THE GERUND The gerund is formed with the help of the ing suffix added to the verb. !

tive voi!e $ndefinite gerund "erfe!t gerund helping% writing having helped having written "assive #oi!e being helped% being written having been helped having been written

The gerund !an be used after& '.Transitive verbs& admit% avoid% appre!iate% bear% dis!uss% disli(e% doubt% detest% en)o*% fan!*% favor% finish% forgive% hate% love% li(e% prefer% et!. +. Verb + preposition& !are about% agree on% aim at % prevent from% !omplain about% su!!eed in% re!over from% !onsist in% rel* on% ob)e!t to% loo( forward to%. ,.Adjective + preposition: (een on% fond of% good-!lever-s(illful at% experien!ed-su!!essful in% used to% tired of% fed up with% in!apable-afraid-s!ared of% ..Noun + preposition& astonishment at% apolog* for% art of% favor-honor-pleasure of% et!. /.Prepositions: after% while% instead of% in spite of% without% b*% for% before% et!. 0.Phrases& be used to% !an1t help-stand-resist% fed up with% it1s no use-good% it1s worth% there is no good -point in% there is nothing worse than% there is no doubt that. 2.In prohibitions& No smo(ing3 Differen!es between gerund and infinitive& The gerund The infinitive 4has past reference& $ remember locking the door. 4has general use& 5he li(es shopping. 4has present and future reference& Remind me to lock the door3 4has specific use: $ li(e to watch s!ien!e fi!tion movies.

fter verbs su!h as need, want, re uire, desire, to be worth% the a!tive voi!e gerund is used with a passive meaning& 6our hair needs cutting. The boo( is worth reading. The gerund and the parti!iple a7if the ing form determining a noun !an be expanded into a relative !lause% it is a parti!iple% if !an1t it is a gerund& growing !hildren89hildren who are growing74participle growing pains8pains felt b* the !hildren during growth74gerund b7the a!tion denoted b* the parti!iple is !arried out b* the sub)e!t of the senten!e% while the gerund is itself the sub)e!t of the senten!e& !riving at night is tiresome.4gerund !riving around% $ met :ohn.4participle

"arti!ipial and infinitival !onstru!tions !!usative ; parti!iple $ saw him !rossing the street. Nominative ; parti!iple He was seen !rossing the street. bsolute parti!ipial !onstru!tions 8!ontains a parti!iple whi!h stands in predi!ate relation to a noun or pronoun in the nominative !ase% but the noun or pronoun is not the sub)e!t of the senten!e7 Ever*bod* being present% we began the meeting. $t being late% we left. !!usative ; infinitive $ told him to !ome to me. Nominative ; infinitive He was sent to help them. The for4to4infinitive $t was time for them to leave.