THE WORLD OF ENGLISH The place of English o Lingua franca = lang.

. adopted for communication purposes by 2 speakers whose mother tongue is different o European union o USA influence o Words borrowed from other languages. E.g. bank, chocolate, university o False friends: Ro: actual - Eng: actually o Second language David Crystal: depends how well we expect people to speakEng to consider them second language speakers. The lower the standards, the bigger the number How English got there o Colonial history o Economics, globalization o Travel. Airports o Information exchange. Internet, conferences o Popular culture Varieties of English o Differences between Br and Am Eng. o Australian, south African, Scottish (carry-out vs take-away), Canadian, Sri Lankan, Nigerian o Received Pronunciation (accents, Cockney, Geordie) http://www.videojug.com/film/how-to-do-ageordie-accent o Black English, Hispanic E, Chinese E o Braj Kachrus three concentric circles: inner, outer, expanding o Which to teach? The variety that best reflects their own language use o General or specific courses? The four skills or ESP/EAP

Describing the language Grammar = description of ways in which words can change their form and can be combined into sentences Tree diagram. The mongoose but the snake. Rules are known to competent speakers Knowledge = competence, its realization = performance Morphology We tried calling. Syntax Spoken and written grammar S+V+O+C ellipsis o Markers of spoken lang: non-clausal units (Mmm, Uhhuh, yeah,) + tags + interjections, hesitators, condensed questions (more milk?) echo questions, response forms (yeah, sure), fixed polite speech formulae (Happy BDay) Problems with grammar rules: descriptive and pedagogic grammars o Michael Swan: simplicity, truth, clarityrelevance Vocabulary o Language corpora corpus o Word meaning: polysemy, meaning in context, antonyms, synonyms, hyponymy + superordinate (fruit), connotation o Literal meaning + metaphorical; metaphors fixed phrase (kick the bucket), idiom, clich,

Word combinations: lighning-quick, let it down, collocations (word combinations: fast asleep), fixed expressions (an only child).phrasal verb o The grammar of words: parts of speech (tree diagram know what to replace it with) Nouns: countable or uncountable [U] [C] Verbs: transitive or intransitive Language in use o We choose words and phrases to have different effects o Variables: purpose, appropriacy (variables that channel our choice: setting, participants, gender, channel, topic), language in discourse, genre The sounds of language: pitch, intonation, individual sounds, sounds and spelling, stress Paralinguistic features of a language o Vocal: whispering (indicates need of secrecy), breathiness (deep emotion, sexual desire), huskiness (unimportance), nasality (anxiety), extra lip rounding (to babies) o Physical: facial expression, gesture (culture bound), proximity, posture, echoing