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SELVAM COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, NAMAKKAL 03
Ph: 9942099122
DEPARTMENT OF EEE| Transforms and Partial Differential Equations - MA 2211 - IV YEAR

1

Unit I - FOURIER SERIES
Two Mark Question & Answers
1. State Dirichlets conditions for a given function to expand in Fourier series.
i) ) (x f is well defined, periodic and single valued.
ii) ) (x f has finite number of finite discontinuities and no infinite discontinuities.
iii) ) (x f has finite number of finite maxima and minima.
2. Write the formulas of Fourier constants for ) (x f in ). 2 , ( l c c + .
Solution:

}
}
}
+
+
+
=
=
=
l c
c
n
l c
c
n
l c
c
dx
l
x n
x f
l
b
dx
l
x n
x f
l
a
dx x f
l
a
2
2
2
0
sin ) (
1
cos ) (
1
) (
1
t
t

3. Find the constant
0
a of the Fourier series for the function t 2 0 , ) ( < < = x k x f .
Solution:
} }
= =
t t
t t
2
0
2
0
0
1
) (
1
kdx dx x f a
| |
t
t
t
t
k
x
k 2
2
0
= =

k a 2
0
= .
4. Given 2 0 , ) (
2
s s = x x x f which one of the following is correct.
(a) an even function (b) an odd function (c) neither even nor odd
Ans: (a)
5. Find
n
b

in expanding ) 2 ( ) ( x l x x f = as Fourier series in the interval ). 2 , 0 ( l
Solution:

}
=
l
n
dx
l
x n
x l x
l
b
2
0
sin ) 2 (
1 t

=
l
l
n
l
x n
l
n
l
x n
x l
l
n
l
x n
x lx
l
2
0
3
3 3
2
2 2
2
cos
) 2 (
sin
) 2 2 (
cos
) 2 (
1
(
(
(
(
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|

|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|

t
t
t
t
t
t

=0.
Ph: 9942099122

2

6. In the expansion of x x f sinh ) ( = ) , ( t t as a Fourier series find the coefficient of
n
a
.

Solution: Given x x f sinh ) ( = . ) ( sinh ) sinh( ) ( x f x x x f = = =
) (x f is an odd function. Hence . 0 =
n
a
7. Find a
n
in expanding
2
) 1 ( ) ( x x f = as Fourier series in the interval ). 1 , 0 (
Solution:

}
=
1
0
2
cos ) 1 ( 2 xdx n x a
n
t
=
1
0
3 3 2 2
2
sin
2
cos
) 1 )( 1 ( 2
sin
) 1 ( 2
(
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
t
t
t
t
t
t
n
x n
n
x n
x
n
x n
x
=2
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
2 2
1
2 0 ) 0 0 0 (
t n
=
2 2
4
t n
.

8. Explain periodic function with example.
Solution:
A function ) (x f is said to be periodic if there exists a number 0 > T such that
) ( ) ( x f T x f = + for all x in the domain of the definition of function. The least value of T
satisfying the above condition is called the fundamental period or simply period of the
function ) (x f
E.g. x x f sin ) ( =
) ( sin ) 2 sin( ) 2 ( x f x x x f = = + = + t t
Hence x sin is a periodic function with period t 2 .
9. In the expansion of x x f sin ) ( = ) , ( t t as a Fourier series find the coefficient of
n
a
.

Solution: Given x x f sin ) ( =
) ( sin ) sin( ) ( x f x x x f = = =
) (x f is an odd function. Hence . 0 =
n
a
10. Find the Fourier constant
n
a for x xcos in ( t t, ).
Solution: Let x x x f cos ) ( =
) ( cos ) cos( ) ( x f x x x x x f = = =
) (x f is an odd function.
Hence . 0 =
n
a
Ph: 9942099122

3

11. Find the constant term
0
a and the coefficient
n
a of nx cos in the Fourier series
expansion of
3
) ( x x x f = in ). , ( t t
Solution:
3
) ( x x x f =
) ( x f ) (
3 3
x x x x = + =
) ( ) ( x f x f = is an odd function.
0 0
0
= =
n
a and a .
12. Find
n
a a
, 0
in expanding ax x f sin ) ( = as a Fourier series in ) , ( t t .
Solution: ) ( sin ) sin( ) ( sin ) ( x f ax ax x a x f = = = =
Hence ) (x f is an odd function.
0
0
= a and . 0 =
n
a
13. If x x f = ) ( expanded as a Fourier series in t t < < x .Find
0
a .
Solution:

} }

= =
t
t
t
t
t t
dx x dx x f a
1
) (
1
0
=
}
t
t
0
2
xdx [ x is an even function]
=
t
t
0
2
2
2
(
x
= t t =
0
a
14. Find the constants
n
b for x x f = ) ( in t t < < x .
Solution: Given x x f = ) (

) ( ) (
) (
x f x f
x x x f
=
= =

) (x f is an even function.
Hence
n
b =0.
15. Find
n
b in the expansion of
2
x as a Fourier series in ( ) ,t t .
Solution:
Given
2
) ( x x f =
Now ) ( ) ( ) (
2 2
x f x x x f = = =
) (x f is an even function.
Hence
n
b =0.
16. Find the Fourier constant
n
b for x xsin in ( t t, ) .
Solution: Let x x x f sin ) ( =
Therefore ) (x f is even function of x in ( ) ,t t
The Fourier series of ) (x f contains cosine terms only.
Which implies b
n
=0.
Ph: 9942099122

4

17. Does x x f tan ) ( = possess a Fourier expansion in (0, t ).
Solution: x x f tan ) ( = has an infinite discontinuity at x =
2
t
.
Since the Dirichlets conditions on continuity is not satisfied, the
Function x x f tan ) ( = has no Fourier expansion.
18. If x x x f + =
2
) ( is expressed as a Fourier series in the interval (-2,2), to which value
this series converges at x =2.
Solution:
The value of the Fourier series of ) (x f at x =2 is
4 ] 2 4 2 4 [
2
1
)] 2 ( ) 2 ( [
2
1
= + + = + f f
19. If f(x) is an odd function defined in (-l,l) , what are the values of a
0
and a
n
?
Solution:
Since f(x) is an odd function of x in (-l,l) , its Fourier expansion contains
sine terms only.
5
a =0 and a
n
=0.
20. If f(x) is discontinuous at x =a, what does its Fourier series represent at the point?
[or] Define the value of the fourier series of ) (x f at a point of discontinuity.
Solution:
The value of the Fourier series at x=a is
) (a f = )] ( lim ) ( lim [
2
1
0 0
h a f h a f
h h
+ +

)]. ( ) ( [
2
1
+ + = a f a f
21. If
=
50
cos
) (
x
x f
t t
t
2 ,
0 ,
< <
< <
x
x
and f(x+2 ) ( ) x f = t for all x, find the sum of the
Fourier series of f(x) at x=t ?
Solution:

2
49
] 50 [cos
2
1
)] ( ) ( [
2
1
) ( = + = + + = t t t t f f f .
Ph: 9942099122

5

22. If the Fourier series for the function f(x)=
< <
< <
t t
t
2 , sin
0 , 0
x x
x
is
f(x)=
(
+ + + + ........
7 . 5
6 cos
5 . 3
4 cos
3 . 1
2 cos 2 1
2
sin x x x x
t t
deduce that
.
4
2
..........
7 . 5
1
5 . 3
1
3 . 1
1
= + +
t

Solution:
Put x =
2
t
in the Fourier expansion of f(x),

(
+ + + = |
.
|
\
|
.....
7 . 5
1
5 . 3
1
3 . 1
1 2 1
2
1
2 t t
t
f

t t
1
2
1
......
7 . 5
1
5 . 3
1
3 . 1
1 2
=
(
+ + Since 0
2
= |
.
|
\
| t
f
.
4
2
2 2
2
.......
7 . 5
1
5 . 3
1
3 . 1
1
=
= + +
t t
t
t

23. Suppose the function x xcos has the series expansion
1
sin nx b
n
in ), , ( t t find the
value of
1
b .
Solution:
}
=
t
t
0
1
sin cos
2
xdx x x b

}
=
t
t
0
2 sin
1
xdx x
t
t
0
4
2 sin
2
2 cos 1
(
+
|
.
|
\
|
=
x x
x

2
1
2
1
=
(
=
t
t
.

24. Find the constant term in the Fourier expansion of x x f
2
cos ) ( = in ) , ( t t .
Solution:
x
2
cos is an even function of x in ) , ( t t .
= x
2
cos

=
+
1
0
cos
2
n
n
nx a
a

=
+ =
+
1
0
cos
2 2
2 cos 1
n
n
nx a
a x
The constant term is
0
a =1
Ph: 9942099122

6

25. Find the Fourier constants
n
b for x xsin in ) , ( t t .
Solution:
Given x x x f sin ) ( =
Now ) ( sin ) sin( ) ( x f x x x x x f = = =
) (x f is an even function. . 0 =
n
b
26. Find ,
n
a in expanding
x
e
as Fourier series in ) , ( t t .
Solution:

( )
( ) ( ) | |
t t
t t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t t
t t t
=
(

+

+
=
(
+
+
= = =
} }
e e
n n
e
n
e
nx n nx
n
e
nxdx e nxdx x f a
n
n n
x
x
n
) 1 (
) 1 (
) 1 (
1
) 1 (
1
1
sin cos
1
1
cos
1
cos ) (
1
2 2 2
2

27. Define root mean square value of a function ) (x f in . b x a < <
Solution:
R.M.S value | |
}
=
b
a
dx x f
a b
y . ) (
1
2

28. Find the root mean square value of the function x x f = ) ( in the interval (0, l ).
Solution:
R.M.S value
3
3
1 1
3
0
2
l l
l
dx x
l
y
l
=
(
= =
}

29. Find the R.M.S value of the function x x f = ) ( in ) , 0 ( t .
Solution:
R.M.S =
t
t
}
0
2
dx x
=
t
t
0
3
3
|
|
.
|
\
| x
=
t
t
3
3
=
3
t
.
30. Find the root mean square value of the function
2
) ( x x f = in the interval (-1,1)
Solution:

5
1
5
2
2
1
5 2
1
2
1
1
1
5
4
=
(
=
(
= =

}
x
dx x
l
y
l
l
.

Ph: 9942099122

7

31. Find the R.M.S value of the function ( ) t , 0 ) (
2
in x x f = .
Sol:
5
5
1 1
2
0
5
0
4
t
t t
t
t
=
(
= =
}
x
dx x y
32. State parsevals identity (Theorem) of Fourier series.
Solution:
If f(x) has a Fourier series of the form
) sin cos (
2
) (
1
0
nx b nx a
a
x f
n n
+ + =

in (0,2t ), then
). (
2
1
4
)] ( [
2
1
2
1
2
2
0
2
0
2
n
n
n
b a
a
dx x f + + =

}

=
t
t

33. State parsevals identity for the half range cosine expansion of f(x) in ( l , 0 ).
Solution:
.
2
)] ( [
2
1
2
2
0
0
2
}

+ =
n
l
a
a
dx x f
l

34. If the Fourier series of the function f(x) =x+x
2
in the interval ( ) ,t t is
), sin
2
cos
4
( ) 1 (
3
1
2
2
nx
n
nx
n
n
+
t
then find the value of the infinite series
.......
3
1
2
1
1
1
2 2 2
+ + +
Solution: Given f(x) = ) sin
2
cos
4
( ) 1 (
3
2
1
2
nx
n
nx
n
n
+
t

Put x = , t f(

+ =
1
2
2
4
3
) (
n
t
t

f ) (t =
2 2 2
] [
2
1
)] ( ) ( [
2
1
t t t t t t t = + + + = + f f

3
2 1
4
1
4 3 /
2
1
2
1
2
2 2
t
t t = =

n n

+ +
2 2
2
1
1
1
6 4 3
2
.....
3
1
2 2
2
t t
=
= +
Ph: 9942099122

8

35. State Parsevals identity for full range expansion of ) (x f as Fourier series in ). 2 , 0 ( l
Solution:
Let f(x) be a periodic function with period 2l defined in the interval ). 2 , 0 ( l
then
| | ) (
2
1
4
) (
2
1
2
1
2
2
0
2
2
0
n
n
n
l
b a
a
dx x f
l

}

=
+ + =
.

36. If the Fourier series corresponding to f(x) =x in the interval (0,2 ) t is
) sin cos (
2
1
0
nx b nx a
a
n n
+ +
without finding the value of a

0
,a
n
,b
n.
Find the values of
) (
2
2
1
2
2
0
n n
b a
a
+ +

Solution: By parsevals identity

3
8
3
1
2
1
. 2 ) (
2
2
2
0
3 2
0
2 2
1
2
2
0
t
t t
t
t
=
(
= = + +
}
x
dx x b a
a
n n
.
37. If ) sin cos (
2
cos
1
0 3
nt b nt a
a
t
n
n
n
=
+ + = in t 2 0 s s t , find the sum of the series
). (
2
1
4
2
1
2
2
0
n
n
n
b a
a
=
+ +
Solution: . cos
2
1
) (
2
1
4
2
0
6 2
1
2
2
0
}
= + +

=
t
t
tdt b a
a
n
n
n

}
=
2
0
6
cos
2
4
t
t
tdt

16
5
2 2
1
4
3
.
6
5 2
=
(
=
t
t
.
Ph: 9942099122

9

38. Find the value of a
n
in the cosine series expansion of f(x)=k in the interval(0,10).
Solution:
Herel =10 and f(x) =k
a
n
= dx
x n
k
}
10
0
10
cos
10
2 t

= 0 ] 0 sin [sin
2
10
10
sin
5
10
0
= =
(
(
(
(
t
t
t
t
n
n
k
n
x n
k
.
39. Find the coefficient
5
a of x 5 cos in the Fourier cosine series of the function
f(x) = x 5 sin in the interval (0, ). 2t
Solution:

5
a =
} }
=
t t
t t
2
0
2
0
10 sin
2
1
5 cos 5 sin
1
xdx xdx x
0
10
10 cos
2
1
2
0
5
=
(
=
t
t
x
a .
40. In the Fourier expansion of
< <
< < +
=
t
t
t
t
x
x
x
x
x f
0 ,
2
1
0 ,
2
1
) ( in ). , ( t t find the value of ,
n
b the coefficient of . sinnx
Solution:

< <
< < +
=
t
t
t
t
x
x
x
x
x f
0 ,
2
1
0 ,
2
1
) (

< < +
< <
=
0 ,
2
1
0 ,
2
1
) (
x
x
x
x
x f
t
t
t
t

) ( ) ( x f x f =
) (x f Is an even function in ). , ( t t
Hence the coefficient , 0 =
n
b since the Fourier series contains only cosine terms.
Ph: 9942099122

10

41. Find the value of a
n
in the cosine series expansion of f(x)=5 in the interval(0,8).
Solution:
Herel =8 and f(x) =5
a
n
= dx
x n
}
8
0
4
cos 5
4
2 t

= | | 0 0 sin 2 sin
5
4
4
sin
4
5
8
0
= =
(
(
(
(
t
t
t
t
n
n
n
x n
.
42. Find the sine series for the function f(x) =1, 0<x<t .
Solution:
Given f(x) =1
b
n
=
}
t
t
0
sin
2
nxdx

t
2
= ] ) 1 ( 1 [
2 cos
0
n
n n
nx
=
(
t
t

The Fourier sine series of f(x) = . sin
1
nx b
n

]. ..........
5
5 sin
3
3 sin
[sin
4
) ( + + + =
x x
x x f
t

43. Find the sine series for
s s
s s
=
l x
l
l
x
x f
2
, 0
2
0 , 1
) (

Solution:
l
x n
b x f
n
n
t
sin ) (
1
=
= dx

(
(
(
+ = =
} } }
2
0
2
0
) 0 ( sin
2
sin ) (
2
l
l
l
l
n
dx dx
l
x n
l
dx
l
x n
x f
l
b
t t

Ph: 9942099122

11

(
=
(
=
(
(
(
(
=
2
cos 1
2
1
2
cos
2
cos
2
2
0
t
t
t
t
t
t
n
n
n
n
l
n
l
x n
l
l

l
x n n
n
x f
n
t t
t
sin
2
cos 1
2
) (
1
=
(
=

(
= =
=
2
sin 2 cos 1 sin
4
sin
4
2
1
2
u
u
t t
t

l
x n n
n
n

44. Define Harmonic Analysis.
Ans: The process of finding the fourier series for a function given by numerical value is
known as Harmonic Analysis.
45. If ( ) 4 , 0 2 ) ( in x x f = then find the value of
2
a in the fourier series expansion.
Sol:
Given ( ) 4 , 0 2 ) ( in x x f =

}
=
l
n
dx
l
x n
x f
l
a
2
0
cos ) (
1 t

}
=
4
0
2
2
2
cos 2
2
1
dx
x
x a
t

( )
0
1 1 cos sin
2 2
4
0
2
= =
(
+ =
t t t
t
t
t x x x
.

Ph: 9942099122

12

Unit II -Fourier Transforms
Two Mark Question & Answers
1) State Fourier Integral Theorem
Sol:
If ) (x f is piecewise continuous, has piecewise continuous derivatives in
every finite interval in ) , ( and absolutely integrable in ) , ( ,then

} }
= dtds e t f x f
t x is ) (
) (
2
1
) (
t
(or) equivalently

} }

=
0
)} ( cos{ ) (
1
) ( dtds t x s t f x f
t
.
This is known as Fourier Integral of ) (x f .
2) Define Fourier transform and its inverse transform. (or)Write the Fourier
transform pair.
Sol: The Fourier transform of a function ) (x f is
}

= . ) (
2
1
)] ( [ dx e x f x f F
isx
t

The function
}
= ds e x f F x f
isx
)] ( [
2
1
) (
t
is called the inverse formula for the
Fourier transform of )] ( [ x f F .
3) Define Fourier sine transform and its inverse.
Sol: Fourier sine transform of ) (x f is defined as
}
=
0
sin ) (
2
)] ( [ sxdx x f x f F
s
t
.
Its inverse is defined by . sin )] ( [
2
) (
0
}
= sxds x f F x f
s
t

Ph: 9942099122

13

4) Find the Fourier Transform of = ) (x f 1 1 s x
0 1 > x
Sol:
We know that

}

= . ) (
2
1
)] ( [ dx e x f x f F
isx
t

}
=
1
1
2
1
dx e
isx
t

1
1
2
1
=
is
e
isx
t

(

=

is
e e
is is
2 2
2
t
s i
is
sin 2
2
1
2
2
t
=
s
s sin 2
t
= .

5) Define Fourier cosine transform and its inverse.
Sol: Fourier cosine transform of ) (x f is defined as
}
=
0
cos ) (
2
c
t
.
Its inverse is defined by . cos )] ( [
2
) (
0
}
= sxds x f F x f
c
t

Ph: 9942099122

14

6) Find the Fourier Transform of = ) (x f
, 0
, 1
, 0

b x
b x a
a x
>
< <
<

Sol:
}

= . ) (
2
1
)] ( [ dx e x f x f F
isx
t

}
=
b
a
isx
dx e
t 2
1

b
a
isx
is
e
(
=
t 2
1
(

=
is
e e
isa isb
2 2
1
t

.
7) Find the Fourier transform of
x
e
.
Sol:
}

= = .
2
1
] [ ) ( dx e e e F s F
isx x x
t
=
} }

+ . . sin
2
1
cos
2
1
sxdx e sxdx e
x x
t t

(
+
= =
}
2
0
1
1 2
. cos
2
s
sxdx e
x
t t

Ph: 9942099122

15

8) Find the Fourier Cosine Transform of = ) (x f x 1 0 < < x
x 2 2 1 < < x
0 2 > x
Sol: We know that

}
=
0
. cos ) (
2
c
t

(
+ =
} }
1
0
2
1
cos ) 2 ( cos
2
sxdx x sxdx x
t

(
(
+
(
+
(
=
2
1
2
1
0
2
cos sin
) 2 (
cos sin 2
s
sx
s
sx
x
s
sx
s
sx
x
t

(
+ + =
s
s
s
s
s
s
s s
s
s
s sin 2 cos cos 1 cos sin 2
2 2 2 2
t

| | 1 2 cos cos 2
1 2
2
= s s
s t
.
9) Find the Fourier cosine transform of = ) (x f
0
, cos x

a x
a x
>
< < 0

Sol:

} }
+ + = =
a a
c
dx x s x s sxdx x s F
0 0
] ) 1 cos( ) 1 [cos(
2
1 2
cos cos
2
) (
t t

Ph: 9942099122

16

(
+
+
+
=
(
+
+
+
=
1
) 1 sin(
1
) 1 sin(
2
1
1
) 1 sin(
1
) 1 sin(
2
1
0
s
a s
s
a s
s
x s
s
x s
a
t t

10) Find the Fourier cosine transform of = ) (x f 1 a x < < 0
0 a x >
Sol:

a
a
c
s
sx
sxdx s F
0 0
sin 2
cos
2
) (
(
= =
}
t t

s
sa sin 2
t
=
11) Find the Fourier cosine Transform of
ax
e
,a>0.
Sol: We know that

}
=
0
. cos ) ( )] ( [ sxdx x f x f F
c
.

}

=
0
. cos
2
] [ sxdx e e F
ax ax
c
t

(
+
=
2 2
2
b s
a
t
.
12) Find the Fourier cosine transform of x x f = ) ( .
Sol: We know that

}
=
0
. cos ) (
2
c
t

}
=
0
cos
2
sxdx x
t

}
=
0
.
2
dx xe P R
isx
t

=
0
2
) ( ) (
.
2
is
e
is
e
x P R
isx isx
t

Ph: 9942099122

17

.
1 2
1
.
2
2
2
s
s
P R
t
t
=
(
=

13) Find the Fourier Sine transform of . ) (
x
e x f

=
Sol: We know that

}
=
0
sin ) (
2
s
t
}
+
= =
0
2
1
2
sin
2
s
s
sxdx e
x
t t

14) Find the Fourier cosine transform of
x x
e e
2 3
3 2

+ .
Sol:
}

+ = +
0
2 3 2 3
cos ) 3 2 (
2
] 3 2 [ sxdx e e e e F
x x x x
c
t

(
+ =
} }

0 0
2 3
cos 3 cos 2
2
sxdx e sxdx e
x x
t

(
+
+
+
=
(
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
4
1
9
1 2
6
4
2
3
9
3
2
2
2 2 2 2
s s s s t t

x x
e e
5 2
2 5

+ .
Sol:
}

+ = +
0
5 2 5 2
cos ) 2 5 ( ] 2 5 [ sxdx e e e e F
x x x x
c

(
+ =
} }

0 0
5 2
cos 2 cos 5
2
sxdx e sxdx e
x x
t

(
+
+
+
=
(
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
25
1
4
1 2
10
25
5
2
4
2
5
2
2 2 2 2
s s s s t t

Ph: 9942099122

18

16) Find the Fourier cosine transform of ax e
ax
cos

Sol:
}

=
0
cos cos
2
] cos [ sxdx ax e ax e F
ax ax
c
t

}

+ + =
0
] ) cos( ) [cos(
2
2
dx x a s x a s
e
ax
t

)
`
+ + =
} }

0 0
) cos( ) cos(
2
1
dx a s e dx a s e
ax ax
t

(
+
+
+ +
=
2 2 2 2
) ( ) ( 2
1
a s a
a
a s a
a
t

17) Find the Fourier cosine transform of ax e
ax
sin

Sol:
}

=
0
cos sin
2
] sin [ sxdx ax e ax e F
ax ax
c
t

}

+ =
0
] ) sin( ) [sin(
2
2
dx x a s x a s
e
ax
t

)
`
+ =
} }

0 0
) sin( ) sin(
2
1
xdx a s e xdx a s e
ax ax
t

(
+ +
+
=
2 2 2 2
) ( ) ( 2
1
a s a
a s
a s a
a s
t

Ph: 9942099122

19

18) Find the Fourier Sine Transform of = ) (x f x 1 0 < < x
x 2 2 1 < < x
0 2 > x :
Sol: We know that

}
=
0
sin ) (
2
s
t

(
+ =
} }
1
0
2
1
sin ) 2 ( sin
2
sxdx x sxdx x
t

(
(
+
(
+
(
=
2
1
2
1
0
2
sin sin
) 2 (
sin cos 2
s
sx
s
sx
x
s
sx
s
sx
x
t

(
+ + +
=
2 2 2
sin cos 2 sin sin cos 2
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
t

(

=
2
cos 1
sin 2
2
s
s
s
t
.
19) Find the Fourier sine transform of
x
1
.
Sol:
2 2
.
2
.
sin 2 1
0
t t
t t
= = =
(
dx
x
sx
x
F
S

(
=
}
0
2
sin t
dx
x
mx

x x
e e
2 5
5 3

+
Sol: [
S
F
x x
e e
2 5
5 3

+ ]
}

+ =
0
2 5
sin ) 5 3 (
2
sxdx e e
x x
t

Ph: 9942099122

20

(
+
+
(
+
=
(
+ =
} }

4
5
25
3
2
sin 5 sin 3
2
2 2
0
2
0
5
s
s
s
s
sxdx e sxdx e
x x
t
t

x x
e e
7 4
4 7

+
Sol: [
S
F
x x
e e
7 4
4 7

+ ]
}

+ =
0
7 4
sin ) 4 7 (
2
sxdx e e
x x
t

(
+
+
(
+
=
(
+ =
} }

49
4
16
7
2
sin 4 sin 7
2
2 2
0
7
0
4
s
s
s
s
sxdx e sxdx e
x x
t
t

22) Find the Fourier sine transform of = ) (x f
0
, sin x

a x
a x
>
< < 0

Sol:

} }
+ = =
a a
S
dx x s x s sxdx x s F
0 0
] ) 1 cos( ) 1 [cos(
2
1 2
sin sin
2
) (
t t

(
+
+
=
(
+
+
=
1
) 1 sin(
1
) 1 sin(
2
1
1
) 1 sin(
1
) 1 sin(
2
1
0
s
a s
s
a s
s
x s
s
x s
a
t t

Ph: 9942099122

21

23) Solve the integral equation
}
=
0
cos ) (

e xdx x f
Sol: Given
}
=
0
cos ) (

e xdx x f .

}
=
0
2
cos ) (
2

t
t
e xdx x f

t

= e x f F
c
2
)] ( [
}

=
(
=
0
1
cos
2 2 2
) (
t t t

xd e e F x f
c

|
.
|
\
|
+
=
2
1
1 2
) (
x
x f
t
.
24) State and prove change of scale property.

Sol:
}

= . ) (
2
1
)] ( [ dx e ax f ax f F
isx
t

}

=
a
dt
e t f
t
a
s
i
) (
2
1
t
( by putting ax t = )

|
.
|
\
|
=
a
s
F
a
ax f F
1
)] ( [ if 0 > a
Similarly
}

=
a
dt
e t f ax f F
t
a
s
i
) (
2
1
)] ( [
t
if 0 < a

Ph: 9942099122

22

|
.
|
\
|
=
a
s
F
a
ax f F
1
)] ( [ if 0 < a
Hence
|
.
|
\
|
=
a
s
F
a
ax f F
1
)] ( [
25) If ] [s F
c
is the Fourier cosine transform of ) (x f ,prove that the Fourier cosine
transform of ) (ax f is .
1
|
.
|
\
|
a
s
F
a
c

Sol:
}
=
0
cos ) (
2
)] ( [ sxdx ax f ax f F
c
t

Put . 0 : , , = = t
a
dt
dx t ax

}
|
.
|
\
|
=
0
cos ) (
2
a
dt
t
a
s
t f
t

}
|
.
|
\
|
=
0
cos ) (
2 1
dx x
a
s
x f
a t

= .
1
|
.
|
\
|
a
s
F
a
c
.
26) If ] [s F
S
is the Fourier cosine transform of ) (x f , prove that the Fourier cosine
transform of ) (ax f is .
1
|
.
|
\
|
a
s
F
a
S

Sol:
}
=
0
sin ) (
2
)] ( [ sxdx ax f ax f F
S
t

Put . 0 : , , t
a
dt
dx t ax = = to

}
|
.
|
\
|
=
0
sin ) (
2
a
dt
t
a
s
t f
t

}
=
0
sin ) (
2 1
tdt
a
s
t f
a t

Ph: 9942099122

23

= .
1
|
.
|
\
|
a
s
F
a
S

27) If ) (s F is the Fourier transform of ) (x f , find the Fourier transform of ) ( a x f .
Sol:
}

= dx a x f e a x f F
isx
) (
2
1
)] ( [
t

Put = = : , , t dt dx t a x

}

+
= dt t f e
t a is
) ( .
2
1
) (
t

) ( )] ( [ s F e a x f F
ias
=
28) If ) (s F is the Fourier transform of ) (x f ,find the Fourier transform of ) (x f e
iax
.
Sol:

}

= dx e x f e x f e F
isx iax iax
) (
2
1
)] ( [
t

) ( ) (
2
1
) (
a s F dx e x f
x a s i
+ = =
+

}
t

29) If ) (s F is the Fourier transform of ) (x f , find the Fourier transform of ) ( a x f + .
Sol:
}

+ = + dx a x f e a x f F
isx
) (
2
1
)] ( [
t

Put = = + : , , t dt dx t a x

}
= dt t f e
a t is
) ( .
2
1
) (
t

Ph: 9942099122

24

) ( )] ( [ s F e a x f F
ias
= +
30) If ) (s F is the Fourier transform of ) (x f ,find the Fourier transform
of ) (x f e
iax
.
Sol:
}

= dx e x f e x f e F
isx iax iax
) (
2
1
)] ( [
t

) ( ) (
2
1
) (
a s F dx e x f
x a s i
= =

}
t

31) If ) (s F is the Fourier transform of ) (x f , derive the formula for the Fourier
transform of ax x f cos ) ( in terms of F.
Sol:

}

= dx axe x f ax x f F
isx
cos ) (
2
1
] cos ) ( [
t
=
}
+
dx e
e e
x f
isx
iax iax
2
) (
2
1
t

= | |
}

+
+ dx e e x f
x a s i x a s i ) ( ) (
) (
2
1
2
1
t

=
(
+
} }

+
dx e x f dx e x f
x a s i x a s i ) ( ) (
) (
2
1
) (
2
1
2
1
t t

= )] ( ) ( [
2
1
a s F a s F + +
Ph: 9942099122

25

32) If ) (s F
s
is the Fourier sine transform of ) (x f ,show that
)] ( ) ( [
2
1
] cos ) ( [ a s F a s F ax x f F
S S S
+ + =
Sol:
= ] cos ) ( [ ax x f F
S
}
0
sin cos ) (
2
sxdx ax x f
t

=
}
+ +
0
] ) sin( ) )[sin( (
2
2
1
dx x a s x a s x f
t

} }

+ + =
0 0
) sin( ) (
2
2
1
) sin( ) (
2
2
1
xdx a s x f xdx a s x f
t t
.
)] ( ) ( [
2
1
a s F a s F
S S
+ + =
33) If ) (s F
c
is the Fourier cosine transform of ) (x f ,show that
)] ( ) ( [
2
1
] cos ) ( [ a s F a s F ax x f F
c c c
+ + =
Sol:
= ] cos ) ( [ ax x f F
c
}
0
cos cos ) (
2
sxdx ax x f
t

=
}
+ +
0
] ) cos( ) )[cos( (
2
2
1
dx x a s x a s x f
t

(
+ + =
} }

0 0
) cos( ) (
2
) cos( ) (
2
2
1
xdx a s x f xdx a s x f
t t
.
)] ( ) ( [
2
1
a s F a s F
c c
+ + =
Ph: 9942099122

26

34) If ) (s F
S
)] ( ) ( [
2
1
] sin ) ( [ a s F s a F ax x f F
c c S
+ =
Sol:
= ] sin ) ( [ ax x f F
S
}
0
sin sin ) (
2
sxdx ax x f
t

=
}
+
0
] ) cos( ) )[cos( (
2
2
1
dx x s a x s a x f
t

(
+ =
} }

0 0
) cos( ) (
2
) cos( ) (
2
2
1
xdx a s x f xdx s a x f
t t
.
)] ( ) ( [
2
1
a s F s a F
c c
+ =
35) If ) (s F
s
)] ( ) ( [
2
1
] sin ) ( [ a s F a s F ax x f F
S S c
+ + =
Sol: = ] sin ) ( [ ax x f F
c
}
0
cos sin ) (
2
sxdx ax x f
t

=
}
+ +
0
] ) sin( ) )[sin( (
2
2
1
dx x s a x s a x f
t

(
+ + =
} }

0 0
) sin( ) (
2
) sin( ) (
2
2
1
xdx s a x f xdx s a x f
t t
.
)] ( ) ( [
2
1
a s F s a F
S S
+ + =
Ph: 9942099122

27

36) Find )] ( [ x f x F
n
and
(
n
n
dx
x f d
F
) (
in terms of Fourier transform of ) (x f .
Sol: )] ( [ ) ( )] ( [ s F
ds
d
i x f x F
n
n
n n
=
) ( ) ( ) ( s F is x f
dx
d
F
n
n
n
=
(
where )] ( [ ) ( x f F s F = .
37) Prove that )] ( [ )] ( [ s F
ds
d
x xf F
c S
=
Sol: We know that
}
=
0
. cos ) (
2
c
t

Diff both sides w.r.t s

} }

=
c
c
=
0 0
) sin )( (
2
) (cos ) (
2
)] ( [ dx sx x x f dx sx
s
x f x f F
ds
d
c
t t

=
}
=
0
)] ( [ sin ) (
2
x xf F sxdx x x f
S
t

(i.e) )] ( [ )] ( [ s F
ds
d
x xf F
c S
=
38) Show that ] [ )] ( [ s F
ds
d
x xf F
S c
=
Sol:
}
=
0
sin ) (
2
] [ sxdx x f s F
S
t

Diff both sides w.r.t s,

}
= =
0
)] ( [ ) cos )( (
2
) ( x xf F dx sx x x f s F
ds
d
c S
t

Ph: 9942099122

28

ax
xe

Sol:
(
=
(
+
= =

2 2 2
2 2
2 2
) (
2 2
] [ ] [
a s
s a
a s
s
ds
d
e F
ds
d
xe F
ax
S
ax
c
t t

since
}

|
.
|
\
|
+
= =
0
2 2
2
sin
2
] [
a s
s
sxdx e e F
ax ax
S
t t

ax
xe

Sol:
(
+
=
(
+
= =

2 2 2 2 2
) (
2 2 2
] [ ] [
a s
as
a s
s
ds
d
e F
ds
d
xe F
ax
S
ax
S
t t

since
}

|
.
|
\
|
+
= =
0
2 2
2
cos
2
] [
a s
a
sxdx e e F
ax ax
c
t t

41) State the Parsevals identity for Fourier Transform.
Sol:
} }

= dx x f ds s F
2
2
) ( ) ( where )] ( [ ) ( x f F s F =
42) State the Parsevals identity for Fourier sine and cosine transform.
Sol:
} }

=
0 0
2
2
) ( ) ( dx x f ds s F
c
where )] ( [ ) ( x f F s F
c c
= .

} }

=
0 0
2
2
) ( ) ( dx x f ds s F
S
where )] ( [ ) ( x f F s F
S S
=
Ph: 9942099122

29

43) State the Convolution theorem for Fourier transforms
Sol: If ) ( )] ( [ s F x f F = and ) ( )] ( [ s G x g F =
Then ) ( ). ( )] ( * ) ( [ s G s F x g x f F = where
}

= dt t x g t f g f ) ( ) (
2
1
*
t

44) Find the Fourier transform of
x a
e

Sol: We know that
}

= . ) (
2
1
)] ( [ dx e x f x f F
isx
t

[ F
x a
e
] =
} }

+ = dx sx i sx e dx e e
x a isx x a
) sin (cos
2
1
2
1
t t

=
(
+
=
}
2 2
0
2
cos
2
2
a s
a
sxdx e
ax
t t

45) If
}
+
=
0
2
sin
1
2
sxds
s
s
e
x
t
then show that
m
e dx
m
mx x

}
=
+ 2 1
sin
0
2
t
.
Sol: Given
}
+
=
0
2
sin
1
2
sxds
s
s
e
x
t
that is
}
+
=
0
2
sin
1 2
sxds
s
s
e
x
t
.
Put m x = ,we get
} }

+
=
+
=
0
2
0
2
sin
1
sin
1 2
mxdx
x
x
smds
s
s
e
m
t
.
46) Prove that ) ( )] ( [ s F x f F =
Sol:
}

= dx e x f x f F
isx
) (
2
1
)] ( [
t

Put y x = where = = y x ,
dy dx = where = = y x ,
Ph: 9942099122

30

=
} }

= dy e y f dy e y f
isy isy
) (
2
1
) ( ) (
2
1
t t

= ) ( ) (
2
1
) (
2
1
) (
s F dx e x f dx e x f
x s i isx
= =
} }

t t

47) Prove that
n
n
n n
ds
F d
i x f x F ) ( )] ( [ = .
Sol:
}

= dx e x f s F
isx
) (
2
1
) (
t

. ) ( ) (
2
1
) (
2
1
) (
} }

= = dx ix e x f dx e x f
ds
d
s F
ds
d
isx isx
t t

. ) ( ) (
2
1
) ( ) (
2
1
) (
2
2
2
} }

= = dx ix e x f dx ix e x f
ds
d
s F
ds
d
isx isx
t t

In general )]. ( [ ) ( ) (
2
1
) ( ) ( x f x F i dx e x f x i s F
ds
d
n n isx n n
n
n
= =
}

t

Hence ). ( ) ( )] ( [ s F
ds
d
i x f x F
n
n
n n
=
48) Prove that = ' )) ( ( x f F
S
) (s sF
Sol:
} }

= ' = '
0 0
)) ( ( sin
2
sin ) (
2
)) ( ( x f sxd sxdx x f x f F
S
t t

| |
(
=
}
0
0
cos ) ( ) ( sin
2
sxdx s x f x sxf
t

) ( cos ) (
2
0
s sF sxdx x f s =
(
=
}
t

Ph: 9942099122

31

49) Give the function which is self reciprocal under fourier sine and cosine transform.
Ans:
x
x f
1
) ( =
50) State modulation theorem in Fourier transforms.
Ans:
If )] ( [ ) ( x f F s F = , then )] ( ) ( [
2
1
] cos ) ( [ a s F a s F ax x f F + + =
51) Find the fourier sine transform of
x
1
.
Sol:
}
=
0
sin ) (
2
S
t

=
}
0
sin
1 2
sxdx
x t

From complex analysis,
2
sin
1
0
t
=
}
sxdx
x
(contour integration over semi circle)

2 2
2
]
1
[
t t
t
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
x
F
S

52) State Parsevals identity on complex fourier transform.
Sol:
} }

= dx x f ds s F
2
2
) ( ) ( where )] ( [ ) ( x f F s F =
53) Find the finite fourier sine transform of 4 0 2 ) ( < < = x x x f .
Sol:
}
=
0
sin ) (
2
S
t

Ph: 9942099122

32

=
}
4
0
sin 2
2
dx sx x
t

=
4
0
2
sin cos 2
2
(
s
sx
s
sx x
t

)] ( [ x f F
S
=
(
2
4 sin 4 cos 4 2
2
s
s
s
s
t

54) If ) ( )} ( { s F x f F = , prove that ) ( )} ( {
2
2
2
s F
ds
d
x f x F =
Sol: Since,
}

= dx e x f s F
isx
) (
2
1
) (
t

. ) ( ) (
2
1
) (
2
1
) (
} }

= = dx ix e x f dx e x f
ds
d
s F
ds
d
isx isx
t t

}

= dx ix e x f
ds
d
s F
ds
d
isx
) ( ) (
2
1
) (
2
2
t

( ) = = =
} }

dx e x f x dx ix e x f
isx isx
) (
2
1
) ( ) (
2
1
2 2
t t
)} ( {
2
x f x F

Hence ) ( )} ( {
2
2
2
s F
ds
d
x f x F = .
>
< <
=
t
t
x
x x
x f
, 0
0 ,
) (
Sol:

} }
= =
t
t t
0 0
cos
2
cos ) (
2
)] ( [ sxdx x sxdx x f x f F
c

Ph: 9942099122

33

(
=
(
+ =
2 2
0
2
1 cos 2 cos sin 2
s s
s
s
sx
s
sx x t
t t
t

UNIT-IV Applications of Partial Differential Equations
Two Marks Questions And Answers
1. Classify : 0 2
2
2 2
2
2
=
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
+
c c
c
+
c
c
y
u
x
u
y
u
y x
u
x
u

Solution:
Here, 1 , 2 , 1 = = = C B A
0 4 4 4
2
= = AC B
The given P.D.E is parabolic.
2. Classify: 0 3 2 = + + +
y x yy xy xx
f f f f f
Solution:
Here, 1 , 1 , 2 = = = C B A
0 9 8 1 ) 1 )( 2 ( 4 1 4
2
> = + = = AC B
The given P.D.E is hyperbolic.
3. Classify: 0 3 4 3 = + + +
y x yy xy xx
U U U U U

Solution:
Here, 4 , 3 , 1 = = = C B A
0 7 16 9 ) 4 )( 1 ( 4 9 4
2
< = = = AC B
The given P.D.E is elliptic.

Ph: 9942099122

34

4. Classify: 1 1 , , 0 ) 1 (
2
2
2
2
2
2
< < < < =
c
c
+
c
c
y x
y
u
y
x
u
x
Solution:
} 0 1 1 1 1 0 {
, 0 ) 1 ( 4 4
) 1 ( 4 ) 1 ( 4 ) 1 ( 4 0 4
) 1 ( , 0 ,
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
> < < < >
> =
= = =
= = =
y y y and x
y x AC B
y x y x y x AC B
y C B x A

5 Classify: 0 ) 4 ( ) 2 5 ( ) 1 (
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
=
c
c
+ +
c c
c
+ +
c
c
+
t
u
x
t x
u
x
x
u
x
Solution:
0 9 4 20 16 4 20 25
) 4 )( 1 ( 4 ) 2 5 ( 4
4 , 2 5 , 1
4 2 4 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
> = + + + =
+ + + =
+ = + = + =
x x x x
x x x AC B
x C x B x A

6. Classify: 0
4
= + + + U U U
x
yU U
x yy xy xx
.
Solution:

hyperbolic x y if x y AC B
x y
x
y AC B
x
C y B A
> > =
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
= = =
2 2 2
2 2 2
, 0 4
4
) 1 ( 4 4
4
, , 1

parabolic x y if = =
2
, 0
Ph: 9942099122

35

elliptic x y if < <
2
, 0
7. Classify: 0 , 0 , 0 > > = + y x yf xf
yy xx

Solution:

{ } 0 0 0 4 4 0 4
, 0 ,
2
> > < = =
= = =
andy x xy xy AC B
y C B x A

Given P.D.E is elliptic.
8. Classify the following P.D.E 0 3 2 2
2 2
= + + U U U x xyU U y
x yy xy xx

Solution:
0 4 4 4
, 2 ,
2 2 2 2 2
2 2
= =
= = =
x y y x AC B
x C xy B y A

The given P.D.E is parabolic.
9. Classify: 0 7
2 2
2
= + + + +
y x yy xx
U U U U y
Solution:
0 4 4 0 4
1 , 0 ,
2 2 2
2
< = =
= = =
y y AC B
c B y A

10. (a)Classify: 0 = +
yy xx
f xf
Solution:
elliptic ifx x x AC B
C B x A
> < = =
= = =
0 , 0 4 4 0 4
1 , 0 ,
2

parabolic ifx = = 0 , 0
Ph: 9942099122

36

. 0 , 0 hyperbolic ifx < >
(b). Classify: 0 2 6 4 3
2
2 2
2
2
=
c
c
c
c
+
c c
c
+
c
c
u
y
u
y
u
y x
u
x
u

11. State one dimensional wave equation.
The one-dimensional wave equation is

2
2
2
2
2
x
y
a
t
y
c
c
=
c
c

12. What is the constant
2
a in the wave equation ?
2
xx tt
u a u =
Solution:
m
T
a =
2
Where T is the tension caused by stretching the string before fixing it at the end
points, and m is the mass per unit length of the string.
13. State the possible solutions of one dimensional wave equation.
Solution:
The possible solutions of one dimensional wave equation are

( )( )
( )( )
( )( ) D Cx B Ax t x y
pat D pat C px B px A t x y
De Ce Be Ae t x y
pat pat px px
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =

) , (
sin cos sin cos ) , (
) , (

14. State the assumptions made in the derivation of one dimensional wave equation.
Solution:
(1)The mass of the string per unit length is constant.
(2)The string is perfectly elastic and does not offer any resistance to bending
Ph: 9942099122

37

(3)The tension T caused by stretching the string before fixing it at the end points is constant at all
points of the deflected string and at all times.
(4) T is so large that other external forces such as weight of the string and friction may be
considered negligible.
(5)Deflection y and the slope
x
y
c
c
at every point of the string are small, so that their higher powers
may be neglected.
15. Write the boundary conditions and initial conditions for solving the vibration of string equation, if
the string (of length l) is subjected initial displacement ) (x f
Solution:
Boundary conditions:

0 ) , (
0 ) , 0 (
=
=
t l y
t y

Initial conditions:
0
0
=
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
= t
t
y

) ( ) 0 , ( x f x y = =initial development.
the string (of length l) is subjected to the initial velocity ) (x g
Solution:
Boundary conditions: Initial conditions:

0 ) , (
0 ) , 0 (
=
=
t l y
t y

) (
0 ) 0 , (
0
x g
t
y
x y
t
=
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
=
=

Ph: 9942099122

38

the string is subjected to initial displacement ) (x f and initial velocity ) (x g
Solution:
0 ) , (
0 ) , 0 (
=
=
t l y
t y

) ( ) 0 , (
) (
0
x f x y
x g
t
y
t
=
=
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
=

18. A tightly stretched string of length 2l is fastened at both ends. The mid point of the string is
displaced by a distance b transversely and the string is released from rest in this position. Write the
boundary and initial conditions.
Solution:
l
bx
y
l
x
b
y
l
x
b
y
x x
x x
y y
y y
lineOM
l A b l M O
=
=

= =
0
0
0
0
:
) 0 , 2 ( ), , ( ), 0 , 0 (
1 2
1
1 2
1

l
x l b
l
bl bx bl
y
l
l x b
b y
l
l x
b
b y
l l
l x
b a
b y
lineMA
) 2 (
) (
2
:
=
+
=

=

Ph: 9942099122

39


0 ) , 2 (
0 ) , 0 (
=
=
t l y
t y
0
0
=
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
= t
t
y

l x
l
bx
< < 0 ,
) 0 , (x y =
l x l
l
x l b
2 ,
) 2 (
< <

Ph: 9942099122

40

19. A uniform string of length l is fastened at both ends. The string is at rest, with the point b x =
drawn aside through a small distance d and released at time t=0.Write the initial conditions,
Solution:
0
) (
) (
0
0
0
0
0
) 0 , ( ), 0 , 0 (
0
1 2
1
1 2
1
1 2
1
1 2
1
=
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
=

+
=

=
= =
=
= t
t
y
ditions Initialcon
b l
x l d
y
b l
db dx db dl
y
b l
b x d
d y
b l
b x
d
d y
x x
x x
y y
y y
lineBA
x
b
d
y
b
x
d
y
b
x
d
y
x x
x x
y y
y y
lineOB
l A o

) 0 , (x y =
l x b
b l
x l d
b x x
b
d
< <
< <
,
) (
0 ,

Ph: 9942099122

41

20. The points of trisection of a tightly stretched string of length 30 cm with fixed ends pulled aside
through a distance of 1cm on opposite sides of the position of equilibrium and the string is released
from rest. Write the boundary and initial conditions.
Solution:
) 0 , 30 ( ), 1 , 20 ( ), 1 . 10 ( ), 0 , 0 ( C B A O

, 0
:
10
30
10
20
1
10
20
1
10 30
20
1 0
1
5
15
5
10 5
5
10
1
5
10
1
10
10
2
1
10 20
10
1 1
1
0
=
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+ =
= +

=
+
+
=
+
=
|
.
|
\
|
+ =

=

= t
t
y
ditions Initialcon
x x
y
x
y
x y
LineBC
x x
y
x
y
x
y
x y x y
LineAB

) , 0 ( t y =
30 20 ,
10
30
20 10 ,
5
15
10 0 ,
10
s s
s s
s s
x
x
x
x
x
x

10 10 1 0 10
0
0 1
0
1 2
1
1 2
1
x
y
x y x y
x x
x x
y y
y y
LineOA
= =

Ph: 9942099122

42

21. State one dimensional heat flow equation.

2
2
2
x
u
t
u
c
c
=
c
c
o
22. What does " "
2
o denote in one dimensional heat flow equation.

o
c
k
=
2
Where k - Thermal conductivity
- Density
c - Specific heat
23. State three possible solutions of one dimensional heat flow equation.

( )
( )
B Ax t x u
e px B px A t x u
e Be Ae t x u
t p
t p px px
+ =
+ =
+ =
) , (
sin cos ) , (
) , (
2 2
2 2
o
o

24. State two laws used in the derivation of one dimensional heat flow equation.
Laws of thermodynamics:
1. Increase in heat in the element in t A time
= (specific heat) (mass of the element) (Increase in temperature)
2. The rate of flow of heat across any area A is proportional to A and the temperature
gradient normal to the area, (i.e.)
x
u
c
c
. Where the constant of the
Proportionality is the thermal conductivity.
Ph: 9942099122

43

25. A uniform rod of length 50 cm with insulated sides is initially at a uniform temperature c 100 .Its
ends are kept at c 0 write the boundary and initially conditions.
Solution:

0 ) , 50 (
0 ) , 0 (
=
=
t u
t u

Initial conditions:
c x u =100 ) 0 , (
26. Write the boundary and initial conditions in a homogeneous bar of length t which is insulated
laterally, if the ends are kept at zero temperature and if, initially, the temperature is k at the centre
of the bar and fully uniformly to zero at its ends.
Solution:
t
t t
t
t
kx
y
x
k
y x
k
y
x x
x x
y y
y y
ThelineOA
B k A o
2
2
0
2
0
0
0
) 0 , ( : ,
2
: ) 0 , 0 (
1 2
1
1 2
1
=
=
=
|
.
|
\
|
=

Ph: 9942099122

44

|
.
|
\
|

2
2
2
2
2
2
0
1 2
1
1 2
1
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
x
k
k y
x
k
k y
x
k
k y
x x
x x
y y
y y
ThelineAB

t
t
t
t t
) ( 2
2
x k
y
k kx k
y
=
+
=

0 ) , (
0 ) , 0 (
=
=
t u
t u
t

Initial conditions:

2
0 ,
2 t
t
< < x
kx

= ) 0 , (x u
t
t
t
t
< <
x
x k
2
,
) ( 2

27. A rod of length 20 cm has its ends A and B kept at c 30 and c 90 respectively, until steady state
conditions prevail. Find the steady state solution.
Solution:
) 2 ( 90 ) , 20 (
) 1 ( 30 ) , 0 (
=
=
t u
t u

Ph: 9942099122

45

The solution of steady state is
) 3 ( ) , ( + = b ax t x u
Applying (1) in (3),
=
= =
30
30 ) 0 (
b
b u

3
60 20
90 30 20
90 20
90 20 ) 20 (
=
=
= +
= +
= + =
a
a
a
b a
b a u

Substitute a & b in (3),
+ = 30 3 ) ( x x u

28. An insulated rod of length 60 cm has its ends at A and B maintained at c 20 and c 80
respectively. Find the steady state solution of the rod.
Solution:
One dimensional heat flow equation is
) 1 (
2
2
2

c
c
=
c
c
x
u
t
u
o

Boundary condition:

) 3 ( 80 ) , 60 (
) 2 ( 20 ) , 0 (
=
=
t u
t u

Ph: 9942099122

46

The steady state solution of equation (1) is
) 4 ( ) ( + = b ax x u
Applying (2) in (4), we get

20
20 ) 0 ( 20 ) 0 (
=
= + =
b
b a u

1
60 60
80 20 60
80 ) 60 ( 80 ) 60 (
=
=
= +
= + =
a
a
a
b a u

Substitute a and b in (4), we get
+ =
+ =
20
20 . 1 ) (
x
x x u

29. When the ends of a rod length 20 cm are maintain at the temperature c 10 and
c 20 respectively until steady state is prevailed. Determine the steady state temperature of the rod.
Solutio:
The steady state solution is
) 1 ( ) , ( + = b ax t x u
The boundary conditions are

) 3 ( 20 ) 20 (
) 2 ( 10 ) 0 (
=
=
u
u


10
10 0 . ) 0 (
=
= + =
b
b a u

Ph: 9942099122

47

2
1
20
10
10 20
20 10 20
20 20 . ) 20 (
=
=
=
= +
= + =
a
a
a
a
b a u

Substitute a & b in (1)
10
2
+ =
x
u
30. What is the basic difference between the solutions of one dimensional wave equation and one
dimensional heat equation?
Solution:
The suitable solution ) sin cos )( sin cos ( ) , ( pat D pat C px B px A t x y + + = of one
dimensional wave equation is periodic in nature. But the solution

t p
e px B px A t x u
2 2
) sin cos ( ) , (
o
+ = of one dimensional heat flow equation is not
periodic in nature.
31. Write the steady state two dimensional heat flow equation in Cartesian co-ordinates.
Solution:
The two dimensional heat flow equation is

) 1 (
2
2
2
2

c
c
+
c
c
y
u
x
u

Ph: 9942099122

48

32. Write the possible solutions of two dimensional heat flow equation.
The possible solutions are
( )( )
( )( )
) )( ( ) , (
sin cos ) , (
sin cos ) , (
D Cx B Ax y x u
De Ce px B px A y x u
py D py C Be Ae y x u
py py
px px
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =

33. A rectangular plate with insulated surfaces is 8 cm wide and so long compared to its width that it
may be considered infinite in length. If the temperature along one short edge y=0 is kept at
, 8 0 ,
8
sin 100 ) 0 , ( < <
|
.
|
\
|
= x
x
x u
t
while the other two long edges 0 = x and 8 = x as well as short
edges are kept at , 0 c write the boundary conditions.
Solution:
The Boundary conditions are
8
sin 100 ) 0 , (
0 ) , (
0 ) , 8 (
0 ) , 0 (
x
x u
y x u lt
y u
y u
y
t
=
=
=
=

34. A rectangular plate with insulated surfaces is 10 cm wide and so long compared to its width that it
may be considered infinite in length. The temperature along short edge

5 0 , 20 < < x x
= ) 0 , (x u
10 5 ), 10 ( 20 < < x x

Ph: 9942099122

49

Other edges are kept at . 0 c Write the boundary conditions.
Solution:

0 ) , (
0 ) , 10 (
0 ) , 0 (
=
=
=

y x u lt
y u
y u
y

5 0 , 20 < < x x
= ) 0 , (x u
10 5 ), 10 ( 20 < < x x

35. An infinitely long rectangular plate with insulated surface is 10 cm wide. The two long edges are
one short edge are kept at c 0 while the other short edge x=0 is kept at
5 0 ; 20 < < x y
u =
10 5 ); 10 ( 20 < < y y

Solution:
0 ) , (
0 ) 10 , (
0 ) 0 , (
=
=
=

y x u lt
x u
x u
x

Ph: 9942099122

50

5 0 , 20 < < y y
= ) , 0 ( y u = u
10 5 ), 10 ( 20 < < y y

36. A square plate is bounded by the lines . 20 , 20 , 0 , 0 = = = = y x y x its faces are insulated. The
temperature along the upper horizontal edge is given by
20 0 ), 20 ( ) 20 , ( < < = x x x x u While the other three edges are kept at c 0 .Write the Boundary
conditions.
Solution:
Boundary conditions are

) 20 ( ) 20 , (
0 ) 0 , (
0 ) , 20 (
0 ) , 0 (
x x x u
x u
y u
y u
=
=
=
=

37. A square plane of side 30 cm is bounded by . 30 , 30 , 0 = = = y x x the edges 0 , 30 = = y x are kept
c 50 and 20 , 0 = = y x are kept at c 0 , Formulate the problem.
Solution:

=
=
=
=
0 ) 30 , (
50 ) 0 , (
0 ) , 30 (
0 ) , 0 (
x u
x u
y u
y u

38. A rectangular plate with insulated surfaces is a cm wide and so long compared to its width that it
may be considered infinite in length without introducing an appreciable error. If the two long edges
0 = x and a x = and the short edge at infinity are kept at temperature c 0 , while the other short
edge 0 = y is kept at temperature T (constant) Write the Boundary conditions.
Ph: 9942099122

51

Solution:

T x u
x u
y a u
y u
=
=
=
=
) 0 , (
0 ) , (
0 ) , (
0 ) , 0 (

39. An infinitely long plane uniform plate by two parallel edges and end right angles to them. The
breadth ist , and this end is maintained at a temperature
0
u
and other edges are kept at c 0 . Write the Boundary conditions:
Solution:
0
) 0 , (
0 ) , (
0 ) , (
0 ) , 0 (
u x u
x u
y u
y u
=
=
=
=
t

40. An infinitely long plate in the form of an area is enclosed between the lines t = = andy y 0 for
positive values of x .The temperature is zero along the edges 0 = x is kept at temperature ky , Find
the steady state temperature distribution in the plate.
Solution:
ky y u
y u
x u
x u
=
=
=
=
) , 0 (
0 ) , (
0 ) , (
0 ) 0 , (
t

Ph: 9942099122

52

41. A square plate of length 20 cm has its faces insulated and its edges along
20 & 0 , 20 , 0 = = = = y y x x .If the temperature along the edge 20 = x is given by

10 0 ;
10
s s y y
T

u=
20 10 ); 20 (
20
s s y y
T

While the other three edges are kept at c 0 , write the Boundary conditions.
Solution:

0 ) , 0 (
0 ) 20 , (
0 ) 0 , (
=
=
=
y u
x u
x u

10 0 ;
10
s s y y
T

) , 20 ( y u =
20 10 ); 20 (
20
s s y y
T

42. A rectangular plate is bounded by the lines b y y a x x = = = = & 0 , , 0 .Its surfaces are insulated.
The temperatures along 0 , 0 = = y x are kept at c 0 and others at c 100 . Write the boundary
conditions.
Solution:
Ph: 9942099122

53

c b x u
x u
c y a u
y u
=
=
=
=
100 ) , (
0 ) 0 , (
100 ) , (
0 ) , 0 (

43. Classify:
yy xx
u u =
Solution:
0 4 ) 1 )( 1 ( 4 0 4
1 , 0 , 1
2
> = =
= = =
AC B
C B A

44. (a)Write the general solution of ) , ( t x y of vibrating motion of a string of length " "l with fixed
end points and zero initial velocity.
Solution:
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
l
ct n
l
x n
b t x y
n
n
t t
cos sin ) , (
1

44.(b) Write the general solution of ) , ( t x y of vibrating motion of length " "l and fixed end points and
zero initial shape.
Solution:
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
l
ct n
l
x n
b t x y
n
n
t t
sin sin ) , (
1
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
l
ct n
l
x n
b t x y
n
n
t t
sin sin ) , (
1

45. Classify the P.D.E 0 = +
yy xx
yf xf
Solution:
y C B x A = = = , 0 ,
Ph: 9942099122

54

0 4 4 0 4
2
< = = xy xy AC B If
(
> >
< <
0 & 0
0 & 0
y x
y x

0 = If 0 = x or 0 = y

0 > If
(
(
(
> <
< >
0 & 0
0 & 0
y x
or
y x


If
{ } { }
{ } { } 0 & 0 ) ( 0 & 0 ) 3 (
0 ) ( 0 ) 2 (
0 & 0 ) ( 0 & 0 ) 1 (
> < < >
= =
< < > >
y x or y x
y or x
y x or y x

46. The ends A and B of a rod of 40 cm long are kept at c 0 and the initial temperature is 2 3 + x ,
formulate the model.
Solution:

2 3 ) 0 , (
:
0 ) , 40 (
0 ) , 0 (
+ =
=
=
x x u
ditions Initialcon
t u
t u

Ph: 9942099122

55

47. A rod of length 20 cm whose one end is kept at c 30 and the other end at , 70 c until steady
state prevails, find the steady state temperature.
Solution:

) 2 ( 70 ) , 20 (
) 1 ( 30 ) , 0 (
=
=
t u
t u

) 3 ( ) ( + = b ax x u

30
30 0 . ) 0 (
=
= + =
b
b a u


2
40 20
70 30 20 70 ) 20 ( ) 20 (
=
=
= + = + =
a
a
a b a u

30 2 ) ( + = x x u
48. A bar of length 50 cm has its ends kept at c 20 and c 100 until steady state prevails. Find the
temperature t any point
Solution:

) 2 ( 100 ) , 50 (
) 1 ( 20 ) , 0 (
=
=
c t u
c t u

Ph: 9942099122

56

) 3 ( ) ( + = b ax x u

20
20 ) 0 ( ) 0 (
=
= + =
b
b a u


6 . 1
6 . 1
5
8
80 50
100 20 50
100 50 . ) 50 (
=
= =
=
= +
= + =
a
a
a
a
b a u

20 6 . 1 ) ( + = x x u

49. Write the general solution of y(x,t) of vibrating motion of length l and fixed end points and zero
initial shape.
Solution:

|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
l
ct n
l
x n
b t x y
n
t t
sin sin ) , (
1
.
Ph: 9942099122

57

50. Classify the P.D.E . 0 2 ) 1 ( 2
2 2
= + + +
x yy xy xx
u u y xyu u x
Solution:

. 0 4 ) 1 ( 4 4 4
1 ; 2 ;
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
< = + =
+ = = =
x y x y x AC B
y C xy B x A


Ph: 9942099122

58

UNIT V Z transform
Two marks Q&A
1. Find the Z-transform of a
n
b ) 0 , ( = b a .
Solution:

=
0
1
} {
n
n n
z ab ab Z

n
n
z
b
a
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
1
b z
az
z
b
a
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
1

2. Prove that )] 0 ( ) ( [ )] ( [ f z f z T t f Z = + .
Solution:

+ = +
0
) ( )] ( [
n
n
z T nT f T t f Z

n
n
z T n f

+ = ] ) 1 ( [
0

) 1 (
0
] ) 1 ( [
+
+ =
n
n
z T n f z

k
n
z T k f z

= ) ( [
0
where k=n+1
)] 0 ( ) ( [ f z f z = .
Ph: 9942099122

59

3. Find the Z-transform of n?
Solution:

=
= =
0 0
] [
n
n
n
n
z
n
nz n Z
. ..........
3 2 1
3 2
+ + + =
z z z

2
2
1
1
1
.....
3 2
1
1

(
=
(
+ + + =
z z z z z

2 2
2
) 1 ( ) 1 (
=
=
z
z
z z
z
.

4.state the initial and final value theorem of Z-transform.
Solution:
If ) ( ] [ z u n Z = ,then
(i)Initial value theorem: ) ( lim lim
0
z u u
z
n
n
=
(ii)Final value theorem: ) ( ) 1 ( lim lim
1
z u z u
z
n
n
=

.
5. find
(
! n
a
Z
n
in z-transform.
Solution:
=
(
! n
a
Z
n

=
=
=
0
1
0
!
) (
!
n
n
n
n
n
n
az
z
n
a

Ph: 9942099122

60

..........
) (
! 1
1
2 1 1
+ + + =

az az

z
a
az
e e = =
1

6. Find | |
iat
e Z

using Z-transform.
Solution:

| | | | 1 *
iat iat
e Z e Z

=
{ } iatt
ze z
Z

= ) 1 ( [by shifting property]

iat
ze z
z
z
=
1
[since z(1)=z/z-1]

1
=
iat
iat
ze
ze
.
7. State and prove that initial value thorem in Z-transform.
Solution:
If ) ( ) ( z F n f Z = then ) 0 ( lim ) 0 ( ) ( lim
0
f f z F
t z
= = .
We know that

=
0
) ( ) (
n
n
z n f n f Z
= f(0)+f(1)
1
z +f(2)
2
z +
........] / ) 2 ( / ) 1 ( ) 0 ( [ lim ) ( lim
2
+ + + =

z f z f f z F
z z

= f(0)
Ph: 9942099122

61

) ( lim ) ( lim
0
n f z F
n z
=
8. Find the Z-transform of (n+1)(n+2).
Solution:

] 2 3 [ )] 2 )( 1 [(
2
+ + = + + n n Z n n Z

= ) 1 ( 2 ) ( 3 ) (
2
Z n Z n Z + +

=
) 1 (
2
) 1 (
3
) 1 (
) 1 (
2 3
+
z
z
z
z
z
z z
.
9. Find the Z-transform of n?
Solution:

=
= =
0 0
) (
n
n
n
n
z
n
nz n Z
|
.
|
\
|
+ + + = ........
3 2
1
1
2
z z z

1 1
1
1
1
1 1 1
1
1
2
2
> <
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
= |
.
|
\
|
=

z or
z
z
z z z

2
2
) 1 (
1
=
z
z
z

2
) 1 (
=
z
z
.
Ph: 9942099122

62

10. Find the Z-transform of . cos u n
Solution:

u u
u u
u u
u
u
sin cos
sin cos
sin cos
] ) [(
i z
i z
x
i z
z
e z
z
e Z
i
n i
+
+

=
=

u u
u u
2 2
sin ) cos (
) sin cos (
+
+
=
z
i z z

Equating real part in both sides

u u
u
u
2 2
sin ) cos (
) cos (
) (cos
+

=
z
z z
n Z .
11. Prove that
1
] ) 1 [(
+
=
z
z
Z
n
.Also find the region of convergence.
Solution:

1
3 2
0
1
1 ......
1 1 1
1 ) 1 ( } ) 1 {(

=
|
.
|
\
|
+ = + + + + = =

z z z z
z Z
n
n
n n

) 1 (
1
1
1
+
=
+
=
z
z
z

Here the region of convergence is 1
1
z
or 1 z

1
] ) 1 [(
+
=
z
z
Z
n
.
12. Define Z-transform.
Solution:
The z-transform of a sequence {x(n)}is defined by
n
n
z n x z X

=
0
) ( ) ( ,where z is a complex variable.
Ph: 9942099122

63

13. What is the region of convergence?
Solution:
The region in which the series
n
n
z n x

0
) ( is convergent is called the region of convergence.
14. Find )] 1 ( [ n u Z
Solution:
)) ( ( )] 1 ( [
1
n u Z z n u Z

=

) 1 (
1
) 1 (
1
=
z z
z
z
1 z if
15. Find )] 2 ( 3 [ n Z
n
o .
Solution:

3
)] 2 ( [ )] 2 ( 3 [
z
z
n
n Z n Z
= o o

3
2
3
2
1
] [
z
z
z
z
z
z
|
.
|
\
|
= =

2
9
z
=
16. Find
(
1 2
2
1
z
Z
Solution:

1
1
1 1
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
1 2
2

|
.
|
\
|
=
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
==
(
(
(
(
=
(
n
n n
n
z
Z
z
Z
Ph: 9942099122

64

(
(
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
=

2
1
1 1
1
z
z
Z

(
(
(
(
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

2
1
1 1
z
z
z Z

1
1
2
1
2
1

|
.
|
\
|
=
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
=
n
n n
n

17.Find
(
1
1
1
z
Z
Solution:

(
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
(
+

1
1
1
1
1 1
z
z
z
Z
z
Z

(
|
.
|
\
|
+
=

1
1 1
z
z
z Z
.
1
1
1

|
.
|
\
|
+
=
n n
z
z
Z
,.... 3 , 2 , 1 , ) 1 (
1
= =

n
n

18. Find ] cos [ t n a Z
n

Solution:
] ) 1 ( [ ] cos [
n n n
a Z n a Z = t

a
z
z
n
Z

= ] ) 1 [(
Ph: 9942099122

65

a z
z
z
z
a
z
z
+
=
+
=

)
1
(

19.Find ] [
b at
e Z
+

Solution:

] [ ] [
at b b at
e Z e e Z =
+

at
b
e z
z
e
=
20.Find the Z-transform of the convolution of x(n)= ) ( ) ( ) ( n u b n andy n u a
n n
=
Solution:

Z[x(n)*y(n]=Z[x(n)]Z[y(n)]=
b z
z
a z
z

) )( (
2
b z a z
z

=
21.State second shifting theorem in Z-transform.
Solution:
If Z[f(n)]=F(z),then
Z[f(n+k)]= ]
) 1 (
....
) 2 ( ) 1 (
) 0 ( ) ( [
1 2

k
k
z
k f
z
f
z
f
f z F z

Ph: 9942099122

66

22.Find ]
4 4
[
2
1
+ +
z z
z
Z
Solution:

]
4 4
[
2
1
+ +
z z
z
Z = . ]
) 2 (
[
2
1
+
z
z
Z .
)
2
1
(
=
1
2
1
) 2 ( ) 2 ( )
2
1
( ]
) 2 (
) 2 (
[

=
=
+
n n
n n
z
z
Z

1
) 2 ( ) 2 ( )
2
1
(

=
=
n n
n n
23.Find ]
) 2 )( 1 (
[
1

z z
z
Z
Solution:
]
) 2 )( 1 (
[
1

z z
z
Z = 1 2 ]
1 2
[
1
=
n
z
z
z
z
Z

24. Find the z-transform of ) ( )
3
1
( n u
n

Solution:
Z[ ) ( )
3
1
( n u
n
]=Z )] ( 3 [ n u
n

z z
z
z
3
)
1
(

=

1 3
3
=
z
z

Ph: 9942099122

67

3
1
=
z
z

25. . Find the z-transform of
n
n2
Solution:

Z[
n
n2 ]=
2
) (
z
z
n Z

2
2
2
) 2 (
2
]
) 1 (
[
=

z
z
z
z
z
z

26.State the damping rule in Z-transform
Solution:
If Z[x(n)]=X(z),then
(i) and az X n x a Z
n
) ( )] ( [ =

) ( )] ( [ ) (
a
z
X n x a Z ii
n
=
27.If ) ( ] [ z Y y Z
n
= ,then write down the values of of ] [ ] [
k n k n
y andZ y Z
+

Solution:

) ( ] [ z Y z y Z
k
k n

= and
]
) 1 (
......
) 2 ( ) 1 (
) 0 ( ) ( [ ] [
1 2
+

=
k
k
k n
z
k y
z
y
z
y
y z Y z y Z
Ph: 9942099122

68

28. If Z[x(n)]=X(z),then what are the values of Z[x(n+1)] and Z[x(n+2)]
Solution:
Z[x(n+1)]=z{X(z)-x(0)] and
Z[x(n+2)]= ]
) 1 (
) 0 ( ) ( [
2
z
x
x z X z
29.State convolution theorem for Z-transform
Solution:
If

= =
=
n
k
k n y k x n y n x z Y z X Z
then z Y andZ n x z X Z
0
* 1
1 1
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )] ( ) ( [
)] ( [ ) ( )] ( [

30.Find ]
) 4 )( 3 (
[
1

z z
z
Z
Solution:
]
) 4 )( 3 (
[
1

z z
z
Z = ]
3 ) 4 (
[
1
z
z
z
z
Z
= ]
) 3 (
[ ]
) 4 (
[
1 1

z
z
Z
z
z
Z

n n
3 4 =
31.Solve 0 1 2
0 1
= =
+
giveny y y
n n
,
Solution:
Taking Z-transform on both sides

]
) 2 )( 1 (
[ ) (
1
2)Y(z) - (z

=
=
z z
z
z Y
z
z
Ph: 9942099122

69

1 2
) (
=
z
z
z
z
z Y
)] ( [
1
z Y Z y
n

= = 1 2
n

32. Solve 2 0 2
0 1
= =
+
giveny y y
n n

Solution:
Taking Z-transform
(z-2)z(y(n))=2z
Z[y(n)]=2
2 z
z

Y(n)=
1 1
2 2 . 2 ]
2
2
[
+
= =
n n
z
z
z
33.Find
n n
3 * 3 using Z-transform
Solution:
Z[
n n
3 * 3 ]=
2
2
) 3 (
) 3 ( ). 3 (
=
z
z
Z Z
n n

n n
3 * 3 = ]
) 3 (
) 3 3 (
[ ]
) 3 (
[
2
1
2
2
1
+
=

z
z z
Z
z
z
Z

= ]
) 3 (
3
[ ]
3
[
2
1 1

z
z
Z
z
z
Z
= ) 1 ( 3 3 3 + = + n n
n n n

Ph: 9942099122

70

34.Find the Z-transform of n
n
* 2
Solution:
Z[ n
n
* 2 ]=Z[
2
2
2
) 1 )( 2 ( ) 1 (
.
2
) ( ) 2 (

=

=
z z
z
z
z
z
z
n Z
n
]
35. Find the Z-transform of u(n-2)
Solution:
Z[u(n-2)]=
) 1 (
1
1
.
1
)] ( [
2
2
z z z
z
z
n u Z z
36. Find the Z-transform of ) 1 ( 2 n u
n

Solution:
Z[ ) 1 ( 2 n u
n
]=Z[
2
)] 1 ( [
z
z
n u
]
Z[
1
1
)] ( [
1
) 1 (
= =
z
n u Z
z
n u
Z[
2
2
) 1
2
(
1
)] 1 ( 2 [
=
z
z
n u
n

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SELVAM COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, NAMAKKAL 03

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SELVAM COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, NAMAKKAL 03

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