MI CROWAVES & RF I DECEMBER 2000

97
I n 1977, R.V. Snyder presented a
generalized evanescent-waveguide
bandpass-filter theory employing an
admittance-inverter-synthesis tech-
nique incorporating a frequency-
variable turns ratio.
3
Snyders gener-
alized theory also requires an
iterative approach to evaluate the
correct positions of the evanescent-
waveguide obstacles. However, this
article offers a simple approximate
evanescent waveguide-bandpass fil-
ter theory for narrow to moderate
bandwidths that employs no itera-
tive techniques. The advantage of the
method is the ease of its implementa-
tion, since it requires no iteration and
is in closed form.
THE THEORY
The equations for a T coupled
structure (Fig. 1) can be written as:
1a. Z Z Z
1b. Z Z Z
1c. Z Z Z (1)
11 1 3
22 2 3
13 31 3
+
+
+
Dr. J. Howard and M. Lavey
Electromagnetic Technologies, Inc.,
871 Mountain Ave., Springfield, NJ
07081; (973) 379-1719, FAX: (973)
379-1651, e-mail:
jhoward@etionline.com, Internet:
http//www.etionline.com.
Simplified Method
Eases The Design Of Bandpass
Filters
A method to si mpli fy the desi gn of
evanescent-mode wavegui de bandpass
fi lters i s a new twi st on previ ously
establi shed theory.
DESI GN FEATURE
Bandpass Fi l ter s
A
PPROXI MATELY thirty years ago, G. Craven and C. Mok presented
their theory of evanescent dominant-mode waveguide bandpass fil-
ters.
1
The theory derives the equivalent ladder network from the
lowpass prototype through an iterative technique, and is accurate
for narrow-to-moderate bandwidths up to 20 percent. I n 1 989, J . Howard
and W. Lin repeated Craven and Moks work using the well-known Q tech-
nique where the individual resonator quality factors ( Qs) are used in the
design of evanescent waveguide-bandpass filters.
2
The advantage of this
method is that the Q of the individual lumped-type filter resonators can be
compared to their evanescent-mode counterparts. This permits further
improvement of the evanescent-mode bandpass filter s performance. The
techniques previously mentioned require an iterative method to arrive at
the required evanescent-waveguide obstacle positions.
i1 i2
Z1 Z2
Z3
1. The starting point for the theory of
evanescent bandpass filters is the
classical T-network.
2. This network is the equivalent of
the T-network shown in Fig. 1.
ZB
ZA ZC
MI CROWAVES & RF I DECEMBER 2000
98
where:
k is the coupling coefficient
between the two sections.
A coupled structure is shown in
Fig. 2, and using a -Star transfor-
mation:
Therefore, substituting in Eq. 2,
Figure 3 shows the schematic of an
evanescent-mode filter as a cou-
pled structure. For two s in paral-
lel:
3a
Z
ZAZB
ZA ZB ZC
3b
Z
ZBZC
ZA ZB ZC
3c
Z
ZAZC
ZA ZB ZC
(3)
1
2
3

+ +

+ +

+ +
k
Z
Z Z
Z
(Z Z ) (Z Z )
(2)
13
11 22
3
1 3 2 3

+ +
These equations are correct for
any of the internal resonators, while
the end resonators are described by
5a. ZA
X
2
Coth
L
2
5b. ZC
X
2
Coth
L
2
5c. ZB X Sinh( L)
2X Sinh
L
2
Cosh
L
2
(5)
0
0
0
0

_
,

_
,

_
,

_
,

k
ZAZC
(ZAZC ZAZB) (ZAZC ZBZC)
(4)

+ +
the following equations:
From the paper, Direct Coupled
Resonator F ilters, by Seymour
Cohn
4
,
where:
=1 =2f =the cutoff frequency
of the lowpass prototype, and g, the
lowpass prototype normalizes ele-
ments, and k
i, i +1
is the coupling coef-
ficient for sections i, i +1.
For the evanescent waveguide:
k
1
g g
f f
f
(7)
i,i 1
1 i i 1
2 1
0
+
+

_
,

6a. ZA X Coth
L
2
6b. ZC
X
2
Coth
L
2
6c. ZB
X
2
Sinh( L)
2X Sinh
L
2
Cosh
L
2
(6)
0
0
0
0

_
,

_
,

_
,

_
,

Bandpass Fi l ter s
DESI GN FEATURE
5. This plot is similar to that of Fig. 4, except that it shows
the ripple response of the filter using the closed-form
design technique developed by the authors.
X
0
Sinh(L)
X
0
Coth(L/2) X
b
Coth(L/2)
3. The evanescent-waveguide
equivalent circuit is represented by
the circuit and components shown
here.
0. 30
0. 27
0. 24
0. 21
0. 18
0. 15
0. 12
0. 09
0. 06
0. 03
0
Ripple for iterative design
L
o
s
s

d
B
2. 75 2. 85 2. 95 3. 05 3. 15 3. 25
Frequency GHz
0. 30
0. 27
0. 24
0. 21
0. 18
0. 15
0. 12
0. 09
0. 06
0. 03
0
L
o
s
s

d
B
2. 75 2. 85 2. 95 3. 05 3. 15 3. 25
Frequency GHz
Ripple for closed-form design
4. This plot represents the ripple response of an
evanescent-bandpass filter designed using the iterative
technique developed years ago.
(continued on p. 230)
MI CROWAVES & RF I DECEMBER 2000
230
For the internal resonators, there-
fore:
From the structure and Eqs. 8
and 9a to c, and after algebraic
manipulation:
Equating Eq. 10 to the evanescent
waveguide equations yields:
Rearranging Eq. 11 provides:
Similarly, for the first and last res-
onators:
k k
1
1 4Sinh
L
2
1 2Sinh
L
2
(13)
1, 2 n 1,n
2 2

+

_
,

_
,

_
,

_
,

)
)
Sinh
L
2
1
2
g g
f
f f
(1 )
1 i 1 i 2

_
,

+ +

0
2 1
1 2
k
1
g g
f f
f
1
1 4Sinh
L
2
(11)
i 1,i 2
1 i 1 i 2
2 1
0
2
+ +
+ +

_
,

_
,

k
1
1 4Sinh
L
2
(10)
i 1,i 2
2
+ +

+

_
,

_
,

9a. ZAZB X Cosh

L
2
9b. ZBZC X Cosh
L
2
9c. ZAZC
X
4
Coth
L
2
( )
0
2 2
0
2 2
0
2
2

_
,

_
,

_
,

9
k
1
g g
f f
f
(8)
i,i 1
1 i i 1
2 1
0
+
+

_
,

To add more detail to Eq. 13:

A FILTER DESIGN
An evanescent-mode filter can be
designed using the closed-form Eq.
13. As a check, the results are com-
pared against the example presented
in the paper by Howard and L in.
2
This example used a lengthier itera-
tive design example. Given that f
o
) =
3 GHz and f
c
=6.5571 GHz. The ripple
is 0.01 dB, stop-band attenuation is
50 dB (min) at 2.72 GHz and 50 dB
(min) at 3.28 GHz. The waveguide
chosen for this design is WR 90, with
a length L of 0.9 in. (2.29 cm) and
width, W of 0.4 in. (1.02 cm).
Sinh
L
2
75 4 .125
1
8k
(17)
2
1, 2
2
1
2

_
,

+

_
,

1
]
1
1
. . 75
2
)
Sinh
L
2
75 4 .125
1
8k
2
(16)
2
2
1, 2
2

_
,
+

_
,

.
.
75
Sinh
L
2
Sinh
L
2
.125
1
8k
0 (15)
4 2
1, 2
2

_
,
+

_
,
+

.75
k
1
1 6Sinh
L
2
8Sinh
L
2
1
g g
f f
f
(14)
1, 2
2
2 4
2
1 2
2 1
0
2

_
,
+

_
,

_
,

The lowpass prototype parameters

for this filter design are given by:
F rom these equations, the g
parameters are derived as:
After the g values are determined,
the factor is determined.
1
I t is
applied as a correction for the differ-
ent reactance slope encountered in
evanescent wave, g.
Solving for the inner resonators:
Sinh
w g g
f
f f
i i
l

1
2
1 1 2
0
2 1
1
2
26

+ +
, ( )

+

_
,

2
1
1
1
c
o
(25)
2

0 8831 .
B ln cotn
am
17.37
am in dB (24)

_
,
g
(4a 1) a
b g
k = 2, 3,...n (23)
k
k k
k 1 k 1

_
,
sinh
B
2n
(22)
g a / (21)
1 1
2

bk Sin
k
n
k 1, 2,....n (20)
2 2
+

ak Sin
(2k 1)
2n
k n (19)

1
]
1

1 2 , ...

_
,

2 fo
c
fc
fo
122.1997 (18)
2
1
Bandpass Fi l ter s
DESI GN FEATURE
(continued from p. 98)
MI CROWAVES & RF I DECEMBER 2000
232
Sinh l
1/2
=1.66
l
1/2
= 1.28
l
1
=2.56
l
1
=2.56/122.2 =2.09 cm =0.82 in.
The percentage difference from
the Howard and Lin calculations is
2
,
(2.09 2.06)/2.06 100 =1.37
percent.
Sinh l
2/2
=2.05
l
2/2
=1.46
l
2
=2.93
l
2
=2.93 /122.2 =2.40 cm =0.94 in.
The percentage difference from
the Howard and L in calculations is
(2.40 2.39)/2.39 100 =0.44 percent.
Sinh l
3/2
=2.13
l
3/ 2
=1.50
l
3
=3.00
l
3
=2.46 cm =0.97 in.
The percentage difference from
the Howard and L in calculations is
(2.46 2.45)/2.45 100 = 0.24
percent.
For end resonators:
Sinh l
3
2
1
2
1 0 88 1 75 1 63
3
0 23
1 31

( ) ( )

_
,
. . .
.
( )
Sinh
w g g
f
f f
i i
l
3
2
1 1 2
0
2 1
1
2
1 30

+ +
, ( )
Sinh l
2
2
1
2
1 0 88 1 39 1 75
3
0 23
1 29

( ) ( )

_
,
. . .
.
( )
Sinh
w g g
f
f f
i i
l

2
2
1 1 2
0
2 1
1
2
28

+ +
, ( )
Sinh l
1
2
1
2
1 0 88 0 80 1 39
3
0 23
1 27

( ) ( )

_
,
. . .
.
( )
Sinh l
o/2
=2.09
l
o/2
=1.48
l
o
/l
n
=2.97/122.2 =2.43 cm =0.96 in.
I n summary:
l
o
/l
n
=2.43 cm =0.96 in., of 30.3
percent.
l
1
= 2.09 cm = 0.82 in., of 1.37
percent.
l
2
= 2.40 cm = 0.94 in., of 0.44
percent.
l
3
=2.46 cm =0.97 in., a of 0.24
percent.
Since end lengths l
o
and l
n
of the
evanescent waveguide are arbitrary,
the 30.3-percent difference provided
by the two methods has an insignifi-
cant effect on the filter performance.
Compare Fig. 4, which illustrates the
loss versus frequency plot for an iter-
ative design, with F ig. 5, which
shows the results obtained with the
new closed-form solution.
References
1. G. Craven and C. Mok, The Design of Evanescent
Waveguide Bandpass Filter for a Prescribed I nsertion Loss
Characteristic, I EEE Transactions on MicrowaveTheory
and Techniques, Vol. MTT-19, March 1971.
2. J . Howard and W. L in, Evanescent Mode F ilter:
Design and I mplementation, MicrowaveJ ournal, Vol. 32,
October 1983, pp. 121-136.
3. R.V. Snyder, New Applications of Evanescent Mode
Waveguide F ilter Design, I E E E Transacti ons On
MicrowaveTheory and Techniques, Vol. MTT-25, Decem-
ber 1977.
4. S.B. Cohn, Direct Coupled Resonator Filters, Pro-
ceedings of theI RE, Vol. MTT-5, February 1957, pp. 187-
196.
Sinh
l

0
2
1
2
2
0 75 4 0 125
1
8 0 088
2
34

( )

'

1
]
1
1
. .
.
( )
k
1 2
1
1 0 88 0 8 1 39
0 23
3
0 88 33
,
. . .
.
. ( )

( ) ( )

_
,

k k
1
g g
f f
fo
(32)
1, 2 n 1,n
1 1 2
2 1

_
,

Bandpass Fi l ter s
DESI GN FEATURE
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