Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark.

International Review on Modelling and Simulations (I.RE.MO.S.), Vol. 4, N. 4 August 2011

Investigation of Recloser-Fuse Coordination in Distribution Systems Including DGs

M. S. Payam, E. Bijami

Abstract The Fuse-Recloser protection schemes have been commonly used as an effective
protection schemes for the protection of distribution systems. Conventionally, the protection schemes for the distribution systems have been designed prior to implementation of Distributed Generations (DGs). Implementation of DGs in a distribution system, causes the change in the value and direction of short-circuit currents. Hence, the presence of DGs may lead to misscoordination of the Fuse-Recloser protection schemes. This paper presents a new index for investigation of the inserted current due to DGs in miss-coordination of Fuse-Recloser protection schemes. The proposed method, introduces the effect of DGs on the protection systems as a quantitative index. To show the efficiency of proposed approach, it applies on the 33bus IEEE test system under various conditions. Copyright 2011 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved.

Keywords: Recloser-Fuse Coordination, Distribution Systems, Distributed Generation (DG)

I.

Introduction

A wide variety of equipments are used to protect distribution systems. The Fuse-Recloser scheme is one of the more effective schemes for the protection of distribution systems. Conventionally, coordination of the protection systems is performed without considering DGs. Implementation of DGs in distribution systems changes the value and direction of short circuit currents. So, integration of DGs can result in miss-coordination of the protection schemes and can decrease the distribution system reliability. Therefore, it is important to define an index for the investigation of integration of DGs effects on distribution systems. The investigation of DG effects on distribution systems performance has been done in some papers. The works carried out in [1-10] are examples of such papers. In [7], the authors have suggested methods to solve FuseRecloser miss-coordination in systems including DGs. In this paper, the authors presented a new approach that revises the existing over current protection scheme of a radial feeder to address the presence of DG. In this approach the fuses on the laterals with DGs are removed and multi-function recloser are added. In [8] a new approach was presented to determine the size of DG by considering the effect of DG on the Fuserecloser coordination. For this, a margin of the fault current for each fuse was introduced. If the inserted current due to DGs would be greater than the introduced margin, the coordination of fuse and recloser would lose. In the proposed method in [8], the effect of DG on the only one fuse and associated recloser is investigated. But, in a real distributed system, there is a lot of fuse and

recloser. As a result this method is not suitable for the examination of the effect of DGs on the protection scheme of a real distribution system. This paper presents a new index for investigation of the inserted current due to DGs in miss-coordination of Fuse-Recloser protection schemes. The proposed method uses the concept of margin that introduced in [8] and introduces the effect of DGs on the protection systems as a quantitative index. To show the efficiency of proposed approach, it applies on the 33bus IEEE test system under various conditions. The paper is organized as follows: to make a proper background, the basic method of Fuse-Recloser coordination briefly explained in section II. Section III described the proposed index. The study system and simulation results in the study system are given in sections IV and V, respectively and finally, section VI concludes paper.

II.

Fuse-Recloser Coordination Problem

The Fuse-Recloser protection scheme is a common protection scheme for the protection of distribution systems. In the coordination problem of Fuse-Recloser, the aim is to determine the time multiplier setting (TDS), pickup current Ip setting of each recloser and the nominal value of each fuse by considering the following constraints. II.1. Fuse Constraint

The limit on the nominal value of each fuse can be

Copyright 2011 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved

Manuscript received and revised July 2011, accepted August 2011

1717

Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark.

M. S. Payam, E. Bijami

presented as follows: I fuse kIload (1)

where, k is over load factor. The value of k is usually selected between 1.25 and 1.5 [11]. In this paper, the over load coefficient is set to be 1.25. II.2. Recloser Constraints

Each recloser has two setting, time multiplier setting (TDS) and pickup current (Ip) .The limits on the recloser characteristic can be presented as follows:
k IP min k TDSmin k IP k IP max k TDSmax

(2) (3)

Fig. 2. Coordination between fuse and recloser

TDS k

k k where I P and I P are the minimum and maximum min max

pickup current of kth recloser, respectively which selected based on maximum load current and minimum k fault current of each recloser, respectively. Also, TDS min
k and TDS max are the minimum and maximum time multiplier setting of kth recloser, respectively.

II.3.

Protection Coordination Constraint Between Fuse and Recloser

Fig. 1 shows a typical distribution system. In this distribution system, fuse and recloser are the main and backup protection devise, respectively.

S
Source

R
recloser

D
Load Current
Fig. 1. A typical distribution system

Tapped Line

According to above constraints, fast characteristic of recloser performs faster than fuse for each fault that occurs in the system. As a result, it is prevented from unreasonable loss of service by the fuse, when transient faults occur. Suppose Fig. 2, without DG, then the current of fuse and recloser are same and will be equal to Irecloser. If Irecloser (fuse and recloser currents) is between Ifmin and Ifmax, then the fast characteristic of recloser operates in time less than the time which is sufficient to damage the fuse. Hence, the fast characteristic of recloser will coordinate with the fuse characteristic. Implementation of DGs in system increases the current of fuse. If increscent of fuse current is greater than the illustrated margin in Fig. 2, then coordination between fuse and recloser can be lost. Thus, the probability of miss-coordination will increase as the DG injects current will increase. On the other word, whatever the margin can be great; possibility of miss-coordination will decrease. It means that whatever the difference between the margin and the DGs injected current for each fuse is more; the probability of miss-coordination will be less. The proposed index in the next section is based on this concept.

III. Proposed Index

The introduced margin in section II is useful only for the investigation of the DG effects in the one fuse and its upstream recloser coordination. In practice, a real distribution system consists of many fuses and reclosers. As expressed in the previous section, whatever the difference between the margin and the DGs injected current for each fuse is more; the probability of misscoordination will be less. On the other word, whatever the ratio of the increased current due to DGs to the margin of each fuse is less, then the possibility of fuse recloser miss-coordination will be less. So the new index introduced as follow: Wi I sc,with,i I sc,without ,i (4)

The coordination between recloser and fuse is shown in Fig. 2. As illustrated in this figure, a fuse has two characteristics curve, Minimum Melting (MM) curve and Total Clearing (TC) curve. Each recloser has one fast operation and at least two or more delayed operations [12]. The procedure to coordinate a recloser and a fuse is carried out with the following rules: The minimum melting time of the fuse must be greater than the fast curve of the recloser time. The maximum clearing time of the fuse must be smaller than the delayed curve of the recloser without any multiplying factor.
Copyright 2011 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved

Fsc

Wi I marg in,i

International Review on Modelling and Simulations, Vol. 4, N. 4

1718

Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark.

M. S. Payam, E. Bijami

where, I sc, with,i and I sc, without ,i are the current of ith fuse in presence and without DGs, respectively. Also .I m arg in,i is the sum of all fuses margin. In the computing of suggested index, all fuses are considered simultaneously. Moreover, wi , is the weight coefficient of ith fuse and depends on the probability of a given fault occurring in its protection zone and is usually set to one. If all DGs become disconnected, this index is equal to zero. On the other word, the smallest value of index, means the more decrease in the effect of distributed generation in protection system and vice versa. Moreover, this index is considered for both the single phase fault and three phases fault.

the same capacity with DG and has 0.05 p.u. reactance based on its capacity. The DG is simulated with its required active power that can be generated in normal operating conditions.
TABLE I SELECTED DGS Bus Number 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 26 29 31 32 33 Selected DGs (kW) 50 50 50 100 100 50 150 50 50 150 150 250 100

IV. Study System

The study system is the 33-bus IEEE system [13] that is illustrated in Fig. 3. This system consists of 32 branches. The base voltage of this system is 12.66 kv. In base case, 3 reclosers are considered for protection of this system. Each of these reclosers protects one zone of this system. Fig. 3 illustrates these zones. The S sc , at the beginning of feeder and after network transformer is considered 250 MVA.

V.
V.1.

Simulation Results

Investigation of Fuse Recloser Coordination in Presence of DGs in base case

The setting of reclosers and selected fuses are shown in Tables II and III, respectively. Presence of distributed generation in the system, changes the fault currents of the system. It may cause miss-coordination of fuses and reclosers. Table IV shows the current margin for each fuse and upstream recloser and increased current from DGs to each fuse. As illustrated in section 2, if incensement of fuse current will be greater than (MARGIN), coordination will be lost. So, coordination of fuses (9, 10, 11, 15, 16, 17, 18 and 26) and associated reclosers is lost.
TABLE II RECLOSER SETTING IN THREE CASES Selected Selected Selected Element Values Values Values (base) (case 2) (case 3)

Fig. 3. single line diagram of 33-bus system

The operating time/current characteristic curves of reclosers incorporate two curves, one fast and one delayed. In this paper a microprocessor-based recloser selected that operates based on (5) [14]: ti TDSi A M ic 1 B , Mi I fi I Pi (5)

I pickup

rec 1

400 80 80 0.2 0.1 0.1 2 0.7 0.5

400 80 80 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.3

400 0.1 2 -

I pickup rec 2 I pickup rec 3

TDSrec1 fast
TDS rec 2 fast

where A, B and C are constants and set to 4.22886, 0.008933 and 1.7822, respectively for fast operation and also 21.6149, 10.6768 and 2.69489 for slow operation of each recloser. Also, IPi is the pickup current of ith recloser. The curve characteristics of fuses are adapted from [15], [16]. In this work, 12 DGs are applied to the study systems that are shown in Table I. The chosen DG technology is synchronous type and transient reactance of each DG is 0.15 p.u. based on its capacity [17]. Each DG is practically connected to the feeder through a transformer which is assumed to have

TDS rec 3 fast

TDS rec 1 slow

TDS rec 2 slow

TDSrec 3 slow

For example margin of fuse 9 is 30A, while increased current is 100A so that this fuse operates faster than recloser 3 and coordination between this fuse and recloser loss.

Copyright 2011 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved

International Review on Modelling and Simulations, Vol. 4, N. 4

1719

Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark.

M. S. Payam, E. Bijami

TABLE III SELECTED FUSE AND RECLOSER SETTING IN THREE CASES Selected Selected Selected Element Values Values Values (base) (case 2) (case 3) Fuse3 140T 100 140T Fuse4 140T 100 140T Fuse5 140T 100 140T Fuse6 140T 100 140T Fus7 100 65 125 Fuse8 80 50 100 Fuse9 65 50 100 Fuse10 50 40 100 Fuse11 50 40 100 Fuse12 50 40 100 Fuse13 40 30 100 Fuse14 40 25 100 Fuse15 30 25 100 Fuse16 30 25 100 Fuse17 25 20 100 Fuse18 25 20 100 Fuse19 140T 100 140T Fuse20 140T 100 140T Fuse21 125 100 125 Fuse22 100 100 100 Fuse23 140T 100 140T Fuse24 125 100 125 Fuse25 125 100 125 Fuse26 100 65 125 Fuse27 100 65 100 Fuse28 80 50 100 Fuse29 65 40 100 Fuse30 65 40 100 Fuse31 65 40 100 Fuse32 65 30 100 Fuse33 65 30 100 TABLE IV CURRENT MARGINS IN BASE CASE Increased Current Current Margin (A) (A) 2700 140 1420 175 2400 190 3700 190 280 110 150 100 30 100 10 90 40 80 90 75 100 90 170 125 30 80 80 90 10 65 40 55 950 55 600 2 630 1.5 650 1.5 1820 110 180 42 920 24 70 100 260 130 840 120 130 130 230 90 420 85 460 70

V.2.

Investigation of Fuse Recloser Coordination in Presence of DGs while S sc of System is Changed

As, illustrated before, presence of distributed generation in system changes the fault currents of system. It may cause miss-coordination of fuses and reclosers. Table V, presents the current margin for each fuse and upstream recloser and increased current to each fuse. Based on this Table, coordination of fuses (8, 14, 15, 16, 17, 26, 27, 29 and 32) and associated reclosers is lost. For example margin of fuse 8 is 20A, while increased current is 100A so that this fuse operates faster than recloser 3 and coordination between this fuse and recloser loss.
TABLE V CURRENT MARGINS IN CASE 2 Increased Current Current Margin (A) (A) 320 140 520 175 640 190 370 190 160 110 20 100 190 100 120 90 140 80 170 75 100 90 20 125 50 80 60 90 30 65 60 55 220 55 520 2 420 1.5 270 1.5 550 110 490 42 300 24 60 100 95 130 130 120 55 130 110 90 220 85 60 70

Bus 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

Bus 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

V.3.

Investigation of Fuse Recloser Coordination in Presence of DGs while the Number of Reclosers is Changed

The selected fuses and setting of reclosers for this case are shown in Table II. Once again, Table VI shows the current margin for each fuse and upstream recloser and increased current to each fuse. In this case, coordination of any fuses and associated reclosers is lost. Comparing the results of Tables IV and V shows that current margins of this case are greater than associated in base case.

Copyright 2011 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved

International Review on Modelling and Simulations, Vol. 4, N. 4

1720

Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark.

M. S. Payam, E. Bijami

On the other hand, decreasing in the number of the applied reclosers leads to increasing of current margins. This is because of the value of selecting fuses increase.
TABLE VI CURRENT MARGINS IN CASE 3 Increased Current Current Margin (A) (A) 2600 1020 2000 3300 780 440 550 410 460 610 310 280 280 310 230 60 220 520 420 270 550 490 300 60 95 130 55 110 220 350 140 175 190 190 110 100 100 90 80 75 90 125 80 90 65 55 55 2 1.5 1.5 110 42 24 100 130 120 130 90 85 80

TABLE VII PROPOSED INDEX FOR THREE CASES Three Phase Single Phase Case Fault Fault Base 0.1378 0.1519 Decreased Ssc Decreased reclosers number 0.4189 0.1099 0.4385 0.1302

Bus 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

VI. Conclusion
This paper presents a new index for investigation of the inserted current due to DGs in miss-coordination of Fuse-Recloser protection schemes. The proposed method uses the concept of margin that introduced in [8] and introduces the effect of DGs on the protection systems as a quantitative index. To show the efficiency of proposed approach, it applies on the 33bus IEEE test system under three conditions: in presence of DGs in base case, in presence of DGs while S sc of system is changed and in presence of DGs while the number of reclosers is changed. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.

References
[1] P.P. Barker, R.W. de Mello, Determining the Impact of Distributed Generation on Power Systems: part1-radial distribution systems, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 15, 2000, pp. 486493. [2] K. Kauhaniei and L. Kumpulainen, Impact of Distributed Generation on the Protection of Distribution Networks, Developments in Power System Protection, Eighth IEE International Conference, 2004. [3] J. K. Tailor and A.H. Osman, Restoration of Fuse-Recloser Coordination in Distribution System with high DG Penetration, Power and Energy Society General Meeting Conversion and Delivery of Electrical Energy, 2008. [4] S. M. Brahma, and A.A Girgis, "Development of Adaptive Protection Scheme for Distribution Systems with High Penetration of Distributed Generation, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 19 n. 1, 2004, pp. 56-63. [5] K. Maki, S. Repo, P. Jarventausta, Methods for Assessing the Protection Impacts of Distributed Generation in Network Planning Activities, in Proc. IET 9th International Conference on Developments in Power System Protection, ~DPSP 2008~, March 8-11, 2008. [6] N. Hadjsaid, J. F. Canard, F. Dumas, Disperse Generation Impact on Distribution Network, IEEE Computer Application In Power, vol. 12, April. 1999, pp. 22-28. [7] H. B. Funmilayo and K.L. Butler-Purry, An Approach to Mitigate the Impact of Distributed Generation on the Overcurrent Protection Scheme for Radial Feeders, Power System Conference and Exposition, 2009. [8] S. Chaitusaney and A. Yokoyama, An Appropriate Distributed Generation Sizing Considering Recloser-Fuse Coordination, IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exhibition: Asia and Pacific, 2005, China. [9] F. M. Nuro lu, A. B. Arsoy, A New Approach for Protection and Control of Distribution Systems with DG, International Review of Electrical Engineering (IREE), vol. 5, n. 5, 2010, pp 2350-2356. [10] A. R. Fereidouni, B. Vahidi, T. Hosseini Mehr, The Effect of Solid State Fault Current Limiter in Distribution Grid with

V.4.

Comparison Three Cases with Proposed Index

In this section, comparison of three cases performs using proposed index. The results illustrated in Table VII. In this Table, the proposed index is calculated for three cases. In case3, the proposed index is 0.1099 and 0.1392 for single and three phase faults, respectively. While in case 2, the proposed index is 0.4189 and 0.4385 for single and three phase faults, respectively. This results show that decreasing S sc of the system, increases the probability of fuse recloser misscoordination. On the other hand, if S sc of system diminish current of each fuse, so margin of each fuse decrease. Also application of only 1 recloser in protection system leads to increase the margin current for each fuse, so that probability of fuse recloser miss-coordination diminish in system. The results of Table VII confirm this matter. This is because of the values of the proposed index for this case, are less than two other cases.

Copyright 2011 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved

International Review on Modelling and Simulations, Vol. 4, N. 4

1721

Please purchase PDFcamp Printer on http://www.verypdf.com/ to remove this watermark.

M. S. Payam, E. Bijami

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15] [16]

[17]

Distributed Generations, International Review of Modelling and Simulations (IREMOS), vol. 4, n. 1, 2011, pp 228-234. D. Birla, R.P. Maheshwari and H.O. Gupta, A New Nonlinear Directional Overcurrent Relay Coordination Technique, and Banes and Boons of Near-End Faults Based Approach, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 21 n. 3, 2006, pp. 1176-1182. A. Plesca, Thermal Transient Regime Analysis for Fuses and Power Semiconductors, International Review of Modelling and Simulations (IREMOS), vol. 3, n. 5, 2010, pp 1070-1076. M. E. Baran and F.F. Wu, Network Reconfiguration in Distribution Systems for Loss Reduction and Load Balancing, IEEE Trans. Power Deliv, vol. 4 n.2, 1989, pp. 14011407. M. E. H. Golshan and S.A. Arefifar, Distributed Generation, Reactive Sources and Network-Configuration Planning for Power and Energy-Loss Reduction, IEE Proceedings Generation, Transmission and Distribution, 2006. www.sandc.com/support/tccs_positrol.asp. A. Plesca, A. Baraboi, M. Adam, C. Pancu, New Aspects Related to High Breaking Capacity Fuses, International Review of Electrical Engineering (IREE), vol. 4, n. 5, 2009, pp 1035-1042. W. El-Khattam, and T. S. Sidhu, Restoration of Directional Overcurrent Relay Coordination in Distributed Generation Systems Utilizing Fault Current Limiter, IEEE Trans.Power Delivery, vol. 23 n. 4, 2008, pp. 576-585.

Authors information
Department of Electrical Engineering, Boroujen Branch, Islamic Azad University, Boroujen, Iran. E-mails: Ms.payam@ec.iut.ac.ir e.bijami@ec.iut.ac.ir Mohammad Sadegh Payam received his B.Sc. degree in Electrical Engineering from Kerman University, Kerman, Iran in 2008. Currently he is a M.Sc. student in Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran. His research interests include power system analysis and protection, distributed and renewable generation and soft computing. Ehsan Bijami received his B.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from Kerman University, Iran in 2008. From 2008 to 2010 he was as postgraduate student in Isfahan University of Technology , Isfahan, Iran, where he received M.Sc. degree on Control Engineering. He is currently spending the Military Servisce period. His interests include power system control and stability, soft computing, and model predictive control.

Copyright 2011 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved

International Review on Modelling and Simulations, Vol. 4, N. 4

1722