PART A

INTRODUCTORY

Junk food is a phenomenal for people from all walks of life. From adult to toddler, junk food becomes famous for its availability and easy to get. As according to Jacobson (1972), junk food is a derisive slang term for food. Junk food can be defined as a food that is of little nutritional value and often high in fat, sugar, salt, and calories. Furthermore, junk food usually contain high level of calories that come from sugar or fat and yet with little protein, vitamin or mineral to be digested by human body. Nowadays, there are many types of junk food available in the markets that come in many shapes, colors, flavors and packaging. As according to Gu (2013), junk food can be divided into three broad categories which are; fast food, snacks and soft drinks. Fast food is the fastest franchise of food line because of its convenient, budget friendly and delicious. The examples of fast food are; fish and chip, fried chicken, pizza, instant noodle, pasta, sausages, and many more.Meanwhile, snacks have varieties of choices among others are; crisps, chocolate, sweets, biscuits, ice cream, hot dog, donuts and others. On the other hand, soft drinks are the popular choice among teenager as the main source drinks. The soft drinks can be from different range from carbonated to milky base. It is a well-known fact that these types of food are low quality, quick service and are fattening. However, people seem to ignore this fact and the question arise is whether junk food is save to be consumed in the long run or not? To answer this question, better health education is a must for every people that walk the life. According to World Health Organization (WHO) (2013), health education is any combination of learning experiences designed to help individuals and communities to improve their health, by increasing their knowledge or influencing their attitudes toward healthy lifestyle in this case is awareness of the bad effects of junk food consumption.

BODY OF ESSAY

Health effect

As being mention earlier junk food consumption brings more bad effects than the good effects. Junk food can affect human being in terms of health, psychological, and social. As cited by Johnson and Kenny (2008) in their research, consumption of junk food will alter human brain activity just like the addictive drugs (cocaine or heroin) did. They did a research on rat. The rat is given unlimited access to junk food and after sometimes, they found that the pleasure centers of rat brains become desensitized and it needs more junk food for pleasure. When the junk food is being replaced by nutritious food the rat starved itself for two consecutive weeks. This research is in line with a report done by Journal of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (2007) which stated that mothers that consumed a high-sugar and high-fat diet while pregnant will affect their babies as they will become more prone to junk food for themselves in the future. Moreover, this research is being back up by British Journal of Nutrition (2007), as they found in their research that the female rats that eat junk food during pregnancy increased the likelihood of unhealthy eating habits in their offspring.

A part form that, junk food also can affect one energy level as accordance to Fitday (2013). As junk food does not contain the nutrient needed by the body in order to stay healthy, one may feel chronically fatigued with lack of energy needed to complete daily tasks. Furthermore the high levels of sugar in junk food decrease the metabolism rate as the pancreas secretes high amount of insulin to prevent a fatal spike in blood sugar levels. A part from that, as fast food do not have adequate amounts of protein and carbohydrates, one blood sugar levels can drop out of sudden after eating and making one feeling grumpy, fatigued and sugar craving.

The other effect of junk food towards one health is it contributes to poor performance and obesity. As norm, junk food has large amount of fat. As fat accumulates in one body, he will absolutely gain weight and may become obese in the long run. The more weight one gain, the more he will be at risk for serious chronic diseases like diabetes, heart disease and even arthritis. Moreover, the high level of fat and sodium in junk food can cause high blood pressure and the excessive dietary sodium can affect renal function that may leads to kidney disease. For the short term, high levels of dietary fat lead to poor cognitive performance as one will feel tired and have trouble concentrating because the body might not be getting enough oxygen.

In addition, junk food also has high possibility to malfunction one liver and heart. The high levels of fat and sodium in junk food and fast food can lead to heart disease by raising blood cholesterol and also contributes to arterial plaque buildup. To sum up, the high levels of Trans fatty acids found in many junk foods and fast foods can lead to fatty liver deposits, which, over time, can cause liver dysfunction and disease.

Psychological effect

The second effect of junk food is psychological intervention. According to Fleck (2012), eating junk food will deplete children energy level and the ability to concentrate for extended periods of time as energy and focus are crucial for school-age children. Eating junk food regularly does not provide the necessity nutrients the children needs for sufficient energy to execute physical activity. Thus, if the children are lacking in physical activity it will harm their physical and mental well-being and may exclude a child from critical social development. Furthermore, as according to a study done by Pediatrics (2004), found that fast food consumption in children was linked to many dangerous precursors for obesity. The kids who ate fast food are consuming higher amount of calories, fat, carbohydrates and added sugars in one meal. They also are taking less fiber, milk and fruits and vegetables to compare with the non-fast food eater kids and are believed to eat more unhealthy food at other meals. This statement is back up by the Nature Neuroscience (2010) as the high calorie food can be additive and brings children who occasionally eat fast food to learn problematic patterns of eating and these factors may lead to obesity among children.

Last but not least, regularly consuming junk food will negatively affect the self-esteem and confidence of growing children. As cited in Kids Health Club (2008), junk food can affect a childs physical development in detrimental ways, including unhealthy weight gain that may lead to self-esteem problems. Low self-esteem may then lead to consequences like depression. Furthermore eating junk food also has potential to cause depression on its own and can be very dangerous for children that have negative impacts on growth and development, performance in school and social relationships and can ultimately lead to suicide.

Social effect

The next effect of junk food is in term of social. The food that being consume will eventually affect the way people live their life. As cite by Chen (2012), the American society has changed the way the live their life because of fast food. The social aspect is one of the impacts from junk food consumption specifically fast food when fast food services caused many people to lose their patience for others aspects of lives. Nowadays, rapid services and products are at the finger tips. For instance, 24 hours fast food services. This rapid speed services become very efficient yet caused the society to be impatient.

Furthermore family issues also have increased as much as social consequences. At past, the families would gather at the table for every meal and would spend the quality of time with the family members to discuss, communicate and even interact with one another. However, as the fast food chains came, the family dinners reduced a lot. It means that less communication and traditions among family members. It is norm for children these days to get familys support for their mental health and stability as growing up is a challenging process. Sometime, they feel comfortable to know that their parents are cared for them. As cited by Zelman (2009), chatting around the dinner table encourages kids to talk to their parents regarding sensitive issue that may occur in their life. Thus, without proper communication and interaction, parents are less aware of their childrens lives outside of their home. However, the society has changed to be compared with previous years before. This phenomenon will create unhealthy nation since the lack of communication between family members. To sum up, the society should foresee the need for having family dinners to have a healthy relationship and life.

In addition, another contributing factor to social detrimental of junk food consumption is societal cost. Fast food is considered convenient and inexpensive and people are having hard time to even resist it. Pertaining to that matter, it will harm a person diet as fast food may lead to addiction. As according to Klein (2008), doing drugs like cocaine and eating too much junk food will both gradually overload the pleasure centers in the brain. They found that fast food is addicting and by the time they realized that they have already spent way too much money on it, which could have been used on fresh vegetable and fruits.

CONCLUSION

To conclude, junk food is indeed brings more harm than good. As junk food may harm people in any aspect of life given health, psychology and socialThus, the aid of health education is vital not only for parents but also for all people with different approaches that may suit the level of intellectuality of all human being.. My prediction is that if Malaysian folks still consuming junk food in uncontrollable way, the rate of obesity among children, teenagers and even adults will dramatically increase and may lead to decreasing of life span. Moreover, if junk food become almost like the staple food for Malaysia, it is not a shocking phenomenal if Malaysia is facing the problem like the American did as being mention earlier in previous paragraph. Thus, it is advisable for all parents to reduce the consumption of junk food and if possible to extremely minimize its usage. The Government also should play a vital role in promoting a healthy lifestyle by organizing awareness campaign to promote the healthy lifestyle that should be adopted. Moreover, the mass media may also give contribution by put awareness ads on electronic media to educate Malaysia citizens of the harmful effect of junk food. And last but not least one should supervision what kind of food intake one should adhere whether a healthy food or the other way around. The choice is yours. (1,802 words)

PART B The picture in the diagram shows the contributing factors or the processes of the greenhouse effect. From the picture, it clearly shows that the contributing factors of greenhouse effect are omission of hazardous gases like carbon dioxide from vehicles, factories and others. To make it worst, deforestation scenario has make carbon dioxide trap within the atmosphere as fewer trees are absorbing the said gas. As according to Johnson, Foecke, and Bickal (1991), the rise in temperature that the earth experiences is due to certain gases in the atmosphere have trap energy from the sun. In the next paragraph how greenhouse gases trap energy from the sun will be discussed. A greenhouse gas is a gas in an atmosphere. The primary greenhouse gases in earths atmosphere are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and ozone. It absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared and this process is the fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect. These gases greatly affect the temperature of the earth. Karl (2003). These greenhouses gases have the ability to absorb electromagnet radiation. As sunlight enters the Earths atmosphere it passes through the blanket of greenhouse gases as mention earlier.The earths surface then will absorb the sunlights energy.When the sunlight heats the earth, longer wavelengths like infrared light are radiated or emitted. The infrared activate and cause these molecules (carbon dioxide and methane) to vibrate. The high concentrations of these vibrating molecules in the gaseous atmosphere accommodate energy transfer (kinetic) due to vibrational collision. After the energy is absorbed, it then will be reflected back into the atmosphere. Some of the energy passes back into space, unfortunately some of them remain trapped in atmosphere by these greenhouse gases, causing the world to heat up as cited by Johnson (2004). As temperature is simply a measure of kinetic energy. As vibrational energy of gaseous molecules increase, the air temperature will also rise.Without the greenhouse effect, the Earth would not be warm enough for humans to live. But if the greenhouse effect becomes stronger, it could make the Earth warmer than usual. Even a little extra warming may cause problems for humans, plants, and animals as according to Clark (2005).Severe greenhouse effect may bring to many consequences like global warming, raise sea level, extinction of endangered species, affect millions of people, widespread certain vector borne diseases like malaria and many more.

To conclude, the greenhouse gases are the composition of water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and ozone. As these gases trap the energy from the sun its heat the earth make it suitable for living things. However, it is becomes pandemic as the rapid increase of the earth temperature that will lead to other problems. Thus, the contribution to greenhouse effect should be control. The Government has to imposing strict law regarding deforestation and the omission of carbon dioxide through vehicles and extra carbon dioxide as a result from burning fossils fuels in order to keep the earth save for future generation. Furthermore the development of renewable energy sources is considered as one of the solution pertaining to greenhouse effect. (513 words)

List of references PART A Fast Food Nutrition: Junk Food's Effect on Your Body (2013). Retrieved from: http://www.fitday.com/fitness-articles/nutrition/healthy-eating/fast-food-nutrition-junk-foodseffect-on-your-body.html on 29 June 2013 Junk food.Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junk_foodon 29 June 2013 Side effects of junk food and soft drink on health (2013).Retrieved from: http://www.metromasti.com/lifestyle/health/Side-effects-of-Junk-Food-and-Soft-Drinks-onhealth/8426 on 29 June 2013 How Junk Food Affects Children (2013). Retrieved from: http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/junk-food-affects-children-5985.htmlon 29 June 2013 PART B Greenhouse effect (2013). Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effecton 29 June 2013 The Greenhouse Effect and Greenhouse Gasses (2013).Retrieved from: http://www.eo.ucar.edu/kids/green/warming4.htm on 29 June 2013 Greenhouse Gases and the Greenhouse Effect (2010). Retrieved from: http://kids.niehs.nih.gov/explore/nworld/greenhouse.htmon 29 June 2013 The Greenhouse Effect (2013). Retrieved from: http://www.epa.gov/climatestudents/basics/today/greenhouse-effect.htmlon 29 June 2013 What is the greenhouse effect? (2013). Retrieved from: http://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/greenhouse-effect.php on 29 June 2013