ETE405 :: IP telephony

Lecture 3 Dr. Mashiur Rahman

Boo : !isco " #oice o$er IP %un&amentals pa'e (4"33 )o*ts+itch: Pa'e ,"3-

!lassic Telephony

!alls happen .y electro"mechanical manipulation o* $olta'e le$els .et+een the telco net+or an& en&"user phones. $oice /payloa&0 an& transport si'nals must .e sent to'ether o$er the same line1circuit. /Mo&ern0 e2uipment is electronic3 .ut must +or +ith ol&er e2uipment. This ma es up'ra&es an& enhancements &i**icult an& e4pensi$e.

The first telephones had no network but were in private use, wired together in pairs.

Meshed Network

n(n-1) / 2

Hierarchical Network

P)T5 )i'nalin'

6enerally3 t+o types o* si'nalin' metho&s run o$er $arious transmission me&ia. The si'nalin' metho&s are .ro en into the *ollo+in' 'roups: 7ser"to"net+or si'nalin': This is ho+ an en& user communicates +ith the P)T5. 5et+or "to"net+or si'nalin': This is 'enerally ho+ the s+itches in the P)T5 intercommunicate.

Local Loops, Trunks, and Interswitch Communication

The telephone in*rastructure starts +ith a simple pair o* copper +ires runnin' to your home. This physical ca.lin' is no+n as a local loop . The local loop physically connects your home telephone to the central o**ice s+itch 8also no+n as a !lass 5 s+itch or en& o**ice s+itch9. The communication path .et+een the central o**ice s+itch an& your home is no+n as the phone line3 an& it normally runs o$er the local loop. The communication path .et+een se$eral central o**ice s+itches is no+n as a trun .

Circuit-Switching Hierarchy

PSTN Signaling

User-to-Network Signaling t+iste& copper pair as the transport3 a user connects to the P)T5 throu'h analo'3 Inte'rate& )er$ices Di'ital 5et+or 8I)D593 or throu'h a T: carrier. The most common si'nalin' metho& *or user"to" net+or analo' communication is Dual Tone Multi"%re2uency 8DTM%9 . DTM% is no+n as in" .an& si'nalin' .ecause the tones are carrie& throu'h the $oice path.

!ual Tone "ulti-#re$uency

The tone frequencies, as defined by the Precise Tone Plan, are selected such that harmonics and intermodulation products will not cause an unreliable signal. 5o *re2uency is a multiple o* another3 the &i**erence .et+een any t+o *re2uencies &oes not e2ual any o* the *re2uencies3 an& the sum o* any t+o *re2uencies &oes not e2ual any o* the *re2uencies. The frequencies may not vary more than 1.8% from their nominal frequency, or the switching center will ignore the signal. The high frequencies may be the same volume or louder as the low frequencies when sent across the line. The loudness difference between the high and low frequencies can be as large as 3 decibels (dB) and is referred to as "twist." The minimum duration of the tone should be at least 70 msec, although in some countries and applications DTMF receivers must be able to reliably detect DTMF tones as short as 45ms.

out"o*".an& ISDN uses another method of signaling known as out-of-band . With this method, the signaling is transported on a channel separate from the voice. The channel on which the voice is carried is called a bearer (or B channel) and is 64 kbps. The channel on which the signal is carried is called a data channel (D channel) and is 16 kbps. Figure shows a Basic Rate Interface (BRI) that consists of two B channels and one D channel.

Bene*its o* ;ut"o*".an& si'nalin'

)i'nalin' is multiple4e& 8consoli&ate&9 into a common channel. 6lare is re&uce& 8'lare occurs +hen t+o people on the same circuit sei<e opposite en&s o* that circuit at the same time9. = lo+er post &ialin' &elay. =&&itional *eatures3 such as hi'her .an&+i&th3 are reali<e&. Because setup messa'es are not su.>ect to the same line noise as DTM% tones3 call completion is 'reatly increase&.

Network-to-Network Signaling

normally carrie& across the *ollo+in' transmission me&ia: T:1E: carrier o$er t+iste& pair

T: is a :.544"M.ps &i'ital transmission lin normally use& in 5orth =merica an& ?apan. E: is a (.04-"M.ps &i'ital transmission lin normally use& in Europe. T3 carries (- T:s or @A( @4" .ps connections an& is 44.A3@ M.ps. E3 carries :@ E:s or 5:( @4" .ps connections an& is 34.3@- M.ps. T4 han&les :@- T: circuits or 403( 4" .ps connections an& is (A4.:A@ M.ps.

T31E33 T4 carrier o$er coa4ial ca.le

B T33 T4 carrier o$er a micro+a$e lin )ynchronous ;ptical 5et+or 8);5ET9 across *i.er me&ia

);5ET is normally &eploye& in ;!"33 ;!":(3 an& ;!"4- rates3 +hich are :55.5( M.ps3 @((.0- M.ps3 an& (.4-- 6.ps3 respecti$ely