Result: 1.

Appendix (normal tissue) A vestigial hollow tube that is closed at one end and is attached at the other end to the cecum, a pouchlike beginning of the large intestine into which the small intestine empties its contents.

2. Suppurative appendicitis (inflammation tissue)

Appendicitis is a condition in which the appendix becomes swollen, inflamed, and filled with pus. Since the appendix is closed on both ends with an opening along the middle section, any blockage quickly prevents blood flow and causes death of the tissue. A blockage can result from impacted fecal matter or a condition called lymphoid hyperplasia. In lymphoid hyperplasia, the appendix produces an overabundance of normal cells. These cells create a blockage in the appendix, causing it to become inflamed, which then compromises blood flow to the area. The loss of blood flow causes the tissue in the appendix to die and eventually leads to the appendix bursting. The upper part of the stomach next to the cardia. The first 3 parts of the stomach (cardia, fundus, and body) are sometimes called the proximal stomach. Some cells in these parts of the stomach make acid and pepsin (a digestive enzyme), the parts of the gastric juice that help digest food. They also make a protein called intrinsic factor, which the body needs to absorb vitamin B12.

3. Fundus-gaster (inflammation tissue)

4. Peptic ulcer (inflammation tissue)

The term peptic ulcer literally means tissue erosion in the digestive system. An ulcer is a sore or erosion that forms when the lining of the digestive system is corroded by acidic digestive juices. It is estimated that between 5% and 10% of adults globally are affected by peptic ulcers at least once in their lifetimes. When the lining of these organs (duodenum, oesophagus, oesophageal) is corroded by acidic digestive juices secreted by stomach cells peptic ulcers can form. Peptic

ulcers can also produce scar tissue that can block passage of food through the digestive tract, causing you to become full easily, to vomit and to lose weight.

5. Scar tissue (inflammation tissue)

A scar is mark left in skin or organs by heading of a wound or injury. It is the replacement of tissue by connective tissue. Connective tissue made up of collagen, a fibrous protein commonly found in bones, ligaments and cartilage. It is also the result of the inflammation process present in healing. When the collagen used for tissue is referred to as scar tissue. It forms to fix the continuity of the tissue, but it is approximately weaker than the original tissue. And because of its different physical makeup, scar tissue presents as red or purple in the beginning stages. As it matures, it becomes white and glistening. The most commonly known scars are those seen on the skin from cuts or wounds, but scarring occurs with any tissue damage, inside and outside of the body. In fact, anything from a simple paper cut to micro-tears of muscle fibers from overstretching forms scar tissue.

Discussion: Inflammation is the body attempt at self-protection. The aim being to remove harmful stimuli including damaged cells, irritants, or pathogens and begin the healing process. When something harmful or irritating affects a part of our body, there is a biological response to try to remove it. The signs and symptoms of inflammation specifically acute inflammation show that the body is trying to heal itself. Inflammation does not mean infection, even when an infection causes inflammation. Infection is caused by a bacterium, virus or fungus, while inflammation is the bodys response to it. The purpose of inflammation is to get rid, infected or damaged cells. To prevent spread of infection and get as many immune cells to the affected area as possible so the problem can be resolved quickly and efficiently. Inflammation is divided into acute inflammation, which occurs over second, minutes, hours and days and chronic inflammation which occurs over longer times. Acute inflammation begins within seconds to minutes following the injury of tissues. The damage may be purely or it may involve the activation of immune response. The main processes occur: Increased blood flow due to dilation of blood vessels (arterioles) supplying the region. Increased permeability of the capillaries, allowing fluid and blood proteins to move into the interstitial spaces. Migration of neutrophils (and perhaps a few macrophages) out of the capillaries and venules into interstitial spaces.

The most immediate signs of acute inflammation are: Pain Heat Rednees Swelling Loss of fuction

If the condition causing acute inflammation is not resolved, the inflammation may pass to a longer term chronic phase. Also, some pathogies by their nature tend to directly provoke chronic rather than acute inflammation. Many of the features of acute inflammation continue as the inflammation becomes chronic, including increased blood flow and increased capillary permeability. Accumulation of white blood cells also continues, but the composition of the cells changes. As the last page describes, neutrophils quickly enter the infected tissue, and these short-lived cells predominate initially. However, soon macrophages and lymphocytes begin to be recruited. The sequence by which they bind to cell adhesion molecules and pass through the endothelium is the same as for neutrophils. Thus, the primary cells of chronic inflammation are macrophages and lymphocytes.

The patterns of acute and chronic inflammation: I. II. III. IV. Serous Fibrinous Suppurative Ulceration

Conclusion

In this lab, we examined acute and chronic inflammation tissues using a microscope under low magnification and through out this examination, we can compared a normal tissue, inflammed tissue, and scar tissue. Besides, we can compared the lesions appear on acute and chronic inflammation tissue. Then, the character of the tissue is identified.

Questions

1. Transudate: Any fluid (solvent and solute) that has passed through a presumably normal membrane, such as the capillary wall, as a result of imbalanced hydrostatic and osmotic forces; characteristically low in protein unless there has been secondary concentration. Exudate: Any fluid that has exuded out of a tissue or its capillaries, more specifically because of injury or inflammation (e.g., peritoneal pus in peritonitis, or the exudate that forms a scab over a skin abrasion) in which case it is characteristically high in protein and white blood cells. 2. Purulent or suppurative exudate consists of plasma with both active and dead neutrophils, fibrinogen, and necrotic parenchymal cells. This kind of exudate is consistent with more severe infections, and is commonly referred to as pus. 3. Steps involved in recruitment of leukocytes to tissue are : Chemoattraction Rolling adhesion Tight adhesion Transmigration

4. An important feature of granulomas is whether or not they contain necrosis. Necrosis refers to dead cells that, under the microscope, appear as a mass of formless debris with no nuclei present.