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Institute of Electric Power Systems, Division of High Voltage Engineering - Schering-Institut Leibniz Universitt Hannover Germany
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INDEX
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SOCIAL ENVIROMENT
COSTS
TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIROMENT
AVAILABILITY
RELIABILITY
UTILITY FITTINGS
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PLANIFICATION
TECHNICAL SPEC.
PROJECT
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Site Installation
Service Operation
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Site Installation
Service Operation
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Quality Assurance: - Design Review - Manufacturing Inspections - Factory Testing ---------------------------- On site Testing
Site Installation
Service Operation
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Main Goals
- Strict and controled planning of manufacturing and acceptance testing of HV Equipment. - Complete Quality Assurance proccess of HV Equipment on a basis of homogeneity and rigour. Each part of the proccess must maximize global reliability. - Integration and coordination of Quality Assurance proccess in the whole life cycle of HV equipment.
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Supplier Qualification
Quality Assurance
Design Review
Manufacturing Inspections
Acceptance Testing
Factory Tests Special Tests Comissioning Tests
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Supplier Qualification
Quality Management: - Quality policy (real degree of implementation) - Quality control plan (incoming materials and inproduction) - Traceability Global Assessment of the factory and manufacturing processes: - General data, Incoming materials, sub-suppliers - Manufacturing processes, facilities condition, tools - HV Testing Laboratory
Institute of Electric Power Systems Schering Institute
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Design Review
- Internal design analysis (materials, dielectrics, electrodynamics, thermal) - Identification of weak points (design and manufacturing) and design margins.
- Acceptance
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Manufacturing Inspections
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Acceptance testing
Factory tests: - Checks and tests to validate a correct design and manufacturing - Compliance with tests plan and standards - Correct functionality and calibration of instruments - Laboratory personnel qualification On-site tests: - Checks and tests to validate a correct transportation and assembly - Comparison with factory testing - Initial fingerprint for predictive maintenance
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Transformers are key equipment for power transmission and distribution Power Transformers belong to the most expensive equipment of power networks Power Transformers are custom made and not available as stock equipment
Institute of Electric Power Systems Schering Institute
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FACTORY TESTS
- Turn ratio
- Windings resistance - Insulation resistance - Capacitance and tg delta - Load losses and Zcc. - No load losses -> before dielectric tests - FQ and DGA oil analysis -> before dielectric tests - OLTC tests - Switching Impulse for 220kV trafos - Lighting Impulse (HV, LV, Tertiary and Neutrals) - Separate Source withstand voltage - Long Duration Induced voltage with PD meassurement - Short Duration Induced voltage with PD when Switching Impulse do not apply -No load losses -> after dielectric tests - FQ and DGA oil analysis -> after dielectric tests - FRA and FDS test
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COMISSIONNING TESTS
- Insulation resistance - Capacitance and tg delta (trafo and bushings) - Excitation test - Turn ratio - Leakage reactance - Windings resistance - Conmutation dynamic resistance - DGA oil analysis - FRA test - FDS test
Institute of Electric Power Systems Schering Institute
17/x
the life time of a transformer is defined as the life time of its rigid insulation system
The end of life time is defined by the reduction of the mechanical strength by more than 50% In general this is the case at DP-values < 200 ( - 75%) acc to IEEE C57.91-1995
Institute of Electric Power Systems Schering Institute
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Bathtub Curve
New
Time
Most likely early in life or near the end of life between 25 and 35 years
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bushings 15%
windings 21%
Most failures occur suddenly The outage time often is very long
Institute of Electric Power Systems Schering Institute
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Oxygen out of the atmosphere (for breathing type transformers) together with catalysts leads to acidification, water
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Electrical causes
Local overstressing in the insulation causes aging of the cellulose and the insulation oil
Acid generation and contamination in the oil Water content increasing Gas and sludge generation Acceleration of the cellulose depolymerisation Partial discharge or breakdown causes strong transient overstressing
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Electromagnetic causes
High Current (e.g. due to short circuit in network) generate high forces Winding deformation Paper insulation breakage in particular in the aged places
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Dielectric causes
Aging of the cellulose causes breaks of the glucose chains (Depolymerisation)
Generation of:
Water Gas (CO, CO2) Aldehyd groups (Alkaline) Carboxyl groups (Organic acids)
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Thermal causes
Eddy current losses in the core Ohm's losses in the coil
Variations in load lead to heating up and cooling
Increasing the water content of insulation due to breathing Hot spot temperature (IEC 60354: Loading Guide) has crucial influence on the life Span of the transformer insulation
Institute of Electric Power Systems Schering Institute
Chemical causes
Due to aging generates organic acids
They attack in particular the paper insulation
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Microstructure of Paper with NZ [mg/kg] 0.05 (left) 0.1; 0.2; 0.3 (right)
Metals such as copper, iron, aluminum and zinc act additionally as catalysts
Accelerated aging
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Aging of Insulation
Thermal aging
Electrical and dielectrical aging Mechanical aging Chemical Aging
Generation of Water
Ageing of Paper
Due to ageing the glucose ring chains of the cellulose break (Depolymerisation)
The result
Water Gases (CO, CO2) Aldehyd Groups (Alkaline) Carboxyl Groups (organic acids)
H 2COOH C CH H OH C H H C OH O CH O CH
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H 2O
OH C H C CH
H OH H2COOH C H O
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Aging Process
Relative Depolymerisationsgeschwindigkeit Relative Velocity of Depaolarization
10
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Possible Measurements
Oil Analysis
DGA Oil parameter Furan analysis DP Resistance test Insulation resistance test Ratio test FRA (Frequency Response Analysis) PD (Partial Discharge)
Institute of Electric Power Systems Schering Institute
Electrical Failures
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Water content
Important parameter
Breakdown voltage
Important parameter
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Oil parameter
Tan
Increasing with thermal stress
Interfacial tension
Aging of oil, degradation product
Inhibitor content
Consumption is a measure for aging
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DGA
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NORMAL
PD
PD LOW
T> 700C
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Furan analysis
5-Hydroxylmethyl-2-Furfurol (5HMF) 2-Furfurylalkohol (2FOL) 2-Furfurol (2FAL) 2-Acetylfuran (2ACF) 5-Methyl-2-Furfurol (5MEF)
1200 900
200
Institute of Electric Power Systems Schering Institute
2FAL
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Resistance Measurement
Measuring of DC resistance for all coils at different tap changer position (typically: US about 20 m, OS about 1 )
Contacts condition (Tap changer, bushing) as well as winding shorts and disconnection in the current path
Ratio Measurement
Ratio measurement in each position of tap changer
Maximum deviation 0,5% Determination the short circuit or disconnection in windings
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PD-measurement
Sensitive measurement for insulation condition evaluation
Chemical (DGA) Optical (e.g. UV camera for corona) Acoustic (sensors on the tank) Electric (narrowband or wide-band) UHF (antenna in transformer)
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FDS (Frequency Domain Spectroscopy) The procedures use similar models. The comparison between model response and measurement is used to determine the water content in pressboard
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Sample Electrometer
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Moisture 4%
Moisture 2,5%
Moisture 1%
Moisture 0,2%
Frequency (Hz)
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Vacuum, heat
Water molecules
Vacuum, heat
Drying potentially endangers the solid insulation as the winding coil usually is not re-fastened after drying (>>> stability in case of shorts?)
Institute of Electric Power Systems Schering Institute
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Realization
Transformer vessel
Cooler Pump
Warm, wet oil