EE1 and ISE1 Communications I

Pier Luigi Dragotti Lecture fourteen

Lecture Aims
To verify bandwidth calculations for FM using single tone modulating signals

Verication of FM bandwidth

To verify Carsons rule BF M kf mp = 2(f + B ) = 2 +B 2

Consider a single tone modulating sinusoid m(t) = cos mt We can express the FM signal as F M (t) = Ae
f j c t+ sin m t m k

a(t) = m( )d = sin mt m

Verication of FM bandwidth

The angular frequency deviation is = kf mp = kf Since the bandwidth of m(t) is B = fm Hz, the frequency deviation ratio (or modulation index) is f kf = = = fm m m Hence the FM signal becomes F M (t) = Ae(jct+j sin mt) = Aejct(ej sin mt)

Verication of FM bandwidth

The exponential term ej sin mt is a periodic signal with period 2/m and can be expanded by the exponential Fourier series:

ej sin mt =
n=

Cnejnmt

where m Cn = 2

/m /m

ej sin mtejnmtdt

Bessel functions
By changing variables mt = x, we get 1 Cn = 2

e(j sin xnx)dx

This integral is denoted as the Bessel function Jn( ) of the rst kind and order n. It cannot be evaluated in closed form but it has been tabulated. Hence the FM waveform can be expressed as

F M (t) = A
n=

Jn( )e(jct+jnmt)

and F M (t) = A

Jn( ) cos(c + nm)t

n=

Bessel functions of the rst kind

0.8

=1 =2 3 4 5 6

0.6

0.4

J ()
n
0.2

0.2

0.4

10

n
6

Bandwidth calculation for FM

The FM signal for single tone modulation is

F M (t) = A
n=

Jn( ) cos(c + nm)t.

The modulated signal has theoretically an innite bandwidth made of one carrier at frequency c and an innite number of sidebands at frequencies c m, c 2m, ..., c nm, ... However

for a xed , the amplitude of the Bessel function Jn( ) decreases as n increases. This means that for any xed there is only a nite number of signicant sidebands. As n > + 1 the amplitude of the Bessel function becomes negligible. Hence, the number of signicant sidebands is + 1.
This means that with good approximation the bandwidth of the FM signal is

BF M = 2nfm = 2( + 1)fm = 2(f + B ).

Example

Estimate the bandwidth of the FM signal when the modulating signal is the one shown in Fig. 1 with period T = 2 104sec, the carrier frequency is fc = 100MHz and kf = 2 105 .
1

m(t)

Figure 1: The modulating signal m(t)

Repeat the problem when the amplitude of m(t) is doubled.

Example

Peak amplitude of m(t) is mp = 1. Signal period is T = 2 104 , hence fundamental frequency is f0 = 5kHz. We assume that the essential bandwidth of m(t) is the third harmonic. Hence the modulating signal bandwidth is B = 15kHz. The frequency deviation is: f = 1 1 kf mp = (2 105 )(1) = 100kHz. 2 2

Bandwidth of the FM signal: BF M = 2(f + B ) = 230kHz.

Example

Doubling amplitude means that mp = 2. The modulating signal bandwidth remains the same, i.e., B = 15kHz. The new frequency deviation is: f = 1 1 5 kf mp = (2 10 )(2) = 200kHz. 2 2

The new bandwidth of the FM signal is: BF M = 2(f + B ) = 430kHz.

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Example

Now estimate the bandwidth of the FM signal if the modulating signal is time expanded by a factor 2.

The time expansion by a factor 2 reduces the signal bandwidth by a factor 2. Hence the fundamental frequency is now f0 = 2.5kHz and B = 7.5kHz. The peak value stays the same, i.e., mp = 1 and 1 1 5 f = kf mp = (2 10 )(1) = 100kHz. 2 2 The new bandwidth of the FM signal is: BF M = 2(f + B ) = 2(100 + 7.5) = 215kHz.

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Second Example

An angle modulated signal with carrier frequency c = 2 105 rad/s is given by:

F M (t) = 10 cos(c t + 5 sin 3000t + 10 sin 2000t).

Find the power of the modulated signal Find the frequency deviation f Find the deviation ration =
f B

Estimate the bandwidth of the FM signal.

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Second Example

The carrier amplitude is 10 therefore the power is P = 102 /2 = 50. The signal bandwidth is B = 2000/2 = 1000Hz. To nd the frequency deviation we nd the instantaneous frequency: i = d (t) = c + 15, 000 cos 3000t + 20, 000 cos 2000t. dt

The angle deviation is the maximum of 15, 000 cos 3000t + 20, 000 cos 2000t. The maximum is: = 15, 000 + 20, 000 rad/s. Hence, the frequency deviation is

f = The modulation index is

= 12, 387.32Hz. 2

f = 12.387. B The bandwidth of the FM signal is: BF M = 2(f + B ) = 26, 774.65Hz. =

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Conclusions

Veried bandwidth calculation for FM using single tone modulating signal. Examined Bessel functions and their properties. Examined two examples and calculated FM bandwidths.

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