Introduction to ZigBee Technology

Jiric Durias May 12, 2007

My aim

To Your Interest In ZigBee

! ! ! k r a p s

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Outline
Introduction Architecture Device Types ZigBee Characteristics Traffic Types Network Model Technology Comparison ZigBee Application ZigBee Chips ZigBee Orgs
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A World of Remote Controls

safety entertainment

comfort lighting
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security

The ZigBee Home

From Popular Science Magazine

May 12, 2007

Introduction
What is ZigBee?
is a low-power, short-distance wireless standard that has great possibilities in applications from home automation to industrial control. WPAN technology based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. created to satisfy the market's need for a cost-effective, standards-based wireless network that supports low data rates, low power consumption, security, and reliability. Key benefits of the 802.15.4 and ZigBee standards include extended battery life over current wireless standards, mesh and star network topologies, cost effectiveness, and no line of sight worries. This kind of network eliminates use of physical data buses like USB and Ethernet cables. To address this need, the ZigBee Alliance, an industry working group (http://www.zigbee.org/), is developing standardized application software on top of the IEEE 802.15.4 wireless standard.
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The 802 Wireless Space

WWAN IEEE 802.22 IEEE 802.20

Range

WMAN

WiMax IEEE 802.16 WiFi 802.11

WLAN
ZigBee 802.15.4 Bluetooth 802.15.1

WPAN 0.01
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802.15.3 802.15.3a 802.15.3c 100 1000

0.1

1 10 Data Rate (Mbps)

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802.15.4 Application Space

Sensors and Controls
Home Automation Industrial Automation Remote Metering Automotive Networks Interactive Toys Active RFID/ asset tracking Medical

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ZigBee Key Features

Supports Star, Mesh and Cluster Tree networks. Mesh networking can extend the range of the network through routing, while self healing increases the reliability of the network by re-routing a message in case of a node failure Message acknowledgement helps to ensure that the data was delivered to its destination Multiple levels of security ensure that the network and data remain intact and secure. Has the potential to last as long as the shelf life of most batteries Supports 3 different frequency bands, providing customers the flexibility to choose what band best suites their needs.

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Why ZigBee?
Standards based Low cost Can be used globally Reliable and self healing Supports large number of nodes Simplicity
Easy to deploy

Very long battery life

extremely low power consumption the ability to sleep for a long time

Secure
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Why ZigBee is needed?

for wireless monitoring and remote control solutions for home automation, industrial automation, remote metering, automotives, medical equipment, patient monitoring, asset tracking systems, security systems, lighting and temperature control systems, and even toys. to tie an entire home, office or factory together for safety, security and control.
Thousands of sensors in a small space Wireless but wireless implies Low Power! and low power implies Limited Range.

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Architecture

Zigbee is build upon the foundations of IEEE 802.15.4 standard.

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The ZigBee Stack

Application Framework
ZPUI

Application Object 240

[On Endpoint 240] APSDE-SAP
APSSE-SAP NLSE-SAP

Application Object 1
[On Endpoint 1] APSDE-SAP

ZigBee Device Object (ZDO)

[On Endpoint 0] APSDE-SAP
APSME-SAP

Security Service Provider

Application Support (APS) Sub-Layer

NLDE-SAP

NLME-SAP

Network (NWK) Layer

MCPS-SAP MLME-SAP

Medium Access Layer (MAC) Layer

PD-SAP PLME-SAP

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Physical (PHY) Layer

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Logical Device Types

ZigBee Coordinator (ZC)
One and only one required for each ZB network. Initiates network formation. May act as router once network is formed. Can perform an application too.

ZigBee Router (ZR)

May associate with ZC or with previously associated ZR.
Extends the network coverage

Manages local address allocation/de-allocation. Participates in multihop routing of messages. Looks after its ZEDs when it comes to broadcast and routing messages. Maintains Neighbor Table to allow Neighbor Routing. Sensors, actuators, monitors, switches, dimmers and other controllers Discovers and associates with ZC or ZR. Can be optimized for very low power consumption. Relies on its parent to let it sleep. Shall not allow association. Shall not participate in routing
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ZigBee End Device (ZED)

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Physical Device Types

Full function device (FFD)
Can function in any topology Capable of being the Network coordinator Capable of being a coordinator Can talk to any other device (FFD/RFD) Generally line powered Limited to star topology Cannot become a network coordinator Talks only to a network coordinator (FFD) Very Simple implementation min RAM and ROM Generally battery powered

Reduced function device (RFD)

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Device Types
Physical device type distinguishes the device hardware complexity and capability

Logical device type distinguishes the physical devices deployed in a specific ZigBee network Coordinator (ZC)
Network establishment and control

Router (ZR)
Support data routing functionality. Can talk to other routers, coordinator, and end-devices

End device (ZED)

Can only talk to routers or the coordinator

Full Function Device (FDD): Adequate resources and memory capacity to handle all designated tasks. Reduced Function Device (RFD): Modest resources and memory capacity compared to FDD.

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

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ZigBee Characteristics
2.4GHz and 868/915 MHz dual PHY modes. This represents three license-free bands: 2.4-2.4835 GHz, 868-870 MHz and 902-928 MHz. The number of channels allotted to each frequency band is fixed at sixteen (numbered 11-26), one (numbered 0) and ten (numbered 1-10) respectively. The higher frequency band is applicable worldwide, and the lower band in the areas of North America, Europe, Australia and New Zealand . Maximum data rates allowed for each of these frequency bands are fixed as 250 kbps @2.4 GHz, 40 kbps @ 915 MHz, and 20 kbps @868 MHz. High throughput and low latency for low duty-cycle applications (<0.1%) Channel access using Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA - CA) Addressing space of up to 64 bit IEEE address devices, 65,535 networks

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ZigBee Characteristics Cont.

Low power consumption, with battery life ranging from months to years. In the ZigBee standard, longer battery life is achievable by either of two means: continuous network connection and slow but sure battery drain, or intermittent connection and even slower battery drain. 50m typical range Fully reliable hand-shaked data transfer protocol. Different topologies: star, cluster tree, mesh

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Topologies

Mesh

Star

Cluster Tree
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PAN coordinator Full Function Device Reduced Function Device

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Traffic Types
ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 addresses three typical traffic types. IEEE 802.15.4 MAC can accommodate all the types. 1. Data is periodic. The application dictates the rate, and the sensor activates, checks for data and deactivates.
Application defined rate (e.g., sensors)

2. Data is intermittent. The application, or other stimulus, determines the rate, as in the case of say smoke detectors. The device needs to connect to the network only when communication is necessitated. This type enables optimum saving on energy.
Application/external stimulus defined rate (e.g., light switch)

3. Data is repetitive, and the rate is fixed a priori. Depending on allotted time slots, called GTS (guaranteed time slot), devices operate for fixed durations.
Allocation of time slots (e.g., mouse)

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ZigBee Channel Access Options

Beacon Mode
used when the coordinator runs on batteries enables all the clients to know when to communicate with each other has a coordinator that manages the channel and arranges the calls Significant value will be in system power consumption for networks which are primarily battery powered

Non-Beacon Mode
the coordinator is mains-powered
has its receiver on all the time and can therefore wait to hear from clients

devices are asleep' nearly always

The devices wake up and confirm their continued presence in the network at random intervals and goes back to sleep. The device wakes up instantly and communicates when an event occurs.

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Basic Network Characteristics

65,536 network (client) nodes Optimized for timing-critical applications and power management Time to Join Network: <30ms Sleeping to active: <15ms Channel access time: <15ms Full Mesh Networking Support
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Network coordinator Full Function node Reduced Function node Communications flow Virtual links

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Network Model
The functions of the Coordinator, which usually remains in the receptive mode, encompass network set-up, beacon transmission, node management, storage of node information and message routing between nodes. The network node, however, is meant to save energy (and so sleeps' for long periods) and its functions include searching for network availability, data transfer, checks for pending data and queries for data from the coordinator.

ZigBee Coordinator (FFD) ZigBee Router (FFD) ZigBee End Device (RFD/FFD)

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Network Structure

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Network Structure

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Network Structure

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ZigBee Mesh Networking

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ZigBee Mesh Networking

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ZigBee Mesh Networking

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ZigBee Mesh Networking

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ZigBee Mesh Networking

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Technology Comparison
Standard Bandwidth Power Consumption 400+mA TX, standby 20mA 40mA TX, standby 0.2mA 30mA TX, standby 3#&956;A Protocol Stack Size 100+KB Stronghold Applications Internet browsing, PC networking, file transfers Wi-Fi Up to 54Mbps High data rate

Bluetooth

1Mbps

~100+KB

Interoperability, Wireless USB, cable replacement handset, headset Long battery life, low cost Remote control, battery-operated products, sensors

ZigBee

250kbps

4"32KB

In the last few years, new wireless local area networks (WLANs) such as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth became available. Table above shows the strengths and applications of these different systems. Wireless cameras for remote monitoring are an example of how to employ those technologies in home automation and control areas. But the problem is that those technologies don't satisfy the requirements for a HAN. If we take a look at the type of data that circulates within a network of sensors and actuators, we may find that most of it is small packets that control devices or obtain their status. For many applications, such as wireless smoke and CO2 detectors or wireless home security, the device mostly stays in deep-sleep mode and only sends a short burst of information if a trigger event occurs. The main requirements for devices in such types of networks are:
extremely low power consumption the ability to sleep for a long time simplicity low cost

A home network should also support different configurations, such as a star or mesh network, to effectively cover a household area of 30 to 70 meters.

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ZigBee-enabled Device
A typical ZigBee-enabled device will consist of RF IC and 8-bit microprocessor with peripherals connected to an application sensor or actuators

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ZigBee Applications
security HVAC AMR lighting control access control TV VCR DVD/CD remote

BUILDING AUTOMATION

CONSUMER ELECTRONICS

patient monitoring fitness monitoring

ZigBee
PERSONAL HEALTH CARE

Wireless Control that Simply Works

PC & PERIPHERALS

mouse keyboard joystick

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asset mgt process control environmental energy mgt

INDUSTRIAL CONTROL

RESIDENTIAL/ LIGHT COMMERCIAL CONTROL

security HVAC lighting control access control lawn & garden irrigation

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Application Example

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Home Awareness

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Advance Metering Platform with ZigBee

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Home Entertainment and Control

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The Ultimate ZigBee Home

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Commercial Lighting Control

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General Commercial Building Automation

Quick Payback Leads to Early Adoption
Obvious Uses
Lighting HVAC Alarm Systems Entry Systems Landscaping Leak Detection Pest Monitoring Humidity in Walls

Less Obvious Uses

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Patient Monitoring
May allow more patient freedom
Monitors vital statistics and sends via internet
Patient can remain in their own home Lowers cost and improves comfort

graphic

Allows monitoring of elderly family member

Sense movement or usage patterns in a home Notify via mobile phone when anomalies occur Can track behavior without visual spying Wireless panic buttons for falls or other problems Again lowers cost and improves patient lifestyle

Can be used in hospice care

Patients are allowed greater movement Reduced staff to patient ratio Light way to bathroom when they get out of bed
Reduces patient confusion
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graphic

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ZigBee Alliance Promoters

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Participants

CompXs

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More Information
ZigBee Alliance Web Site http://www.ZigBee.org IEEE 802.15 Web Site http://www.ieee802.org/15

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Jiric B. Durias NCR Cebu Development, Inc. jiric.durias@ncr.com (63-32) 234-9150

jet_durias@yahoo.com +63 917-327-5869

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Thank You!

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