Key Technologies of WDM-PON for

Future Converged Optical Broadband

Access Networks [Invited]
Gee-Kung Chang, Arshad Chowdhury, Zhensheng Jia, Hung-Chang Chien, Ming-Fang Huang,
Jianjun Yu, and Georgios Ellinas
AbstractThe wavelength-division-multiplexed
passive optical network (WDM-PON) is considered to
be the next evolutionary solution for a simplied and
future-proofed access system that can accommodate
exponential trafc growth and bandwidth-hungry
new applications. WDM-PON mitigates the compli-
cated time-sharing and power budget issues in time-
division-multiplexed PON (TDM-PON) by providing
virtual point-to-point optical connectivity to multiple
end users through a dedicated pair of wavelengths.
There are a few hurdles to overcome before WDM-
PON sees widespread deployment. Several key en-
abling technologies for converged WDM-PON systems
are demonstrated, including the techniques for
longer reach, higher data rate, and higher spectral ef-
ciency. The cost-efcient architectures are designed
for single-source systems and resilient protection for
trafc restoration. We also develop the integrated
schemes with radio-over-ber (RoF)-based optical-
wireless access systems to serve both xed and mo-
bile users in the converged optical platform.
Index TermsWavelength-division-multiplexed
passive optical network (WDM-PON); Broadband ac-
cess.
I. INTRODUCTION
T
HE rapidly growing number of broadband sub-
scribers and the increased use of video-based ser-
vices with high-denition quality are forcing carriers
to look for bandwidth solutions. It is commonly agreed
that passive optical networks (PONs) are highly rec-
ognized as the most promising candidates for next-
generation access systems because of low cost, simple
maintenance and operation, and high-bandwidth pro-
vision [1]. Because of its point-to-multipoint architec-
ture, multiplexing techniques are required in a PON
to offer multiple access capability. Time-division mul-
tiple access (TDMA) PONs, like todays Ethernet PON
(EPON) and gigabit PON (GPON), are being deployed
by many carriers to provide triple-play services. How-
ever, TDMA PON cannot keep up with the require-
ments of future access network evolution regarding
aggregated bandwidth, attainable reach, and allow-
able power budget. WDM-PONs can mitigate these is-
sues for guaranteeing high bandwidth and quality of
service to each subscriber. WDM-PONs offer higher
per optical network unit (ONU) bandwidth, low split-
ting loss, and maximum link reach as opposed to
EPON and GPON systems [13]. WDM-PONs can
serve distances up to 80100 km without the need for
optical amplication, which blurs the traditional
boundary of metro and access networks as shown in
Fig. 1. The metro core or wide-area access network
connecting the optical backbone consists of recong-
urable optical adddrop multiplexers (ROADM) to
support exible conguration. An optical line terminal
(OLT), as the aggregatingdeaggregating interface to
the ROADM, transmits and receives the optical sig-
nals to and from the remote node (RN). Typically, the
main services include direct residential access, dedi-
cated access for business, and backhauling of copper
or radio access networks. To make full use of the huge
bandwidth offered by optical ber and exibility fea-
tures presented via wireless, the convergence of radio-
over-ber (RoF)-based optical-wireless networks and
WDM-PON are regarded as the most promising solu-
tion to increase the capacity, coverage, bandwidth,
and mobility in environments such as conference cen-
ters, airports, hotels, and shopping malls and ulti-
mately to homes and small ofces [4,5].
In this paper, we review recent research efforts on
Manuscript received March 31, 2009; revised May 18, 2009; ac-
cepted May 28, 2009; published August 25, 2009 Doc. ID 109513.
G.-K. Chang (e-mail: gkchang@ece.gatech.edu), A. Chowdhury (e-
mail: arshad@ece.gatech.edu), H.-C. Chien (e-mail: hchien3@ece.
gatech.edu), and M.-F. Huang (e-mail: mhuang@ece.gatech.edu) are
with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
J. Yu (e-mail: jianjun@nec-labs.com) is with NEC Laboratories
America, Princeton, NJ 0854, USA.
Z. Jia (e-mail: jzs@research.telcordia.com) is with Telcordia
Technology, Red Bank, NJ.
G. Ellinas (e-mail: gellinas@ucy.ac.cy) is with the Department of
Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia,
Cyprus.
Digital Object Identier 10.1364/JOCN.1.000C35
Chang et al. VOL. 1, NO. 4/ SEPTEMBER 2009/ J. OPT. COMMUN. NETW. C35
1943-0620/09/040C35-16/$15.00 2009 Optical Society of America

advancing WDM-PON technologies for future optical
access networks. In Section II, we experimentally
demonstrate the architecture design based on differ-
ent modulation formats for bidirectional connections
using a single light source at the central ofce (CO). A
self-survivable WDM-PON architecture with central-
ized wavelength monitoring, protection, and restora-
tion capability is demonstrated in Section III. In
Section IV, an impairment mitigation technique to
eliminate the Rayleigh backscattering (RB) and
Fresnel backreection effects in long-reach, bidirec-
tional single-ber WDM-PON systems is demon-
strated based on carrier-suppressed subcarrier modu-
lation. In the same section, we introduce a remote
signal regeneration and upconversion method to sig-
nicantly increase the dispersion tolerance for upcon-
verted optical millimeter-wave signals in the extended
RoF WDM-PON systems. Finally, the exibility and
transport feasibility in metro and wide-area access
DWDM networks with multiple ROADM nodes for
60 GHz optical millimeter-wave signals are presented
in Section V.
II. ARCHITECTURE DESIGN FOR BIDIRECTIONAL
CONNECTIONS USING A CENTRALIZED LIGHT SOURCE
A. Spectrally Efcient Scheme Based on DPSK and
Duobinary
To support ever-increasing bandwidth demand for
user-specic applications such as video-on-demand,
HDTV, etc. in a cost-effective manner, the number of
wavelengths in the future WDM-PON system must be
increased. Shrinking the DWDM channel spacing be-
tween the adjacent channels from currently available
100 or 50 GHz to the future 25 GHz is thus highly de-
sirable. Also, to make the WDM-PON system more
cost effective and easily manageable, the future ONU
should have the capability to reuse the downstream
signal by remodulating it with upstream data [68].
Recently, we proposed and experimentally demon-
strated a spectrally efcient, dispersion-tolerant
25 GHz spaced DWDM-PON system using a 25 GHz
optical interleaver (IL), 10 Gbit/ s differential phase
shift keying (DPSK) downstream signal, and remodu-
lated 10 Gbit/ s duobinary upstream signal [9]. Using
duobinary for the upstream signal does not require
any additional demodulator at the CO and exhibits
better dispersion tolerance for the remodulated signal.
The experimental setup of the proposed DWDM-
PON is shown in Fig. 2. The CW carrier generated
from a distributed feedback (DFB) laser at wave-
length 1546 nm is injected to an optical phase modu-
lator (PM) with a bandwidth of 10 GHz. The PM is
driven by 10 Gbit/ s downstream data with a pseudo-
random bit sequence (PRBS) length of 2
31
1. The
modulated DPSK signal is passing through the odd
port of a 50/ 25 GHz optical IL. Insets (i) and (ii) of
Fig. 2 show the optical spectra of the 10 Gbit/ s DPSK
downstream signals before and after the 25 GHz IL.
After the IL, the DPSK DS signal is amplied and
transmitted over 25 km of standard single-mode ber
(SMF-28) to the ONU. At the ONU, a 3 dB optical
splitter is used to tap half of the optical power for the
downstream receiver. A MachZehnder delay inter-
ferometric demodulator (DI) with a free spectral range
of 12.5 GHz is used to convert the phase-modulated
DPSK signal to an intensity-modulated signal before
it is received by a regular direct detection PIN re-
ceiver. The other 50% of the DPSK signal is amplied
and injected into a 10 GHz optical intensity modulator
(IM). Inset (iii) of Fig. 2 shows the optical spectra of
the remodulated signal. The IM is driven by the
10 Gbit/ s upstream (US) data for duobinary modula-
tion. The PRBS length of the upstream data is set to
2
31
1. A fourth-order BesselThomson low-pass elec-
trical lter (LPF) with 3 dB bandwidth of 2.8 GHz is
used as a duobinary encoder for the 10 Gbit/ s up-
stream data. A tunable electric delay is used to syn-
chronize the bit position of the downstream signal
with the upstream data. The IM is biased at the trans-
mission null point, and the driving voltage is set to
2V

. The remodulated duobinary upstream signal is

transmitted back to the CO through another 25 km of
SMF-28 before being received by a direct direction
PIN receiver. In order to eliminate the unwanted Ray-
leigh backscattering noise in the bidirectional trans-
mission, we used a dual-ber transmission architec-
ture. Figure 3 shows the bit-error-rate (BER)
measurements of both the DPSK downstream and the
duobinary upstream before and after their respective
transmission. The insets of Fig. 3 show the corre-
Fig. 1. (Color online) Metro and wide-area WDM-PON architec-
ture and future network requirements.
C36 J. OPT. COMMUN. NETW. / VOL. 1, NO. 4/ SEPTEMBER 2009 Chang et al.

sponding optical eye diagrams. The eyes are clear and
open with a good extinction ratio. For DPSK down-
stream, we used only one single direct direction opti-
cal receiver after demodulation at the DI. At a 10
10
BER, the power penalty of the 10 Gbit/ s DPSK down-
stream signal is about 0.6 dB after 25 km of single-
mode ber without any dispersion compensation. On
the other hand, at a 10
10
BER, the power penalty for
a 1 Gbit/ s duobinary upstream is less than 0.5 dB af-
ter the corresponding upstream transmission over
25 km of SMF without dispersion compensation.
Thus, the end-to-end power penalty of the remodu-
lated signal after 50 km (25 km downstream+25 km
upstream) is about 1.1 dB. The power penalty is
caused mainly by the accumulated dispersion at the
50 km SMF and the signal remodulation process at
the ONU.
B. WDM-OFDM-PON
Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing
(OFDM) is an effective modulation format, which has
recently received much attention in ber-optic trans-
mission systems because of its high spectrum ef-
ciency and resistance to a variety of dispersions, in-
cluding chromatic dispersion [1013]. In this section,
we built up a WDM-OFDM-PON with a centralized
light wave and direct detection. The principle of the
proposed architecture is illustrated in Fig. 4. The op-
tical line terminal (OLT) designed consists of N dis-
tributed laser sources. One IM is employed to gener-
ate upconverted OFDM intensity-modulated signals
for WDM-OFDM downstream transmission. The
modulated data streams are orthogonal to each other
in the frequency domain, meaning that the cross talk
between the subchannels is eliminated. OFDM base-
band signals are upconverted to a high radio fre-
quency (RF) carrier by an electrical mixer with an RF
source. Since the spectrum bandwidth of the OFDM is
Fig. 2. Experimental setup and optical spectra for downstream and upstream signals. The resolution of the optical spectra is 0.01 nm.
Fig. 3. (Color online) BER measurements and optical eye
diagrams.
Chang et al. VOL. 1, NO. 4/ SEPTEMBER 2009/ J. OPT. COMMUN. NETW. C37

small, a low RF source can be used to carry high-speed
OFDM signals. For example, 10 GHz RF signals can
easily carry 10 Gbit/ s 16-QAM OFDM signals. In the
RN, one DEMUX is used to separate channels and de-
liver to each ONU. The downstream signals are sent
to two paths after passing through a 3 dB coupler.
One part is fed to an OFDM receiver after passing
through one narrowband optical lter (OF). This opti-
cal lter is used to reduce the fading effects after it
converts double-sideband signals to single sideband.
Without this lter, the power penalty will be large at a
certain transmission distance due to a fading effect.
For the upstream link, the downstream OFDM signal
is remodulated by another IM. Consequently, the cen-
tralized light wave is realized because there is no ad-
ditional light source in the ONU.
The experimental setup is presented in Fig. 5. In
the CO, one CW light wave was generated by a DFB
laser at 1541.74 nm. An OFDM baseband signal was
generated ofine and uploaded into a Tektronix AWG
7102 arbitrary waveform generator (AWG). The wave-
forms produced by the AWG were continuously output
at 10 Gsamples/ s and 10 bits DAC, and the output
bandwidth was 2.5 GHz based on the Nyquist law.
The 16 QAM OFDM signals at 10 Gbits/ s are mixed
with a 10 GHz sinusoidal wave by an electrical mixer.
The mixed RF signal is rst electrically amplied be-
fore using it to drive an optical IM. The optical spec-
trum with 0.01 nm resolution after the IM is shown in
inset (i) of Fig. 5. After 25 km SMF-28 transmission,
the separated downstream trafc was divided into two
parts by a 3 dB optical coupler. One part is delivered
to the downstream OFDM receiver, and the other part
is prepared for upstream signals. At the downstream
receiver, the WDM-OFDM signal was ltered by a
25/ 50 GHz spaced optical interleaver (IL) with a pass-
ing bandwidth of 0.2 nm, the spectrum is shown in in-
set (ii) in Fig. 5. The received RF OFDM signal was
downconverted rst and then sampled by a Tektronix
real-time oscilloscope (TDS6154C) at 10 Gsamples/ s
after direct detection by a 45 GHz photodetector (PD).
The digital signal processing work was done ofine.
The electrical spectra of the OFDM signal, the LO sig-
nal, and the mixed signals are exhibited in Figs.
5(a)5(c), respectively. The mixed OFDM and local os-
cillator (LO) signals after intensity modulation and
25 km SMF-28 are shown in Figs. 5(d) and 5(e). It is
clearly seen that the waveform of 16-quadrature am-
plitude modulation (QAM) OFDM optical signal
looked like a return-to-zero-shaped CW optical signal.
Hence, it can be remodulated to carry the upstream
data. For the upstream link, the RF OFDM signal was
remodulated by an optical IM at a 1.75 Gbit/ s data
Fig. 4. (Color online) Principle of proposed WDM-OFDM-PON ar-
chitecture. LO, local oscillator; OF, optical lter; IM, intensity
modulator; DS/US Rx, downstream/upstream receiver.)
Fig. 5. (Color online) Experimental setup of proposed new scheme. (i)(iii) Measured optical spectra 0.01 nm. (a)(e) Measured electrical
spectra and the electrical eye diagrams, which are at the corresponding points (a)(e) in the setup. IL, interleaver.
C38 J. OPT. COMMUN. NETW. / VOL. 1, NO. 4/ SEPTEMBER 2009 Chang et al.

rate with a PRBS length of 2
31
1. Figure 5(iii) shows
the optical spectrum for upstream signals before re-
modulation. The BER curves and the corresponding
constellations of downstream 16-QAM intensity-
modulated OFDM signals with and without an inter-
leaver are exhibited in Fig. 6(a). Without an IL at the
receiver side, there is an obvious power penalty of
about 2.5 dB after 25 km of SMF transmission. One
IL is used to lter out one sideband in order to study
the fading effects. After employing a 25/ 50 GHz
spaced IL, there is no obvious power penalty after
transmission. Therefore, the fading effect due to
double-sideband modulation leads to a 2.5 dB power
penalty in this proposed architecture. However, using
IL to lter out one of the sidebands degrades receiver
sensitivity even in back-to-back transmission. The
BER of the back-to-back without IL has higher re-
ceiver sensitivity, as more information from triple
peaks (baseband and the two rst-order sidebands) is
received by the receiver. Figure 6(b) illustrates the
measured BER curves and the corresponding eye dia-
gram for upstream signals after transmission. It can
be clearly seen that the eye diagram is widely opened
after transmission. The power penalty is less than
0.2 dB after transmission over 25 km of SMF-28 at a
BER equal to 10
9
.
C. Triple-Play Services Over DWDM-PON
In this subsection, a novel bidirectional DWDM-
PON system using a single carrier-suppressed light
source to provide download (DL), upload (UL), and
video selectcast (VS) services simultaneously is pre-
sented. The architecture for the novel bidirectional
DWDM-PON, which provides DL, UL, and VS ser-
vices simultaneously with a single light source, is
shown in Fig. 7. In the CO, CWs are separated into
two parts by a power splitter. One part provides both
DL and VS services based on pairs of carriers gener-
ated by optical carrier suppression (OCS). The other
part of the CWs provides ONU carriers for UL ser-
vices. Therefore, each CW can be used to carry three
different services to one ONU. For different ONUs,
specic VS signals are modulated onto corresponding
different carriers. In the RN, a WDM demultiplexer
separates the light waves for different ONUs and dis-
tributes them to their destinations via SMFs. In the
ONUs, DL and VS signals are received after optical
bandpass lters; carriers for UL are reected, ampli-
ed, and at the same time modulated with UL signals
by reective semiconductor optical ampliers
(RSOAs). UL signals are received in the CO after a
WDM demultiplexer.
Figure 8 shows the experimental setup for the pro-
posed novel bidirectional DWDM-PON system using a
single light source for DL, UL, and VS services. In the
CO, eight CWs are generated by eight DFB lasers at
Fig. 6. (Color online) Measured BER curves. (a) BTB and after 25 km of SMF-28 and the corresponding constellations for 16-QAM
intensity-modulated OFDM signals at 10 Gbits/ s with and without an IL. (b) After 25 km of SMF for a 1.75 Gbit/ s upstream signal.
Fig. 7. Schematic diagram for the bidirectional DWDM-PON sys-
tem using a single light source to provide DL, UL, and VS services
simultaneously.
Chang et al. VOL. 1, NO. 4/ SEPTEMBER 2009/ J. OPT. COMMUN. NETW. C39

wavelengths 1555.1, 1555.9, 1556.7, 1557.5, 1558.3,
1559.1, 1559.9, and 1560.7 nm. They are multiplexed
by an AWG with 100 GHz spacing. The output of the
AWG is split into two parts by a 50:50 optical power
splitter. The upper part goes through an OCS module.
OCS is realized by a dual-arm LiNbO
3
MachZehnder
modulator (MZM) driven by two complementary
clocks at the frequency of 25 GHz. Two subcarriers get
a total power of 9 dBm and then are separated by a
50/ 100 GHz interleaver into two groups; one group is
modulated by an external IM with 2
31
1 PRBS DL
signals at 10 Gbit/ s. The other group of subcarriers is
modulated by another IM with 2
31
1 PRBS signals at
2.5 Gbits/ s to provide VS signals. All modulated light
waves are combined by an optical coupler. On the
other hand, the lower part of the CWs passes a vari-
able optical attenuator (VOA) to match the power
level of the rst part. There are 24 channels with a to-
tal power of 12 dBm for transmission. Having trans-
mitted over a 20 km SMF span, the 24 channels are
fed into a 25/ 50 GHz interleaver. The 16 subcarriers
generated after OCS with 50 GHz separation go
through the same port of the interleaver and are then
split by a 50:50 power splitter for receiving. Tunable
optical lter (TOFs) with a 3 dB bandwidth of 0.2 nm
are used in the experiment to simulate an AWG and
xed bandpass lters for multi-ONUs in the architec-
ture. For UL service, one of the eight CW light waves
is selected by a TOF and then reected and modulated
by an RSOA. As UL signals, 1.25 Gbit/ s PRBS signals
with a word length of 2
31
1 are directly modulated
onto the CW by the RSOA, which also amplies the
optical power up to 2 dBm. The received optical spec-
tra are illustrated in Fig. 9. Figure 9(a) shows the
original 8 CW channels multiplexed by the AWG, and
Fig. 9(b) shows 16 subcarriers generated by OCS. The
spacing between each two neighboring subcarriers is
50 GHz with a carrier suppression ratio higher than
25 dB. Figure 9(c) shows the complete spectrum of a
total of 24 channels for DL, UL, and VS. For each
ONU, the spacing between VS and UL, as well as be-
tween UL and DL, is 25 GHz. A detailed spectrum is
shown in Fig. 9(d); from left to right are VS, UL, and
DL light waves. Figure 10 shows the measured BER
curves. For DL service, after 20 km transmission, the
randomly selected channels 1555.3, 1557.7, and
1560.9 nm suffer power penalties of approximately
0.5 dB, while for UL and VS services, after the same
transmission distance, the power penalties are less
than 0.5 dB. Such results reside in the difference
among the bit rates. VS service has the best BER per-
formance, since a 2.5 Gbit/ s 3R receiver is employed.
BER performance shows negligible differences among
Fig. 8. (Color online) The experimental setup for a novel bidirec-
tional DWDM-PON system using a single light source for simulta-
neous DL, UL, and VS services. LD, laser diode; PC, polarization
controller; DAM, dual-arm modulator; VOA, variable optical at-
tenuator; IM, intensity modulator; CIR, circulator; IL, interleaver.
Fig. 9. (Color online) Received optical spectra for (a) 8 original CW
channels, (b) 16 subcarrier channels generated by OCS, (c) the com-
bination of 8 CWs and 16 modulated subcarrier channels, and (d)
the detailed spectrum of the fourth group in (c).
Fig. 10. (Color online) BER curves and eye diagrams for 10 Gbit/ s
DL, 2.5 Gbit/ s VS, and 1.25 Gbit/ s UL transmission.
C40 J. OPT. COMMUN. NETW. / VOL. 1, NO. 4/ SEPTEMBER 2009 Chang et al.

randomly selected channels, which means the archi-
tecture is scalable over a wide band range.
III. SELF-PROTECTION IN WDM-PON
As data rates in the future WDM-PON access net-
works are envisioned to reach 10 Gbits/ s for both up-
stream and downstream links, network reliability and
survivability of such networks need to be addressed
carefully. Several schemes have been reported to real-
ize protection and restoration functions for WDM-
PONs [1419]. We proposed and demonstrated a cen-
trally managed self-survivable, bidirectional WDM-
PON architecture [20] using the OCS [21] technique
and a systematic, cyclic wavelength assignment
scheme to protect the upstream and downstream ser-
vices for N ONUs, using only N units of laser diodes at
the CO in both working and protection modes. This
self-survivable protection scheme detects and restores
all types of network failures at feeder/distribution -
bers, AWG in RNs, and transmitters at the CO and
ONUs.
Figure 11 shows the proposed architecture and
wavelength assignment of the self-survivable WDM-
PON network providing centralized light sources and
a protection scheme for N ONUs in a bidirectional
transmission system. At the CO, N wavelength chan-
nels
1
. . .
N
are used to provide both the down-
stream and upstream light sources for N ONUs. For
each
I
I=1. . . N, two subcarrier channels (
ID
and

IU
) are generated by the OCS technique. However,
only one OCS unit is used for N wavelength channels
to generate their respective subcarrier channels. We
used a clockwise wavelength sharing scheme among
the ONUs to provide centralized light sources for up-
stream and downstream directions in both the work-
ing and the protecting modes. In the normal working
mode, the subcarrier channels
ID
and
IU
generated
at wavelength
I
are used to provide downstream and
upstream channels, respectively, for the Ith ONU
ONU
I
, for I=1. . . N. However, in the protection
mode, ONU
I
is served by the wavelength channel
I1
for I=2. . . N, and for I=1, ONU
1
is served by the wave-
length channel
N
. After the OCS, the working and
protection carriers designated to ONU
I
are fed into
the network unit controller NUC-I. NUC-I performs
protection switching and transceiver operation for
ONU
I
. At NUC-I, an optical switch is used to select
the appropriate wavelength channel based on the
mode of operation (working or protection) of ONU
I
, de-
termined by the optical power monitor. An interleaver
lter (IL) is used to separate the downstream (DS)
and upstream (US) carriers.
Figure 12 shows the experimental setup of the pro-
posed WDM-PON system. At the CO, two CW DFB la-
sers at 1541.45 nm
1
and 1542.24 nm
2
provide
the upstream and downstream carrier signals for
ONU
1
and ONU
2
in both working and protection
modes. The CW signals are injected into a dual-drive
LiNbO
3
MZM with V

of 3.0 V. The modulator is

driven by a pair of 12.5 GHz complementary RF sinu-
soidal signals. Once the MZM is biased at the trans-
mission null, the optical carrier of the injected CW sig-
nals are suppressed, and two pairs of subwavelength
channels
1d
,
1u
and
2d
,
2u
are generated. Insets
(a) and (b) of Fig. 12 show the optical spectra before
and after the OCS. The separation between two sub-
channels at each wavelength is 25 GHz, and a carrier
suppression ratio of over 30 dB is achieved. An optical
interleaver IL
a
with 25 GHz channel spacing is used
to separate the upstream and downstream subchan-
nels before modulation at the CO, and 100 GHz
spaced interleavers (IL
1
, IL
2
, IL
3
) are used to separate
distinct wavelength channels
1
and
2
at the CO and
RN. A 21 electromechanical optical switch (SW) is
used as a protection switch. The transmission dis-
tance between the CO and the ONU is 20 km (SMF-
28). Each downstream and upstream channel carries
10 Gbit/ s data with a PRBS word length of 2
31
1. In-
Fig. 11. (Color online) (a) System architecture of the proposed self-
survivable WDM-PON and (b) wavelength assignment for upstream
and downstream signals in the working and protection mode.
Chang et al. VOL. 1, NO. 4/ SEPTEMBER 2009/ J. OPT. COMMUN. NETW. C41

set (c) of Fig. 12 shows the optical spectra of the
10 Gbit/ s DS signals and the unmodulated upstream
carrier signals, and inset (d) of Fig. 12 shows the sepa-
rated upstream and downstream channels at the
ONU. The insertion loss at the CO is compensated by
placing an additional optical amplier after IL
2
. The
launching power per wavelength channel is set to
3 dBm in the downstream direction. The channel
spacing of IL
3
at the ONU is 50 GHz, and the 3 dB
bandwidth of the TOF is 0.21 nm. Figure 13 shows the
BER and the eye diagrams of the downstream and up-
stream signals. At a 10
10
BER, the power penalties of
the 10 Gbit/ s downstream and upstream channel are
less than 0.7 and 1.2 dB, respectively, after 20 km bi-
directional transmission both in working and protec-
tion modes. The power penalties are due mainly to the
residual ber chromatic dispersion and cascaded l-
tering effects at the CO, RN, and ONU. The upstream
transmission suffers an additional 1.5 dB power pen-
alty compared with the downstream. This could be
due to the unwanted reections at the circulators.
IV. LONG-REACH TRANSMISSION FOR WDM-PON
A. Impairment Mitigation for Rayleigh Backscattering
WDM-PON using single-ber architecture may suf-
fer from impairments due to unavoidable RB and
Fresnel backreections, which could be even worse in
a long-reach scenario. Several methods to mitigate the
RB effects have been proposed [2225]. However,
these schemes either cannot completely eliminate the
Rayleigh carrier backscattering and Rayleigh signal
backscattering or require additional light sources for
upstream carriers or separate ber links for down-
stream and upstream signals. Therefore, we propose a
simple architecture to realize an RB-noise-eliminated,
115 km long-reach, single-ber, full-duplex, central-
ized WDM-PON system [26]. Figure 14 shows the ex-
perimental setup of the proposed long-reach, RB-
eliminated WDM-PON system. At the CO, a DFB
laser is used to generate the CW light wave at a wave-
length of 1546.172 nm. The optical signal is fed into
an optical PM, driven by 10 Gbit/ s downstream data
with a PRBS length of 2
31
1. The downstream signal
is then transmitted to the ONU over 115 km of stan-
dard SMF (SMF-28) via the local exchange (LE) and
Fig. 12. (Color online) Experimental setup of WDM-PON testbed using a centralized light source and protection for two ONUs.
Fig. 13. (Color online) BER measurements and optical eye dia-
grams at various points in the WDM-PON testbed: (a) 10 Gbit/ s
downstream, (b) 10 Gbit/ s upstream.
C42 J. OPT. COMMUN. NETW. / VOL. 1, NO. 4/ SEPTEMBER 2009 Chang et al.

the RN. The LE is situated 100 km from the CO and
consists of two erbium-doped ber ampliers (EDFAs)
in a bidirectional fashion. An AWG is used as the RN,
which is placed right after the LE. A dispersion com-
pensation ber (DCF) module with total dispersion of
1760 nm/ ps is used at the CO to compensate for the
dispersion generated by the long-reach distribution -
ber between the CO and the LE. The injection power
of the DS signal at the dispersion compensation ber
and after the LE is set to 3 dBm in both positions. At
the ONU, the odd port of a 25 GHz optical IL with a
free spectral range of 100 GHz is used to pass the
DPSK downstream trafc. The IL is realized by cas-
cading one 25/ 50 GHz and another 50/ 100 GHz opti-
cal interleaver. A 3 dB optical coupler (OC) is used to
tap 50% of the DPSK DS signal, which is later re-
ceived by using a differential interferometer delay de-
modulator and a PIN receiver. The remaining 50% of
the DS signal is remodulated by a 10 GHz lithium nio-
bate IM with V

of 3.4 V in order to carry the up-

stream data. The optical carrier-suppressed subcar-
rier modulation (OCS-SCM) of 2.5 Gbit/ s upstream
data with a PRBS length of 2
31
1 is realized at the
15 GHz subcarrier frequency. Figure 15(a) shows the
optical spectra before and after the remodulation at
the IM and the upstream signal after passing through
the even port of the IL. It is shown that, after the
OCS-SCM, the original carrier at wavelength
1546.172 nm is suppressed over 15 dB, and two sub-
carriers with a separation of 30 GHz and carrying
2.5 Gbit/ s upstream data are generated. At the CO, a
TOF with 3 dB bandwidth of 0.21 nm is used instead
of another IL to separate the upstream signal from
the accumulated RB and reection noise before it is
received by a regular PIN receiver. Figure 15(b) shows
the optical spectra before and after the TOF. It is ob-
served that the RB and backreections accumulated
at the original carrier 1546.172 nm are ltered out
by the TOF. We measured the BER and optical eye
diagrams of both the downstream and the remodu-
lated upstream signal before and after transmission,
as shown in Fig. 16. The eyes are open with a good ex-
tinction ratio. At a 10
10
BER, the power penalty of
10 Gbit/ s DPSK downstream and remodulated
2.5 Gbit/ s OCS-SCM upstream signal is less than 0.5
and 1.9 dB, respectively, after 115 km of bidirectional
SMF-28 transmission. The power penalties are caused
mainly by the ltering effects at the ONU and CO, re-
sidual dispersion of the remodulated signal, and the
accumulated amplied spontaneous emission noise at
ampliers. When the upstream signal is separated
from the reected phase-modulated signal using the
Fig. 14. (Color online) Experimental setup of the proposed long-reach WDM-PON with 10 Gbit/ s downstream and RB-eliminated
2.5 Gbit/ s upstream signals.
Fig. 15. Optical spectra at ONU
I
and the CO, depicting the remodulation of the DPSK downstream signal to carry upstream data (reso-
lution of 0.01 nm).
Chang et al. VOL. 1, NO. 4/ SEPTEMBER 2009/ J. OPT. COMMUN. NETW. C43

optical lter, part of the phase signal is converted to
an intensity signal, thus contributing to the addi-
tional cross talk as seen from some uctuation in 1s
in the back-to-back (b2b) eye diagram of the US sig-
nals.
B. Extended Reach for 60 GHZ RoF
RoF technology operating on an unlicensed 60 GHz
band can be easily integrated with WDM-PON to si-
multaneously transport multichannel, multigigabit
wireless and wired signals as last miles and last
meters solutions for in-building applications [27].
Nonetheless, the transmission distance for a 60 GHz
RoF system is only a few tens of kilometers, resulting
from the time shifting of the codes caused by ber
chromatic dispersion. Such a short propagation dis-
tance will limit the applications of an RoF system as
well as increase the deployment cost. Recently, we de-
veloped and experimentally demonstrated a novel ar-
chitecture of a long-reach WDM 60 GHz millimeter-
wave (mm-wave) RoF system, which can transmit 8
channels with 2.5 Gbit/ s hybrid wired and wireless
data over 125 km of standard single-mode ber
(SSMF) by using a remote OCS technique without any
dispersion compensation [28]. Figure 17 shows the
experimental setup for a long-reach WDM 60 GHz
band RoF access network. At the CO, eight narrow
linewidth optical carriers from eight tunable lasers
at wavelengths from 1554.908 to1560.508 nm with
100 GHz spacing were used as the optical sources, as
shown in inset (a) of Fig. 17. The eight optical carri-
ers, followed by separate polarization controllers,
were coupled together by an AWG and then modulated
by a 2.5 Gbit/ s PRBS with a word length of 2
31
1. Af-
ter being transmitted over 100 km of SMF, the gener-
ated 82.5 Gbit/ s signals were fed into an LE and
then amplied by an EDFA. In order to upconvert
Fig. 16. (Color online) Measured BER and optical eye diagrams of
the 10 Gbit/ s downstream signal and remodulated 2.5 Gbit/ s up-
stream signal.
Fig. 17. (Color online) Scheme for generation of 60 GHz millimeter wave by using PM and IL.
C44 J. OPT. COMMUN. NETW. / VOL. 1, NO. 4/ SEPTEMBER 2009 Chang et al.

baseband data to 60 GHz millimeter-wave, a OCS for-
mat was achieved by a dual-arm MZM biased at V

of
2.1 V and driven by two complementary 30 GHz
clocks, which were generated by a 1:4 frequency mul-
tiplier and 7.5 GHz clock source. The optical spectrum
of eight channels after upconversion is shown in Fig.
17 as inset (b). The separation between two subcarri-
ers at each channel is 60 GHz 0.48 nm, and a carrier
suppression ratio of about 20 dB was achieved. As
shown in Fig. 17, we also demonstrated another way
to generate a 60 GHz millimeter-wave: downstream
data was injected into a PM, which was driven by a
30 GHz RF clock and formed a carrier suppression of
20 dB by adjusting the amplitude of the clock, and
then a 50/ 200 IL was utilized to lter out the un-
wanted sidebands. The optical spectra before and af-
ter the IL are shown in Fig. 17 as insets (i) and (ii),
respectively. After upconversion, one of eight channels
at 1557.508 nm was ltered with an AWG before being
transmitted over 25 km of SMF to the base station
(BS). Inset (c) of Fig. 17 clearly shows the relationship
between modulated signals and the passband of one
port of the AWG. The optical spectrum after the AWG
is shown in Fig. 17 as inset (d). At the BS, the wired
signals are directly detected by a compact 2.5 Gbit/ s
receiver with 3R function, which can lter out the
high-frequency millimeter-wave part. On the other
hand, for wireless transmission, optical-to-electrical
conversion was completed by a 60 GHz bandwidth
PIN photodiode. After photodetection, the downlink
signal was amplied by an electrical amplier (EA)
and then downconverted to baseband form. Baseband
data was retrieved by mixing the converted electrical
signal with a 60 GHz LO signal, which was generated
by a 15 GHz clock signal and a 1:4 frequency multi-
plier. For wireless transmission, the optical eye dia-
grams of millimeter-wave signals after 100 and
125 km of SMF transmission are shown in Fig. 18. It
is seen that the eye diagram after 125 km transmis-
sion has more distortion but is still clear and open.
Figure 18 also shows the measured BER curves and
corresponding eye diagrams for wired and wireless
data. The power penalties at the given BER of 10
9
af-
ter 125 km transmission are about 0.5 and 1.4 dB for
wired and wireless data, respectively. The penalties
result from the chromatic dispersion for the two sub-
carriers with 60 GHz spacing.
V. CONVERGENCE BETWEEN ROF AND WDM-PON IN
LOCAL AND METRO ACCESS
Wavelength-selective switch (WSS)-based ROADM
with a low-cost conguration is expected to be compat-
ible with DWDM optical-wireless networks to support
exible optical routing in optical-wireless networks.
Using the exibility offered by ROADMs, the number
of BSs sharing a wavelength channel can be adapted,
and thus the available capacity per BS can be tuned to
match its trafc demands. For example, when a hot
spot with high trafc load emerges, the respective BS
can provide an extra millimeter-wave carrier as soon
as another wavelength channel is directed to this hot
spot via remote software control in ROADMs [2931].
Figure 19 depicts the experimental setup for
DWDM optical-wireless signals over an optical link
with 12 cascaded WSSs. At the CO, one laser array is
used to generate eight wavelength signals with adja-
cent 100 GHz spacing. We employ an AWG to multi-
plex the eight light waves before they are modulated
by a LiNbO
3
MZM. We mix 2.5 Gbit/ s electrical sig-
nals with a 20 GHz sinusoidal wave to realize subcar-
rier miltiplexing (SCM) for the wireless signals. The
eye diagram of mixed electrical signals is shown in
Fig. 19, inset (i). The transmission is performed
through six ROADM (two WSSs in one ROADM as
shown in Fig. 19) nodes and four 40 km LEAF bers
with a dispersion coefcient of 4.5 ps nm/ km. The out-
put power of each EDFA in the transmission link is
around 8 dBm. The insertion loss of each WSS is
around 4.5 dB for all the wavelengths. The cumula-
tive ltering shape of WSSs is shown in Fig. 19, inset
(ii). After transmission over 160 km LEAF, the disper-
sion compensation ber with a total dispersion of
694 ps and 10 dB loss is used to compensate for ber
chromatic dispersion.
At the BS, a 50/ 25 GHz optical interleaver with two
outputs is used to separate the optical carrier and the
subcarriers. Compared with the optical millimeter-
wave signals without cascaded WSSs, high-order side-
Fig. 18. (Color online) BER curves of wired and wireless
transmission.
Chang et al. VOL. 1, NO. 4/ SEPTEMBER 2009/ J. OPT. COMMUN. NETW. C45

Fig. 19. (Color online) Experimental setup for 82.5 Gbit/ s WDM optical-wireless signals in 12 cascaded WSSs links.
Fig. 20. (Color online) Optical spectra evolution to generate RoF-WDM-PON channels.
C46 J. OPT. COMMUN. NETW. / VOL. 1, NO. 4/ SEPTEMBER 2009 Chang et al.

bands are ltered out while rst-order sidebands are
kept intact after passing through 12 WSSs. The un-
even spectrum arises from the smaller gain accumu-
lation at long wavelengths in multiple EDFAs. The
evolution of optical spectra for all the channels along
the optical links is shown in Fig. 20. It is noted that
the carrier is suppressed more than 20 dB.
VI. CONCLUSION
We have demonstrated several key technologies in-
cluding the techniques for longer reach, higher data
rate, and higher spectral efciency in advancing
WDM-PON systems for future broadband optical ac-
cess to the end users. In new modulation formats, a
novel WDM-OFDM-PON transmission system with
centralized light wave and direct detection for down-
stream 16-QAM intensity-modulated OFDM at
10 Gbits/ s and uplink 1.75 Gbit/ s remodulated onoff
keying (OOK) signals is demonstrated. The fading ef-
fects from double-sideband signals lead to a 2.5 dB
power penalty in this architecture. However, the fad-
ing effect is removed when the double-sideband
OFDM downstream signals are converted to single
sideband after shape ltering. The power penalty is
negligible for both single-sideband OFDM down-
stream and the remodulated OOK upstream signals
after more than 25 km of standard SMF transmission.
Because OFDM is an effective modulation format for
a next-generation optical network, this proposed
scheme can provide signicant improvement in both
system reliability and exibility. Again a spectrally ef-
cient 25 GHz spaced DWDM-PON system is demon-
strated for 10 Gbit/ s DPSK downstream and remodu-
lated 10 Gbit/ s duobinary upstream signals based on
an optical IL and wavelength-reusable technique. The
proposed scheme can support more wavelength-
specic application to more users in a cost-effective
manner. In addition, we demonstrated a bidirection-
al DWDM-PON system using a single carrier-
suppressed light source to provide triple-play services
of downlink, uplink, and video services simulta-
neously. The cost-efcient architectures are designed
for single-source systems and resilient protection
for trafc restoration. We proposed and experimen-
tally demonstrated a centrally protected, bidirec-
tional, WDM-PON system that detects and restores
generic failures of feeder and distribution bers, fail-
ure of RN components, and failure of transmitters at
the central ofce. Reduction of Rayleigh backscatter-
ing noise is critical in bidirectional single-ber WDM-
PON systems. We proposed a long-reach, bidirec-
tional, centralized WDM-PON, where, elimination of
RB noise and Fresnel reection noise is performed by
using an OCS-SCM technique of upstream signal at
the ONU and an optical IL at the ONU and CO. This
simple RB noise-reduction technique can facilitate
achieving a longer optical transmission distance of
over 125 km in the full-duplex single-ber WDM-PON
system. Finally, we developed the integrated schemes
with an RoF-based optical-wireless WDM-PON sys-
tem to serve both xed and mobile users in the con-
verged optical platform. The longer transmission dis-
tance in such an RoF-based WDM-PON system is
achieved by using simultaneous multichannel remote
upconversion of 60 GHz millimeter-wave radio signals
at the LE station. In addition, the transport feasibility
of superbroadband optical wireless WDM-PON sig-
nals over exible WSS-based ROADM nodes is experi-
mentally demonstrated.
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Gee-Kung Chang (F05) received his Bach-
elors degree in physics from the National
Tsinghua University, Taiwan, and his Mas-
ters and Ph.D. degrees in physics from the
University of California, Riverside. He de-
voted a total of 23 years of service to Bell
SystemsBell Labs, Bellcore, and Telcordia
Technologies, where he served in various re-
search and management positions, includ-
ing Director and Chief Scientist of Optical
Internet Research, Director of the Optical
Networking Systems and Testbed, and Director of the Optical Sys-
tem Integration and Network Interoperability. Prior to joining
Georgia Tech, he served as Vice President and Chief Technology
Strategist of OpNext, Inc., a spinoff of Hitachi Telecom, where he
was in charge of technology planning and product strategy for ad-
vanced high-speed optoelectronic components and systems for com-
puting and communication systems. He is currently the Byers En-
dowed Chair Professor in Optical Networking in the School of
Electrical and Computer Engineering of the Georgia Institute of
Technology (Georgia Tech), Atlanta. He is an Eminent Scholar of the
Georgia Research Alliance. He serves as the leader and Associate
Director of the Optoelectronics Integration and Packaging Alliance
of the NSF-funded ERC Microsystem Packaging Research Center at
Georgia Tech. He is also an Associate Director of the Georgia Tech
Broadband Institute. He has been granted 40 U.S. patents in the
areas of optoelectronic devices, high-speed integrated circuits, opto-
electronics switching components for computing and communica-
tion systems, WDM optical networking elements and systems,
multi-wavelength optical networks, optical network security, optical
label switching routers, and optical interconnects for next-
generation servers and computers. He has coauthored over 230
peer-reviewed journal and conference papers. Dr. Chang received
C48 J. OPT. COMMUN. NETW. / VOL. 1, NO. 4/ SEPTEMBER 2009 Chang et al.

the Bellcore Presidents Award in 1994 for his leadership role in the
Optical Networking Technology Consortium. He won the R&D 100
Award in 1996 for his contribution to the Network Access Module.
He was elected as a Telcordia Fellow in 1999 for pioneering work in
the optical networking project, MONET, and NGI. He became a Fel-
low of the Photonic Society of ChineseAmericans in 2000. He is a
Fellow of the IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society (LEOS) and a
Fellow of the Optical Society of America (OSA) for his contributions
to DWDM optical networking and label switching technologies. He
has been serving on many IEEE LEOS and OSA conferences and
committees. He has served three times as the lead Guest Editor for
special issues of the Journal of Lightwave Technology sponsored by
IEEE LEOS and the OSA. The rst issue was published in Decem-
ber 2000 on Optical Networks, the second one in November 2004 on
Metro and Access Networks, and a third one in 2007 on Conver-
gence of Optical Wireless Access Networks.
Arshad Chowdhury (M07) received his
B.S in computer science and engineering
from Bangladesh University of Engineering
and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh in 1995
and his M.S in computer engineering from
Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA,
in 1999. He received his Ph.D. degree in
electrical and computer engineering from
the Georgia Institute of Technology, At-
lanta, Georgia, USA, in 2006. From 1999 to
2002, he worked as a Research Scientist in
the Optical Internetworking Research division at Telcordia Tech-
nologies, Red Bank, New Jersey, where he was actively involved
with DARPA-initiated Next-Generation Internet (NGI) optical label
switching (OLS) and ATD/MONET. He is currently working as a Re-
search Engineer and managing the Optical Network Research
Laboratory in the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering at
the Georgia Institute of Technology. His research interests include
optical wireless radio-over-ber convergence, optical packet
switched (OPS) networks using optical label switching technology,
next-generation TDM/WDM access systems, spectral efcient
modulation formats and ultrahigh data rate 10 Gbit/ s optical
transmission systems, and optical-wireless interconnections for
high-speed computing and server systems. He has been granted 15
U.S. patents on optical layer survivability, optical multicasting, and
switching as coinventor and three other pending patents on radio-
over-ber and PON systems.
Zhensheng Jia (S06) received his B.E.
and M.S.E degrees in physical electronics
and optoelectronics from Tsinghua Univer-
sity, Beijing, China, in 1999 and 2002, re-
spectively, and his Ph.D. degree in the eld
of superbroadband optical-wireless access
networks from the Georgia Institute of
Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, in 2008. From
2002 to 2004, he worked as a Research En-
gineer on transport and access networks in
the Optical System and Network Lab,
China Telecom Beijing Research Institute (CTBRI), where he was
responsible for DWDM systems over ultralong-haul optical links in
China Telecoms optical backbone networks. Currently, Dr. Jia is
working on architecture design of core optical networks, RF/
wireless photonic signal processing, and component design and
simulation as a Senior Research Scientist in Telcordia Technologies.
Dr. Jia has been author or coauthor of over 70 peer-reviewed journal
articles and conference papers. He also serves as an active reviewer
for many technical publications. Dr. Jia was one of the recipients of
the 2007 IEEE/LEOS Graduate Students Fellowship Award and
2008 PSC Bor-Uei Chen Memorial Scholarship Award.
Hung-Chang Chien (M06) received his
B.S and M.S in electrical engineering from
National Chung Cheng University, Taiwan,
in 1999 and 2001, respectively, and his
Ph.D. in electro-optical engineering from
National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan, in
2006. He is currently working as a Research
Engineer in the School of Electrical and
Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of
Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. His re-
search interests include millimeter-wave-
band radio-over-ber system, next-generation TDM/WDM passive
optical networks, in-building distributed antenna systems, ber
ring lasers, and all-optical signal regeneration using injection-
locked laser diodes. Dr. Chien has authored and coauthored more
than 60 peer-reviewed journal articles and conference papers. He
has been granted one U.S. patent on all-optical signal regeneration
and has two other pending patents on radio-over-ber systems and
passive optical networks.
Ming-Fang Huang (S04) received her B.S.
degree in physics from Tamkang University,
Taipei, Taiwan, in 2001 and her M.S. and
Ph.D degrees in electro-optical engineering
from National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-
chu, Taiwan, in 2003 and 2007, respectively.
She is currently working as a Research En-
gineer at the School of Electrical and Com-
puter Engineering, Georgia Institute of
Technology, Atlanta, Georgia. Her current
research interests include long-haul trans-
mission, enabling technologies for 100 Gb/s WDM transmission, op-
tical packet-switched techniques, wavelength-division multiplexing
passive optical networks (WDM-PONs), and radio-over-ber sys-
tems.
Jianjun Yu (M03SM04) received his B.S
degree in optics from Xiangtan University,
Hunan, China, in June 1990, and his M.E.
and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering
from the Beijing University of Posts and
Telecommunications, Beijing, China, in
April 1996 and January 1999, respectively.
From June 1999 to January 2001, he
worked at the Research Center COM, Tech-
nical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Den-
mark, as an Assistant Research Professor.
From February 2001 to December 2002, he worked for Lucent Tech-
nologies and Agere Systems, New Jersey, USA, as a member of the
technical staff. He joined the Georgia Institute of Technology, At-
lanta, Georgia, in January 2003, where he was a research faculty
member and served as the Director of the Optical Network Labora-
tory. He is currently a Senior Member of the Technical Staff with
NEC Laboratories America, Princeton, New Jersey. He is also an
Adjunct Professor and Ph.D. supervisor at the Georgia Institute of
Technology and the Beijing University of Posts and Telecommuni-
cations. As the rst author, he has more than 100 publications in
prestigious journals and conferences. He is the holder of 3 U.S. pat-
ents with 20 others pending. Dr. Yu is a Senior Member of the IEEE
Lasers and Electro-Optics Society (LEOS). He served as a guest edi-
tor for a special issue, Convergence of optical and wireless net-
works, for the IEEE and OSAJournal of Lightwave Technology and
a special issue Radio-over-ber-optical networking for the OSA
Journal of Optical Networking. He was a Technical Committee
Member (TPC) of the IEEE LEOS 20052007 annual meeting and
is now serving as a TPC of OFC 20092010. He is an Associate Edi-
tor for the Journal of Lightwave Technology and the Journal of Op-
tical Communications and Networking.
Chang et al. VOL. 1, NO. 4/ SEPTEMBER 2009/ J. OPT. COMMUN. NETW. C49

Georgios Ellinas (M89-SM07) holds B.S.,
M.S., M.Phil., and Ph.D. degrees in electri-
cal engineering from Columbia University.
He is currently an Assistant Professor of
Electrical and Computer Engineering at the
University of Cyprus. Prior to joining the
University of Cyprus, he was an Associate
Professor of Electrical Engineering at the
City College of the City University of New
York (20022005). Before joining academia,
he was a Senior Network Architect at Tel-
lium (20002002) and a Senior Research Scientist in Telcordia Tech-
nologies (formerly Bellcore) Optical Networking Research Group,
where he performed research for the DARPA-funded Optical Net-
works Technology Consortium (ONTC), Multiwavelength Optical
Networking (MONET), and Next Generation Internet (NGI)
projects from 1993 to 2000. He has coauthored two books on optical
networking and more than 100 journal and conference papers and
is also the holder of 29 patents on optical networking. His research
interests are in the areas of optical architectures, routing and wave-
length assignment algorithms, fault protectionrestoration tech-
niques in arbitrary mesh optical networks, optical access networks,
hybrid optical-wireless access networks, and complex networks.
C50 J. OPT. COMMUN. NETW. / VOL. 1, NO. 4/ SEPTEMBER 2009 Chang et al.