PSYC 4008

HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY

EXAM 1 NOTES

Intro (1.16.14) Exam Qs will ask for o Technical Details Where did Freud say that impulsive decisions were made (Id) o Names Who said that impulsive decisions were made in the Id (Freud) o Key Published Works o Period in History Socrates was in Greek Golden Age Chapter 1 (1.21.14) Robert Watson o Influential in establishing History of Psych as discipline in Psych o Historical theorist that wrote about study of history & how you go about writing it o R. Watson developed system for writing history Only record selected pertinent information, not every single detail Danger of bias Need to avoid bias Develop theoretical framework that structures the way details are presented Historiography the study of history o Histories are selective o Historians want to avoid bias Presentism vs. Historicism Presentism past events interpreted from todays perspective o Used to evaluate thought/topic/person o Problem: demeaning previous beliefs b/c current knowledge Historicism interpret past events based on historical perspective o More compelling, informative, and fair to historical figures o Problem: wipe out innovations since then & fail to account for how past conceptions have led to today Book attempts to cover both Internal vs. External History Internal History o History where narrative sticks as closely as it can to single topic/discipline External History o History where narrative introduces external concepts that illuminates on topic/discipline o Book leads towards this approach, which Dr. Hawkins considers best b/c other disciplines are highly relevant to psych

PSYC 4008

HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY

EXAM 1 NOTES

Personalistic vs. Naturalistic History Personalistic History o Better to explain historical developments by considering key figures o Ex. We now have a workable Theory of Evolution b/c Charles Darwin (bk) Wasnt only one responsible, but his theory is the only one supported by science Naturalistic History o Placing historical developments in natural context where you address notions that shape thought of individuals/era/location where you can give multiple examples of idea that arose from such an intellectual climate o Ex. Zeitgeist / Ortgeist Zeitgeist spirit of age/time Ex. if Darwin hadnt have done it, someone else wouldve Ortgeist intellectual climate of location Ex. intellectual climate of U.S. o Some terminology: Prescriptive Theory: R. Watsons notion that there are attributes that you can describe regarding individuals/movements/places/etc that help define the framework in which these ppl operate Beliefs on left tend towards science while right side leans towards philosophy/art/etc. Determinism Indeterminism Whether all things spontaneous or if they are determined/caused by something else o Question of free will o Ex. Freud are you doing things spontaneous or b/c there is some causal thing making you do it? Deterministic (causal) o Ex. Behavioristic view: are we free to do as we want or is our behavior determined by something? Empiricism Rationalism Epistemology, branch of Philosophy, that deals w/ study of basis for truth o Addresses how we tell true info from false info o Ex. Earth revolves around Sun why do you think that is so? Evidence Observation Empiricism basing truth on observation / experience o Basis for Epistemology

PSYC 4008

HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY

EXAM 1 NOTES

o Fallible, because we can be tricked & some machines can observe things we cannot Rationalism establishing of belief based on upon reason o Ex. Yetis why doesnt Hawkins believe in them? Hasnt seen them, despite technology and advanced weaponry o Ex. Gravity believed in but not directly experienced o Ex. Perfection belief that it exists but wont experience it; Ex. Eternity o Science uses rationalism to come up w/ theories that are held up to be unproven until they are confirmed by experience Inductivism Deductivism Inductive using individual instances to come up w/ truth Deductive using truth to derive an individual instance Mechanism Vitalism To what extent psychological things are physical events Ex. General belief of physical mind as psychological, too o Ex. Hawkins asked children if they heard themselves (were thinking) and asked them where it was coming from answered in head Ex. If mental existence is based on brain function is that all mental existence is? Or is mental existence something that is more or different than physical process? Ex. The Mind / Body Debate are mental / physical? Monism Dualism Ex. Is subjective inner existence a purely physical process, purely non-physical, or combination of both? Dualism belief that both physical & mental exist o Ex. body vs. soul (spiritual essence) o Psyche Greek for spiritual essence (soul), from which Psychology is named Ancient & most common belief o Problem: if you accept science, it cannot be believed o Question: How do physical & mental affect one another? What is the interface btw the two? Psychology has rejected dualism Monism belief that either physical or mental exists o Mechanistic Monism popular belief o Psychology is now Monistic & Mechanistic b/c there has been no successful explanation for how mental realm interacts w/ physical realm View that eventually mind will be explained by physical laws

PSYC 4008

HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY

EXAM 1 NOTES

o Idealistic / Mentalistic Monism concept that everything we know / experience is a mental process Only thing we can be sure of is our own subjective experience Naturalism Supernaturalism Naturalism belief that our experiences are something that occurs in nature Supernaturalism belief that there is something about psychological nature of human beings that is transcendent (beyond other natural events) Psychology staunchly views self as science & has intentionally gravitated towards scientific viewpoints that exclude beliefs like dualism

Greeks Western thought & culture are based upon a Greek footing o B/c there are beliefs that we share due to changes that we feel are common between us o Legal, political, & education systems are based on Greek tenants o Credited w/ being founders of science & mathematics b/c they have historical records of innovations used to try to explain world using observation & reasoning Socrates (469-399 BC), Plato (427-347 BC), Aristotle (384-322 BC) o Socrates taught Plato who taught Aristotle o Golden Age Philosophers (500 BC 300 BC) Greek culture was at peak intellectually & economically Greek thought becomes derivative after this age Golden Age begins before Socrates & ends after Aristotle o Thinkers that represented a blending that we consider scientific & theological (philosophical) Lived in an age before science & philosophy had taken separate paths Mechanistic & Vitalistic natures Socrates Plato Aristotle (more scientific over time) Evolves to more scientific approach through each o Modern opinions on nature of humans, what ethics involve, government, sinful behavior, etc. o Firm spiritual beliefs held that werent tied to empiricism Highly relative by culture & time Importance of non-physical, soul-like qualities that are essential to who we are Some based on polytheistic religion of Greece in their day Greek Religion: Apollonian vs. Dionysian o Apollonian Most commonly known now Mythology b/c categorized as myth Gods were invention of culture

PSYC 4008

HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY

EXAM 1 NOTES

Were gods relevant to progress of Western thought? Irrelevant b/c gods were not considered to be involved in the creation of the universe Gods were simply considered the most powerful beings Emotional distance from ppl that resulted in No major affect on course of Western thought Followers were free from focus on supernatural reality Based largely in wealthy areas of Greek empire Cosmopolitan religion believed in by rich mercantile class Largely localized in coastal areas around Aegean Sea Bottom right place is where ppl are credited w/ the creation of science through non-spiritual conceptions (modern Turkey) Greek Cosmologists beginners of science o Ex. Atomic theory generated Apollonian means ordered, reasonable, calm, sedate, etc. o Dionysian Greeks adopted Dionysus from Thrace Thracian ppl considered barbaric by Greeks Thracians were farmers that focused on horticulture Dionysus is product of agricultural environment of Thrace God of fertility crops, etc. Often shown w/ grapes & wine Satyrs half man, half goats that are insatiable Worship of Dionysus continued after the collapse of the Greek Empire Entered into Roman religion and was renamed Bacchus Bacchus worshipers had seasonal festivals called Bacchanals to honor Dionysus during winter solstice, summer solstice, planting, etc. Carried over into Western culture after the spread of Christianity, especially through processionals Christmas / Bacchanals Winter solstice (Dec. 21st) often had Bacchanals to beseech Dionysus for more sunlight, which conveniently coincides w/ Christmas although Christ was not born during that time Symbols abundance, wealth, fertility, etc. o Cutting down tree: finding symbol of fertility during barren period, cutting it down, & adorning it o Adorn trees w/ signs of wealth & opulence o Gift-giving is not a Christian icon Spring festivals surrounding coming of spring Easter Easter symbolism is about fertility, not Christianity Dominant religion that influenced Socrates, Plato, & Aristotle Focus on perfection, pure, supernatural that is beyond us From Plato and others, this belief system was actively incorporated by the fathers of the Catholic faith Woman in depiction of context btw Dionysus & Hercules 5

PSYC 4008

HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY

EXAM 1 NOTES

She depicts the strong female influence b/c female fertility and ability to give birth Ritualistic celebrations intended them to find out what Dionysus wanted from them In order to find this answer, women had to commune in supernatural world Maenads (crazy) female followers of Dionysus/Bacchus Maenads would gather in large groups and engage in ceremonies that centered on abundance & fertility and communed with Bacchus with use of alcohol, orgies, feasting, etc. o Thracians invented beer Beer was the ritualistic treatment of grain given by Dionysus that changed the point of view vision given by spirit of Bacchus Revision of Dionysian religion that entered philosophy Followers of Orpheus Believed Orpheus he was priest of Dionysus that came from Thrace into Greece and began to teach a revised form of Bacchic religion that philosophers adopted Orpheus was duelist that believed we had physical world (body) and spiritual world (separate soul) The fate of the soul depended on how we behaved in life If lived correctly, the soul, that originated in heaven and was pure, would be free to rejoin Dionysus and be with him for eternity Believed the body originates from the earth, was corrupt, and would eventually return to earth Avoided contaminating body through the eating of meat (physical world) except for on special occasions that were celebrations of Dionysus and meant as a sacrifice o Also, could not drink alcohol (beer, wine) except for occasions where the wine represented Bacchus blood Thought Dionysus was born twice, the first birth was of a human woman and Zeus. Monsters killed him and Zeus consumed a piece of his body. He was then born again from the thigh of Zeus. Later Dionysus was connected with restraining oneself and living a pure life at which point Bacchus would enter you and inspire and direct you Orpheus was believed to have been beaten to death and torn apart by a group of Maenads who did not like his revisions Pythagoras (582-500 BC) o Often considered a mathematician (Pythagorean theorem)

PSYC 4008

HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY

EXAM 1 NOTES

o Pythagoras considered math as a path to see around corruption to the simple truth of the world Believed you should live your life in a way that would allow you to turn away from the imperfect and corrupt while turning toward things that are just, perfect, and true o Influential religious figure Had set of followers that called themselves Pythagoreans who travelled to spread his philosophical system (disciples) Pythagoras was credited with healing the sick, raising the dead, etc. o Strict system of rules in order to get away from hedonism (satisfying your wants) Famous for avoiding the eating of beans and any kind of possible corruption or group that would lead you astray o Focus truth & purity o Pythagorean Theorem Credited as first to show phenomenon known of for many years, even by the Egyptians o Significance demonstrated intellectual underpinning of that relationship Stated that you could use reason to know that this would occur w/o working it physically Said you can draw it out yourself, but it will never be perfect b/c perfection lies beyond the supernatural realm Math was way for Pythagoras to understand supernatural perfection o Greeks credited w/ advanced mathematics o Pythagoras reformers of Orphic religion o Socrates was admirer of Pythagoras and he spoke of him a lot Socrates believed, like Pythagoras, that there are perfect conceptions that you and I can know using rationalism if we turn away from corruption and empiricism found in physical world o Pythagoras known for saying All things are numbers Meant anything we can see in the natural world can be conceptualized in a pure, mathematical plane Natural world is just representative as a pure truth Plato once said God is a geometer Application: Pythagoras showed that harmony on a stringed instrument (lyre) is a human experience w/ a mathematic base Numerical foundation to aesthetic experience o Greeks believed that one achieved their highest intellectual attainment, the event is spiritual that occurred b/c a spiritual force entered you Nous if entered your body, it would guide you toward a revelation Being driven by spiritual force is something unique to humans Intellectual pleasure is tied to aesthetics Aesthetics considered uniquely human experience o Platonic relationship relationship that exists only in mind and not physically

PSYC 4008

HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY Pleasure isnt considered debasing

EXAM 1 NOTES

Review: o Theological side of Greek thought that transcended into Western thought o Theme w/ Pythagoras: Morality right / wrong of human conduct Reasoning: ppl can think, so thats what they can do o Theme of Pythagoras: if expend effort to think, we can uncover perfect truth Not relative, uncorrupted, and (to Pythagoras) semi-divine o Not representative of the Golden Age b/c Pre-Socratic Period Marked by birth of Socrates Death of Aristotle Influenced Golden Age thought that there is truth & ethical imperative to work to reach that truth Socrates (469-399 BC) o Plato wrote about him a lot, how we know so much about him o Believed in perfect truth o Socratics men & women that followed his teachings Well-off individuals who could not work in order to learn o Financially supported by Socratics & their families in later life Taught where convenient: farms, marketplace, etc. o *Advocated Pythagoras notion that things in physical realm are inherently imperfect & corrupt to some degree, therefore real perfection comes from the use of reasoning and intellectual power o Protagoras (490-420 BC) often debated w/ Socrates Founder of Sophists movement Group based on Epistomological theme Believed that truth is relatively defined, so a universal, absolute truth doesnt exist Man is the measure of all things If you believe it to be so and can convince others to believe it, then that is truth Protagoras & Sophists could be hired as teachers Taught practical skills in rhetoric, debate, logical argument Attempted to train ppl to make convincing arguments Conflict: Socrates believed Sophists and their belief of a relative truth would lead to decreased morals and the eventual ruin of the state Socrates believed in absolute rights & wrongs Socrates believed the teaching methods of Pythagoras and Sophists that it was wrong and dishonest o Sophistry sounds true/convincing, but its incorrect o Epistemological theme believed that in order to be ethical one ought to follow reasoning o Know thyself. Socrates Means by self-reflection one should reveal the truths that are inherent within human beings

PSYC 4008

HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY

EXAM 1 NOTES

Knowledge is innate Ex. Story of poor slave child that could name Pythagorean theorem b/c it is absolute truth Process of allowing student of uncovering inherent truths by guiding their thoughts o By end of his life, Socrates had a substantial following and was advocating the notion that if you want to live a complete, human life then you should come to know yourself (know thyself) A lover of truth described Socrates o If you dont want to spend your life coming to know yourself, then you are going to waste your life Socrates believed this is where human error, strife, & conflict emerges The unexamined life isnt worth living o Philosophers are portrayed as most ethical, right, and just Taught this belief to his followers o Socrates execution: Executed via poison: Committed suicide by poison b/c advocating life to group of ppl that were wealthier and more privileged than the inner circle of the Greek ruling class insulted and enraged others Asked if it was state should be led better by the best people Implied that Socratics should be leading the Greek state Commission formed to investigate him and his teachings Socrates treated them with derision Socrates found guilty of corrupting the youth, an entire generation, and not believing in the gods o Plato wrote of The death of Socrates Set of scene, list of people there, dialogue, action carries The Phaedo describes Socrates last day in dialogue Students (Socratics), including Plato, have bribed the guard and hired a boat to take Socrates away to a safe place Socrates would not run from his punishment, because he said itd be dishonorable Socrates made a joke about everyone having some of the poisoned wine to toast to some god Socrates calmly drank the poisoned drink and his followers began crying Socrates shamed them by comparing them to women and saying a man should die in peace Last words: told follower to take chicken to temple of Asclepius (healing god) and thank him because he was being healed Plato openly advocated and taught the Socratic way of life Became Platonic point of view, too Plato (427-347 BC) o The Academy (4th Century BC 6th Century AD): Plato founded formal place of instruction w/in 2 yrs of Socrates death 9

PSYC 4008

HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY

EXAM 1 NOTES

Became one of worlds dominant intellectual centers Built in Athens Founded in 4th Century BC Considered 1st university Closed in 6th Century AD Christian conquest Had housing and meals for students and staff Designed to teach students a better approach to life in general o Themes of Teachings: Supernatural, perfect truths that do not exist in physical realm Everything that exists in the physical world had perfect representations (Forms) in the supernatural realm o Students taught to reach actual truth by becoming connected w/ formal truths o Epistemology Theory of the Divided Line Begins w/ notion that understanding is not a binary thing Understanding of subject varied in degrees of completeness Hierarchy: o Imagination lowest understanding Problem: can be divorced from formal truth Ex. Belief in Yetis o Belief 2nd higher level Most common form of understanding in general population Based upon Empiricism Havent seen Yetis, so dont believe o Thought higher level Advantage Reason employed Tools (mathematics, etc.) used Stepping away from common physical reality to get better view of nature of truth Incomplete b/c still tied to physical reality o Knowledge highest level of understanding Aka: Intelligence Knowing something is true Formal knowledge understanding of underlying principles that direct the operation Rationalistic, super-naturalistic approach Preserved through Christian doctrine Highly compatible w/ theological p.o.v. o Easy to take forms and transfer them to Christian concepts Doesnt merge well w/ growth of science Theorized about soul, like many Greek philosophers 10

PSYC 4008

HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY

EXAM 1 NOTES

Soul believed to make up most of what ppl are like Soul conceived to be something contained w/in body when alive Soul Division btw Animate vs. Inanimate o Anima Greek word for soul Tripartite types of Soul: o Appetitive Soul what pleases us Appetite for hedonistically rewarding to us Achieves goals through use of body & interaction of body w/ world Dies when body dies, b/c needs use of body Not something needed to be fostered o Spirited Soul competitive nature Found in chest Uses body to win when highly motivated Dies when body dies Unconcerned w/ bodily pleasure, ethics, etc. o Rational Soul avenue to formal truth Located in the head Dualistic: Independent of the body Uses the mind to achieve ends Before birth & after death, rational soul is part of forms Ex. Poor child could recite Pythagorean theorem b/c rational soul was channeling forms Reincarnation: Fate of rational soul of next incarnation is impacted by what we do when we have it Ex. If gluttonous, rational soul will be reincarnated into pig Ex. If noble, rational soul may be reincarnated into bird, etc. Nonexistence when close to forms Reminiscence theory of learning Recovering memory that one already knows Believed you could do what you want in life, but it was most noble to use life to attempt to facilitate growth of rational soul Free will Charioteer should use life to attempt to become better at taming horses; develop rational soul to maximize channeling of motivations of spirited soul and appetitive soul o POV heavily focused on supernatural world

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PSYC 4008

HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY

EXAM 1 NOTES

View of nature of humans and their psychological makeup are part of psychology now o Platos The Republic Ideal Form of Culture heavily based on Platos notion of what fundamental human nature and psychology is Dialogue in which Plato lays on the role of the state in regard to human beings and the role of humans in regard to the support of the state Notion best form of govt is the one thats mutually beneficial; benefits ppl and ppl can support Representational form of govt Ruling class of govt would consider welfare of the citizens at all times Primary guidelines of the state would be to consider the mode of citizenry (what ppl want) Defined by the nature of the persons soul o If Appetitive soul is dominant in citizen, the citizen could be well served by the state and could serve the state by working as a laborer o Those w/ strong spirited soul should be taken in and educated by the state in order for them to be competitive in their chosen field Philosopher Kings ruling class Allegory brief depiction of Platos meaning of life view The Cave analogy o Idea that all people are born inside of a cave where at first we are unable to see light o We can only see shadows and reflections upon the walls, making us believe that this is reality Idea that level of understanding is derived by empiricism (seeing is believing) o Inevitably, some individuals discover that the shadows are representational products of the light striking objects o The enlightened individuals start the process of bettering themselves and eventually escaping from the cave They uncover formal truth and now have true knowledge o At first, people exposed to new light appear to be less competent than before Fumbling around b/c cannot see in bright light o With increased exposure the philosophers will gain clarity that those in the dark will never have

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PSYC 4008

HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY

EXAM 1 NOTES

o Eventually theyll become interested into descending into the dark cave in order to help others out Shorthand description of what the primary motivation of humans ought to be Taught Aristotle at The Academy o Plato Dualistic POV Physical world separate from spiritual world Left reaching towards heavens to symbolize interest in supernatural o Aristotle more materialistic and empirical (scientific) Right pointing forward to symbolize interest in natural world (scientific) more than supernatural

o Aristotle (384-322 BC) Father worked in Macedonian court until his death, then Aristotle left for Athens One of Platos best students at The Academy o 20 years there until Platos death After Platos death, Aristotle left The Academy in Athens to go toward the eastern side of the empire o Lived abroad for 12 years, gained fame, and had a family Different POV after travels o Exposure to intellectuals interested in the natural world Studied natural world through collection and study of physical objects Returned to court of Macedonia and tutored Alexander the Great (356-323 BC) o Deaths of Aristotle and Alexander were w/in months, historians use time to symbolize the death of intellectual superiority Lyceum school established by Aristotle in Athens near Academy o Operated for hundreds of years until 6th century AD o Expected students to investigate the physical world Interested in changes in natural world o Different b/c Plato wanted to find ultimate essence of formal truth Unchanging, perfect representations of everything Static (unchanging) POV o Aristotle was interested in changes in natural world and why they shifted 13

PSYC 4008

HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY

EXAM 1 NOTES

Didnt reject formal truth, but more concerned w/ physical realm Interested in material reality o Rejected by Plato o Aristotle said studying representations of formal truth would help one come to know formal truth Inductive truth use senses to study examples On the Soul aka De Anima (latin) 1st comprehensive psychology textbook by A. o Personality types described them in book o States of consciousness & alterations of them Head trauma, intoxication, dreaming, hallucinations, etc. o Basis of memory and learning o Sensory systems o 1st History of psychology Chapter 1: discussed historical account of what soul was considered Examples of theories: o Learning Aristotle: knowledge needs to be acquired, mostly by experiencing things Info is taken in through the senses Plato: knowledge is innate, so must get close to formal truths Tabula Rasa British empirical POV after Aristotle o Associations What we experience in environment brings up collection of info from within mind o Experiences Frequently repeated experiences are more likely to be remembered than singular events Similar experiences bring up other familiar experiences Opposing experiences illuminate one another by describing the differences (what one is, the other is not) o Pattern experiment Took words from Homer, scrambled onto paper, tried to remember words, and found that words in small range could be recited easily o Emotion on memory Powerful emotions = detailed memories Ex. 9/11 memories; Kennedys assassination o Nature & causes of change If change is investigated and seen to be happening in predictable pattern, can help us understanding fundamental laws Epistemology o Empirical = Aristotle Learn through experience / observation Associationism content in memories are linked based on how we experience things in life o Deterministic cause for everything

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PSYC 4008

HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY

EXAM 1 NOTES

o Theory of Causation Ex. If have sculpture in front of you, ask questions (Why is it there? Why does it look like that?) Sculpture is there b/c it was created by someone Efficient Cause agent that modifies matter and changes it into a different form Formal Cause essence along w/ physical form Ex. sculptures of same person differ b/c they represent different formal conceptions / outer shape differs o Essence / physical Material Cause must have matter Realization that must have pertinent matter / material to have something Final Cause serves a purpose / has a function Belief that things exist b/c they fulfill a purpose 2 conceptions: o Teleology branch of philosophy that deals w/ the existence of purpose & natural events Belief that anything that happens is satisfying some goal / purpose Ex. Kids asks why mosquitos exist? Purpose? Ex. Sculpture serves as decoration, etc. Science rejects teleology b/c may infer some reason for existence that you cannot confirm w/ data o Things change / are the way they are b/c of an underlying force causes things to propel along a predictable path Ex. evolution, science, genetic code, etc. Ex. Acorns become oak b/c driven by genetic force o Logician Aristotle founded logic in field of philosophy Logical fallacy Fallacy of Infinite Regress Believed everything we can name has an antecedent / cause o If so, no termination Ex. chicken vs. egg? Inconsistent to say everything has a cause b/c, if # is infinite, cannot quantify everything Unmoved Mover the good; beginning o Something causal that was not caused o Goal: Believed things moved along path towards unmoved mover (completion) o Force: underlying power that moves things along on continuum

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PSYC 4008

HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY

EXAM 1 NOTES

Natural Scale o Things are purely potential along scale until things close to completion (unmoved mover) o 3 Kinds of Soul on Natural Scale Every living thing has 1 soul, but they fall on different scale of complexity Soul is causal dead if soul is gone Nutritive Soul gives plants limited # of abilities Abilities: nutrition & reproduction o No pleasure, pain, reasoning Sensitive Soul animal soul that includes sensation Contains abilities of nutritive soul (nutrition & reproductive) Abilities: learning, memory, experience pleasure & pain, voluntary control of behavior o Hedonistic motivation go to pleasure, avoid pain Rational Soul soul found in humans Contains abilities of nutritive and sensitive souls Abilities: free will, ability to reason Considered one of primary causal agents w/in us Causal Soul o Formal Cause o Efficient Cause o Final Cause Body o Material Cause Q: would person be the way they are w/o soul? o No Q: was Aristotle a dualist? o No, must have both matter & form to have a person Summary of Greek Era o Strong central govt and Enlightened culture during end of Golden Age (600300 BC) o Trend of Greek state: Greece grew and became more influential Under Alexander, became enormously large which resulted in Vast number of ppl being subjugated = explosive situation Difficult to maintain & support geographically large empire o Death of Aristotle / Alexander = end of Greek Enlightened area o Transition to Roman rule adopted Greek thought, medicine, art, etc. Classical Greek thought: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle o Romans talented, but strengths not in realm of philosophy Advances in political structure, infrastructure, architecture, etc. o Intellectual history is mainly tied to Greeks, not Roman o Greeks were great thinkers, Romans were great doers. Roman Era (300 BC 500 AD) 16

PSYC 4008

HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY

EXAM 1 NOTES

Middle Ages (500 1400 AD) for West Medieval period characterized by power groups fighting to establish localized areas of control (principalities, kingdoms) Psychological shift that coincided w/ economic shift o Regressive Ave ppl illiterate, lived in location they were born very little travel, not encouraged to better themselves (seek truth) Less noble era humans considered insignificant Reverence for authority Dark Ages (first half) o Domination of Catholic Church High Middle Ages (second half) o Things for average man began to improve Predetermination of mans life (no reason to aspire, b/c where meant to be), superstition (angels, demons, witches, etc.) Dark Ages Catholic Church unifying force o Own power wealth, armies, political prestige o Placed itself above temporal concerns (wars, etc.) o POV of church: Here to save persons soul from eternal damnation; not here to encourage to seek own truth or to help person to develop their own thoughts about the best life Freedom of thought not encouraged o Faith ppl must have absolute belief in authority and doctrine of church o Lead to Dark Ages Muslim Cultures o Boom in intellectual attainment advancement of science / astronomy / medicine, opening of schools o Built on advancements of classic Greek thought High Middle Ages o Dominant power of principalities and kingdoms o Mercantile class became intellectual force that fostered the development of education Ppl became more independent and less reliant on authority figures o Major universities established in cathedral towns University of Paris, University of Prague, etc. Emerged in these centers b/c during Middle Ages only literate group was clerical group ppl wanted children taught by them o Crusades began (11th C) Raids on Muslim culture, pillaged, brought back writings of Greeks Rediscovery of intellectual advances produced in East (Muslim states) Chapter 2: Renaissance (1450 1632)

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PSYC 4008

HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY

EXAM 1 NOTES

Corruption w/in Catholic Church led to gradual loss of power over the ppl o Controlled immense amount of wealth o Ppl questioned moral authority of church & began to think for themselves Began during Gutenbergs invention printing press Johannes Gutenberg (1400-1468) o Invented printing press in West Books able to be made in large amts for less money o Mass printed bible in German (common lang) revolutionary idea Another independent step for ppl away from authority Dialog Concerning Two Chief World Systems by Galileo end of Renaissance o Considered to be 1st work of Modern Age o Deals w/ view of universe held by church versus beliefs of Copernicus Church: Earth is center of universe that everything orbits around Copernicus: Sun is center of universe that everything orbits Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) Renaissance Humanism Psychological view that humans arent insignificant, b/c theyre created in image of God and are therefore noble o Apparent in art of age ppl more detailed, happier, taller Pope Alexander VI (1492) o From rich family called the Borgias bribed to get him elected o Corrupt and sinful (several mistresses) Offspring, 2 important: Cesare Borgia: coldblooded military leader & prince o Model for Machiavellis The Prince Lucretia Borgia: scholar of poisons & sexual perversions o Served as hostess for Vatican events Poisoned animals, rumored some servants; foreign troops committed sexual acts for entertainment o Incest: became pregnant and her father, Alexander, and brother, Cesare, both argued they were the father of her child Alexander ordered papal declaration stating he was father of daughters child o Ppl turned away from notion that authority figures were just & right Martin Luther (1483 1546) o Directly speak to God in order to understand Gods will and intent o Protested Catholic faith and formed Protestant movement Attacked Indulgences paying to be free of sin, etc. Resulted in priests of village to being kicked out for taking advantage of parishioners Science 2 Books from 1543: o De Humani Corporis Fabrica (Fabric of Human Body) Andreas Vesalius (1514 1564) Italian Anatomist 18

PSYC 4008

HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY

EXAM 1 NOTES

1st book based on direct observation since Roman age Did own dissections in violation of Church doctrine Galen was Churchs sanctioned anatomist; knowledge was heavily controlled o De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (Revolutions of Celestial Orbs) Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 1543) Astronomer provided w/ great instruments from patron Sun is center of universe & planets orbit it Against sanctioned astronomy of Earth Was put under house arrest and died shortly after Later on was posthumously excommunicated & work banned Reinstated to church in 1981 Transitional Movement from Renaissance Modern Age Based on writings of Aristotle o Remember Aristotle was into natural world, materialism, observation o Problem w/ Aristotle was difficult to incorporate into doctrinal thought b/c exalted use of intellect and examination of intellectual world, which lead away from spirituality Scholasticism o St. Thomas Aquinas o Can study Gods creations to understand God and spirituality o Doctrine of One Truth Truth is a singular thing that one can come to by absolute faith in teachings of church or by use of intellect o Arose in church when group of thinkers came to epistemological conclusions Cautious rationalism where began w/ what you knew to be truth (doctrinal belief) and through careful thought and examination came to same conclusions Sir Francis Bacon Criticized Scholasticism o POV that is Precursor to Modern Science In order to get to truth, one should not have a preconception / bias Must be neutral Get to truth by using observation Use evidence around us to develop theories Advocated identifying preconceptions and weeding them out o Idols = preconceptions Prevent person from being able to see truth Modern Age (1633 Exam Thursday: Example Questions: o During Middle Ages, a search for truth was based on a reliance on Empirical observation 19

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HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY

EXAM 1 NOTES

o o

o o

Faith* Induction Authority figures* More than one of the above* The movement of Scholasticism involved the incorporation of the philosophy of the Greek thinker ________ into church doctrine Aristotle* The father of doctrinal thought who is considered to be the medieval beginner of Scholasticism Bacon Copernicus Galileo Galen None of the above* (Thomas Aquinas) A revolutionary work on neuroanatomy was published at the end of the Renaissance; the title of this work was __________________. De Humani Corporis Fabrica De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium was published in the ______________ period by ________________. Renaissance; Copernicus

Exam: o Names of ppl Not DOB or DOD o Major published works o Theoretical conceptions o Periods ppl were in Gold Age ppl

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