Balancing the Environmental Benefits of Removing NO2 from Road Tunnel Emissions with the Environmental Consequences of the

Generation of Electricity for the Operation of the NO2 Removal Technologies y !ossil !uel "riven #ower $tations

"octor %tsushi &atatani' #anasonic Ecology $ystems Co(' )td' #rofessor %rnold "i*' $cientist and )awyer' Tunnel advisor' +niversity of ,est $ydney( -ay 2./.0

% stract1 ,ith increased interest in environmental protection from road tunnel emissions NO 22denitrification 3de2NO2 or NO2 removal0 is gaining popularity in areas of poor air quality in 4apan 3NO 25 nitrogen dio*ide0( 6nitially it was thought that NO* 3nitrogen o*ides0 removal 3de2NO*0 from tunnel air would e feasi le however this concept has een a andoned in 4apan ecause of its high cost( 6n 4apan it is generally accepted that the ratio of NO27NO* in tunnel ehaust is etween several percent to 2. percent( %lthough most of NO* in tunnel gas is mainly NO 3nitrogen mono*ide0' NO2 is more harmful to human health( ,hile discussions a out the enefits of NO2 removal from tunnel air have ecome increasingly common there has een little regard for the environmental consequences of the NO* and sulfur o*ides 3$O*0 which are generated y the power stations used to generate the electricity for the denitrification plants for tunnels( This paper e*amines the net effect of these pollutants on the environment( Both a 4apanese case study and a Chinese case study are simulated in order to determine the net effect on NO* and $O*( E*amined are a tunnel operating normal e*haust fans only 3type /0' a tunnel with electrostatic precipitators and normal e*haust fans 3type 20' and a tunnel with E$#s' de2NO2 and traditional ventilation 3type 80( %nd finally type 9 with de2NO* with E$#s and e*haust fans( The results demonstrate that the introduction of denitrification technology in 4apanese road tunnels results in a reduction in total NO* and $O* ut that the use of such technology in China increases the total amounts( The greenhouse gas implications of using the technology were not considered as part of this study( Keywords: Tunnel exhaust; SPM; NOx; NO2; Denitrification 1. Introduction
/0

Tunnel ventilation systems routinely ensure that the regulated air quality is maintained in tunnels(

6n recent years some tunnel

ventilation stations have een equipped with air purification technology such as E$#s 3electrostatic precipitators0 and NO 2 removal technologies(202:0 This paper e*amines the local environmental consequences of utilising air cleaning technologies y alancing the environmental enefits achieved at the tunnel ventilation point with the NO* and $O* emissions from power stations including thermal power stations( %n e*ample of a 4apanese case and a Chinese case are used to illustrate the issues( 2. Removal of Contaminants from Tunnel Air 2.1. SPM (suspended particle matter) and N ! E$#s are used to remove suspended particles from tunnel air( The use of such technologies for e*ternal environmental purposes has occurred in 4apan in e*cess of /. years ;0( 6n 4apan $#- is defined as particles of /. micron metres or less 3<#- /.=0( #articles of 2(: micron metres or less are >nown as #- 2(:( The principle of E$#s is that corona discharge y high voltage in ionisers electrifies the /

suspended particles and in a strong electric field the particles are captured( The capture process of ionised particles is illustrated in !igure /(

Fig ! Ty"ical structure of #SPs The E$# technology has een widely applied to purifying tunnel air
?0

'cleaning e*haust from thermal power plants @0 and other

processes in other industries( 6n recent years NO2 removal systems have ena led NO2 to e removed from tunnel e*haust air( These systems rely upon an efficient E$# to remove the particles prior to the NO2 removal( NO2 removal systems have een installed on the $hinAu>u line tunnel in the Central Circular Route in To>yo( :0 6n 4apan the principle of de2NO2 systems is that NO2 gas molecules in tunnel e*haust are adsor ed or a sor ed as they pass through an adsor ent7a sor ent material such as activated car on( This process depends on the physical characteristics of adsor ing gas molecules 20 3refer to figure 20( The de2NO2 systems are less e*pensive' require less space and use significantly less power 80 than de2 NO* systems(

Fig 2 Theory of ty"ical a$sor$ent There is no regulation of NO* or NO concentration in 4apan( Bowever there are environmental regulations with respect to the concentration of NO2( 6n 4apan NO2 concentration must not e*ceed a Cone etween .(.9 ppm and .(.; ppm as shown in Ta le /( $#NO2 $O2 Concentration of daily average Not e*ceed .(/. mg7m8 ,ithin the Cone from .(.9 ppm to .(.; ppm 'or elow that Cone Not e*ceed .(.9 ppm Ta$le ! #n%iron&ental 'uality Standards of (a"an 6n 4apan it is considered that NO2 is more harmful to the human ody than NO which %CG6B 3%merican Conference of Government 6ndustrial Bygienist0 regulates as the value of 2:ppm or less( 6n 4apan it is generally considered that the ratio of NO* components in tunnel air is a out D.E NO and a out /.E NO 2
80

(%

development policy on denitrification regarding tunnel air e*haust y -)6T 3the -inistry of )and' 6nfrastructure' Transport and Tourism of 4apan0 is that de2NO2 systems have a etter cost enefit ratio than de2NO* systems( $ince 2..9 -)6T has directed that only NO2 systems e used on the asis of their environmental performance from a cost7 enefit perspective(

2.2. S ! 8

Because oth motor vehicles and thermal power stations urn fossil fuels' in this sense' the main component of $O* is $O 2 in oth sources( !urthermore NO2 adsor ent or a sor ent for tunnel gas purification can also remove $O*( %lthough removing sulfur from car fuels is common worldwide' a comparatively large amount of $O* is discharged from thermal power plants using coal fuel in some countries without fuel gas desulphuriCation( ". Conditions for #alance in Simulations ".1. Air $ualit% in ur&an tunnels in 'apan %lthough the specific air quality characteristics of a tunnel may change from location to location' the air quality in 4apanese road tunnels can generally e summariCed as per ta le 2 elow( /.0 $#- 3$uspended #article -atter0 NO* 3Nitrogen O*ides0 NO2 3Nitrogen "io*ide0 NO3Nitrogen -ono2o*ide0 $O*3$ulfur O*ides0 Concentration of daily average %ppro*( .(2 mg7m8 %ppro*( /(. ppm %ppro*( .(/ ppm %ppro*( .(D ppm %ppro*( .(.: ppm

Ta$le 2 Ty"ical )ir 'uality in *r$an Tunnels in (a"an

".2. T%pical removal ratios on tunnel e!(aust purifiers The definition of removal ratio is as follows( Removal Ratio F 3/ G B7%0H/.. E %5 The inlet concentration of a component B5 The outlet concentration of the same component

".2.1. as follows( /0 20 80 90

Removal of SPM onl%

$#- can e removed y E$#s whose specifications with removal ratios were issued y three companies and one government ministry NEICO 3Nippon E*pressway Company0 -EC 3-etropolitan E*pressway Company0 BEC 3Banshin E*pressway Company0 -)6T

$#- removal ratio 5 D.E $#- removal ratio 5 @.E $#- removal ratio 5 @.E $#- removal ratio 5 @.E ".2.2. Removal of N

NO2 can e removed y de2NO2 systems including E$#s whose specifications with removal ratios were issued y -)6T' -EC( %ll of their specifications are the same as follows( $#- removal ratio 5 @.E NO2 removal ratio 5 D.E $O* 3$O20 removal ratio 5 No requirement

".2.".

Removal of N !

NO* can e removed y de2NO* systems including E$#s( The only one specification of the de2NO* systems was issued y -)6T around /DD? as follows( "e2NO* systems for cleaning tunnel e*haust shall not e used in 4apan ecause of e*pensive cost( $#- removal ratio 5 @.E NO2 removal ratio 5 @.E NO removal ratio 5 @.E $O* 3$O20 removal ratio 5 No requirement ".". )!(aust treatment options for tunnel ventilation stations !or the purposes of this analysis there are four ventilation station treatment options considered( ".".1. Type / is shown in !ig(8( T%pe 1 *it( e!(aust fans onl%

Fig + Ty"e ! %entilation station with %entilation

".".2.

T%pe 2 ventilation station *it( additional )SP s%stems

Type 2 including fans and E$#s is shown in !ig(9(

Fig , Ty"e 2 of #SP syste&s

".".".

T%pe " ventilation station *it( )SP and +e,N

s%stems

Type 8 including fans' E$#s and a sor ent 3adsor ent0 modules is shown in !ig(:(

Fig - Ty"e + of De.NO2 syste&s ".".-. T%pe - ventilation station *it( )SP and +e,N ! s%stems

Type 9 including fans' E$#s' a sor ent 3or adsor ent0 modules' and ionisers is shown in !ig(;(

!ig(; Type 9 of "e2NO* systems

"."...

Initial costs for t(e four ventilation t%pes

,hen the cost of Type / is ased as /..E' the appro*imate costs of other three types are as follows( 3 Type /5 /.. E as a ase 0 Type 25 2.. E Type 85 8:. E Type 95 ::. E in 4apan 36n some cases' ?.. E in other countries whose NO* concentration is much higher than that of 4apan' which means the necessity for the larger power consumption on oConisers for o*idiCing NO into NO2( 0 ".-. /olume of air e!(austed into t(e atmosp(ere 6n this paper the discharge volume of air e*hausted into the atmosphere is used as ?:.'... N m 87h 32.@ m87s0 for the convenience of calculations( %ll calculations in relation to energy consumption and the related a solute amount of $O* and NO* including NO 2 and NO are ased upon that figure( 6t is generally considered a fair appro*imation to scale the results of this paper in order to calculate corresponding values for discharge rates at volumes other than 2.@ m87s( "... Po*er consumption for e!(aust ventilation fans The power consumption as fan motors input ) J>,K is shown as follows/0( ) F L H # 7 3 /'... H Mf H Mm 0 L5 Gas flow Jm 7sK 3 The value of 2.@ m 7s is used(0 #5 Total pressure J#aK Mf 5 !an efficiency whose typical value of .(@ is used Mm 5 -otor efficiency whose typical value of .(D is used The atmospheric conditions for the purposes of these calculations are /./(8 J>#aK with a temperature of 2. degrees centigrade( ".0. Po*er consumption for eac( t%pe of purifier #ower consumption for each type 3Type / to Type 90 is descri ed in Ta le 8( These calculations are ased upon data in the reference documents /'9'/.'//0( The power consumption of E$#s is derived from the NEICO standard specifications for tunnel E$# systems //0( %lthough NO2 removal systems do not need electricity ecause the process occurs y passing tunnel air through a sor ent or adsor ent modules8'/.0' the NO* removal systems demand a large amount of electricity ecause NO gas molecules have to e o*idised into NO2( The o*idation process uses oConisers or other o*idation equipment in order to promote adsorption in a sor ent or adsor ent in case of de2NO* systems2'/20( The power consumption /:.>, on Type 9 3NO* removal systems0 is o tained from Ta le 2' the reference 20 and the reference /20( %n e*perimental report as power consumption of 8(:>, per gas flow /(D9 m 87s under the concentration of NO* 2(: ppm is in the documents( This ma>es .(?2>,73m 87s073ppm NO*0 on o*idation power in the NO* removal type( T%pe 1 !an E*haust fans -otor input J>,K #urifiers E$#s J>,K % sor ent or adsor ent J>,K D@ 3None0 3None0 2.. 28 3None 88. 28 . 8@@ 28 . Total pressure J#aK 89. T%pe 2 E$# ;D. "e2NO2 /'/9. "e2NO* /'89. T%pe " T%pe 8 8

0 O*idation J>,K Total power consumption J>,K 3None0 D@ 3None 0 228 8:8 :;/ 3None0 /:.

Ta$le + Power consu&"tion for each ty"e

".1. Purification c(aracteristics for eac( ventilation t%pe Removal ratios for tunnel e*haust from Type / to Type 9 are shown in Ta le 9( Type 8 of NO 2 removal indicates slight reduction of NO 80 and a fair decrease of $O2( Type 9 of NO* removal performs a high reduction of $O2 20( T%pe 1 !an $#- JEK NO* $O* NO2 JEK NO JEK $O2 JEK . . . . T%pe 2 E$# @. . . . T%pe " "e2NO2 @. D. 2 :. T%pe "e2NO* @. @. @. D.

Ta$le , /e&o%al ratios for each ty"e ".2. N ! and S ! 3eneration at t(ermal po*er plants NO* and $O* emissions are sometimes e*pressed with a unit of Jg7>,hK called Nunit of energy 3or unit of power0O( The !ederation of Electric #ower Companies of 4apan 3!(E(#(C(4(0 announced that an actual result of NO* and $O* generation at thermal power plants in 4apan in 2..: was with .(8 g7>,h3NO*0 and .(2 g7>,h3$O*0( 36t is normal that the fuel com ustion processes in thermal power plants generates NO* and $O*(0 OEC" 3OrganiCation for Economic Cooperation and "evelopment0 has reported the data of energy consumption in the world every year as NEnergy Balances of OEC" CountriesO and NEnvironmental "ata CompendiumO( The !(E(#(C(4( has arranged the OEC" data in order to clarify the comparative position of differing countries in the world( %s a result !ig(? of $O* and NO* emissions from thermal power plants has een o tained( This data was correct on or a out the year 2...( 6t is apparent that the values of NO* and $O* emissions in 4apan are e*tremely small compared with the other countries noted( This is primarily ecause thermal power plants in 4apan are equipped with $O* and NO* removal systems with high removal efficiency( The second reason is that a out ?.E of thermal power plants in 4apan are classified as )NG com ustion plants which scarcely generate NO* and $O*( On the other hand where electricity is generated y urning coal or oil the com ustion plants produce a much higher amount of NO* and $O* if gas purifiers are not used(

/.

Fig 0 SOx and NOx e&issions at ther&al "ower "lants The comparative contri ution of differing types of power plants in 4apan is summariCed in Ta le :( This summary is derived from OEC" research( /80 #ower $ource Coal #etroleum )NG Gas
3Thermal0 3Thermal0 3Thermal0

Generation JT,hK

Ratio JEK

Nuclear Bydro Others TOT%)

8.D /9; 28/ 8.9 ?@ 2; /'.D9

2D /8 2/ 2@ ? 2 /..

Ta$le - 1lassification of "ower "lants in (a"an The contri ution of thermal power plants to 4apanese electricity was ;8E in the year 2..:( %ccordingly NO* and $O* emissions can e easily calculated as .(/D g7>,h3NO*0 and .(/8 g7>,h3$O*0( 6t should e noted that most NO* generated y thermal power plants is composed of NO( 36n thermal power plants there is very little NO2 produced despite NO generation(0 -. Contaminant &alance simulations in case of 'apan

% contaminant alance calculation using the 4apanese data noted a ove has een underta>en using the data from the section 8(/ to 8(@( The results are shown in Ta le ; which means decreases or increases in Ngram per one hourO of contaminant su stances( The negative values mean decreased amounts and the positive values mean increased amounts( The percent values in Ta le ; mean the ratios of the initial costs for the three cases e*cept Type /3 ase0(

T%pe 1 !an

T%pe 2 E$#

T%pe " "e2NO2

T%pe "e2NO*

//

2/..E D@>, Removal at a tunnel site Jg7hK NO* $O* NO*P$O* NO2 NO NO* $O* NO*P$O* NO2 NO NO* $O* NO*P$O*
. . . . /D /D /8 82

22..E 228>,
.

28:.E 8:8>,
2/8D

2::.E :;/>,
2/28

NO2 NO

2/@

2?28

. . . . 92 92 2D ?/

2/:? 2:9 22// . ;? ;? 9; //8

2@9; 2D; 2D92 . /.? /.? ?8 /@.

Generatio n at power plants Jg7hK

R)S45T S Total alances Jg7hK

2/8D
9D

2/28 2;/; 2?8D 228 2?;2

/D /D /8 82

92 92 2D ?/

2D. 2@ 2D@

Ta$le 2 3alances of conta&inant su$stances in (a"an

-.1. Result of T%pe 1 (e!(aust fans onl%) 6t is natural that removed amounts of NO* and $O* should e Cero at a tunnel site ecause Type / has no purifiers( The electric power consumed is that of the e*haust fans and contri utes to the generation of NO* and $O* at the power plants( %s a result the net effect of NO' NO* and $O* production is positive 3increased0( NO2 is not changed 3Cero0 ecause NO* generated at power plants is all NO without NO2( The generated NO*P$O* of 82 grams an hour is the environmental cost of running normal tunnel ventilation( -.2. Result of T%pe 2 *it( )SP s%stems Type 2 ventilation has the standard ventilation configuration coupled with E$#s( 6t is natural that the outcome of a Type 2 ventilation system should e almost the same as that of a Type /( The total alances of NO' NO* and $O* are positive and greater than those of Type / ecause E$# systems including fans consume more electricity which has to e generated at power plants( The generated NO*P$O* of ?/ grams an hour is the environmental cost due to particulate removal and ventilation system operation( The E$# system is calculated at a rate of 2.@m87s and removal ratio of @.E 3on a mass asis0 with a concentration of .(2mg7m 8( $uch a system can collect /2. grams per hour of suspended particles' although the increased NO*P$O* of Type 2 is 9. g7h greater than that of Type /( -.". Result of T%pe " (N
2

reduction) and T%pe - (N ! reduction)

Both Type 8 and Type 9 ventilation systems utiliCe E$#s and either NO2 removal or "e2NO* technologies( Type 9 removes a large

/2

proportion of NO*P$O*( +nderstanda ly Type 8 indicates etter purification of NO2 than Type 9( -)6T has decided to choose Type 8 air cleaning technologies in 4apan ecause of the lower initial cost and lower operational cost including the power consumption as noted in Ta le ;( .. A comparison *it( t(e situation in C(ina

6t is often presumed that the successful use of a technology in one country can readily e transferred to another( 6n this paper a comparison is made etween the various air treatment options for tunnels in 4apan' and in this section the impact on China( The results of the simulations for Chinese tunnels are significantly different to those of 4apanese tunnels( Relying upon the OEC" data pu lished for 2..: /80 a summary of the power plants in China is descri ed( 3$ee ta le ?(0 #ower $ource Coal
3Thermal0

Generation JG,hK

Ratio JEK

/'D?2'2;? ;.';89 //'D8/ :8'.@@ 8D?'./? 2':.9 2'9D?'99/

?D 2 / 2 /; . /..

#etroleum
3Thermal0

)NG Gas
3Thermal0

Nuclear Bydro Others TOT%)

Ta$le 0 1lassification of "ower "lants in 1hina 6t is apparent from this data that coal fuel in China will generate much more NO* and $O* at thermal power plants without de2NO* and de2$O* than in 4apan( Coal fuel utilisation ratio in China is e*tremely high 3?DE0 as compared with 4apan at only 2DE( The $O* and NO* emissions from thermal power plants in China are shown in !ig(?' $O* and NO* emissions for all power plants can easily e calculated as 8(2@ g7>,h3NO*0 and 9(./ g7>,h3$O*0( %lthough there is limited pu lished information a out the composition of tunnel e*haust in china field' a data is availa le to the authors from a field test conducted in a large Chinese city( The data indicates that $#- concentration are a out thirty times higher than 4apanese one and NO*7$O* concentration are around five times greater than the 4apanese equivalent( 6n the event that China were to see> NO* reduction technology' a much greater amount of power would e required to o*idiCe NO into NO2 ecause of the significantly higher concentrations of NO* in the places greater demands upon the a sor ent7adsor ent materials demanding greater volumes and a consequential higher total pressure loss in NO* removal process( The different conditions mentioned a ove are listed in Ta le @ and compared with the 4apanese case(

(#lant #ower NO* emission Jg7>,hK $O* emission Jg7>,hK $#NO* Tunnel $ite NO2 NO Jmg7m8K JppmK JppmK JppmK

4apan .(/D .(/8 .(2 / .(/ .(D

C(ina 8(2@ 9(./ ; : .(: 9(:

/8

$O*

JppmK

.(.: /'89. /:. 8@@ ::.

.(2: /':9. ?:. 99; ?..

Total pressure of Type 9 J#aK #ower of Type 9 3O*idation0J>,K #ower of Type 93!an motor0J>,K 6nitial cost of Type 9 JEK Ta$le 4 Differentials $etween (a"an and 1hina

% alance calculation of typical simulations in China has een e*ecuted y the conditions mentioned a ove( The results are shown in Ta le D which means decreased or increased Ngram per one hourO of contaminant su stances( The negative values mean decreased amounts and the positive values mean increased amounts( The percent values in Ta le D mean the ratios on the initial costs( % review of the data in Ta le D reveals the e*traordinary situation that the type 9 NO* removal systems would' in the Chinese situation' generate the largest amounts of NO* and $O* of all four ventilation options( %lthough a discussion in relation to the most effective technology for achieving the optimum environmental performance might centre around Type 2 3E$#0 or Type 8 3E$# with NO 2 reduction0 'it is readily apparent that a Type 9 3NO* reduction0 option would e ill advised due to its high consumption of electricity( This analysis provides a useful means of assisting decision ma>ers in choosing the optimum systems for achieving optimum environmental performance( By way of comparison Ta le /. compares the situation in 4apan with the situation in China(

T%pe 1 !an 2/..E D@>,

T%pe 2 E$# 22..E 228>, . . . . . . ?8. ?8. @D8

T%pe " "e2NO2 28:.E 8:8>, 2;D8 2D. 2?@8 22;@ 2/'.:/ . /'/:@ /'/:@ /'9/:

T%pe "e2NO* 2?..E /2/D>, 2;/; 28';/; 29'282 29@2 29'?/9 . 8'DD? 8'DD? 9'@@?

Removal at a tunnel site Jg7hK

NO2 NO NO* $O* NO*P$O* NO2 NO NO* $O*

. . . . . . 828 828 8D9

Generation at power plantsJg7hK

/9


R)S45T S Total alances Jg7hK

NO*P$O* NO2 NO NO* $O* NO*P$O*

?/? . 828 828 8D9 ?/?

/';28 . ?8. ?8. @D8 /';28

2':?8 2;D8 /'.;@ 8?: //9? /':22

@'@@9 2;/; 8@/ 228: 99.: 9'/?.

Ta$le 5 3alances of conta&inant su$stances in 1hina

T%pe 1 !an Total

T%pe 2 E$# . 92 92 2D ?/ . ?8. ?8. @D8 /';28

T%pe "
"e2NO2

T%pe "e2NO*

NO2 NO NO* $O* NO*P$O* NO2 NO NO* $O* NO*P$O*

. /D /D /8 82 . 828 828 8D9 ?/?

2/8D
9D

Balances

in 4apan
Jg7hK

Total Balances

2D. 2@ 2D@ 2;D8

/'.;@ 8?: //9? /':22

2/28 2;/; 2?8D 228 2?;2 2;/;

8@/

in China
Jg7hK

228:
99.: 9'/?.

Ta$le !6 1o&"arison of total $alances 7(a"an and 1hina8

0.

Conclusions

This analysis provides a timely reminder of the importance of carefully considering the transfera ility of technology from one country to another( 6n this paper four different tunnel ventilation options are considered( Type / has e*haust fans only( Type 2 3E$#s and fans0' Type 8 3"e2NO2 with E$#s and fans0' and Type 9 3"e2NO* with E$#s and fans0( The alances etween removed NO*7$O* in denitrification systems of gas flow 2.@ m87s at a tunnel site and generated su stances at power plants are simulated on these four types oth for a 4apanese case and for a Chinese case( The conclusions are as follows( %( ,hen total alances of NO*P$O* etween 4apan and China are compared' ig differences are seen in oth cases( %ll the values of NO*P$O* in 4apan are remar>a ly smaller than those of China( This is ecause NO* and $O* emissions at power plants in 4apan are e*tremely small compared with other countries( B( C( Total alances of NO2 on Type 8 and Type 9 are decreased oth in 4apanese cases and Chinese cases( This is ecause not NO2 ut NO is predominantly generated as NO* at thermal power plants( %lthough Type 9 shows the smallest value of total alance of NO in 4apan' Type / indicates the smallest NO in China( "e2NO* systems would e most effective for removing NO in 4apan without considering the initial and operational cost( But electricity consumption has a great influence on NO emission at thermal power plants in China( "( E( %lthough not only Type 9 ut also Type 8 shows a negative 3decreased0 value of total NO* alances in 4apan' only the value of Type 9 is negative in China( %lthough the minimum value of total $O* alances in 4apan is in Type 9 and the ma*imum value in Type 2' it can e said that these two values are oth small i(e( less generation of $O* at a tunnel site and power plants in 4apan( 6n China there are large generation rates of $O* in all cases' the values in any cases show ig amounts of $O* generation( /:

!( G( B( 6(

%lthough it can e understood that the values of total alances of NO*P$O* on Type 8 and Type 9 in 4apan are negative' the values in China are positive( Type 9 in China generates the greatest amount of NO*P$O*( Both Type 8 and Type 9 denitrification systems are effective in 4apan( % discussion a out which to use should e made after considering the capital and operational e*penses( Type 9 NO* denitrification systems do not provide a net enefit as in China( The values of NO*P$O* on Type 2 and Type 8 in China are almost the same( 6t will e necessary to consider other factors when choosing etween Type 2 and Type 8 air cleaning in China(

References /0 20 80 90 :0 ;0 ?0 @0 D0 /.0 //0 /20 /80 /90 /:0 4apan Road %ssociation'Road Tunnel Technical $tandard and "escription on Qentilation'-aruCen32../0 &atatani'%('Bashimoto'%('6shida'-('-imura'R('@th 6nternational Conference on %erodynamics and Qentilation of Qehicle &atatani'%('&itagawa'N('Bashimoto'%('6shida'-('Dth 6nternational Conference on %erodynamics and Qentilation of Qehicle Ta>ahashi'-('&u ota'6('&ashiuchi'T('/.th 6nternational Conference on %erodynamics and Qentilation of Qehicle "i*'%('Road Tunnels 7 % Guide to OptimiCing the %ir Luality 6mpact upon the Environment'#6%RC32..?0 Child'N('-: East !reeway 7 % Review of Emission Treatment Technologies $ystems and %pplications'Roads and Traffic $ugita'N('4ournal of 6nstitute of Electrostatics 4apan'8/'/:932..?0 $hirai'B('4(4pn(6nst(Energy'@?'?; 32..@0 6to'T(')ow2concentration "enitrification Technique for Road Tunnel !inal $ummary of $econd #ilot $cale E*periment ' Roshida'$('6to'T('6ntroduction of a New NO2 Removal $ystem to To>yo -etropolitan E*pressway Tunnels'#6%RC32..?0 NEICO'$tandard $pecification for Tunnel E$# $ystem'NEICO Central )a oratory32..;0 &atatani'%('Bashimoto'%('"enitrification'4apanese #atent No(2;D.2;23/DD?0 6nternational Energy %gency'Energy Balance of OEC" Countries 2..922..:'OEC"'32..?0 6nternational Energy %gency'Energy Balance of non OEC" Countries 2..922..:'OEC"'32..?0 Iie(R('Re($('&itagawa(&',ang(&''4(4pn(6nst(Energy '@8'2.?32..90

Tunnels'BBR Group '@2:3/DD90 Tunnels'BBR Group 'DD83/DD?0 Tunnels'BBR Group '8@/32...0

%uthority of N$,32..90

4apan -inistry of )and 6nfrastructure and Transport32..90

/;

/?