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Automotive accessories contain components relating to non-essential automotive parts which embellish the look and feel of an automobile or add functionality. Those accessories serve the passenger comfort, safety and the appearance. Increase of safety and comfort is a main objective of car manufacturers as well as of their suppliers and a substantial distinguishing feature in the international competition. Active safety systems as well as driver assistance systems are becoming more and more important. They help to recognize dangerous situations at an early stage, and thus, help to avoid accidents or at least to reduce the accident severity, especially within the permanently increasing traffic density.
2 Historical background
The electrical and electronic systems of the motor vehicle are often the most feared, but at the same time can be the most fascinating aspects of an automobile. The complex circuits and systems now in use have developed in a very interesting way. For many historical developments it is not possible to be certain exactly who invented a particular component, or indeed when, as developments were taking place in parallel, as well as in series. The Benz Patent-Motorwagen used the Benz 954 cc single-cylinder four-stroke engine, built in 1886, is considered as the first automobile. It was a three-wheeled automobile with a rear-mounted engine. The vehicle contained many new inventions. It was constructed of steel tubing with woodwork panels. The steelspoked wheels and solid rubber tires were Benz's own design. Steering was by way of a toothed rack that pivoted the unsprang front wheel. Fully elliptic springs were used at the back along with a live axle and chain drive on both sides. A simple belt system served as a single-speed transmission, varying torque between an open disc and drive disc. It had only essential components for driving, where no accessory was included. When the driving became a popular mode of transportation, automotive systems began to develop rapidly aligned with the technology.
3 Automotive accessories
Currently there is a wide range of accessories available in automotive market where some are installed by the company itself and others can be installed manually such as GPS systems, powers mirrors, power shutters, lcd displays, reverse cameras, security locking systems, monitoring gauges and meters. In this section I cover three most commonly used accessories which are lighting systems, anti-theft, security systems and navigation systems.
3.2.1
Low beam
Low beam headlamps provide a distribution of light designed to provide adequate forward and lateral illumination with limits on light directed towards the eyes of other road users, to control glare.
3.2.2
High beam
High beam headlamps provide a bright, centre-weighted distribution of light with no particular control of light directed towards other road users' eyes.
24-volt versions of many bulb types are available for use in trucks, buses, and other commercial and military vehicles.
3.3.1
High-intensity discharge, or HID lamps, sometimes referred to as "xenon lamps" are modified metal halide lamps employing xenon fill gas. Traditional HID lamps such as those used for general lighting has a long warm-up time. Headlamps must provide light very shortly after they are turned on, and xenon gas serves to reduce start-up time. These are mostly used as head lamps.
3.3.2
LED
LEDs are being used with increasing frequency in automotive lamps. They offer very long service life, extreme vibration resistance, and can permit considerably shallower packaging compared to most bulb-type assemblies. LEDs also offer a significant safety performance benefit when employed in stop lights, for when power is applied they rise to full intensity approximately 250 milliseconds ( second) faster than incandescent bulbs [3]. LED lighting systems are sensitive to heat. Due to the negative influences of heat on the stability of photometric performance, LED signal lamps must remain compliant with the intensity requirements for the functions they produce after one minute and after thirty minutes of continuous operation.
4 Conclusion
Automotive accessories have a vast range of devices and components serving passenger safety, comfort and appearance. Automobile companies use the platform strategy in product development, systematic development, modular manufacturing, and integrated supply gradually become the development trend of the auto parts industry. Most manufacturers are making incremental improvements to existing technology. However, electronic control continues to be used in more areas of the vehicle. The main step change in the near future will be the move to 42 V systems, which opens the door for other developments.
5 Bibliography
[1] UN Regulations 87, "Daytime running lamps for power-driven vehicles,". [2] UN Regulation 48, "Installation of lighting and light-signalling devices on motor vehicles,". [3] N P Skinner, "An improved braking indicator," in SAE technical paper, 2012. [4] www.rms.nsw.gov.au/. [Online]. http://www.rms.nsw.gov.au/registration/vehicle_standards.html [5] M Ellen, "Extended prediction orbit," 2009.