MAKALAH MATA KULIAH STRUKTUR KAYU

WOOD-BASED COMPOSITES AND PANEL PRODUCTS

Oleh :
Achsan Nur Cholis I0111037

JURUSAN TEKNIK SIPIL FAKULTAS TEKNIK UNIVERSITAS SEBELAS MARET SURAKARTA 2014

MAKALAH MATA KULIAH STRUKTUR KAYU

by Achsan Nur Cholis

Wood properties are vary among species, between trees of the same species, and between pieces from the same tree, solid wood cannot match reconstituted wood in the range of properties that can be controlled in processing. When processing variables are properly selected, the end result can sometimes surpass natures best effort. With solid wood, changes in properties are studied at the cellular level. With reconstituted wood materials, changes in properties are studied at the fiber, particle, flake, or veneer level. Properties of such materials can be changed by combining, reorganizing, or stratifying these elements. The basic element for composite wood products may be the fiber, as it is in paper, but it can also be larger wood particles composed of many fibers and varying in size and geometry. These characteristics, along with control of their variations, provide the chief means by which materials can be fabricated with predetermined properties. The basic wood elements that can be used in the production of wood-based panels are shown in Figure 101.

Classification of wood-based composites Veneer-based material Plywood Laminated veneer lumber (LVL) or Parallel-laminated veneer (PLV) Composite material fiberboard Hardboard Particleboard Waferboard

Flakeboard Oriented strandboard (OSB) COM-PLY

Figure 102 provides a useful way to further classify woodbased composite materials. This figure presents an overview of the most common types of products discussed in this chapter as well as a quick reference to how these composite materials compare to solid wood from the standpoint of density and general processing considerations. The raw material classifications of fibers, particles, and veneers are shown on the left y axis. Specific gravity and density are shown on the top and bottom horizontal axes (x axes). The right y axis, wet and dry processes, describes in general terms the processing method used to produce a particular product. Note that both roundwood and chips can serve as sources of fiber for wetprocess hardboard. Roundwood or wood in the form of a waste product from a lumber or planing operation can be used for dry-processed products. For medium-density fiberboard (MDF), resin is usually applied to the fiber after the fiber is released from the pressurized refiner. The fiber is then dried, formed into a mat, and pressed into the final product. For other dry-processed products, the material is fiberized and dried and then adhesive is added in a separate operation prior to hot pressing into the final composite product. Figure 103 shows examples of some composite materials that are represented in schematic form in Figure 102.

Figure 103. Examples of various composite products. From left to right: plywood, OSB, particleboard, MDF, and hardboard. Plywood Plywood is a flat panel built up of sheets of veneer called plies, united under pressure by a bonding agent to create a panel with an adhesive bond between plies. Plywood can be made from either softwoods or hardwoods. It is always constructed with an odd number of layers with the grain direction of adjacent layers oriented perpendicular to one another. Since layers can consist of a single ply or of two or more plies laminated such that their grain is parallel, a panel can contain an odd or even number of plies but always an odd number of layers. The outside plies are called faces or face and back plies; the inner plies are called cores or centers; and the plies with grain perpendicular to that of the face and back are called crossbands.

LVL Laminated veneer lumber is a product that uses multiple layers of thin wood assembled with adhesives. It is typically used for headers, beams,rimboard, and edge-forming material. LVL offers several advantages over typical milled lumber: Made in a factory under controlled specifications, it is stronger, straighter, and more uniform. Due to its composite nature, it is much less likely than conventional lumber to warp, twist, bow, or shrink.

OSB Oriented strandboard is an engineered structural-use panel manufactured from thin wood strands bonded together with waterproof resin under heat and pressure, and it is used extensively for roof, wall, and floor sheathing in residential and commercial construction. Orientation of wood strands with a typical aspect ratio (that is, strand length divided by width) of at least 3 can produce a panel product with greater bending strength and stiffness in the oriented or aligned direction.

Figure 106. Schematic of OSB manufacturing process. (Courtesy of Structural Board Association, Willowdale, Ontario, Canada.) Particleboard The wood particleboard industry grew out of a need to dispose of large quantities of sawdust, planer shavings, and to a lesser extent, the use of mill residues and other relatively homogeneous waste materials produced by other wood industries. Simply put, particleboard is produced by mechanically reducing the material into small particles, applying adhesive to the particles, and consolidating a loose mat of the particles with heat and pressure into a panel product (Fig. 107). All particleboard is currently made using a dry process, where air or mechanical formers are used to distribute the particles prior to pressing. Particleboard is typically made in three layers. The faces of the board consists of fine wood particles, and the core is made of the coarser material. Producing a panel this way improves utilization of the material and the smooth face presents a better surface for laminating,

overlaying, painting, or veneering. Particleboard is also readily made from a variety of agricultural residues. Low-density insulating or soundabsorbing particleboard can be made from kenaf core or jute stick. Low-, medium-, and high-density panels can be produced with cereal straw, which has begun to be used in North America. Rice husks are commercially manufactured into medium- and high-density products in the Middle East.

Fiberboards Fibreboards are made from wood chips, lumber ad sawdust. First the materials pass through large magnet to remove magnetic impurities. The supplies are then compacted to get rid of water and then taken into a refiner, which cuts them into tiny pieces. This mixture is placed into dryer that is heated by gas or oil. It is then run via a drum compressor fitted with computerized controls to assure proper density and strength. The resulting pieces are then cut to the right size with an industrial saw when they are still warm. According to International Standard Organization, fiberboard is defined as sheet material generally not exceeding more than 1.5 millimetres in thickness manufactured from ligocellulosic fibers with the primary bond from intercepting of the fibers and their inherent adhesive properties Hardboards Hardboard is a composite wood product used in construction and woodworking. It is typically sold in 4' by 8' (1.2 to 2.4 m) sheets, and can range from 1/4" to 1" (6.35 to 25.4 mm) in thickness. While it is similar in appearance to plywood or particleboard, hardboard is actually constructed quite differently from these products. It is made from fine wood fibers that are compacted under high levels of heat and pressure to form a very dense, hard wooden sheet. Due to the extreme heat and pressure levels, there is usually no need to use adhesives or binding agents to hold the wood fibers together. Flakeboard Flakeboard is a term that often refers to a variety of manufactured wood products used in many aspects of construction. These products are made of smaller pieces of wood that are held together with resins, pressed into panels and cut into boards. There are many different types of these boards, which are often also called particleboards or chipboards. They are differentiated by the size of the wood pieces, and the strength of the finished product. Flakeboard is also the name of one of the companies that manufactures these products.

Waferboards Waferboards may have three or four layers depending on the complexity of the forming process. As well as being rectangular in shape, the wafers are randomly oriented, (i.e. placed in all directions) on the surfaces and within the panel. Waferboard panel strength is usually equal in all directions and the panel may be applied parallel or perpendicular to the supports

Insulation Board There are two ways to insulate a solid wall internally with rigid insulation boards, or a stud wall. Rigid insulation boards Plasterboard backed with rigid insulation is fitted to the inside of your walls. The insulation is usually made from one of several forms of foamed plastic. It should normally be at least 60mm thick, and can be up to 100mmm. The actual thickness required will depend on the material used - find out more about different insulation materials. Insulation boards are fixed straight onto the wall using continuous ribbons of plaster or adhesive. Extra fixings hold the boards firm, and joints between boards are sealed to prevent air leaking out. Stud wall A metal or wooden studwork frame is attached to the wall and filled in with mineral wool fibre. It can then be plastered over, ready for redecoration. Mineral wool insulation is less effective than rigid insulation boards, so the filling needs to be at least 120mm thick. Instead of applying plaster, the frame can be covered with rigid insulation boards for even more effective insulation, reducing your running costs even further Stud wall insulation is thicker than rigid insulation boards, so it will reduce the size of your room more. But a stud wall is strong enough to hold heavy fittings such as kitchen units, radiators or wash basins. Insulation boards need fixings that go through them and into the wall behind. Is the walls surface even? If the plaster is uneven or plaster has been removed and the brickwork is uneven, the wall must be levelled with a layer of plaster or render before boards can be fitted, so a stud wall might be a better option.

There are many benefits of using responsibly sourced wood including:

1. The right wood helps tackle climate change To effectively tackle climate change we must remove carbon from the atmosphere as well as reduce new carbon emissions into the atmosphere. Wood manages to achieve both of these.

2. The right wood stores carbon Trees and wood products have a unique ability to store carbon. As trees grow, they take carbon out of the atmosphere. When the trees are harvested and used to make wood products, the carbon remains stored in the wood for the life of the product. 50% of the dry weight of wood is carbon.

3. The right wood produces less carbon dioxide The production and processing of wood is highly energy efficient, giving wood products a very low carbon footprint. Wood can often be used in place of materials like steel, aluminium, concrete or plastics that require large amounts of energy to produce.

4. The right wood is renewable Responsibly sourced wood is renewable. Forests will regrow to provide a wide range of other benefits such as further carbon storage, oxygen generation and forest habitat.

5. Using wood can increase forest cover

The growing demand for responsibly sourced wood products that store carbon can be met with an increase in well-managed forests and plantations on marginal or cleared land.

6. Wood is durable Wood is a durable material for both homes and commercial buildings. When properly looked after it can last hundreds of years. Modern wood preservatives enhance natural durability.

7. Wood is structurally very strong Wood is very strong structurally. A comparison with steel and concrete shows that radiata pine structural timber, for example, has a strength for weight ratio 20 percent higher than structural steel and four to five times better than non reinforced concrete in compression.

8. Wood is a natural insulator Wood itself is a natural insulator due to air pockets within its cellular structure. As an insulator wood is 15 times better than masonry, 400 times better than steel, and 1,770 times better than aluminum.

9. Wood is fast and efficient to build with

Wood construction is fast and efficient. Wooden buildings can be built year-round in most climates.

10. Wood can be cheaper Comparative studies of the economics of different wall framing systems indicate that, in terms of direct building expenses, timber frames are consistently the most costeffective solution.

11. Wood is naturally beautiful Wood is naturally beautiful and aesthetically pleasing.

12. Wood provides local green jobs

Because woodwork is often done on site or pre-fabricated locally or regionally, choosing wood means supporting local

How Is Fibreboard Made?.From=http://www.ask.com/question/how-is-fibreboard-made, 23 Pebruary 2014, 18:15 http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-hardboard.htm, 23 Pebruary 2014, 18:15 TECHNICAL BULLETIN, STRUCTURAL BOARD ASSOCIATION, Representing the OSB Industry Energy saving trust. 2014. Choosing internal wall insulation from=http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/Insulation/Solid-wall-insulation/Choosinginternal-wall-insulation, 23 Pebruary 2014, 19:00 Makei it wood. 2013. From=http://makeitwood.org/benefits-of-wood/. 23 Pebruary 2014, 19:25 Forest Products Laboratory. 1999. Wood handbookWood as an engineering material. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPLGTR113. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 463 p.