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ETE405 :: Lecture 11 Chapter 8 IP telephony in-Depth Analysis

Voice Activity Detection

In normal voice conversations, someone spea s an! someone else listens" #o!ay$s toll net%or s contain a &i-!irectional, '(,000 &it per secon! )&ps* channel, regar!less o+ %hether anyone is spea ing" #his means that in a normal conversation, at least 50 percent o+ the total &an!%i!th is %aste!" #he amo,nt o+ %aste! &an!%i!th can act,ally &e m,ch higher i+ yo, ta e a statistical sampling o+ the &rea s an! pa,ses in a person$s normal speech patterns" -hen ,sing VoIP, yo, can ,tili.e this /%aste!/ &an!%i!th +or other p,rposes %hen voice activity !etection )VAD* is ena&le!" As sho%n in 0ig,re, VAD %or s &y !etecting the magnit,!e o+ speech in !eci&els )!1* an! !eci!ing %hen to c,t o++ the voice +rom &eing +rame!"

Voice Activity Detection

222(210

VAD

#ypically, %hen the VAD !etects a !rop-o++ o+ speech amplit,!e, it %aits a +i3e! amo,nt o+ time &e+ore it stops p,tting speech +rames in pac ets" #his +i3e! amo,nt o+ time is no%n as hangover an! is typically 200 ms"

-ith any technology, tra!eo++s are ma!e" VAD e3periences certain inherent pro&lems in !etermining %hen speech en!s an! &egins, an! in !isting,ishing speech +rom &ac gro,n! noise" #his means that i+ yo, are in a noisy room, VAD is ,na&le to !isting,ish &et%een speech an! &ac gro,n! noise" #his also is no%n as the signal-to-noise threshol!" Another inherent pro&lem %ith VAD is !etecting %hen speech &egins" #ypically the &eginning o+ a sentence is c,t o++ or clippe!" #his phenomenon is no%n as +ront-en! speech clipping" 4s,ally, the person listening to the speech !oes not notice +ront-en! speech clipping"

Digital-to-Analog Conversion

Digital to analog )D2A* conversion iss,es also c,rrently plag,e toll net%or s" Altho,gh almost all the telephony &ac &one net%or s in +irst-%orl! co,ntries to!ay are !igital, sometimes m,ltiple D2A conversions occ,r" 5ach time a conversion occ,rs +rom !igital to analog an! &ac , the speech or %ave+orm &ecomes less /tr,e"/ Altho,gh to!ay$s toll net%or s can han!le at least seven D2A conversions &e+ore voice 6,ality is a++ecte!, compresse! speech is less ro&,st in the +ace o+ these conversions" Altho,gh D2A conversions a++ect all voice net%or s, VoIP net%or s ,sing a PC7 co!ec )8"911* are :,st as resilient to pro&lems ca,se! &y D2A conversions as to!ay$s telephony net%or s are"

Chapter 3 IP telephony in+rastr,ct,re

IP telephony la& at ;<4

<o+ts%itch

A so+ts%itch is a central !evice in a #elecomm,nication net%or %hich connects calls +rom one phone line to another, entirely &y means o+ so+t%are r,nning on a comp,ter system" #his %or %as +ormerly carrie! o,t &y har!%are, %ith physical s%itch&oar!s to ro,te the calls" A so+ts%itch is typically ,se! to control connections at the :,nction point &et%een circ,it an! pac et net%or s" A single !evice containing &oth the s%itching logic an! the s%itching +a&ric can &e ,se! +or this p,rpose= ho%ever, mo!ern technology has le! to a pre+erence +or !ecomposing this !evice into a Call Agent an! a 7e!ia 8ate%ay" #he Call Agent ta es care o+ +,nctions li e &illing, call ro,ting, signalling, call services an! so on an! is the $&rains$ o+ the o,t+it" A Call Agent may control several !i++erent 7e!ia 8ate%ays in geographically !isperse! areas over a #CP2IP lin " #he so+ts%itch generally resi!es in a &,il!ing o%ne! &y the telecomm,nication company calle! a central o++ice" #he central o++ice %ill have telephone tr,n s to carry calls to other o++ices o%ne! &y the telecomm,nication company an! to other telecomm,nication companies )a a the P,&lic <%itche! #elephone ;et%or or P<#;*"

<o+t Phone

In comp,ting, a so+tphone is a so+t%are program +or ma ing telephone calls over the Internet ,sing a general p,rpose comp,ter, rather than ,sing !e!icate! har!%are" >+ten a so+tphone is !esigne! to &ehave li e a tra!itional telephone, sometimes appearing as an image o+ a phone, %ith a !isplay panel an! &,ttons %ith %hich the ,ser can interact" A so+tphone is ,s,ally ,se! %ith a hea!set connecte! to the so,n! car! o+ the PC, or %ith a 4<1 phone"

xlite

?ar! Phone

<tan!alone 5thernet ?ar! Phones )voice only* An 5thernet har! phone is a sel+ containe! IP telephone that loo s :,st li e a conventional phone &,t instea! o+ a conventional phone :ac , it has an 5thernet port thro,gh %hich it comm,nicates !irectly %ith a VoIP server, VoIP gate%ay or another VoIP phone" <ince a &roa!&an! har! phone comm,nicates !irectly %ith a VoIP server, VoIP gate%ay or another VoIP phone it !oes not re6,ire any personal comp,ter nor any so+t%are r,nning on a personal comp,ter to ma e or receive VoIP phone calls" It can &e ,se! in!epen!ently, all that is re6,ire! is an internet connection" -hile PC &ase! so+t%are sol,tions are cheaper, a har! phone is the &est sol,tion +or IP telephony"

?ar! Phone
#he overall har!%are may loo li e a telephone or mo&ile phone" An IP phone has the +ollo%ing har!%are components"

<pea er2ear phone an! microphone @ey pa! 2 to,ch pa! to enter phone n,m&er an! te3t )not ,se! +or A#As*" Display har!%are to +ee!&ac ,ser inp,t an! sho% calleri!2messages )not ,se! +or A#As*" 8eneral p,rpose processor )8PP* to process application messages" A voice engine or a Digital signal processor to process A#P messages" <ome IC man,+act,rers provi!es 8PP an! D<P in single chip" ADC an! DAC convertersB #o convert voice to !igital !ata an! vice versa" 5thernet or %ireless net%or har!%are to sen! an! receive messages on !ata net%or " Po%er so,rce might &e a &attery or DC so,rce" <ome IP phones receive electricity +rom Po%er over ethernet"

Cisco IP phone

SNOM300

Analog,e #erminal A!apter ATA

Connects an Analog,e #elephone to a V>IP net%or 4s,ally has an 5thernet :ac , an! an AC-11 phone :ac "

A!vantages
Easily connects a wide variety of industry standard analog devices and Group 3 fax machinesincluding analog and cordless phones, speakerphone extensions, and other industry standard tip/ring (2500 set) analog devicesto your PBX system. Offers an ideal solution for integrating analog devices in warehouses, classrooms, and common areas into an organization's communications network Supports door phones, paging systems, external alerts, and other applications that may require FXS analog connectivity Helps preserve investments in tip/ring analog devices

WIFI ATA

8<7 2 WiFi !,al mo&ile phone

A!vantagesB 7o&ility" 4se mo&ile phone +or IP phone"

V>IP 8<7 8ate%ays

A VoIP 8<7 8ate%ay ena&les !irect ro,ting &et%een IP, !igital, analog an! 8<7 net%or s" -ith these !evices )+i3e! cell,lar terminals* companies can signi+icantly re!,ce the money they spen! on telephony, gpespecially the money they spen! on calls +rom IP to 8<7" #he core i!ea &ehin! cost saving %ith VoIP 8<7 8ate%ays is Deast Cost Ao,ting )DCA*"

#hro,gh least cost ro,ting the gate%ays select the most cost-e++ective telephone connection" #hey chec the n,m&er %hich is !iale! as %ell as rate in+ormation %hich is store! in an internal ro,ting ta&le" 1eca,se several <I7 car!s an! 8<7 mo!,les are integrate! %ithin the V>IP 8<7 8ate%ay it is a&le to ma e relatively cheaper 8<7 to 8<7 calls instea! o+ e3pensive IP to 8<7 calls"

2; Voice1l,e 5nterprise - <IP2?323 VoIP 8<7 8ate%ay 2 IP P1E

VoIP to 8<7 8ate%ay an! vice versa Protocol translator &et%een the <IP an! ?323 8ate%ay +rom yo,r DA; to the Internet <mall IP P1E

Features:

<IP2?"323 <IP pro3y 4p to ( 8<7 channels <tan!ar! <IP2?"323 clients em&e!!e! in one har!%are ,nit DCA accor!ing to +ree min,tes an! 8<7 provi!ers <IP pro3y Aegistrar +or IP phones incl,!e! 7o&ility 53tension +or <IP pro3y ,sers Intelligent incoming call ro,ting DI<A +or incoming calls +rom 8<7 #op voice 6,ality )50A s,per so,n!* 5asy %ay +rom 5thernet to Internet over 8PA< %ith /!ial on !eman!/ +,nction <7< sen!ing an! receiving )-51 inter+ace an! <7#P2P>P3 protocols* <imple %e& &ase! con+ig,ration CDA &,++er +or ,p to 500,000 recor!s D>8 an! statistics saving Integrate! antenna splitter -orl!%i!e ,se )all +re6,encies are s,pporte!*