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To answer the question we must first identify the perpetrators of the crimes. It is generally assumed, plausibly, that their origin is the Middle East region, and that the attacks probably trace back to the Osama Bin aden network, a widespread and comple! organi"ation, doubtless inspired by Bin aden but not necessarily acting under his control. et us assume that this is true. Then to answer your question a sensible person would try to ascertain Bin aden#s $iews, and the sentiments of the large reser$oir of supporters he has throughout the region. %bout all of this, we ha$e a great deal of information. Bin aden has been inter$iewed e!tensi$ely o$er the years by highly reliable Middle East specialists, notably the most eminent correspondent in the region, &obert 'isk ( ondon Independent), who has intimate knowledge of the entire region and direct e!perience o$er decades. % *audi %rabian millionaire, Bin aden became a militant Islamic leader in the war to dri$e the &ussians out of %fghanistan. +e was o$e!of!the!m $# religious fundamentalist e!tremists recruited, armed, and financed by the ,I% and their allies in -akistani intelligence to cause ma!imal harm to the &ussians.quite possibly delaying their withdrawal, many analysts suspect.though whether he personally happened to ha$e direct contact with the ,I% is unclear, and not particularly important. /ot surprisingly, the ,I% preferred the most fanatic and cruel fighters they could mobili"e. The end result was to 0destroy a moderate regime and create a fanatical one, from groups recklessly financed by the %mericans1 (according to ondon Times correspondent *imon 2enkins, also a specialist on the region). These 0%fghanis1 as they are called (many, like Bin aden, not from %fghanistan) carried out terror operations across the border in &ussia, but they terminated these after &ussia withdrew. Their war was not against &ussia, which they despise, but against the &ussian occupation and &ussia#s crimes against Muslims. The 0%fghanis1 did not terminate their acti$ities, howe$er. They 3oined Bosnian Muslim forces in the Balkan 4ars5 the 6* did not ob3ect, 3ust as it tolerated Iranian support for them, for comple! reasons that we need not pursue here,

apart from noting that concern for the grim fate of the Bosnians was not prominent among them. The 0%fghanis1 are also fighting the &ussians in ,hechnya, and, quite possibly, are in$ol$ed in carrying out terrorist attacks in Moscow and elsewhere in &ussian territory. Bin aden and his 0%fghanis1 turned against the 6* in 7889 when they established permanent bases in *audi %rabia .from his point of $iew, a counterpart to the &ussian occupation of %fghanistan, but far more significant because of *audi %rabia#s special status as the guardian of the holiest shrines. &i$!' de$!is! lso!bitterl#!opposed!to!the!corr2pt! $d!repressi3e!regimes!of! the!regio$/!which!he!reg rds! s!42$56sl mic/7!i$cl2di$g!the!S 2di!8r bi $! regime/!the!most!e9treme!6sl mic!f2$d me$t list!regime!i$!the!world/! p rt! from!the!* lib $/! $d! !close!:S! ll#!si$ce!its!origi$s. Bin aden despises the 6* for its support of these regimes. ike others in the region, he is also outraged by long:standing 6* support for Israel#s brutal military occupation, now in its ;<th year= 4ashington#s decisi$e diplomatic, military, and economic inter$ention in support of the killings, the harsh and destructi$e siege o$er many years, the daily humiliation to which -alestinians are sub3ected, the e!panding settlements designed to break the occupied territories into Bantustan:like cantons and take control of the resources, the gross $iolation of the >ene$a ,on$entions, and other actions that are recogni"ed as crimes throughout most of the world, apart from the 6*, which has prime responsibility for them. %nd like others, he contrasts 4ashington#s dedicated support for these crimes with the decade:long 6*:British assault against the ci$ilian population of Iraq, which has de$astated the society and caused hundreds of thousands of deaths while strengthening *addam +ussein.who was a fa$ored friend and ally of the 6* and Britain right through his worst atrocities, including the gassing of the ?urds, as people of the region also remember well, e$en if 4esterners prefer to forget the facts. These sentiments are $ery widely shared. The 4all *treet 2ournal (*ept. 7@) published a sur$ey of opinions of wealthy and pri$ileged Muslims in the >ulf region (bankers, professionals, businessmen with close links to the 6.*.). They e!pressed much the same $iews= resentment of the 6.*. policies of supporting Israeli crimes and blocking the international consensus on a diplomatic settlement for many years while de$astating Iraqi ci$ilian society, supporting harsh and repressi$e anti:democratic regimes throughout the region, and imposing barriers against economic de$elopment by 0propping up oppressi$e regimes.1 %mong the great ma3ority of people suffering deep po$erty and oppression, similar sentiments are far more bitter, and are the source of the fury and despair that has led to suicide bombings, as commonly understood by those who are interested in the facts. The 6.*., and much of the 4est, prefers a more comforting story. To quote the lead analysis in the /ew Aork Times (*ept. 7B), the perpetrators acted out of

0hatred for the $alues cherished in the 4est as freedom, tolerance, prosperity, religious pluralism and uni$ersal suffrage.1 6.*. actions are irrele$ant, and therefore need not e$en be mentioned (*erge *chmemann). This is a con$enient picture, and the general stance is not unfamiliar in intellectual history5 in fact, it is close to the norm. It happens to be completely at $ariance with e$erything we know, but has all the merits of self:adulation and uncritical support for power. It is also widely recogni"ed that Bin aden and others like him are praying for 0a great assault on Muslim states,1 which will cause 0fanatics to flock to his cause1 (2enkins, and many others.). That too is familiar. The escalating cycle of $iolence is typically welcomed by the harshest and most brutal elements on both sides, a fact e$ident enough from the recent history of the Balkans, to cite only one of many cases. 1:!)h t!co$se;2e$ces!will!the#!h 3e!o$!:S!i$$er!polic#! $d!to!the! 8meric $!self!receptio$? 6* policy has already been officially announced. The world is being offered a 0stark choice1= 3oin us, or 0face the certain prospect of death and destruction.1 ,ongress has authori"ed the use of force against any indi$iduals or countries the -resident determines to be in$ol$ed in the attacks, a doctrine that e$ery supporter regards as ultra:criminal. That is easily demonstrated. *imply ask how the same people would ha$e reacted if /icaragua had adopted this doctrine after the 6.*. had re3ected the orders of the 4orld ,ourt to terminate its 0unlawful use of force1 against /icaragua and had $etoed a *ecurity ,ouncil resolution calling on all states to obser$e international law. %nd that terrorist attack was far more se$ere and destructi$e e$en than this atrocity. %s for how these matters are percei$ed here, that is far more comple!. One should bear in mind that the media and the intellectual elites generally ha$e their particular agendas. 'urthermore, the answer to this question is, in significant measure, a matter of decision= as in many other cases, with sufficient dedication and energy, efforts to stimulate fanaticism, blind hatred, and submission to authority can be re$ersed. 4e all know that $ery well. 1:!<o!#o2!e9pect!:.S.!to!profo2$dl#!ch $ge!their!polic#!to!the!rest!of!the! world? The initial response was to call for intensifying the policies that led to the fury and resentment that pro$ides the background of support for the terrorist attack, and to pursue more intensi$ely the agenda of the most hard line elements of the leadership= increased militari"ation, domestic regimentation, attack on social programs. That is all to be e!pected. %gain, terror attacks, and the escalating cycle of $iolence they often engender, tend to reinforce the authority and prestige of the most harsh and repressi$e elements of a society. But there is nothing

ine$itable about submission to this course. 1:!8fter!the!first!shock/!c me!fe r!of!wh t!the!:.S.! $swer!is!goi$g!to!be.! 8re!#o2! fr id/!too? E$ery sane person should be afraid of the likely reaction.the one that has already been announced, the one that probably answers Bin aden#s prayers. It is highly likely to escalate the cycle of $iolence, in the familiar way, but in this case on a far greater scale. The 6.*. has already demanded that -akistan terminate the food and other supplies that are keeping at least some of the star$ing and suffering people of %fghanistan ali$e. If that demand is implemented, unknown numbers of people who ha$e not the remotest connection to terrorism will die, possibly millions. et me repeat= the 6.*. has demanded that -akistan kill possibly millions of people who are themsel$es $ictims of the Taliban. This has nothing to do e$en with re$enge. It is at a far lower moral le$el e$en than that. The significance is heightened by the fact that this is mentioned in passing, with no comment, and probably will hardly be noticed. 4e can learn a great deal about the moral le$el of the reigning intellectual culture of the 4est by obser$ing the reaction to this demand. I think we can be reasonably confident that if the %merican population had the slightest idea of what is being done in their name, they would be utterly appalled. It would be instructi$e to seek historical precedents. If -akistan does not agree to this and other 6.*. demands, it may come under direct attack as well.with unknown consequences. If -akistan does submit to 6.*. demands, it is not impossible that the go$ernment will be o$erthrown by forces much like the Taliban.who in this case will ha$e nuclear weapons. That could ha$e an effect throughout the region, including the oil producing states. %t this point we are considering the possibility of a war that may destroy much of human society. E$en without pursuing such possibilities, the likelihood is that an attack on %fghans will ha$e pretty much the effect that most analysts e!pect= it will enlist great numbers of others to support of Bin aden, as he hopes. E$en if he is killed, it will make little difference. +is $oice will be heard on cassettes that are distributed throughout the Islamic world, and he is likely to be re$ered as a martyr, inspiring others. It is worth bearing in mind that one suicide bombing.a truck dri$en into a 6.*. military base.dro$e the world#s ma3or military force out of ebanon C9 years ago. The opportunities for such attacks are endless. %nd suicide attacks are $ery hard to pre$ent. 1:!4*he!world!will!$e3er!be!the!s me! fter!11/=-/=17.!<o!#o2!thi$k!so?

The horrendous terrorist attacks on Tuesday are something quite new in world affairs, not in their scale and character, but in the target. 'or the 6*, this is the first time since the 4ar of 7D7C that its national territory has been under attack, e$en threat. Its colonies ha$e been attacked, but not the national territory itself. Euring these years the 6* $irtually e!terminated the indigenous population, conquered half of Me!ico, inter$ened $iolently in the surrounding region, conquered +awaii and the -hilippines (killing hundreds of thousands of 'ilipinos), and in the past half century particularly, e!tended its resort to force throughout much of the world. The number of $ictims is colossal. 'or the first time, the guns ha$e been directed the other way. The same is true, e$en more dramatically, of Europe. Europe has suffered murderous destruction, but from internal wars, meanwhile conquering much of the world with e!treme brutality. It has not been under attack by its $ictims outside, with rare e!ceptions (the I&% in England, for e!ample). It is therefore natural that /%TO should rally to the support of the 6*5 hundreds of years of imperial $iolence ha$e an enormous impact on the intellectual and moral culture. It is correct to say that this is a no$el e$ent in world history, not because of the scale of the atrocity.regrettably.but because of the target. +ow the 4est chooses to react is a matter of supreme importance. If the rich and powerful choose to keep to their traditions of hundreds of years and resort to e!treme $iolence, they will contribute to the escalation of a cycle of $iolence, in a familiar dynamic, with long:term consequences that could be awesome. Of course, that is by no means ine$itable. %n aroused public within the more free and democratic societies can direct policies towards a much more humane and honorable course. http=FFtranscripts.cnn.comFT&%/*,&I-T*F9798FC8Fcp.99.html