PARTS OF SPEECH

In English based on speech the vocabulary divided into eight parts. These are called parts of speech. 1)NOUN:- Any naming word is called a noun OR it is the name of a person, place, or thing. Eg:- rama, sita, delhi, gold, knowledge, wisdom. 2) PRONOUN:- It is used instead of a noun. Eg;- he, she, it, they, them etc. 3)ADJECTIVE:- It is used to add something to the meaning of Noun. Eg:-beautiful, ugly, feroious, intelligent. 4)VERB:- It is used to tell an action, possession, and state. Eg:- walk, run, eat, drink, is, am, are, has, have, had etc. 5)ADVERB:- It is used to add something to the meaning of a Verb OR an Adjective OR another Adverb Eg:- fast, slowly, yesterday, ago, before. 6)PREPOSITION:-It is a word placed before a noun or pronoun and it shows the relation between noun or pronoun to other word in that sentence. Eg:- on, at, by, with, for, since, in, from etc. 7)CONJUCTION:- It is used to join two words or two sentences Eg:- and, or, but, so, therefore, though, as, as soon as, as will as, etc. 8)INTERJECTION:- It used to tell our sudden feelings. Eg:- oh!, alas!, hurry! Etc.

NOUN
Nouns are two types 1) concrete nouns and 2) abstract nouns

CONCRETE NOUNS
A noun which has a physical form is called concrete nouns. These nouns are four types. 1)Proper Noun 2)Common Noun 3)Collective Noun 4)Material Noun. Proper Noun:- Its is the name of a particular person or place. Eg:- hyderabad, krishna, arjun, sita. Common Noun:- It is used common for every person or every thing. Eg:- boy ,girl, man,city,temple,street,

Collective Noun:- It will define group of person or collection of things taken together and spoke as one. Eg:- crowd, team, floke,family,nation,parliament. Material Noun:- It is the name of a material which is not added any other material. Eg:- gold,silver,copper,iron etc.

ABSTRACT NOUNS
It is the name of a quality, action, or state. Eg:- kindness, goodness, whiteness, honesty, wisdom, action, walk, judgement, poverty, childhood, death, oldness, youth, richness, death.

NOUN-GENDER
Gender are four types 1)Masculine Gender:- It will refer males OR male animal Eg:- boy, man, king, lion, tiger, peacock . 2)Feminine Gender:- It will refer females OR female animals. Eg:- girl, queen, women, lioness, tigress, peahen. 3)Common Gender:-It will refer either male or female. Eg:- parent, teacher, doctor, friend, student, neighbour. 4)Neutral Gender:- It will refer lifeless things. Eg:-book,pen,table,chair Etc.

NOUN-NUMBER
Numbers are two types. 1)Singular Number:- Some nouns are always used as singular. Eg:- furniture, luggage, advice, information, machinery, scenary, bread, poetry, alphabet. 2)Plural Number:-Some nouns are always used as plural. Eg:- scissors, spectacles, shoes, trousers, tongs.

ARTICLES
A,An and The are called Articles. These are called demonastrative adjectives. A and An called indefinite articles. The is called definite article. Indefinite articles are used when we dont speak or refer particular person or thing. Definite article is used to refer particular person or thing. Uses of A 1) Before consonants( a boy, a girl, a cycle, a pen ) 2) Some vowels have the sound of va and yu(one rupee, university, European, union, unit) Uses of An 1) Before vowels(an umbrella, an elephant, an ox) 2) Words beginning with h and not pronounced(an hour, an honourable, an honest) 3) When the word started with consonant but the sound be vowel (an M.L.A, an M.P.)

Uses of the Indefinite article 1) It is used in the sense of only one Eg:- I saw a boy. I have a nose. 2) In the sense of each, every and per Eg:- He works seven hours per day There are six chocolates, we get a chocolate. 3) To refer whole class(common noun) Eg:- A cow is a useful animal A dog is a faithful animal 4) Before adjectives in exclamatory sentences Eg:- What a beautiful it is What a horrible incident it is 5) In the sense of certain Eg:- He saw a film. I met a begger, who pretended to be a dumb. 6) When comparing with others Eg:- He is a bheema in strength He is a ramanujam in mathematics. Uses of The 1) When we refer particular person OR thing Eg:-I saw a book, which is on the table I met a person, who was in the garden 2) Before unique things Eg:- the sun, the moon, the planet ,the earth The earth moves around the sun. 3) Before the names of rivers, seas, gulfs, oceans, deserts, group of mountains, group of island. Eg:- the ganga, the yamuna, the red sea, the bay of Bengal, the pacific ocean, the Himalaya, the Andaman islands, the west indies, the sahara, the thar Etc. 4) Before superlative degree Eg:-the mount everest is the highest peak in the world. The nile is the longest river in the world.

5) Before ordinals Eg:- the first, the second, the third, the fourth The first is the best 6) Before the names of holy books Eg:- the ramayana, the bible, the quran, the bhagavatgita, the Vedas, the mahabharat The Ramayana is the holy book for the hindus 7) Before musical instruments Eg:- the violen, the guitar, the veena He plays the guitar 8) Before adjectives to make them plural Eg:- the rich, the poor, the tall The rich should help the poor 9) Before the names of ships, news paper and aeroplains Eg:- the titanic, the vikranth, the hindu, the vaartha, the times of india 10) Before the full name of countries with abbreviations Eg:- the U.S.A, the U.S.S.R, the U.N.O Etc. 11) To refer whole class Eg:- the cow is a useful animal the dog is a faithful animal 12) To refer to a whole family Eg:- the gandhis, the ambanies, the tatas, the birls, the mittals The ambanis is the richest person in india 13) With comparative degree Eg:- The higher you go the less air it meets 14) Before a proper noun when it is qualified by a adjective. Eg:- the great ashoka, the great chanakya, the great arjuna, the wise solman Articles should not be used 1) Before proper noun Eg:- Rama is a good person 2) Before the names of material noun Eg:- Gold is a precious metal Copper is a cheap metal 3) Before abstract nouns used in general sense Eg:- Knowledge is wisdom Honesty is the best policy 4) Before the names of language Eg:- english, telugu, urdu 5) Before the names of meals Eg:- breakfast, lunch, dinner, supper, bunch 6) Before the names of days, months and seasons Eg:- Sunday is a holiday Summer is very hot 7) Before school, college, church, temple, mosque, prison (when we are visiting these places for primary purpose we must not use any article otherwise for secondary purpose we use article) Eg:- I go to school for studying We go to temple to visit the god 8) Before the names of relations Eg:- father, mother, brother, sister, uncle, grand father Etc. Father has retaired

9) Common noun is used in the widest sense. Eg:- Man is mortal Missed rules in Articles 1) We should be use the article when the sentence was included with many, such Eg:- Many a fool things he is wise. He is such a character ,we cant imagine 2) We shouldnt be use any article before names of games Eg:- I like cricket 3) We shouldnt be use any article after the word kind of

PREPOSITIONS
It is a word used before a noun or pronoun and shows its relation with some other words in the sentences. 1) In,At In is used for larged places,At is used for small places Eg:-I am living at Hyderabad in andhrapadesh I am staying at panjagutta We standing at the end of the street

2) In, At
At is used with door numbers, In is used for roads and streets Eg:-We live at 3/7 in mahatma Gandhi street

3) In, On, At
In is used for months, seasons, years and parts of the day except night Eg:- in july, in summer, in the morning , in the afternoon I will meet you in july I went ooty in the last summer On is used when we date ,day, month, and year and parts of the day followed by day or days or week days. Eg:- Raju goes to church on Sunday My birthday is at on 25th November I will meet you on Sunday morning At is used for point of time and holiday period Eg:- I will meet you at 4o clock He will meet you at sankranthi festival

4) By, With
By used for persons. And With is used for instruments Eg:- The deer was shot dead by the hunter with his new gun Ravana was killed by rama with an arrow

5) Between, Among
Between is used for two persons OR two things. Among is used for more than two persons OR more than two things. Eg:- My house is between two roads He sat between rama and Krishna The sweets were distributed among five children One crore of money was distributed among four brothers

6) Beside, Besides
Besidemeans by the side of. Besides means in addition to Eg:-My house is beside the post-office Besides English, he knows french

7) In, Into
In is used for no movement(things at rest). Into is used for movement(things at motion) Eg:-The frog is in the fond The lion jumped into the well

8) To, Till To is for places. Till is used for time

Eg:- I am going to school I will wait for you till 3pm

9) On, Upon On is used for no movement(things at rest).Upon is used for movement(things at motion)
Eg:- A cat sat on the wall A cat jumped upon the table

10) On, By
On is used for animals. By is used for motor vehicle Eg:- The king travelles on his elephant The C.M. travelles by the car

11) For, Since For is used for period of time.

Eg:- for two hours, for four days, for two years ,for the last month, for a long time They have played chess for two hours Since is used for point of time Eg:- since 8oclock, since 12th august, since 1999,since my child hood I have been waiting for you since 2pm

12) By, At, Within

By and With in means before that time At tells exact time Eg:- I shell meet you by 3o clock(before 3oclock) I shell meet you at 3o clock

DEGREE OF COMPARISON
Degree of comparison means we will compare the one person OR thing with another person OR thing (OR)more persons or more things. Degrees are three types 1) Positive Degree 2) Comparative Degree 3) Superlative Degree

Positive Degree
When we want to tell the quality of a person or thing we will use positive degree Eg:- Ravi is clever boy in the class He is very bold

Comparative Degree
When we want to compare one person or thing with another person or thing we will use comparative degree Eg:- Madhu is taller than Raju Kavitha is wiser than Sita

Superlative Degree
When we want to compare one person or thing with more than one person or thing we will use superlative degree Eg:- Raju is the tallest boy in the class Mount everest is the highest of all peaks in the world.

CLAUSE
A group of Subject - Predicate construction is called a Clause (OR) a subject and predicate form a Clause. Clauses are two types 1) Main Clause(independent clause) 2) Subordinate Clause(dependent clause) Every sentence has at least one main clause Main Clause(Independent clause) It will standalone or makes complete sentence it self. every simple sentence has one clause, called independent clause Eg:- Ram writes stories(subject- Ram, Predicate- writes stories) I read the newspaper( subject-I, predicate- read the newspaper) Subordinate Clause(Dependent clause ) It cant stand alone, as a short but complete sentence. To get the full meaning of subordinate clause, it has to connect with main clause through subordinate conjunction. Eg:- He has a chain which is made up of gold I think that you have made a mistake There are three types subordinate clauses are there 1) Noun Clauses 2) Adjective Clauses 3) Adverb Clauses

Noun Clause
Noun clause can replace any noun in a sentence, functioning as a subject, object, or complement Eg:- The boy wondered if his parents bought him what he wanted for Christmas.

Adjective Clause (or relative clause)

An adjective clause describes a noun just like an adjective. Often called relative clauses, theyre either restrictive or nonrestrictive (also called defining and non-defining, essential and nonessential, or integrated and supplementary): Eg:- I listened to the song that you told me about Restrictive Clause A restrictive clause begins with a relative pronoun like that or who (or sometimes which). It specifies or restricts the noun.

Eg:- The building that they built in San Francisco sold for a lot of money.
Nonrestrictive Clause A nonrestrictive clause begins with a relative pronoun like which or who. It adds extra information about an already-specific noun.

Eg:- The building, which they built in San Francisco, sold for a lot of money.

In this case, theres only one building to talk about, whereas the example for the restrictive clause implies that there could be several buildings. Adverb Clause adverb clauses express when, where, why, and how something occurs. A dependent clause is an adverb clause if you can replace it with an adverb.

Eg:- Ill do the laundry when Im out of clothes.