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Protein Synthesis a. Transcription i. Before this can begin, RNA molecule is produced. One strand of DNA is used to form an mRNA. mRNA then moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.-(Protein synthesis. National Health Museum, Atlanta Georgia. http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/protein_synthesis.php. Information on Protein synthesis and the two stages in it.) ii. During this step, mRNA goes through multiple stages of maturification one whose name is splicing. (Process when non-coding sequences are eliminated.) This mRNA coding can be explained as a unit consisting of three nucleotides which is called a codon.-(Protein synthesis. National Health Museum, Atlanta Georgia. http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/protein_synthesis.php. Information on Protein synthesis and the two stages in it.) b. Translation i. The mRNA is binded the ribosomes at the start codon which is only recognized by the tRNA. The ribosomes then go on to the elongation phase.-(Protein synthesis. National Health Museum, Atlanta Georgia. http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/protein_synthesis.php. Information on Protein synthesis and the two stages in it.) ii. During this phase, complexes which are made up of amino acid connected to mRNA combine with the right codon that is in tRNA by forming base pairs creating anticodon. The ribosomes then move from one codon to the next along mRNA. Amino acids are added one at a time which is then translated into polypeptidic sequences which are managed by DNA and represented by mRNA.-(Protein synthesis. National Health Museum, Atlanta Georgia. http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/protein_synthesis.php. Information on Protein synthesis and the two stages in it.) c. In the end, a release factor binds to stop the codon, eliminating translation and letting go of a complete polypeptide from the ribosome.-(Protein synthesis. National Health Museum, Atlanta Georgia. http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/protein_synthesis.php. Information on Protein synthesis and the two stages in it.) Genetic Modification a. Genetic modification has to do with manually inserting/modifying genes in organisms that are usually not already found in such organism.-(Basic genetics. Dr. Leon G. Higley,etc.all. http://agbiosafety.unl.edu/basic_genetics.shtml. Information on genetic engineering, the process of genetic engineering, and some effects.) b. The process of genetic engineering can be used for enhancing organisms or for solving problems. -(Basic genetics. Dr. Leon G. Higley,etc.all. http://agbiosafety.unl.edu/basic_genetics.shtml. Information on genetic engineering, the process of genetic engineering, and some effects.)

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1. All that happens in genetic engineering are that you select an unaltered organism and the DNA of another organism that you would like to insert into the unaltered organism.-(Basic genetics. Dr. Leon G. Higley,etc.all. http://agbiosafety.unl.edu/basic_genetics.shtml. Information on genetic engineering, the process of genetic engineering, and some effects.) 2. You then would want to obtain the wanted gene from the DNA you extracted and insert that into the bacteria that travel inside the organism so that this can travel to the cells of the organism.-(Basic genetics. Dr. Leon G. Higley,etc.all. http://agbiosafety.unl.edu/basic_genetics.shtml. Information on genetic engineering, the process of genetic engineering, and some effects.) c. In the end, genetic engineering doesnt make the genes of these original organisms go away, they just simply add more into the gene pool of the organism.-(Basic genetics. Dr. Leon G. Higley,etc.all. http://agbiosafety.unl.edu/basic_genetics.shtml. Information on genetic engineering, the process of genetic engineering, and some effects.) Predictions of impacts on human health a. In 2000, Africa was crying out for GM foods because they thought that they could solve hunger problems in Africa. They had even chosen to ignore the United States debates about GM foods. Besides solving hunger for Africans, it could help with education needs in this matter.-(Africa Cries Out for Genetically-Modified Foods. David Almasi. http://www.nationalcenter.org/P21PRBiotech1000.html. Information on how in 2000 Africa was supporting GMO foods.) b. GM foods have been tested on animals have come up with lots of problems such as increased aging, immune problems, and major changing of major organs and gastrointestinal systems.(Doctors Warn: Avoid Genetically Modified Food. The Institute of Responsible Technologies, Fairfield, IA. http://www.responsibletechnology.org/gmo-dangers/health-risks/articlesabout-risks-by-jeffrey-smith/Doctors-Warn-Avoid-Genetically-Modified-FoodMay-2009. Some information on how GMFs are risky and how they are affecting our lives.) c. Most doctors have already started prescribing patients to GM-free diets because they are worried of the effects of GM foods to humans.(Doctors Warn: Avoid Genetically Modified Food. The Institute of Responsible Technologies, Fairfield, IA. http://www.responsibletechnology.org/gmodangers/health-risks/articles-about-risks-by-jeffrey-smith/Doctors-WarnAvoid-Genetically-Modified-Food-May-2009. Some information on how GMFs are risky and how they are affecting our lives.) d. It has been proven that children are the most likely to be affected by toxins and dietary problems in relation to GM foods.(Doctors Warn: Avoid Genetically Modified Food. The Institute of Responsible Technologies, Fairfield, IA. http://www.responsibletechnology.org/gmo-dangers/health-risks/articles-

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about-risks-by-jeffrey-smith/Doctors-Warn-Avoid-Genetically-Modified-FoodMay-2009. Some information on how GMFs are risky and how they are affecting our lives.) e. In relation to what was said above, children could be considered the test subjects when it comes to pregnant women consuming these GM foods. (Doctors Warn: Avoid Genetically Modified Food. The Institute of Responsible Technologies, Fairfield, IA. http://www.responsibletechnology.org/gmodangers/health-risks/articles-about-risks-by-jeffrey-smith/Doctors-WarnAvoid-Genetically-Modified-Food-May-2009. Some information on how GMFs are risky and how they are affecting our lives.) Legal issues a. When Farmers are buying their materials, they have to make sure that they are being careful in choosing between GM crops or regular crops. This is only because there could be multiple legal risks that could occur.-(GMO Liability Threats for Farmers: Legal Issues Surrounding the Planting of Genetically Modified Crops. Farmers Legal Action Group Inc. http://www.flaginc.org/publication/gmo-liability-threats-for-farmers-legalissues-surround-the-planting-of-genetically-modified-crops/. Information on Farming GMO crops and the legal issues surrounding it.) b. On September 17, 2001, thousands of Taco Bell restaurant franchises along with lots of other Mexican food based franchises sued Aventis which is a company that invented StarLink corn which was later found out to have been in taco bell products.-(GMO Liability Threats for Farmers: Legal Issues Surrounding the Planting of Genetically Modified Crops. Farmers Legal Action Group Inc. http://www.flaginc.org/publication/gmo-liability-threats-forfarmers-legal-issues-surround-the-planting-of-genetically-modified-crops/. Information on Farming GMO crops and the legal issues surrounding it.) c. In the United States, there is a liability law that states that if there are farmers or seed companies that genetically contaminate neighboring fields may be liable or held responsible for neighbors damage.-(GMO Liability Threats for Farmers: Legal Issues Surrounding the Planting of Genetically Modified Crops. Farmers Legal Action Group Inc. http://www.flaginc.org/publication/gmo-liability-threats-for-farmers-legalissues-surround-the-planting-of-genetically-modified-crops/. Information on Farming GMO crops and the legal issues surrounding it.) d. Biotechnology companies usually request that farmers must sign some technology agreements so as to where and how GMO seeds will be planted.(GMO Liability Threats for Farmers: Legal Issues Surrounding the Planting of Genetically Modified Crops. Farmers Legal Action Group Inc. http://www.flaginc.org/publication/gmo-liability-threats-for-farmers-legalissues-surround-the-planting-of-genetically-modified-crops/. Information on Farming GMO crops and the legal issues surrounding it.) e. One way for farmers to market their crops is to deliver a certain amount of bushels and if it is or if it is not GMO crop.-(GMO Liability Threats for Farmers: Legal Issues Surrounding the Planting of Genetically Modified Crops. Farmers Legal Action Group Inc. http://www.flaginc.org/publication/gmo-liability-

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threats-for-farmers-legal-issues-surround-the-planting-of-geneticallymodified-crops/. Information on Farming GMO crops and the legal issues surrounding it.) Impact on Global Wealth and Poverty a. If we took away GM foods from wealthy countries, they wouldnt be missed as much but if we didnt provide other suffering poverty stricken countries with the technology to make GM foods to help them is where all the problems are at.-(Genetically Modified Organisms in Peasant Farming: Social Impact and Equity. Stephen B. Brush. http://hcd.ucdavis.edu/faculty/webpages/brush/Indiana%20%20GMO%20&%20Equity.pdf. Information on the impacts of GMO crops in society.) b. It is known that technological change is associated with the loss of control over the production of GM foods.-(Genetically Modified Organisms in Peasant Farming: Social Impact and Equity. Stephen B. Brush. http://hcd.ucdavis.edu/faculty/webpages/brush/Indiana%20%20GMO%20&%20Equity.pdf. Information on the impacts of GMO crops in society.) c. One direct consequence of GM foods is that it could most likely cause unemployment among certain farmers.-(Genetically Modified Organisms in Peasant Farming: Social Impact and Equity. Stephen B. Brush. http://hcd.ucdavis.edu/faculty/webpages/brush/Indiana%20%20GMO%20&%20Equity.pdf . Information on the impacts of GMO crops in society.) d. An indirect consequence kind of goes of what was said above in that any types of farms can have drastic negative change which could be bad for the farmers.-(Genetically Modified Organisms in Peasant Farming: Social Impact and Equity. Stephen B. Brush. http://hcd.ucdavis.edu/faculty/webpages/brush/Indiana%20%20GMO%20&%20Equity.pdf. Information on the impacts of GMO crops in society.) e. It is said that biotechnology will be harmful in changing the gap that separates the rich from the poor just because of links to global trading.(Genetically Modified Organisms in Peasant Farming: Social Impact and Equity. Stephen B. Brush. http://hcd.ucdavis.edu/faculty/webpages/brush/Indiana%20%20GMO%20&%20Equity.pdf. Information on the impacts of GMO crops in society.) Impact on ecosystems and the environment around the world a. One of the most major environmental concerns about GM crops is that there is a possibility for accidentally creating new weeds that could spread.-(GM Crops and the Environment. International Service for the Acquisition of AgriBiotech Applications. www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/pocketk/4/. Information on multiple different GM crops and how the environment could be effected.)

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b. In May 1999, it was reported that the pollen from Bt-insect resistant corn ended up having a negative effect on monarch butterfly larvae.-(GM Crops and the Environment. International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications. www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/pocketk/4/. Information on multiple different GM crops and how the environment could be effected.) c. Another concern about the use of Bt crops is that it could possibly lead up to insects being resistant to Bt.-(GM Crops and the Environment. International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications. www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/pocketk/4/. Information on multiple different GM crops and how the environment could be effected.) d. It is said that GM crops are thoroughly checked for any and possibly all environmental effects before they are entered in the marketplace.-(GM Crops and the Environment. International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications. www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/pocketk/4/. Information on multiple different GM crops and how the environment could be effected.) e. One of the most significant environmental benefits of the GM crops is the greatly reduced need and use of pesticides that are hurting the environment.(GM Crops and the Environment. International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications. www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/pocketk/4/. Information on multiple different GM crops and how the environment could be effected.) Should GM Foods be allowed in Dairy Products? a. No, GM foods shouldnt be allowed when considering the category of dairy products.-(Top 10 GMO Foods to Avoid. Elizabeth Renter. www.nationofchange.org/top-10-gmo-foods-avoid-1343568178. Some information on why we should avoid GMO in Dairy products along with other foods.) b. For starters, GM foods all around have been known for harming people, animals, and the environment around us.-(Top 10 GMO Foods to Avoid. Elizabeth Renter. www.nationofchange.org/top-10-gmo-foods-avoid1343568178. Some information on why we should avoid GMO in Dairy products along with other foods.) c. Also, since most of the population eats dairy products every day and we know they are harmful should be another reason as to why we should not allow GM foods in dairy products.-(Top 10 GMO Foods to Avoid. Elizabeth Renter. www.nationofchange.org/top-10-gmo-foods-avoid-1343568178. Some information on why we should avoid GMO in Dairy products along with other foods.) d. Apparently most US dairy cows are injected with a growth hormone that supposedly increases milk production. It is called rBGH.-(GM Hormones in Dairy. Institute for Responsible Technology. www.responsibletechnology.org/gmo-dangers/gm-hormones-in-dairy. Information on Hormones in dairy products and why they should not be genetically modified.) e. This rBGH is supposedly most likely to increase the rate of fraternal twin births in humans.-(GM Hormones in Dairy. Institute for Responsible

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Technology. www.responsibletechnology.org/gmo-dangers/gm-hormones-indairy. Information on Hormones in dairy products and why they should not be genetically modified.) Should GM foods in dairy products be required to have labels indicating they contain GMOs? a. Yes, GM foods in dairy products should be required to have labels indicating that they contain GMOs because you would be denying the buyers rights to know what exactly they are buying.-(Labeling of Genetically Engineered Foods. P. Byrne. www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/foodnut/09371.html. Information on mandatory labeling of GE foods.) b. It could play a major part in the debate as to if there should be GMO foods or if they are too dangerous to be out there.-(Labeling of Genetically Engineered Foods. P. Byrne. www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/foodnut/09371.html. Information on mandatory labeling of GE foods.) c. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration are currently forcing or saying that GE foods need to be labeled if they have a significant difference in nutrition.(Labeling of Genetically Engineered Foods. P. Byrne. www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/foodnut/09371.html. Information on mandatory labeling of GE foods.) d. Early in 2001, FDA put out some voluntary guidelines to help with the labeling of foods that do not contain GE ingredients.-(Labeling of Genetically Engineered Foods. P. Byrne. www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/foodnut/09371.html. Information on mandatory labeling of GE foods.) e. Mandatory labeling allow consumers or buyers to avoid food products that may concern them or give them problems.-(Labeling of Genetically Engineered Foods. P. Byrne. www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/foodnut/09371.html. Information on mandatory labeling of GE foods.)

Works Cited David Almasi. Africa Cries Out for Genetically-Modified Foods. David Almasi, 20 October 2000. Web. 16 January 2014. Doctors Warn: Avoid Genetically Modified Food. The Institute of Responsible Technologies. May 2009. Web. 20 January 2014. Dr. Leon G. Higley,etc.all. Basic genetics. Ag Biosafety University of Nebraska. Web. 20 January 2014. Elizabeth Renter. Top 10 GMO Foods to Avoid. Nation of Change, 29 July 2012. Web. 26 January 2014. GM Crops and the Environment. International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications. Web. 23 January 2014. GM Hormones in Dairy. Institute for Responsible Technology. Web. 26 January 2014. GMO Liability Threats for Farmers: Legal Issues Surrounding the Planting of Genetically Modified Crops. Farmers Legal Action Group Inc., 1 November 2001.Web. 20 January 2014. P. Byrne. Labeling of Genetically Engineered Foods. Colorado State University. September 2010. Web. 26 January 2014. Protein synthesis. National Health Museum. Web. 15 January 2014. Stephen B. Brush. Genetically Modified Organisms in Peasant Farming: Social Impact and Equity. Stephen B. Brush, 2001. Web. 21 January 2014.