :onula adherens also e+tends li,e a belt so this only art of the cell membrane but you can =ust they are e+tended inside so they are lon.er li,e a belt o circle the cells- t/o cells' So it ,ind of the desmosome if these are t/o cells membrane desmosome can only button- touch /here they ha1e this structure9button' 3ut this :onula adherens li,e a belt here the /hole surface are touched' So these t/o cells ,ind of li,e this /ay' S; that4s the difference- these t/o are both adherens cells- adhere t/o cells to.ether' So its stron.er structure to adhere cells to.ether' So /ith this ti.ht =unction to form im ermeable- but they are only 1ery small artially only at this lace- the t/o cells lasma fused- these are not ti.ht enou.h' These are ti.ht- but not stron. enou.h to hold cells to.ether' So this adherent =unctions li,e :onula adherens as /ell as desmosomes really hold t/o cells to.ether' Slide >B Desmosome

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Dr' (in Li So this electronic microsco y sho/s desmosome- so you can see the dar, stainin.- so these are accumulations of intracellular these are inside of cells' This is one cell- this is another cell- these filaments insertin. into the la)ue of each cells- and there are many of these ty es of structures' So then /e ha1e a conce t called =unctional com le+' Iunctional com le+ are formed by ti.ht =unctions- by :onula occludens- J; and :onula adherens- J0- desmosome' Slide >7 Intercellular Iunctions Dr' (in Li S; these =unctional com le+ really hold t/o cells to.ether and the materials cannot e+chan.e in bet/een- so its form im ermeable and 1ery ti.ht cell layer' So this :onula occludens are from the most a ical face and first this are connected as this J; and ,ind of close to the a ical face surface- and the ne+t secured by J0 and desmosome' Slide >% Intercellular Iunctions Dr' (in Li So the first t/o ty es of =unctions are to hold cells to.ether and ma,e cells cannot e+chan.e materials' 0nd then the ne+t =unction- the cells do need to communicate to e+ert function- so there is a communication =unctions' <e call .a =unctions- because there are .a in bet/een' This is membrane of one cells- this is membrane of another cells- /e call cell 0 and cell 3' So this ty e of =unction really form a channel- so this =unction on cell 0 and this unction cell 3 can connected but they4re only allo/ certain si:e of material bein. assed throu.h ' So this is 1'@ nanometer' 0nd the detailed structure as you can see dorm these communication channels are from B conne+ins- and each of these channel /e call conne+on' So at the lace of .a =unction there are many these ty e of conne+ons as sho/ here- all these dots are sho/in. the .a =unction conne+ons' CN?;ST*D SLID*F EC*STI;N

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So this is another- to test /hat /e learned about all these =unctions' Iust- so most of the eo le thin, that the second statement is /ron.' 0ctually it4s correct' So I thin, you shouldn4t robably that this desmosome is a s otli,e la)ue' That the .a =unction- this is also s otli,e la)ue' So eo le thin, the third one- some of you thin, the third statement is /ron.- it is a ty e of adherens =unction- this art is correct- ri.htA They form a 1ery stron. attachment to su lement the role of :onula adherens- its true- its art of J;- J0 and desmosome form a =unction com le+' 0nd this desmosome form stron. attachment oints- that ri.ht' 0nd .a =unction- the fourth one- has little stren.th but ser1e as intercellular channel for flo/ of molecules- there4s nothin. /ron. /ith this sentence' So the first sentence is /ron. because this could be confusin. because :onula occludens /e also call it ti.ht =unction' 0nd /e learn that the ma=or function is to form an im ermeable layer- 3ut they are not stron. enou.h to hold t/o cells to.ether- so their ma=or role is not to maintain the inte.rity- their ma=or role are to re1ent assi1e flo/ of materials bet/een cells- to maintain the inte.rity of e ithelia is the role of adherent =unctions- as desmosome and :onula adherens- these t/o ma=or role are to maintain the inte.rity of e ithelia' Slide >2 SummaryF Intercellular =unction Dr' (in Li So this I thin, better summari:es all /e =ust learned about these " ty es of intercellular =unctions' Ti.ht =unction- membrane- the lasma membrane fused at this ti.ht =unction' 0dherens- occludens- the ma=or function of these ty e of =unction is to re1ent assi1e flo/ of materials bet/een cells' 0dherens =unction this is this is the :onula adherens and another one is desmosome also a ty e of adherens =unctions' They are in char.e of the inte.rity of the e ithelia' So these t/o to.ether really hold cells ti.htly' 0nd commonly these "- ti.ht =unctions- J; :onula occludens- J0 :onula adherens and desmosome found to.ether from a ical to basal surface of e ithelial cells to form =unctional com le+' 0nd here and there in bet/een cells /e find .a =unctions- to allo/ certain si:e of material e+chan.e bet/een cells' The si:e of the ore of this conne+on is 1'@ nanometer' These are .a =unction' 0nd the structure do loo, li,e a s ot' 0nd this the common this art of the .a =unction is from all these conne+on all these channels are only in a certain area- there are many conne+on from this s otli,e .a =unction' 0nd these structure-/ise ha1e some similarity /ith desmosome- it4s also a s ot li,e' 0nd this J0 :onula adherens- also called belt desmosome- they loo, li,e a belt' So this summari:es all the =unctions- the mor holo.y and it didn4t mention much about the function- but these " ty es of =unctions- three ty es of ma=or functions- a.ain- ti.ht =unction is to re1ent assi1e material flo/' 0dherens =unction to adhere- to ma,e the inte.rity- in char.e of the inte.rity of the e ithelia' Ga =unction allo/ certain si:ed material e+chan.e' Slide @# 3asal S eciali:ations Dr' (in Li So the ne+t is and the last art of surface s eciali:ations is on the basal surface' Slide @1 3asal Lamina Dr' (in Li So the basal surface /e already ,no/ the e ithelia has a olari:ed- and ho/ /e define the basal e+istence of this basal surface is because it has this uni)ue structurethe basal lamina' These are actually e+tracellular material- matri+' They are bet/een

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e ithelial basal surface and the underlyin. connecti1e tissue' S; /e no/ underneath e ithelial cells there are connecti1e tissue- that /e /ill learn more details of connecti1e tissue later- but /e ha1e to ,no/ the conce t of connecti1e tissue- most of the time they are underneath e ithelial tissue- and there in bet/een there layer called basal lamina' 0nd also here these are connecti1e tissue- these are e ithelia- and these here loo, here these are blood 1essel- this sim le s)uamous e ithelia this sho/ a blood 1essel' 0nd this blood 1essel ri.ht ad=acent to this surface e ithelia- and this ,ind of this basal lamina fills' So the definition of basal lamina are e+tracellular material bet/een the e ithelial basal surface and underlyin. connecti1e tissue- or this e+tracellular material bet/een t/o ad=acent e ithelias' ;f course if they are basement membrane' So this is a base membrane of this columnar e ithelia' 0nd this is also the base membrane of this e ithelia- of this s)uamous e ithelia and this lumen s ace is a free s ace of these s)uamous cells' Slide @8 3asal Lamina Dr' (in Li So the detailed structure of a basal lamina- there are reticular fibers- and these reticular fibers are secreted by connecti1e tissues- so /e also call it reticular lamina' They are closely associated /ith the basal lamina for e ithelial cells' So throu.h this anchorin. fibers- and later /e /ill learn this basal lamina and this reticular lamina to.ether /e call basement membrane' Slide @" 3asal Lamina Dr' (in Li So this sho/s another ty e of basal lamina- t/o e ithelial cells is the odocyte of the ,idney- and this is the basal lamina of this to e ithelial cells- and then they ha1e this roteo.lycan this- and then this endothelium- another of e ithelia' 0nd this fuse to.ether to ma,e basement membrane' Slide @> 3asal Lamina Dr' (in Li So here is another e+am le sho/in. e ithelia from a ,idney' This is e ithelial cells- artially of e ithelial cells- this is the nucleus of the e ithelial cells- and this sho/s a basal lamina' 0nd here is a fibroblast- but a fibroblast doe s not ha1e a basal lamina- so only these e ithelial cells ha1e this basal surface s eciali:ation called basal lamina' Slide @@ 3asal Lamina Dr' (in Li So it4s dense layer of material only 1isible by electronic microsco y' 0nd this basal lamina mainly com osed by ty e IK colla.en- and laminin and he arin sulfatehe arin sulfate is a ty e of roteo.lycan' Slide @B 3asal Lamina Model Dr' (in Li So ho/ this basal lamina bein. assembled is- so first /e no/ the main com onents are laminin- ty e IK colla.en- the he arin sulfate- so first this laminin needs to be olymeri:ed- anchorin. to the surface- .et olymeri:ed and form a net/or,' 0nd ty e IK colla.en incor orated- formed into this second net/or,- into this laminin net/or,- and these t/o net/or, are brid.ed by this nido.en and es ecially this he arin sulfate- roteo.lycan to brid.e these t/o net/or,s to.ether- and these are the main structure of the basal lamina- and this is also ho/ this basal lamina bein. assembled'

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Slide @7 3asal Lamina Gunctions Dr' (in Li So the function of basal lamina is mainly as barrier- the e+am le is li,e in ,idney- as barrier- so it can filter- the filtration' 0nd also- this basal lamina has a si.nalmeans li.and- rotein li.and rece tors can e+ert some cellular si.nal function' So they can ha1e a rece tors to ha1e the cell si.nal and transduction' 0s /ell as connection to connecti1e tissue is throu.h this basal lamina' 0nd another function of this basal lamina is com artmentali:ation- or se aration- and also because of this basal lamina /e can define the olarity of the e ithelia' 0nd in re.eneration this basal lamina has im ortant function as tissue scaffoldin. in de1elo ment and re.eneration' Slide @% 3asement Membrane Dr' (in Li So /e already mentioned the basement membrane conce t- so here is the definition' It is a thic,er structure 1isible by li.ht microsco e' Demember that /e said that the basal lamina is not 1isible by li.ht microsco e- but this basement membrane is 1isible- it4s a thic,er structure' 3ecause basically basement membrane is double basal lamina' See these fused t/o basal lamina bet/een t/o e ithelial cells as /ell as basal lamina lus reticular from connecti1e tissue' So it4s ob1iously thic,er- because it4s double lamina' Slide @2 3asement Membrane Dr' (in Li So /e already seen these slices before' The basal lamina and- and this is basal lamina and reticular lamina from connecti1e tissue' Slide B# - 3asement Membrane Dr' (in Li 0nd this sho/in. basement membrane that is 1isible by li.ht microsco esho/in. the ,idney- the base membrane of se1eral tubules- and the structure /ithin sin.le .lomerulus- and their function is to su ort and also filter' Slide B1 3asement Membrane N;T M*NTI;N*D in odcast Slide B8 6uman Muscle- De.ro/n on 0nimal Scaffoldin. Dr' (in Li So here is an e+am les of basement membrane- scaffoldin.' So there /as ne/ about- I don4t ,no/ if you can- it may not /or, the internet' So to ut lon. story in short- this soldier .ot in=ured by a bomb- and he lost a ma=or art of the articles of the muscle on his le.' So /e ,no/ the muscle is ,ind of difficult to rene/- it4s not ty e of label cells- because it4s more li,e a different shaded- ermanent cells' So to re air that/e ,no/ that /hen you cannot re air tissue bac, to its normal functions- a scar tissue are formed' So he barely can /al,' So then- a sur.eon used this- this actually is from a bladder- I belie1e it4s from i.- yeah' Grom i.- /e ,no/ bladder from a i. are e ithelial tissue' 0nd e ithelial tissue they dissect a thin layer of this basement membrane from the i. bladder- and used this to co1er this in=ured surface- to remo1e all the scar tissue and then ut this underneath' 0nd then because of this basement membrane there his muscle re.ro/th' ;f course not 1##L but ,Mhis muscle ,ind of re aired- artially re aired so he can start at least /al, more normally' So this is- this e+am le is I thin, this

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is 1ery .ood e+am le sho/in. that the function of a basement membrane as a tissue scaffold to hel re.eneration' Slide B" &arcinoma90denocarcinoma Dr' (in Li So another e+am le about the im ortance of basement membrane is to se arate and- here- the basal lamina- and the basement membrane is basically t/o basal lamina /ith reticular lamina' So it4s their function to se arate- com artment-li,e' So this basement underneath e ithelial cells- and /e already ,no/ that most of the solid tumore ithelia oran.e' So this cancer cells if they ha1e this- /e call earlier cancer /ith lo/ code ones is in1asi1e to ad=acent tissue it4s not a .ood si.n' 0nd further metastasi:e to other or.ans it4s ,ind of a late sta.e' So it4s the basement membrane that re1ent cancer cells to lea, from e ithelial tissue to other ad=acent tissue- and later on- and /e ,no/ that there is no blood 1essel inside e ithelia' 6o/e1er- once these cells4 basement membrane ,ind of lose function- these cancer cells can lea, into underneath connecti1e tissue- .et into the blood 1essel circulation- and then .o e1ery/here' So this is basement membrane is also im ortant durin. cancer de1elo ment' So this sho/ in1asi1e lesion' 0nd this- once the basement is ru tured- cancer cells can .o any/here' Slide B> Meta lasia Dr' (in Li So another ty e of disorder in e ithelia- /e call Meta lasia- this means chan.e in form' So it4s from one ty e of e ithelia to another ty e of e ithelia' So /e ,no/ different ty e of e ithelia ha1e different function' So this Meta lasia results in loss of function of normal tissue' So this is e+am le of the Meta lasia found from columnarthis is I belie1e eso ha.us' &olumnar cells- later on can become s)uamous cells' So and this also can be seen in oral mucosa' 0nd smo,in. is hi.hly related ris, factor because of Meta lasia' Slide B@ ?leomor hic adenoma Dr' (in Li and this is an e+am le of a atient /ith a 1# year history of this ainless mass in his u er .um' 0nd this find out- turned out to be ?leomor hic adenoma- and this is a ty e of 1ery common sali1ary .land tumor' 0nd this as /e can see there is some of the yello/ish- ,ind of ,eratinali:ed' So these cells are /ith this e+tensi1e meta lasia into this s)uamous cells' 0nd this is minor sali1ary .land' So this is all for today- and see you ne+t Monday'

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