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intensity
ABSTRACT:
The lesser intensity of Raman Stokes and anti-Stokes relative to the strongest
signals of Rayleigh and the fluorescence signals has been shown. The Rayleigh peak
occurred at 352 nm in the excitation spectrum (450 nm); the fluorescence peaks
occurred at 456 nm, 458nm and 476 nm in the emission spectra (350 nm, 350 nm and
changing conditions altered the chemical species and thus the detected emission
of it was in its anionic form, which is when the maximum intensity was observed.
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INTRODUCTION:
MS 4: Incident radiation is, for the most part, scattered elastically by the
molecules/atoms of the liquid or gas subjected to it. In other words, the molecule
frequency as the incident photons; thus, there is no net gain or loss in energy. This is
form of scattering, the emitted photons are of a lower frequency and energy (Stokes)
identification of the Rayleigh and Raman peaks in the absorption and fluorescence
susceptible to changes in the environment e.g. pH; this is defined in terms of quantum
(a molecule or its ions) has its own unique emission profile, which may be used for
identification.
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EXPERIMENTAL:
MS 4:
100 ppm (100 mg/L) quinine sulphate (aq). 5 mg of quinine sulphate solid were
weighed out and dissolved in 0.05 mol/L H2SO4 (aq) in a 50 mL volumetric flask. The
flask was filled to the mark with the acid. 5 mL of this solution were diluted to the
mark with the acid in a new volumetric flask, the quinine sulphate concentration now
being 10 ppm. Then, 5 mL of this solution were diluted to the mark with the acid in a
new volumetric flask, the quinine sulphate concentration now being 1 ppm. Such
dilutions were carried out until a quinine sulphate solution of 0.01 ppm was obtained.
Next, an excitation scan of the quinine sulphate solution was recorded. A clear
quartz cuvette (thickness / path length of 1 cm) was rinsed then filled with the 0.01
ppm quinine sulphate solution, placed in the spectrofluorometer and its spectrum
recorded. The excitation scan was measured at 450 nm (quinine sulphate’s fluorescence
emission wavelength as determined in the preceding set of experiments), the parameters were
wavelengths of 200 to 600 nm, step size of 2 nm. Two emission scans of the solution
followed, both measured at 350 nm and same scan parameters (quinine sulphate’s
absorption wavelength as determined in the preceding set of experiments); a third emission scan
followed, this was measured at 370 nm (20 nm higher) with the scan parameters
unchanged.
The cuvette was cleaned, rinsed then filled with the 0.05 mol/L H2SO4 (aq).
Then four scans were repeated with this substance as the analyte.
MS 5:
100 mL volumetric flask (de-ionised water was used for the dilutions).
volumetric flasks each, which were then diluted to the mark with a particular pH
solution, one flask for dilution with each pH. A clear quartz cuvette (thickness / path
length of 1 cm) was rinsed then filled with the fluorescein (aq), placed in the
scan’s parameters were set at a duration of 40 seconds (1 data point/s), and excitation
and emission wavelengths of 490 and 518 nm (literature values) respectively. A scan
MS 4: -
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g
5 "10#6 mol • 376.2 = 1.881 mg , which was added to 1 litre of water.
mol
DISCUSSION:
The results based on the data obtained from the performed experiments were
The emission scans of 0.01 ppm quinine sulphate, dissolved in 0.05 mol/L
H2SO4, are identical to that of 0.05 mol/L H2SO4 (aq) only. Secondly, the spectra bear
maximum emission (fluorescence) peaks are shifted far from the literature value of
sulphate (aq) solutions is dismissed since the preparation of quinine sulphate (aq)
solutions was a simple procedure involving the dissolution of solid quinine sulphate in
0.05 mol/L H2SO4 (aq), both substances provided by the laboratory. Another possible
dismissed since all members of the group were wearing latex gloves at all times.
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! MS 4: -
! Q1:
molecules of the substance subjected to incident radiation. Detected photons (as they
are emitted by the substance as it de-excites) are of the same energy as those incident
on the substance and the peak in the spectrum is observed at the wavelength of
incident radiation.
question. The substance emits photons of lesser energy than of those absorbed; the
Stokes peak appears at a higher wavelength than that of the incident radiation. The
opposite holds for the anti-Stokes peak. Stokes and anti-Stokes peaks appear an equal
! Q2:
peaks, which appear at a particular frequency for a substance. This is seen in the
emission spectra on pg 9 and the table below. Fluorescence peaks are also of greater
! MS 5: -
! Q1: -
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! Q2, Q3: -
HO O O
fluorescein
{str. 1}
CONCLUSION:
It was observed that the resonance peaks of Rayleigh and fluorescence were
the strongest, the Raman Stokes and anti-Stokes were significantly less intense and
that there exists a greater probability of anti-Stokes than Stokes. The Rayleigh peak in
the excitation spectrum (450 nm) was observed at 352 nm; fluorescence peaks were
observed at 456, 458 and 476 nm for the 350, 350 and 370 nm emission spectra, fairly
changing conditions altered the chemical species and thus the detected emission
spectrum. The highest emission signal was observed at pH of ~10.5 when ~all the