1.

------IND- 2013 0045 RO- EN- ------ 20130220 --- --- PROJET
ORDER
No. of...2013
for the approval of technical regulation Normative document for the seismic design
construction and assessment
of !ater engineering structures used in dam facilities" #ode N$ 0%&'2012
In accordance with the provisions of Article 10 and Article 38(2) of Law No 10/1995 on !alit" in
constr!ctions# with its s!$se!ent a%end%ents# of Article 2(3) and (&) of the 'e(!lation re(ardin( the
t"pes of technical re(!lations and costs relatin( to re(!lator" activities in the field of constr!ctions# town
plannin(# land develop%ent and ha$itat# approved $" )overn%ent *ecision No 203/2003# with its
s!$se!ent %odifications and s!pple%entation#
on the (ro!nds of Article &(II)(d) and Article 12(+) of )overn%ent *ecision No 1/2013 concernin(
the or(anisation and operation of the ,inistr" of 'e(ional *evelop%ent and -!$lic ad%inistration#
the (inistr) of Regional Development and $u*lic +dministration here*) issues the follo!ing
ORDER,
+rticle 1. . /he technical re(!lation Normative document for the seismic design, construction and
assessment of water engineering structures used in dam facilities, code NP 076-20120# revision N-0+12
2002# drawn !p $" the /echnical 3niversit" of 4ivil 5n(ineerin( of 6!charest# 7ac!lt" of
8"drotechnics# stip!lated in the anne9 that is an inte(rated part of the present order# is here$" approved:
+rticle 2. 2 /his order shall $e p!$lished in the ;fficial <o!rnal of 'o%ania# -art I and shall co%e
into force 30 da"s after its date of p!$lication:
+rticle 3. 2 ;n the date this order co%es into force# ;rder No 1+09/2002 of the ,inistr" of
/ransport# 4onstr!ctions and /o!ris% for approval of the technical re(!lation =Nor%ative doc!%ent for
the seis%ic desi(n# constr!ction and safet" assess%ent of water en(ineerin( str!ct!res !sed in da%
facilities# code N- 0+1/2002
>)
shall cease to $e applica$le:
/his technical re(!lation was adopted in accordance with the notification proced!re No ';/::::::::::::::
of :::::::::::::::::::::: stip!lated in )overn%ent *ecision No 1011/200& re(ardin( %eas!res for or(anisin(
and carr"in( o!t the e9chan(e of infor%ation in the field of technical standards and re(!lations# as well
as the r!les re(ardin( infor%ation societ" services $etween 'o%ania and the 53 ,e%$er ?tates# as well
as the 5!ropean 4o%%ission# with its s!$se!ent %odifications# p!$lished in the ;fficial <o!rnal of
'o%ania# -art I No 11& of 23 <!l" 200&# which transposes *irective 98/3&/54 of the 5!ropean
-arlia%ent and of the 4o!ncil of 22 <!ne 1998 la"in( down a proced!re for the provision of infor%ation
in the field of technical standards and re(!lations# p!$lished in the ;fficial <o!rnal of the 5!ropean
4o%%!nities L 20& of 21 <!l" 1998# a%ended $" *irective 98/&8/54 of the 5!ropean -arlia%ent and of
the 4o!ncil of 20 <!l" 1998# p!$lished in the ;fficial <o!rnal of the 5!ropean 4o%%!nities L 21+ of 5
A!(!st 1998:
> )
The technical regulation Normative document for the seismic design, construction and assessment of water engineering structures used
in dam facilities, code NP 0762002!, was a""roved #$ %rder No 170&2002 of the 'inistr$ of (onstructions and Tourism, and was
"u#lished in the (onstructions )ournal No 1&200* edited #$ the National +nstitute for ,esearch and -evelo"ment in (onstructions and
.uilding /conomics 0 +N(/,(1
1
GOVERNMENT OF ROMANIA
MINISTRY OF REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT
AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
DE$-./ $R0(E'(0N01.ER
(0N01.ER
Nicolae'2iviu DR+3NE+
Anne9
to ,*'A- ;rder No@@@@@@@@/@@@:@@@:2013
Normative document
for the seismic design construction and assessment of
!ater engineering structures used in dam facilities
#ode N$ 0%&'2012
' Revision N$ 0%&'2002 '
2
#ontents
1: ?cope of the nor%ative doc!%ent:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::&
1: ?cope of the nor%ative doc!%ent:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::&
2: ?eis%icit" and seis%ic para%eters::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::5
2: ?eis%icit" and seis%ic para%eters::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::5
3: ?eis%ic desi(n and calc!lation of water en(ineerin( str!ct!res !sed in da% facilities:
?tr!ct!re2reservoir2fo!ndation (ro!nd interaction:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::13
3: ?eis%ic desi(n and calc!lation of water en(ineerin( str!ct!res !sed in da% facilities:
?tr!ct!re2reservoir2fo!ndation (ro!nd interaction:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::13
&: ?eis%ic calc!lation of da%s %ade of concrete and local %aterials:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::20
&: ?eis%ic calc!lation of da%s %ade of concrete and local %aterials:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::20
5: ?eis%ic calc!lation of a!9iliar" water en(ineerin( str!ct!res !sed in da% facilities: : :21
5: ?eis%ic calc!lation of a!9iliar" water en(ineerin( str!ct!res !sed in da% facilities: : :21
5:1 Introd!ction::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::21
5:2 *esi(n calc!lation of hi(h2water spillwa"s:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::2+
5:3 Aater carrier pipes# sl!ice (ates and valves::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::2+
5:& IntaBe towers: 7!nnel spillwa"s:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::28
5:5 Navi(ation locBs::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::28
1: ?eis%ic calc!lation of tailin(s da%s and d"Bes::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::30
1: ?eis%ic calc!lation of tailin(s da%s and d"Bes::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::30
+: 4onstr!ction of da%s in seis%ic Cones: Anti2seis%ic str!ct!ral %eas!res:::::::::::::::::::31
+: 4onstr!ction of da%s in seis%ic Cones: Anti2seis%ic str!ct!ral %eas!res:::::::::::::::::::31
8: ?!rveillance and %onitorin( of da% en(ineerin( str!ct!res $!ilt in seis%ic Cones::::::33
8: ?!rveillance and %onitorin( of da% en(ineerin( str!ct!res $!ilt in seis%ic Cones::::::33
9: 'estoration worBs for water en(ineerin( str!ct!res affected $" earth!aBes:::::::::::::::3&
9: 'estoration worBs for water en(ineerin( str!ct!res affected $" earth!aBes:::::::::::::::3&
10: 'eference doc!%ents:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::35
10: 'eference doc!%ents:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::35
)lossar" of ter%s::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::39
International seis%ic criteria and re(!lations:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::&5
4alc!lation relationships !sed in the pse!do2static %ethod:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::&+
Assess%ent of h"drod"na%ic press!res d!e to earth!aBes::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::&8
Assess%ent of the seis%ic press!res d!e to the fo!ndation (ro!nd:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::52
?eis%ic anal"sis of a (ravit" da%::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::10
?eis%ic anal"sis of an earthfill da%:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::8+
3
1. 1cope of the normative document
1.1: /he nor%ative doc!%ent incl!des provisions re(ardin( the seis%ic desi(n# constr!ction
and safet" assess%ent of water en(ineerin( str!ct!res !sed in da% facilities (da%s# d"Bes# da% power
stations# locBs# a!9iliar" str!ct!res):
(1) /herefore# the followin( chapters specif" the seis%icit" and seis%ic para%eters# anti2seis%ic
desi(n principles# the seis%ic calc!lation and safet" assess%ent of water en(ineerin( str!ct!res !sed in
da% facilities# the constr!ction of s!ch str!ct!res in seis%ic Cones# anti2seis%ic str!ct!ral %eas!res#
s!rveillance and %onitorin(# as well as worBs for the restoration of an" water en(ineerin( str!ct!res
!sed in da% facilities which have $een affected $" earth!aBes:
(2) /he provisions are applica$le to $oth the act!al da% and the other water en(ineerin(
str!ct!res !sed within the da% facilit"D da% power plants# water inlets# spillwa"s# h"dro%echanical
e!ip%ent# locBs# a$!t%ents and connectin( walls# etc:
(3) /he seis%ic safet" of the str!ct!res shall depend on their response to the co%$inations of
loads co%pati$le with the seis%ic action: /herefore# the seis%ic action cannot $e dissociated fro% other
t"pes of loads or the state and specific conditions of the respective str!ct!re:
(&) Altho!(h the nor%ative doc!%ent onl" refers to aspects that are directl" related to the
seis%ic action# the person responsi$le for ens!rin( the safet" of these str!ct!res shall have to taBe into
consideration all of the str!ct!ral and non2str!ct!ral factors involved that co%pl" with the practice
principles applica$le in the field:
(5) ?ince the nor%ative doc!%ent (enerall" reflects c!rrent en(ineerin( practice# the doc!%ent
will need to $e periodicall" revised and s!pple%ented with the new practices developed in the field of
seis%ic en(ineerin( of water retention str!ct!res:
1.2. /his nor%ative doc!%ent provides specialists responsi$le for desi(nin( or constr!ctin(
water en(ineerin( str!ct!res for da% facilities with the necessar" theoretical and practical (str!ct!ral)
ele%ents relatin( to the calc!lation %ethodolo(ies to $e !sed and the seis%ic $ehavio!r of these
str!ct!res:
(1) /his nor%ative doc!%ent %ainl" refers to technical prescriptions relatin( to the f!nda%ental
re!ire%ents applica$le to str!ct!res and ai%s to har%onise the applica$le specific technical re(!lations
in the field with those a(reed nationall" and internationall"# na%el" the ?eis%ic *esi(n 4odes No -1002
1 and -10023# 53';4;*5 8# I4;L* 6!lletins and conferences# as well as the p!$lications of the
5!ropean I4;L* 4l!$:
1.3. /he provisions of this nor%ative doc!%ent shall appl" to da% en(ineerin( str!ct!res located
on sites whose (eolo(ical conditions# deter%ined $" %eans of (eolo(ical# h"dro(eolo(ical# (eotechnical
and (eoph"sical s!rve"s# are accepted $" the practice in the field:
(1) Nor%all"# sites located in Cones with hi(h tectonic activit"# with fa!lts that have a hi(h risB
of relative slidin( $etween adEacent faces# which are affected $" landslides# cavin(2in or Barst processes#
shiftin( sands or sands that pose the risB of li!efaction# %assifs containin( sol!$le %aterials (salt#
("ps!%)# or recent !nconsolidated fillin(s shall not $e accepted for water en(ineerin( str!ct!res !sed in
da% facilities:
1.4. /he nor%ative doc!%ent refers to str!ct!res that are $ein( desi(ned# as well as e9istin(
str!ct!res that are to !nder(o e9pert e9a%ination or verification# in accordance with the applica$le
specific le(islation in force:
(1) /his nor%ative doc!%ent is to $e !sed $" all parties involved in the invest%ent processD
planners# plannin( assessors# certified technical e9perts# contractors# technical %ana(ers responsi$le for
the constr!ction worBs# investors# owners# ad%inistrators and !sers# personnel responsi$le for operatin(
&
the facilities# operators/co%panies worBin( in the field of water en(ineerin(# as well as p!$lic
ad%inistration a!thorities and inspection $odies:
1.5. /he nor%ative doc!%ent shall $e s!pple%ented $" the followin( anne9esD
Anne9 A 2 incl!des a (lossar" with the ter%inolo(" !sed in this nor%ative doc!%entF
Anne9 6 2 contains the %ain international re(!lations in the field of seis%ic safet" of da%sF
Anne9es 4# *# 5 2 provide# as a reco%%endation# calc!lation relationships to $e !sed in the
pse!do2static %ethod# as well as when deter%inin( the h"drod"na%ic press!res d!e to earth!aBes and
the seis%ic press!re developed in the fo!ndation (ro!ndF
Anne9es 7# ) 2 contain applications for the seis%ic anal"sis of a (ravit" da% and a rocBfill da%#
respectivel":
2. 1eismicit) and seismic parameters
2.1. /he stren(th of an earth!aBe can $e descri$ed $" its %a(nit!de or its intensit":
(1) ,a(nit!de is a %eas!re of the ener(" released $" the earth!aBe and# therefore# each
earth!aBe is characterised $" a sin(le %a(nit!de:
(2) Intensit" is a %eas!re of the destr!ctive effects of an earth!aBe in a certain Cone and#
conse!entl"# the intensit" of an earth!aBe varies dependin( on the Cone $ein( anal"sed:
(3) /he stren(th of an earth!aBe can $e assessed $" either deter%inin( its effects on people#
$!ildin(s or the environ%ent# or $" carr"in( o!t instr!%ental recordin(s at seis%ic stations:
(&) /he %ost fre!entl" !sed %a(nit!de scale is )!ten$er(2'ichter (,)# which incl!des nine
de(rees of %a(nit!de (129): /he $est Bnown intensit" scales are the ,odified ,ercalli (,,) scale#
which has twelve de(rees of intensit" (I 2 GII)# and the ,edvedev ?ponhe!r and Harnic (,?H) scale#
which has ten de(rees of intensit" (I 2 G)# in the ,?H21& and ,?H2+1 versions: /he 5,? 98 scale has
$een developed in the 5!ropean 3nion:
(5) 7i(!re 221 shows correlations $etween vario!s earth!aBe stren(th scales: 7or intensit"
scales# the co%parison refers to the epicentral intensit" of the earth!aBe:
(1) In 'o%ania# in accordance with ?/A? 318& re(ardin( the =?eis%ic intensit" scale0# the
de(ree of seis%ic intensit" is e9pressed in de(rees on the international ,?H21& scale (,edvedev2
?ponhe!r2HarniB scale):
5
M - Gutenberg, Richter - 1956
MM - Modified Mercalli - 1931
MSK - Medvedev, Sponheur, Karnik - 196
2igure 211 (orrelations #etween various seismic scales
2.2. /he peaB val!e of the seis%ic horiContal (ro!nd acceleration (a
(
) within a site shall
correspond to a %ean rec!rrence interval (,'I) of 225 "ears (e9ceedance pro$a$ilit" of 20 I over 50
"ears) for the Cones that are %ainl" infl!enced $" the Jrancea s!$cr!stal seis%ic so!rce and the 6anat
cr!stal so!rces# or a %ean rec!rrence interval of 100 "ears (e9ceedance pro$a$ilit" of &0 I over 50
"ears) for the rest of 'o%ania# in accordance with 'e(!lation -10021 (7i(!re 222):
(1) A pri%ar" seis%ic action can !s!all" $e defined $" two para%etersD
a
g
2 peaB seis%ic horiContal (ro!nd acceleration for earth!aBes whose %ean rec!rrence interval
,'I co%plies with -ara(raph 1(2:2)F
T
c
2 the control (corner) period characteristic to the spectral co%position dia(ra% of the seis%ic
%ove%ent within the site# representin( the li%it $etween the %a9i%!% val!e Cone in the a$sol!te
acceleration spectr!% and the %a9i%!% val!e Cone in the relative velocit" spectr!% (7i(!re 223):
(2) 7i(!re 2:& shows the nor%alised elastic response spectra for horiContal accelerations at
fo!ndation level# dependin( on the corner periods (/
c
): /he nor%alised spectra shall $e o$tained !sin(
the elastic response spectra for a$sol!te accelerations# $" dividin( the spectral ordinates $" the peaB
(ro!nd acceleration a
(
:
1
MAGNITUDE
M
EPICENTRAL
ACCELERATI
ONS
M.M. M.S.K.
JAPANESE
SCALE
E
N
E
R
G
Y
ergi
CLASS
E
CLASS
D
CLASS
C
CLASS
B
CLASS
A
2igure 212 3oning of ,omania according to the design "ea4 ground acceleration a
g
with an ',+5226
$ears and an e7ceedance "ro#a#ilit$ of 20 8 over 60 $ears 9red line), and an ',+5100 $ears and an
e7ceedance "ro#a#ilit$ of :0 8 over 60 $ears 9#lue line), res"ectivel$1
+
ESRI, ArcMap 8.3
Scale
Kilometres
Scale
Kilometres
2igure 21* 3oning of ,omania as a function of the corner "eriod 9T
c
) of
the res"onse s"ectrum1
(3) /he a$sol!te acceleration elastic response spectra K?
a
(/)L for the horiContal co%ponents of
the seis%ic action shall $e o$tained fro% the nor%alised spectra KM(/) 7i(!re &L corrected $" the peaB
val!es of the (ro!nd acceleration a
(
D
?
a
(/) N a
(
M(/) (2:1)
(&) /he relative velocit" response spectra K?
v
(/)L or relative displace%ent response spectra
K?
d
(/)L shall $e o$tained fro% ?
a
(/) in accordance with the relationships $etween the elastic response
spectraD
?
d
(/) N ?
v
(/)/O N ?
a
(/)/O
2
where ON2P// (2:2)
8
2igure Normalised elastic res"onse s"ectra for hori;ontal accelerations at foundation level, de"ending
on the corner "eriods 9T
c
)1
9
-eriod T# s
-eriod T# s
-eriod T# s
(5) /he response spectra calc!lated in accordance with relationships (2:1) and (2:2) shall $e !sed
in the calc!lations carried o!t to assess the safet" of water en(ineerin( str!ct!res !sed in da% facilities
(?55):
(1) /he spectra shall $e applied for seis%ic actions that are horiContal in the %ost !nfavo!ra$le
str!ct!ral response direction(s) specified in the followin( chapters for vario!s water en(ineerin(
str!ct!res !sed in retention facilities:
(+) 7or water en(ineerin( str!ct!res !sed in retention facilities that are located in the relative
vicinit" of earth!aBe epicentres# verifications shall also $e carried o!t for the vertical co%ponent of the
seis%ic action: /he peaB acceleration for the vertical co%ponent a
v(
shall $e deter%ined with
relationship (2:3)# !nless otherwise reco%%endedD
a
v(
N 0:5 a
(
(2:3)
(8) /he acceleration elastic response spectr!% for the vertical co%ponent of the seis%ic action
K?
v#a
(/)L shall $e deter%ined with the followin( relationshipD
?
v#a
(/) N a
v(
M(/) (2:&)
(9) 7i(!re 2:5 shows the Cones of seis%ic haCard d!e to cr!stal earth!aBes in 'o%ania: If
response spectra specific to these Cones are created# which are certified $" official doc!%ents# these
spectra shall $e !sed in the desi(n calc!lations:
2igure 216 Territor$ of ,omania, showing the ;ones of seismic ha;ard due to crustal earth<ua4es1
(10) In the d"na%ic calc!lation of water retention str!ct!res# the seis%ic action shall $e
descri$ed $" accelero(ra%s: /hese can $e artificial# (enerated $ased on an elastic response spectr!%
created as a f!nction of a
(
and /
c
within the site# or can $e recorded accelero(ra%s scaled to the val!es of
a
(
within the site# providin( that the fre!enc" content is co%pati$le with the local conditions:
10
(11) /he level of seis%ic haCard deter%ined in accordance with the a$ove relationships is the
%ini%!% level that %!st $e taBen into consideration when desi(nin( water retention str!ct!res:
2.3. 7or da%s or da% en(ineerin( str!ct!res (which create water retention) $elon(in( to
i%portance classes I or II (?/A? &2+3283) or i%portance cate(ories A# 6 for new worBs (for the desi(n
sta(e) (N/L82021)# the level of seis%ic haCard within the site (a
(
# /
c
) shall $e deter%ined $" %eans of a
special seis%icit" s!rve" of the site $ased on thoro!(h (eolo(ical# h"dro(eolo(ical and (eoph"sical
st!dies# as well as statistical seis%olo(ical research and st!dies:
2.4. /he site seis%ic s!rve" shall $e drawn !p in order to create a detailed seis%ic Conin( and
%icro2Conin( of the re(ion where the water en(ineerin( str!ct!re is located and deter%ine the $asic
earth!aBe para%eters:
/his s!rve" %!st incl!de the followin( dataD
(1) A description of the str!ct!ral and seis%otectonic (eolo(ical conditions present within the
re(ion where the water en(ineerin( str!ct!re is located# at re(ional scale (100.300 B%)# represented on
%aps and (eolo(ical cross2sections# as well as (eolo(ical# tectonic and electro%etric $locB dia(ra%s:
(2) A description of the local (eo%orpholo(ical and (eoph"sical conditions present within the
site of the water en(ineerin( str!ct!re# represented on (eolo(ical and (eoph"sical profiles $ased on
drillin( and (eoph"sical tests relatin( to the seis%ic wave velocities (=
s
and =
"
) and strata densit":
(3) /he (eotechnical characteristics of the s!perficial (ro!nd strata (lon(it!dinal =/
d
0 and
transverse =>
d
0 lon(it!dinal d"na%ic %od!li of elasticit"# propa(ation velocities ==
s
0 and ==
"
0#
da%pin( =Q0) and their stress2related variation:
(&) A description of the local seis%ic conditions# as well as the seis%otectonic Cones which
affect the site# specif"in( the foc!s points and epicentres# their seis%ic characteristics (%a9i%!%
accelerations# intensit"# earth!aBe fre!enc"# %a(nit!de2fre!enc" relationship# seis%ic de(ree of the
site)# as well as the seis%ic intensit" coefficients of the desi(n earth!aBes (c
(
Na
(
/( where ( is the
(ravitational acceleration) of the water en(ineerin( str!ct!re for the operatin( $asis earth!aBe (;65)
and the %a9i%!% credi$le earth!aBe (,45):
(5) -ri%ar" historical data o$tained $" direct o$servation and $" recordin( stron(# %edi!% and
weaB earth!aBes at the seis%ic stations installed within the re(ion or Cone $ein( st!died# or in areas
with si%ilar (eolo(ical and (eod"na%ic propertiesD
a) %a9i%!% acceleration# velocit" and displace%ent a%plit!deF
$) spatial characterisation of the seis%ic %ove%ent (ratio $etween the acceleration a%plit!des in
different directions# spatial correlation characteristics)F
c) the historical envelope of the %ove%ent over ti%e# for the two $od" waves (- and ?) and the
s!rface wavesF
d) total d!ration of the seis%ic eventD d!ration of the si(nificant part of the %ove%ent and the
n!%$er of si(nificant c"clesF
e) the periods of the two %ain phases of the seis%ic %ove%ent (T
"
and T
s
)F
f) the interval of ti%e lapsed fro% the $e(innin( of the phase !ntil the %a9i%!% val!e is
reached# for the two t"pes of waves (*
o
?# *
o
-):
(1) /he spectral co%position of a stron( seis%ic %ove%ent within the site $ein( st!died shall $e
predicted $ased on the followin( dataD
a) a deter%ination of the nat!ral periods of the (ro!nd str!ct!reF the nat!ral periods of the
(ro!nd !nder low stresses will si(nificantl" increase in the event of a stron( earth!aBe# d!e to (ro!nd
da%a(eF for non2rocB" terrain# the !antitative assess%ent %ethod !sed to deter%ine the increase in the
nat!ral periods shall $e $ased on the variation c!rves of the transverse (ro!nd defor%ation %od!l!s
=>
d
0 as a f!nction of the specific an(!lar defor%ation =R0F
$) recordin(s of stron( earth!aBes that occ!rred within the areaF
c) data fro% specialist literat!re:
11
(+) /he seis%ic s!rve" %!st taBe into consideration the risB of seis%ic pheno%ena occ!rrin( d!e
to the stora(e reservoirs created $" water retention facilities# as well as the %odification of certain
seis%ic para%eters d!rin( the reservoir fillin( and operatin( periods:
2.5. In accordance with the international ter%inolo("# the earth!aBes that are fre!entl" taBen
into consideration in the seis%ic anal"sis of water en(ineerin( str!ct!res !sed in da% facilities are ,45
(,a9i%!% 4redi$le 5arth!aBe)# ?55 (?afet" 5val!ation 5arth!aBe) and ;65 (;peratin( 6asis
5arth!aBe): ;ther t"pical earth!aBes incl!ded in the international ter%inolo(" are defined in Anne9
A:
(1) ,45 is the earth!aBe that wo!ld ca!se the hi(hest possi$le level of (ro!nd %ove%ent
within the site# dependin( on the (eolo(ical conditions:
(2) A ?55 is an earth!aBe which (enerates the hi(hest level of (ro!nd %ove%ent for which a
catastrophic r!pt!rin( of the da% does not occ!r: A ?55 can $e# at the li%it# e!al to the ,45 or a
certain proportion of the ,45# or can $e deter%ined as a f!nction of the ret!rn period of earth!aBes of
a certain intensit" within the site:
(3) ;65 is an earth!aBe which is liBel" to occ!r# on avera(e# no %ore than once thro!(ho!t the
e9pected service life of the str!ct!re ($!t not less than 100 "ears# dependin( on the service life of the
water en(ineerin( str!ct!res !sed in the da% facilities): 3nder the action of an ;65# the da% and its
a!9iliar" str!ct!res %!st re%ain operational# $!t co!ld need repairs:
(&) /he (ro!nd %ove%ent can $e characterised $" the peaB or effective acceleration# velocit" or
displace%ent val!es:
(5) /he peaB (ro!nd acceleration (-)A) is the %a9i%!% free2field acceleration occ!rrin( in an"
horiContal direction d!rin( an earth!aBe: /he peaB acceleration lasts for an e9tre%el" short period of
ti%e# since it !s!all" occ!rs in one or two of the hi(h2fre!enc" seis%ic oscillations and# therefore#
contains a s%all a%o!nt of ener(": /he en(ineerin( %eanin( of -)A is s!$Eect to de$ate: In (eneral# a
para%eter $ased on the eval!ation of the earth!aBe ener(" which# in %ost cases# is 0:5 -)A can $e
accepted as a para%eter of the seis%ic acceleration:
(1) /he effective peaB acceleration is the peaB acceleration after the seis%ic %ove%ent recordin(
(accelero(ra%) has $een filtered in order to re%ove !ltra2hi(h2fre!enc" oscillations which onl" have a
s%all infl!ence on the str!ct!ral response:
2.&. /he desi(n earth!aBe of a water en(ineerin( str!ct!re shall $e deter%ined as a f!nction of
the peaB (ro!nd acceleration (a
(
) and the class or cate(or" of i%portance of the respective str!ct!re:
(1) 7or water en(ineerin( str!ct!res $elon(in( to the i%portance classes III# IJ or J or the
cate(ories of i%portance 4 and *# a sin(le intensit" level shall $e esta$lished for the desi(n earth!aBe#
na%el" the operatin( $asis earth!aBe (;65):
(2) 7or water en(ineerin( str!ct!res $elon(in( to the i%portance classes I or II or the cate(ories
of i%portance A and 6# two intensit" levels shall $e esta$lished for the desi(n earth!aBes# na%el"D the
operatin( $asis earth!aBe (;65) and the safet" eval!ation earth!aBe (?55):
(3) /a$le 221 (ives the %a9i%!% seis%ic acceleration val!es for the operatin( $asis earth!aBe
(an
;65
) as a f!nction of the peaB (ro!nd acceleration (a
(
) within the site# in accordance with re(!lation
-10021 and dependin( on the class or cate(or" of i%portance of the water en(ineerin( str!ct!re:
12
/a$le 221
4lass or cate(or" of i%portance
of the water en(ineerin( str!ct!re
,a9i%!% seis%ic acceleration for
;65 (an
;65
)
I or A# for new str!ct!res 0:28 a
(
$!t not less than 0:12(
II or 6# for new str!ct!res 0:28 a
(
$!t not less than 0:10(
III or 4# for new str!ct!res 0:28 a
(
$!t not less than 0:08(
IJ or *# for new str!ct!res 0:2& a
(
$!t not less than 0:01(
J 0:2& a
(
$!t not less than 0:05(
(&) /he %a9i%!% seis%ic acceleration of the desi(n ;65 earth!aBe shall $e deter%ined $"
taBin( into consideration the hi(hest val!e res!ltin( fro% the two deter%inations ($ased on the
i%portance class and $ased on the i%portance cate(or"# respectivel"):
(5) /he %a9i%!% seis%ic acceleration of the desi(n ;65 earth!aBe for da% en(ineerin(
str!ct!res $elon(in( to i%portance classes I or II or the cate(ories of i%portance A and 6# which are
located in Cones where the peaB (ro!nd acceleration (a
(
) within the site is# in accordance with re(!lation
-10021# e!al to or hi(her than 0:35(# shall also $e deter%ined $ased on additional anal"ses so that the
val!es (iven in /a$le 221 can $e increased if necessar":
2.%: 7or water en(ineerin( str!ct!res $elon(in( to i%portance classes I or II or cate(ories of
i%portance A and 6 for which two intensit" levels of the desi(n earth!aBe are esta$lished# the
%a9i%!% acceleration of the safet" eval!ation earth!aBe (?55) shall $e deter%ined in accordance with
- 10021 or $ased on a site seis%ic s!rve"# in accordance with /a$le 222:
/a$le 222
4lass/cate(or" of i%portance of the
water en(ineerin( str!ct!re
?55
,a9i%!% seis%ic acceleration
I or A# for new str!ct!res
II or 6# for new str!ct!res
a
(
in accordance with - 10021 or
the %a9i%!% acceleration in
accordance with the site seis%ic s!rve"
3. 1eismic design and calculation of !ater engineering structures used in
dam facilities. 1tructure'reservoir'foundation ground interaction
3.1. /he seis%ic desi(n of water en(ineerin( str!ct!res !sed in da% facilities consists of creatin(
str!ct!ral shapes which# to(ether with the fo!ndation and s!rro!ndin( environ%ent# help %eet the
followin( perfor%ance criteria !nder the %ost econo%ical conditionsD
a) a satisfactor" str!ct!ral and f!nctional $ehavio!r# witho!t an" si(nificant de(radation !nder
the action of vario!s stresses# incl!din( seis%ic stresses# whose occ!rrence thro!(ho!t the service life of
the str!ct!re is considered nor%alF
$) acceptance of certain str!ct!ral and f!nctional deteriorations which do not (enerate
!ncontrolled water dischar(es fro% the stora(e reservoir or catastrophic r!pt!res# and do not EeopardiCe
str!ct!ral safet" !nder conditions of e9ceptional stress:
(1) /he de(radations that can $e tolerated in the case of da%s %ade of concrete# rolled concrete
or sta$ilised $allast incl!de s%all (li%ited) re%nant displace%ents# li%ited s!rface fiss!res and certain
increases of the infiltration rates: In the case of rocBfill da%s# an" settlin( areas occ!rrin( at crest level
%!st $e s%aller than the safet" (!ards# an" potential fiss!res %!st not lead to concentrated infiltrations
acco%panied $" da%pin( of the internal erosion pheno%enon# and the increased water press!re in the
13
pores in the sat!rated areas within the $od" or fo!ndation of the da% %!st not lead to the occ!rrence of
li!efaction (c"clic %o$ilit") pheno%ena or the loss of sta$ilit" of the overall da%2fo!ndation (ro!nd
asse%$l":
3.2 /he seis%ic assess%ent of water retention str!ct!res sho!ld incl!de risB %ana(e%ent and
risB anal"sis: /hese %ethods can $e !sed as s!pport in the followin( sit!ationsD
a) prioritisin( on safet" assess%ents when a lar(e n!%$er of da%s are taBen into considerationF
$) assessin( the $enefits of vario!s alternative restoration %eas!resF
c) selectin( the loadin( levels and assessin( the str!ct!ral response:
'isB %ana(e%ent and risB anal"sis can also $e !sed as part of (eneral seis%ic eval!ations to
help %aBe final decisions:
3.3 /he seis%ic desi(n ai%s to li%it the level of de(radation and da%a(e# as well as to prevent
the collapse of str!ct!ral and non2str!ct!ral ele%ents# e!ip%ent and installations# in order toD
a) prevent personal inE!ries or the loss of h!%an livesF
$) avoid the discontin!ation of an" activities and services which are essential in order to
%aintain the contin!it" of social and econo%ic life d!rin( and i%%ediatel" after an earth!aBeF
c) prevent the destr!ction or de(radation of certain hi(hl"2val!a$le c!lt!ral and artistic assetsF
d) prevent the release of certain dan(ero!s s!$stances (to9ic# e9plosive# etc:)F
e) li%it an" %aterial da%a(e:
3.4 /he calc!lation %ethods !sed in the str!ct!ral seis%ic anal"ses shall $e chosen in correlation
with the class and cate(or" of i%portance of the da% str!ct!re and the entr" data availa$le
(seis%otectonic data# para%eters of the free2field seis%ic %ove%ent# on2site investi(ations): /he de(ree
of acc!rac" of the anal"ses shall increase pro(ressivel"# the initial anal"sis $ein( $ased on the si%plest
conservative %ethods which correspond to the pro$le%: 8i(hl" acc!rate str!ct!ral anal"ses %!st taBe
into consideration data o$tained $" carr"in( o!t specific on2site investi(ations# and not val!es taBen
fro% literat!re:
3.5 /he %eas!res which ens!re the anti2seis%ic protection of water en(ineerin( str!ct!res !sed
in da% facilities shall $e taBen into consideration d!rin( all constr!ction sta(es of these str!ct!resD
desi(n# constr!ction# operation:
(1) /he followin( %eas!res shall $e taBen d!rin( seis%ic desi(nD
a) choosin( sites which are favo!ra$le in ter%s of the seis%ic $ehavio!r of the str!ct!re2(ro!nd
s"ste% and avoidin( $!ildin( the fo!ndation on !nfavo!ra$le terrainF if a pro$le%atic site cannot $e
avoided# %eas!res shall $e taBen to i%prove the fo!ndation conditions on the $asis of special s!rve"sF
$) ens!rin( that the overall desi(n of the str!ct!re ena$les it to have favo!ra$le $ehavio!r d!rin(
earth!aBes# as well as the creation of a clear calc!lation %odelF
c) constr!ctin( the s!pportin( str!ct!re so that it %eets the stren(th# sta$ilit"# ri(idit" and
d!ctilit" para%eters# in accordance with the provisions stip!lated in this nor%ative doc!%ent:
(1) /he followin( %eas!res shall $e i%ple%ented d!rin( the constr!ction of the str!ct!resD
a) !sin( $!ildin( %aterials/prod!cts whose !alit" para%eters are si%ilar to those stip!lated in
the desi(n en(ineerin( doc!%ents# in accordance with the provisions of the applica$le specific
le(islation in forceF
$) !sin( s!ita$le $!ildin( technolo(iesF
c) %aBin( s!re that the str!ct!ral details stip!lated in the desi(n are co%plied with on site:
(1) Ahen operatin( the str!ct!res# constant attention shall $e paid in order toD
a) adopt operatin( and %aintenance %eas!res which co%pl" with the operatin( r!les and help
the str!ct!re retain its entire stren(thF
1&
$) %onitor the technical condition of the str!ct!re over ti%e so that an" potential da%a(e can $e
detected earl" and the ca!ses and conse!ences of s!ch da%a(e can $e re%ovedF
c) intervene pro%ptl" on the str!ct!re or its operatin( conditions# as necessar":
3.& /he seis%ic desi(n of water en(ineerin( str!ct!res ai%s toD
(1) -rovide s!ita$le overall desi(n of the str!ct!re# $"D
a) choosin( favo!ra$le str!ct!ral shapes# $oth in plane and in elevation# avoidin( an" (ross
discontin!ities and ens!rin( the har%onio!s distri$!tion of the %asses and ri(idities# correspondin( to
the f!nctions of the water en(ineerin( str!ct!reF
$) ens!rin( the correct la"o!t and confor%ation of the str!ct!ral ele%ents and overall str!ct!re#
the non2load2$earin( co%ponents as well as all e!ip%ent and installation ho!sed inside the $!ildin(F
c) avoidin( an" !ncontrolled interactions with potential !nfavo!ra$le effects $etween the s"ste%
co%ponents# $etween the str!ct!ral and non2str!ct!ral ele%ents (downstrea% da% and plant) and
$etween co%ponents with ver" different ri(iditiesF
d) correctl" locatin( and confi(!rin( the a!9iliar" str!ct!res which ens!re the operation and
safet" of the s"ste% (water inlets# spillwa"s# pipes# (alleries):
(2) 5ns!re a s!fficient level of ri(idit" that can restrict all a$sol!te and relative displace%ents
occ!rrin( d!e to interaction with the other s"ste% co%ponents to per%issi$le val!es:
(3) ;$tain favo!ra$le str!ct!ral %echanis%s for dissipatin( ener(" (seis%ic isolators#
plasticisin( %echanis%s# earth!aBe2a$sor$in( co%ponents) !nder hi(h intensit" seis%ic actions: /his
o$Eective i%pliesD
a) (!idin( the Cones that are liBel" to !nder(o stresses within the post2elastic ran(e %ainl" in
Cones or ele%ents which# d!e to the nat!re of the stress# displa" constant level of d!ctilit" or whose
r!pt!re wo!ld not pose a threat to the overall sta$ilit" of the str!ct!re and which can $e repaired witho!t
e9cessive technical effort and costsF
$) when the occ!rrence of post2elastic ran(e defor%ation stresses in ele%ents or Cones which do
not $elon( to the a$ove2%entioned cate(or" cannot $e avoided# these stresses %!st $e re%oved to
prevent the risB of str!ct!ral collapse or the risB of an" de(radation that wo!ld inc!r si(nificant
e9penses for the repair worBsF
c) choosin( a siCe and/or str!ct!ral la"o!t that prevents pre%at!re $rittle r!pt!resF
d) the str!ct!re of the potential plastic Cones %!st ens!re a s!fficient post2elastic defor%ation
capacit" and the %ost sta$le h"steretic $ehavio!r possi$leF
e) special attention shall $e paid to the post2elastic anal"sis of the fo!ndation (ro!nd and (ro!nd2
str!ct!re contact Cone# especiall" the concrete2rocBfill contact Cone# which can have a si(nificant
infl!ence on the $ehavio!r and safet" of the s"ste%:
3.% ?eis%ic actions %anifestin( thro!(h (ro!nd oscillations $elon( to the cate(or" of
e9ceptional actions and prod!ce the followin( t"pes of loadsD
(1) inertial forces d!e to the %ass of the str!ct!re# as well as the %asses connected to the
str!ct!re which are prod!ced d!e to per%anent (ravitational loads (technolo(ical and net loads)F
(2) h"drod"na%ic press!res (in addition to h"drostatic press!res) d!e to the oscillation of the
li!id %ass inside the reservoir and the h"droelastic interaction with the str!ct!re# which oscillates and
!nder(oes elastic defor%ationF
(3) d"na%ic thr!st of the (ro!nd and rocBfill:
3.6 /he seis%ic calc!lation %ethods reco%%ended in this nor%ative doc!%ent are# in (eneral#
applica$le to all t"pes of water en(ineerin( str!ct!res:
(1) /he o$Eect of the calc!lations is the !nitar" str!ct!re2reservoir2fo!ndation (ro!nd s"ste%#
$oth fro% a siCin( point of view and fro% a verification point of view:
15
(2) In (eneral# seis%ic calc!lations re!ire the !se of specific calc!lation pro(ra%%es validated
$" en(ineerin( practiceF the nor%ative doc!%ent is %ainl" foc!sin( on this# and the calc!lations are
!s!all" $ased on the finite ele%ent %ethod:
(3) /he entr" data needed in order to carr" o!t seis%ic calc!lations are the followin(D
a) the (eo%etrical ele%ents of the str!ct!reF
$) (eolo(ical# h"dro(eolo(ical and %orpholo(ical data a$o!t the siteF
c) the static and d"na%ic ph"sico2%echanical characteristics of the %aterialsF
d) the desi(n seis%ic para%eters of the site:
3.7 /he seis%ic calc!lations shall %ainl" consist ofD
a) stren(th calc!lations (stress and defor%ation state)F
$) slidin( or overt!rnin( sta$ilit" calc!lations:
(1) /he slidin( sta$ilit" calc!lations shall $e carried o!t !sin( the li%it e!ili$ri!% %ethod and
the finite ele%ent %ethod $ased on the stress state:
(2) 7or rocBfill da%s# the calc!lations shall also foc!s on assessin( the li!efaction risB and the
re%nant seis%ic displace%ents:
3.10 /he seis%ic calc!lations can $e carried o!t !sin( one or %ore of the followin( anal"sis
%ethodsD
a) pse!do2staticF
$) spectral anal"sis (%odal anal"sis !sin( seis%ic response spectra)F
c) a %odal anal"sis which inte(rates !nco!pled e!ationsF
d) a d"na%ic anal"sis which !ses n!%erical ti%e inte(rationF
(1) /he pse!do2static %ethods and the %odal anal"sis %ethods shall $e !sed for the linear elastic
$ehavio!r of the s"ste% $ein( anal"sedF non2linear spectra can also $e !sed in the spectral %ethodF the
n!%erical ti%e inte(ration %ethod can $e !sed $oth in the elastic and the non2elastic linear $ehavio!r
ran(e# on the $asis of str!ct!ral $ehavio!r laws of the %aterials co%pati$le with the calc!lation %ethod
and pro(ra%%e:
3.11 /he pse!do2static anal"sis %ethod can $e !sed in stren(th and sta$ilit" calc!lations !sin(
the li%it e!ili$ri!% %ethodD
(1) for str!ct!res $elon(in( to i%portance classes I and II or i%portance cate(ories A and 6# the
%ethod can onl" $e !sed for preli%inar" assess%ents d!rin( the initial sta(es of the proEect (pre2
feasi$ilit"# feasi$ilit")F
(2) for str!ct!res $elon(in( to classes III# IJ and J or i%portance cate(ories 4 and *# the
%ethod can $e !sed d!rin( an" sta(e of i%ple%entation of the proEect:
(3) for slidin( sta$ilit" calc!lations# the %ethod can $e !sed d!rin( all sta(es of i%ple%entation
of the proEect# re(ardless of the i%portance class or cate(or" of the str!ct!re# si%!ltaneo!sl" with other
anal"sis %ethods:
3.12 /he pse!do2static anal"sis %ethod i%plies %aEor si%plifications d!rin( calc!lation#
acceptin( that the seis%ic acceleration at the $ase of the str!ct!re re%ains constant for the entire hei(ht
of the str!ct!re:
(1) In the calc!lations# the inertial forces ind!ced $" the earth!aBe fro% the str!ct!ral %ass and
the h"drod"na%ic forces shall $e considered static loads !nli%ited over ti%e: /he anal"sis also taBes
into acco!nt the ri(id $od" %otion of the da%# as well as the inco%pressi$le water: /he da%2fo!ndation
rocB interaction or the a$sor$in( effect of the %aterials in the $otto% or $anBs of the reservoir shall not
$e taBen into consideration: /he inertial forces shall $e calc!lated !sin( the (ro!nd accelerations in
correspondin( directions (!pstrea%2downstrea% or valle"2valle" horiContal direction# vertical direction)
and shall then $e applied to the centres of (ravit" of the vol!%es in which the str!ct!re was di(itised:
11
(2) /he h"drod"na%ic forces shall $e esti%ated !sin( the Aester(aard and San(ar relationships#
or other e!ivalent relationships: /he slidin( sta$ilit" of the da% shall $e verified for the h"pothesis that
the %a9i%!% desi(n horiContal and vertical accelerations (if taBen into consideration) occ!r
si%!ltaneo!sl":
(3) /he pse!do2static anal"sis %ethod is conservative for the followin( h"pothesesD
a) the seis%ic load is contin!o!s (!nli%ited over ti%e)F
$) the da%pin( is i(noredF
c) the ener(" a$sorption thro!(h the da%# fo!ndation (ro!nd# $otto% and $anBs of the reservoir
is i(noredF
d) the %a9i%!% horiContal and vertical accelerations (if taBen into consideration in the
calc!lation) are applied si%!ltaneo!sl":
(&) /he %ethod is non2conservative d!e to the fact that the a%plification of the response
accelerations alon( the hei(ht of the str!ct!re (in elevation)# which can $e si(nificant even for low2
hei(ht da%s# is not taBen into consideration:
3.13 /he pse!do2static %ethod shall onl" $e !sed to assess the sta$ilit" and stren(th of da%
en(ineerin( str!ct!res !nder the action of an ;65 (operatin( $asis earth!aBe):
3.14 /he spectral anal"sis %ethod (a %odal anal"sis !sin( seis%ic response spectra) has the
followin( (eneral and specific ele%entsD
(1) the calc!lations are carried o!t in the linear elastic ran(eF
(2) the %ethod is $ased on pro$a$ilisticall" addin( !p the %a9i%!% str!ct!ral responses in each
si(nificant nat!ral %ode of vi$ration# for an earth!aBe co%pati$le with the site and represented $" the
seis%ic response spectr!%F
(3) the nor%alised spectra scaled to the site acceleration in accordance with - 10021 shall $e !sed
for water en(ineerin( str!ct!res !sed in da% facilities# in accordance with the provisions stip!lated in
4hapter 2 of this nor%ative doc!%ent: 7or water retention str!ct!res $elon(in( to i%portance classes I
and II or i%portance cate(ories A and 6# the calc!lation spectra can $e o$tained $" %eans of a seis%ic
site s!rve"# in which case the s%oothed spectral envelope shall $e !sed:
/he spectral anal"sis re!ires the followin( entr" dataD
(1) the (eo%etr" of the str!ct!re# with the si(nificant data (fro% the point of view of its ri(idit")F
the finite ele%ent %odel of the str!ct!reF
(2) the site (ro!nd %orpholo("# with details which co!ld infl!ence the response of the s"ste%
(e:(: ravines# crests# overhan(s# prot!$erances)F
(3) the d"na%ic ph"sico2%echanical characteristics of the da% %aterials# na%el"D /
d
# T
d
F the
vol!%etric wei(ht of the str!ct!ral %aterialsF da%pin( as a fraction or percenta(e of the critical da%pin(
(Q)F since Q can onl" $e deter%ined e9peri%entall" =a posteriori0# val!es shall $e taBen fro% literat!re or
e9perience acc!%!lated d!rin( other si%ilar worBs and shall $e !sed d!rin( the desi(n sta(eF in the
a$sence of s!ch data# the val!es (iven in /a$le 321 can $e !sedD
/a$le 321
7raction of critical da%pin( (Q)
?"ste% $ein( anal"sed ;65 ?55
4oncrete da% 0:02 2 0:05 0:0& 2 0:0+
*a% %ade of local %aterials 0:05 2 0:12 0:0+ 2 0:15
7o!ndation (ro!nd 0:05 2 0:12 0:08 2 0:20
(&) for concrete# in the a$sence of deter%inations carried o!t on la$orator" sa%ples or in sit!# the
val!es accepted for /
d
shall $e within the ran(e 215 000.3+0 000 daN/c%
2
(correspondin( to the static
1+
val!es 200 000.250 000 daN/c%
2
)# whilst the val!es of the d"na%ic -oisson factor (T
d
) shall $e within
the ran(e 0:22.0:21 F
(5) for %aterials !sed for the earth fill# in the a$sence of an" la$orator" or on2site deter%inations#
the data o$tained $" si%!latin( the constr!ction (non2linear static calc!lation) can $e !sed# providin(
that the" are corrected (%!ltiplied) $" coefficients which taBe into acco!nt the d"na%ic nat!re of the
stressF the %ean d"na%ic %od!l!s can also $e !sed if deter%ined $" (eoph"sical %ethodsF
(1) for str!ct!res $elon(in( to i%portance classes I and II or i%portance cate(ories A and 6#
indicative data (/
d
# T
d
) can onl" $e !sed for the pre2feasi$ilit" and feasi$ilit" phasesF the ne9t phases
re!ire specific on2site and la$orator" st!dies to $e carried o!t in order to deter%ine the data to $e !sed
for calc!lationF
(+) the fo!ndation (ro!nd shall onl" $e entered in the calc!lations thro!(h its ri(idit"# and its
%asses shall $e considered n!ll:
3.15 /he direct n!%erical ti%e inte(ration %ethod consists in the s!ccessive# step2$"2step
te%poral assess%ent of the response of the str!ct!re to the seis%ic action introd!ced as a discreet ti%e
f!nction (!s!all" accelerations occ!rrin( at ver" short intervals of ti%e):
(1) /he direct n!%erical ti%e inte(ration %ethod shall $e e!all" applica$le for the linear and
non2linear elastic $ehavio!r of the %aterials:
(2) Linear elastic calc!lations# which are partic!larl" applica$le to concrete or %etallic str!ct!res
fo!nded on nor%al or ri(id (ro!nd# re!ire the followin( entr" dataD
a) the di(itisation of the finite ele%ent %odelF
$) the d"na%ic elastic characteristics of the %aterials %aBin( !p the s"ste% (da%# fo!ndation
(ro!nd# etc:)# as well as the d"na%ic %od!l!s of elasticit" (/
d
)# the d"na%ic -oisson ratio (T
d
)# the
da%pin( that can $e deter%ined fro% the da%pin( rate (Q
d
) for vario!s nat!ral %odes !sin( the 'a"lei(h
%odelF
c) vol!%etric wei(hts for %aterialsF
d) additional %asses calc!lated fro% h"drod"na%ic press!res and concentrated in the nodes of
contact with the li!id# with co%ponents in the directions of the (lo$al s"ste% a9esF
e) the directions of action of the accelero(ra%F
f) the artificial (s"nthetic) or recorded accelero(ra% that is co%pati$le with the site# scaled to the
level re!ired for calc!lation# which can $e ;65/?55F
() the accelero(ra% can $e (iven on the s!rface of the $ase rocB or at (ro!nd levelF the
accelero(ra% correspondin( to the $ase of the fo!ndation (ro!nd %odelled in the calc!lation#
deter%ined for the finite ele%ent %odel# as well as for statistical calc!lation: /he (ro!nd level
accelero(ra% shall $e deconvol!ted thro!(h the fo!ndation (ro!nd so that it can $e assessed at the $ase
of the di(itisation of the fo!ndation (ro!nd:
3.1& /he str!ct!re2li!id interaction in the spectral anal"sis %ethod shall $e deter%ined in
accordance with the principle of additional %asses# which %eans acceptin( the h"pothesis of the ideal
and inco%pressi$le li!id: In the direct n!%erical inte(ration %ethod# the str!ct!re2li!id interaction
can $e deter%ined $oth in accordance with the principle of additional %asses and $" !sin( the
s!$s"ste% anal"sis %ethod: /he str!ct!re2li!id2fo!ndation (ro!nd interaction sho!ld $e deter%ined
!sin( the s!$s"ste% anal"sis %ethod:
(1) /he s!$s"ste% anal"sis %ethod i%plies the di(itisation of each s!$s"ste% (da%# stora(e
reservoir# fo!ndation (ro!nd) of the !nitar" str!ct!re2li!id2fo!ndation s"ste% !sin( specific n!%erical
%ethods (finite ele%ents# finite differences# $o!ndar" ele%ents)# as well as an anal"sis of the seis%ic
$ehavio!r of the s!$s"ste% accordin( to its own $ehavio!r laws:
(2) ?o%e partic!lar s!$s"ste%s can $e approached anal"ticall": /he !nit" of the s"ste% shall $e
o$tained $" i%ple%entin( the re!ire%ents re(ardin( the si%!ltaneo!s te%poral e!alit" of the
18
response fro% vario!s s!$s"ste%s in the connection nodes located $etween the%: /he worBin( %ethod
is iterative and shall $e applied as part of the n!%erical ti%e inte(ration %ethod:
19
4. 1eismic calculation of dams made of concrete and local materials
4.1 /he %ost si(nificant safet" pro$le%s occ!rrin( in concrete da%s stressed $" earth!aBes are
(enerated $" e9cessive cracBin(# which can lead to potential insta$ilit" d!e to slidin( or overt!rnin(
(dislocation): ?lidin( can occ!r on e9istin(# less resistant s!rfaces within the $od" or fo!ndation of the
da%# or s!rfaces created as a res!lt of e9cessive cracBin( of the concrete or concrete2fo!ndation
interface d!e to earth!aBes: In arch da%s# slidin( insta$ilit" is %ore liBel" to occ!r at the o!tlets# in the
area where the da% is s!pported into the slopes:
4.2 /he seis%ic safet" of rocBfill da%s shall %ainl" depend on the level of crest settlin( ind!ced
$" earth!aBes# which %!st not lead to the overflowin( and erosion of the da%s and the occ!rrence of
transversal cracBs (fiss!res) that co!ld ca!se concentrated infiltrations and erosion of the da% $od":
4.3 /he seis%ic calc!lation of da%s %ade of concrete and local %aterials can e%plo" all the
seis%ic calc!lation %ethods presented in 4hapter 3# as well as other %ethods specific to different t"pes
of da%s (re%nant displace%ents# li!efaction anal"ses# etc:):
(1) /he calc!lation %ethod shall $e chosen dependin( on the class or cate(or" of i%portance of
the da%# as well as its co%pletion or e9istence sta(e (st!dies# desi(n# operation# post2earth!aBe) and
the t"pe of the da%: 7i(!res &:1 and &:2 show $locB dia(ra%s of the calc!lations that %!st $e carried o!t
d!rin( the anti2seis%ic desi(n of concrete and rocBfill da%s:
4.4 /he direction of action of the desi(n earth!aBe shall nor%all" $e horiContal# !pstrea%2
downstrea%: 7or da%s located in relative vicinit" to seis%ic foc!s points (-
/
U 1:5 ?
2
# where -
/
is the
distance $etween the da% site and the foc!s point epicentre# and ?
2
is the depth of the foc!s point)# the
vertical co%ponent of the earth!aBe shall also $e taBen into considerationF this shall $e e!al to 50 I
of the horiContal co%ponent:
(1) 7or $!ttress or arch da%s# the valle"2valle" horiContal co%ponent (perpendic!lar to the a9is
of the valle") shall also $e taBen into consideration and shall $e e!al to the !pstrea%2downstrea%
horiContal co%ponent (alon( the valle"):
(2) If several directions of action of an earth!aBe on the sa%e da% are taBen into consideration#
the earth!aBe co%ponents shall $e considered to act separatel"# if a spectral anal"sis or pse!do2static
calc!lation %ethod is !sed: In these sit!ations# the response of the str!ct!re to each co%ponent shall $e
anal"sed independentl" and shall not $e added !p:
(3) In the direct n!%erical ti%e inte(ration %ethod# the co%ponents of a desi(n earth!aBe
which occ!r in several directions (accelero(ra%s# tacho(ra%s# seis%o(ra%s) can also $e applied
si%!ltaneo!sl":
20
2igure :11 .loc4 diagram regarding the anal$ses re<uired to design concrete dams in seismic ;ones1
4.5 /he seis%ic calc!lations %!st $e carried o!t for the =f!ll reservoir0 h"pothesis# considerin(
that the water level in the reservoir is at the nor%al retention li%it (N'L): In E!stified sit!ations# the
calc!lations shall also $e carried o!t for the h"potheses of an =e%pt" reservoir0 or for inter%ediar"
water levels in the reservoir# $etween e%pt" and f!ll:
(1) In the linear elastic calc!lations# the seis%ic response shall $e added to the response to the
other loads (static# d"na%ic) in accordance with the co%$inations of loads esta$lished $" specific
re(!lations: In the non2linear calc!lations# the response to all the loads in the respective co%$ination#
incl!din( the seis%ic action# shall $e assessed taBin( into acco!nt the histor" of the loads over ti%e:
21
Assess%ent of the
$ehavio!r !nder static
loads
4ollection of properties of the %aterials !sed
in the da%2fo!ndation (ro!nd s"ste%
*"na%ic
anal"sis
7!lfil%ent of the
per%issi$le stress
criterion
7!lfil%ent of the
sta$ilit" criterion
7!lfil%ent of the criteria for
a!9iliar" str!ct!res# the reservoir
$anBs and the fo!ndation
/he criteria are
f!lfilled
All criteria are f!lfilled
?/;-
/he da%2fo!ndation (ro!nd
s"ste% %!st $e redesi(ned
/he da% profile %!st
$e redesi(ned
/he da% profile %!st
$e redesi(ned
/he criteria are
not f!lfilled
/he criterion is
f!lfilled
/he criterion is
f!lfilled
/he criterion is
not f!lfilled
/he criterion is
not f!lfilled
2igure :12 .loc4 diagram regarding the anal$ses re<uired to design roc4fill dams in seismic ;ones1
4.& Nor%all"# the seis%ic action shall $e considered to $e a s"nchrono!s action (in all the
di(itisation nodes where the seis%ic action is considered to $e applied# it shall $e si%!ltaneo!sl"
identical# which %eans that the seis%ic wave propa(ation speed is infinite): 7or da%s which $elon( to
i%portance classes I# II or i%portance cate(ories A# 6 and stretch over lar(e areas (crest len(th @
c
V 500
% or $ase width 6 V 300 %)# the as"nchrono!s nat!re of the seis%ic waves sho!ld also $e taBen into
consideration (the h"pothesis of the finite seis%ic wave propa(ation speeds within the site):
4.% /he seis%ic safet" of da%s and other str!ct!res !sed in da% facilities shall $e calc!lated for
the action of ;65 (operatin( $asis earth!aBe) re(ardless of their i%portance class or cate(or": /he
seis%ic safet" of da%s $elon(in( to i%portance classes I# II or i%portance cate(ories A# 6# which are at
technical desi(n sta(e or are in operation as part of an e9pert assess%ent in order to o$tain an
a!thorisation for safe operation# shall also $e checBed !nder the action of ?55 (safet" eval!ation
earth!aBe):
22
)atherin( (eolo(ical and (eotechnical data a$o!t
the %aterials !sed in the da%2fo!ndation (ro!nd
s"ste%
*eter%ination of the
press!re increase
potential of the water in
the pores d!e to the
seis%ic action
?ta$ilit" anal"sis
Anal"sis of the water press!re
increase in the pores d!e to
the seis%ic action
/he criterion is f!lfilled
?/;-
?ta$ilit" anal"sis# taBin( into
consideration the water
press!re increase in the pores
d!e to the seis%ic action
*isplace%ent anal"sis#
taBin( into consideration
the water press!re increase
in the pores d!e to the
seis%ic action
*isplace%ent anal"sis
/he criterion is f!lfilled
?/;-
/he da% profile
%!st $e redesi(ned
/he criterion is f!lfilled
?/;-
/he criterion is not f!lfilled
/he criterion is
f!lfilled
?lidin( is possi$le
?lidin( is possi$le
No slidin( occ!rs
/he displace%ents are too
lar(e
/he displace%ents are
within the per%issi$le
li%its
/he displace%ents are
within the per%issi$le
li%its
4.6 'ectilinear da%s (e9cept for hollow (ravit" da%s and $!ttress da%s) constr!cted in relativel"
lar(e valle"s (ratio $etween the valle" apert!re at the crest @
c
and the hei(ht of the da% ?
.
# @
c
/

?
.
U 3.
&) shall !nder(o seis%ic anal"sis in their transversal profile (two2di%ensional anal"sis)# !s!all" for the
%a9i%!% hei(ht profile:
(1) 8ollow (ravit" and $!ttress da%s shall also $e anal"sed !nder the action of a lon(it!dinal
earth!aBe !pon the da%# parallel to the a9is of its crest:
(2) *!e to their specific confi(!ration# arch da%s shall onl" !nder(o a three2di%ensional
anal"sis:
(3) A three2di%ensional anal"sis sho!ld also $e !sed to assess the seis%ic $ehavio!r of concrete
and rocBfill da%s constr!cted in relativel" narrow valle"s (@
c
/

?
.
U 3.&)# in order to deter%ine the
effect of the slopes on the str!ct!ral response:
4.7 /he seis%ic response to ;65 shall $e calc!lated !sin( the pse!do2static %ethod for da%s
$elon(in( to i%portance classes III# IJ# J or i%portance cate(ories 4# * re(ardless of their sta(e of
co%pletion (desi(n) or e9istence (in operation# !nder s!rve"# post2earth!aBe anal"sis):
(1) /he seis%ic response to ;65 of concrete da%s $elon(in( to i%portance classes I# II or
i%portance cate(ories A# 6 shall $e calc!lated !sin( the pse!do2static %ethod for the initial phases (pre2
feasi$ilit"# feasi$ilit") of the da% constr!ction process onl": 7or concrete da%s that are at the technical
desi(n sta(e# or d!rin( the s!rve" and post2earth!aBe anal"sis of e9istin( da%s# the ;65 response
shall $e calc!lated !sin( the spectral anal"sis or direct n!%erical ti%e inte(ration %ethods: 7or rocBfill
da%s $elon(in( to i%portance class I# II or i%portance cate(ories A and 6# the pse!do2static %ethod can
$e !sed re(ardless of the sta(e of co%pletion or e9istence of the respective da%s:
(2) /he seis%ic response of concrete da%s to ?55 shall onl" $e calc!lated !sin( the spectral
anal"sis or direct n!%erical ti%e inte(ration %ethods !sin(# as %!ch as possi$le# non2linear spectra in
the spectral anal"sis %ethod or non2linear elasto2plastic laws for the $ehavio!r of the %aterials in the
direct n!%erical inte(ration %ethod:
(3) 7or da%s %ade of local %aterials# the seis%ic response to ?55 shall $e calc!lated $oth !sin(
the spectral anal"sis or step2$"2step n!%erical ti%e inte(ration %ethods# as well as specific proced!res
for deter%inin( the re%nant seis%ic displace%ents# the li!efaction risB and the slidin( sta$ilit" of the
$anBs:
(&) 7or da%s with a %a9i%!% hei(ht of over 80 %# the risB of seis%icit" occ!rrin( on site d!e to
the stora(e reservoirs shall $e taBen into consideration# and the respective da%s shall !nder(o a
technical s!rve":
4.10 ?tatistical or si%plified relationships for deter%inin( the nat!ral f!nda%ental periods of
da%s# accordin( to their t"pe# or a!9iliar" str!ct!res of s!ch da%s are (iven in /a$le &21: /he val!es are
(iven for (!idance onl"# to help select the nat!ral %odes that have si(nificant response effects in the
spectral anal"sis %ethod or help choose the calc!lation step (Wt) in the direct n!%erical inte(ration
%ethod:
/a$le &21
23
/"pe of
str!ct!re
7!nda%ental periods
/1 (s) Notations
)ravit" da%s
g / .
?
T
#
# #

12
) 13+ # 1 ::: 195 # 1 (
2
1
?
#
2 hei(ht of the da%
6 2 profile $ase width

$
2 vol!%etric wei(ht of the concrete
5
$
2 %od!l!s of elasticit" of the concrete
( 2 (ravitational acceleration# 9:81 %/s
2
6!ttress da%s
#
#
/
- T

&
1
* 2 $!ttress width on the !pper side
5
$
2 %od!l!s of elasticit" of the concrete
X
#
2 densit" of the concrete
Arch da%s /
1
N0:1Y0:2 9 (?
#
/ 100)#
/
1(
N 0:5 9 /
1
/
1
2 f!nda%ental period when the reservoir is
f!ll
?
#
2 hei(ht of the da%
/
1(
2 f!nda%ental period when the reservoir is
e%pt"
'ocBfill da%s
3pstrea%2
downstrea%
direction
*irection
perpendic!lar to
the valle"
Jertical direction
/
1
N 0:5 9 ?
#
/ 100
/
1
N 0:&5 9 ?
#
/ 100
/
1
N 0:31 9 ?
#
/ 100
?
#
2 hei(ht of the da%
5arthfill da%s /
1
N 2:12 9 ?
#
/ J
?
?
#
2 hei(ht of the da%
J
?
2 secondar" wave velocit"
thro!(h the fillin(
IntaBe towers#
7!nnel spillwa"s
/
1
N 2 (,/H)
0:5
/
1
N 2 ((, Y ,
h
)/H)
0:5
, 2 %ass concentrated in the centre
of (ravit"
H 2 $endin( ri(idit" of the
str!ct!re
,
h
2 additional %ass of the water
(1) /he nat!ral %odes selected when !sin( the spectral anal"sis %ethod sho!ld $e those whose
participation coefficients are at least 0:05 in one of the directions of the d"na%ic de(rees of freedo%
taBen into consideration: Nor%all"# this re!ire%ent can lead to the selection of 10.20 nat!ral %odes for
rocBfill or concrete (ravit" da%s# and 20.50 nat!ral %odes for arch da%s:
(2) Ahen !sin( the direct n!%erical inte(ration %ethod# the calc!lation step (Wt) %!st not
e9ceed 0:10.:0:12 of the val!e of the shortest nat!ral period of the da% which is considered to have a
si(nificant infl!ence on the response: /his re!ire%ent shall lead to (!idance val!es of the calc!lation
steps Wt N 0:01.0:02 s for concrete da%s# and Wt N 0:02.0:10 s for rocBfill da%s:
4.11 /he str!ct!re2li!id interaction occ!rrin( in concrete da%s sho!ld $e deter%ined in
accordance with the principle of additional %asses !sed for ;65 anal"sis:
(1) /he effect of the h"drod"na%ic press!res on the seis%ic response of rocBfill da%s is
insi(nificant and can $e i(nored:
(2) /he (active/passive) d"na%ic press!res created in the fo!ndation (ro!nd can also $e
%odelled as additional %asses attached to the Eoint str!ct!re2fo!ndation (ro!nd nodes# proEected in the
directions of the de(rees of freedo% in the respective nodes:
(3) Anne9es 4# * and 5 provide e9a%ples of the calc!lation relationships to $e !sed in the
pse!do2static %ethod (Anne9 4)# as well as the relationships !sed to deter%ine the h"drod"na%ic
2&
press!res ind!ced $" earth!aBes (Anne9 *) and the seis%ic press!res developed in the fo!ndation
(ro!nd (Anne9 5): /hese are (iven as a reco%%endation onl":
(&) Also# the e9a%ples of seis%ic anal"ses (iven in Anne9es 7 and ) are intended to help !sers
i%ple%ent the nor%ative doc!%ent:
4.12 /he $asic seis%ic calc!lations re!ired for an ;65 action are those presented in Article &:9:
7or concrete da%s# the slidin( sta$ilit" and defor%ation2stress state shall $e anal"sed: 7or rocBfill da%s#
the slidin( sta$ilit" and per%anent displace%ents (settlin() ca!sed $" an earth!aBe shall have priorit"
d!rin( anal"sis: /he anal"sis shall also $e e9tended to incl!de the slidin( sta$ilit" of the fo!ndation and
slopes of the da%# as well as the reservoir $asin:
(1) /he response para%eters reco%%ended for eval!ation in the event of an ?55 action are as
followsD
a) for concrete da%sD the risB of developin( cracBs (fiss!res) which# at the li%it# wo!ld penetrate
the cross2section of the da% and dislocate ele%ents fro% the da% $od"# openin( (fiss!rin() of the
inEected Eoints of arch da%s and# event!all"# fract!rin( of the overhan(in( ele%ents# dislocation of the
slopes# cracBin( of the areas where s!dden chan(es in ri(idit" ((aller" corners# cavities in the da% $od"#
da%2fo!ndation contact s!rface# etc:) occ!r# and relative slidin( $etween the rocB areas in the da%
fo!ndation# which are separated $" fa!lts activated $" the earth!aBe:
$) for rocBfill da%sD the risB of crest settlin( (dislocations) that e9ceeds the safet" (!ards# which
wo!ld lead to spilla(e of the da% and its destr!ction $" erosion# the risB of cracBs occ!rrin(# in
partic!lar cracBs that r!n transversall" thro!(h the da%# which wo!ld lead to !ncontrolled water
dischar(es fro% the laBe and# event!all"# erosion of the da%# slidin(2dislocation of the $anBs and slopes
located on fa!lts activated $" the earth!aBe:
4.13 5arthfill da%s which are fo!nded on waterlo((ed sand" soils or are %ade of (ran!lar non2
cohesive %aterials with (rain siCes of 0:02.2:00 %% or created $" h"dra!lic sedi%entation %!st $e
calc!lated for li!efaction# $oth !nder an ;65 action and an ?55 action:
(1) Li!efaction is a pheno%enon in which waterlo((ed sand" (ran!lar %aterials lose their load2
$earin( capacit" !nder the action of c"clic d"na%ic loads d!e to a water press!re increase in the pores:
(2) /he %ain factors which infl!ence li!efaction areD the (ran!lo%etric c!rve of the %aterial#
the relative densit" and the initial stress state:
(3) /he anal"ses shall $e carried o!t !sin( specific calc!lation pro(ra%%es validated $"
en(ineerin( practice and shall $e $ased on la$orator" tests re(ardin( the n!%$er of c"cles in which
li!efaction occ!rs and/or standard (ro!nd penetration tests:
a) In the first instance# the slidin( sta$ilit" of the da% or the da%2fo!ndation (ro!nd s"ste%# as
applica$le# shall $e deter%ined !sin( the li%it e!ili$ri!% %ethodF the sta$ilit" calc!lations shall $e
carried o!t in post2earth!aBe conditions# for static loadsF in Cones where the %aterials are e9pected to
!nder(o li!efaction# the shear stren(th of these %aterials shall $e considered in the calc!lations to $e
e!al to the resid!al stren(th in !ndrained conditions:
$) If the sta$ilit" factors deter%ined in accordance with the reco%%endations (iven in -oint (a)
are s!$!nitar"# the sta$ilit" shall $e deter%ined !sin( the co%plete d"na%ic %ethod for ti%e inte(ration
of the co!pled e!ations for non2linear %otion and transient press!re evol!tion re(i%en of the water in
the poresF the da% sta$ilit" shall $e esti%ated as a f!nction of the ind!ced re%nant defor%ations:
4.14 /he calc!lations %!st confir% that the da%s $ein( anal"sed %eet the perfor%ance criteria
dependin( on the co%$inations of loads considered: In the event of an ;65 action# sli(ht da%a(e
(fiss!res# s%all re%nant displace%ents# sli(ht increases in the level of infiltrations) that co!ld re!ire
repairs at no si(nificant cost shall $e per%itted# $!t the da% %!st re%ain operational: In the event of an
?55 action# da%a(e that that re!ires repairs shall $e per%itted# provided that it does not lead to
!ncontrolla$le dischar(es of water fro% the reservoir or "ieldin( of the da%:
25
(1) /he $asic criteria that help eval!ate the perfor%ance of concrete da%s !nder the action of
desi(n earth!aBes are the followin(D the per%issi$le fle9!ral co%pressive and tensile stren(th val!es
%!st not $e e9ceededF the safet" coefficients o$tained $" %eans of slidin( sta$ilit" calc!lations %!st $e
s!per2!nitar":
(2) /he per%issi$le fle9!ral co%pressive stren(th of the concrete !nder d"na%ic (seis%ic) loads
,
cd
shall $e considered to $e 50 I hi(her than the per%issi$le e!ivalent stren(th of the concrete !nder
static loads ,
cs
F however# it %!st e9ceed 20 ,-aD
,
cd
N %in (1:50 ,
cs
# 20 ,-a)
(3) /he per%issi$le fle9!ral tensile stren(th of the concrete !nder d"na%ic loads (,
id
) shall $e
considered to $e 10 I of ,
cd
,
id
N 0:10 ,
cd
(&) /he slidin( safet" coefficients for the critical slidin( s!rfaces (which are the %ost e9posed to
slidin() sho!ld $e within the 1:00.1:05 ran(e:
(5) /he $asic criteria that help eval!ate the perfor%ance of rocBfill da%s !nder the action of
desi(n earth!aBes are the followin(D the safet" coefficients o$tained $" %eans of slidin( sta$ilit"
calc!lations %!st $e s!per2!nitar"F an" crest settlin( ca!sed $" earth!aBes %!st not e9ceed the safet"
(!ards:
(1) /he $asic perfor%ance criterion for earthfill da%s or sites with the potential of !nder(oin(
li!efaction shall $e to prevent li!efaction !nder the action of an ;65: 7or an ??5# the perfor%ance
criterion shall $e deter%ined in accordance with the provisions stip!lated in &:13(a) and ($):
(+) /he slidin( safet" coefficients for the critical slidin( s!rfaces (which are the %ost e9posed to
slidin()# $oth in the $od" of a rocBfill da% and the fo!ndation# sho!ld $e within the 1:00.1:10 ran(e:
(8) /he %a9i%!% crest settlin( ca!sed $" desi(n earth!aBes %!st not e9ceed 80 I of the siCe
of the safet" (!ards provided:
(9) If the depth of the slidin( s!rfaces is s%aller than the face of rocBfill da%s (s!perficial slidin(
s!rfaces)# s!$!nitar" safet" coefficients shall also $e per%itted# providin( that the" are not s%aller than
0:90:
4.15 Local and isolated e9ceedance of the per%issi$le stresses in the calc!lations carried o!t
!sin( the finite ele%ent process in spectral anal"sis %ethod or the %ethod of direct n!%erical
inte(ration within the linear elastic $ehavio!r ran(e of the %aterials shall $e per%issi$le if the e9cess
stresses can $e redistri$!ted to the nei(h$o!rin( Cones or the cracBs that the" co!ld (enerate wo!ld not
have a si(nificant effect on str!ct!ral safet": /hese shall $e accepted $" %eans of a practical en(ineerin(
anal"sis of their conse!ences# $ased on historical cases and e9istin( e9perience:
4.1& /he seis%ic anal"ses stip!lated in this nor%ative doc!%ent shall onl" !se specialised
calc!lation pro(ra%%es verified $" en(ineerin( practice:
5. 1eismic calculation of au8iliar) !ater engineering structures used in dam
facilities
5.1 0ntroduction
(1) /he destr!ction of a!9iliar" water en(ineerin( str!ct!res !sed in da% facilities# s!ch as hi(h2
water spillwa"s# water inlets# $otto% dischar(e cond!its# forced pipes# (ates and navi(ation locBs can
21
lead to !ncontrolled water dischar(es into the tailwater pool: /herefore# the seis%ic safet" of s!ch
a!9iliar" water en(ineerin( str!ct!res %!st $e caref!ll" anal"sed:
(2) /he %ost i%portant factor in deter%inin( the de(ree of anti2seis%ic protection of a!9iliar"
water en(ineerin( str!ct!res !sed in da% facilities shall depend on the conse!ences that the destr!ction
of s!ch a str!ct!re wo!ld have# i:e: whether its destr!ction wo!ld lead to an !ncontrolled dischar(e of
the water fro% the stora(e reservoir:
(3) /he traditional seis%ic anal"sis %ethods Z pse!do2static# spectral# n!%erical ti%e
inte(ration Z presented in 4hapter 3 shall also appl" to a!9iliar" water en(ineerin( str!ct!res !sed in
da% facilities: If retainin( f!nctionalit" is essential# s!ch as in the case of %echanical and electrical
e!ip%ent# seis%ic !alification thro!(h testin( is necessar":
(&) 'e(ardless on the anal"sis %ethod chosen# the final assess%ent of the seis%ic safet" sho!ld
$e $ased on en(ineerin( E!d(e%ent and the e9perience of si%ilar str!ct!res# (iven the fact that each
str!ct!re and its environ%ent are !ni!e:
5.2 Design calculation of high'!ater spill!a)s
(1) Nor%all"# hi(h2water spillwa"s are str!ct!res %ade of reinforced concrete: 3s!all"# the
seis%ic loads $elon( to %ost !nfavo!ra$le load co%$inations that condition the desi(n of s!ch
str!ct!res: A hi(h2water spillwa" is %ade !p of three %ain t"pes of str!ct!resD the intaBe (circ!lar front
weir)# the transport str!ct!re (channel# case# (aller") and the end str!ct!re (ener(" dissipation $asin# end
weir sill# co!nter2slope pool# taBe2off):
(2) /he co%$ination of loads that incl!des the seis%ic load shall also incl!deD the h"drostatic
and h"drod"na%ic loads correspondin( to the nor%al retention li%it (N'L) in the reservoir# the
te%perat!re loads e9perienced d!rin( the e9tre%e %onths (7e$r!ar"# <!l") $!t which correspond to the
%!lti2ann!al avera(e air and water te%perat!res# the d"na%ic press!re of the soil !sed in the
e%$anB%ents adEacent to the str!ct!res:
(3) In calc!lations# the fraction of critical da%pin( (da%pin( rate) sho!ld $e considered to have
val!es $etween 2.5 I:
(&) /he local safet" factors of h"dra!lic str!ct!res shall $e deter%ined $" co%parin( the
effective %a9i%!% stresses with the li%it stresses# $oth for the concrete and the reinforce%ents: Ahen
the seis%ic load is considered# the per%issi$le stresses can $e 50.80 I hi(her than the nor%al stresses
per%itted for f!nda%ental load co%$inations:
(5) Ahen deter%inin( the seis%ic loads# the safet" factors !sed to carr" o!t slidin( and/or
overt!rnin( sta$ilit" verifications sho!ld $e $etween 1:00.1:15:
(1) /he load2$earin( co%ponents of hi(h2water spillwa"s whose destr!ction co!ld lead to
!ncontrolled water dischar(es fro% the reservoir %!st !nder(o verification at ?55: In all other
sit!ations# the load2$earin( co%ponents of hi(h2water spillwa"s shall $e s!$Eect to verification at ;65:
/he safet" factors deter%ined $" co%parin( the %a9i%!% effective stresses with the stresses
per%issi$le for the sl!ice (ates !sed in weirs sho!ld $e at least 1:1 for ?55 and at least 1:5 for ;65: /he
sl!ice (ates %!st also !nder(o verification at li%it defor%ations# to prevent the% fro% (ettin( st!cB in
the weir fields:
5.3 9ater carrier pipes sluice gates and valves
(1) Aater carrier pipes# s!ch as cond!its# forced pipes# (alleries and low press!re water o!tlets
%!st $e relia$le and ens!re the !icB and controlled draina(e of the reservoir sho!ld it $e necessar":
/he desi(n of the water carrier pipes %!st not ca!se r!pt!res or co%pro%ise the nor%al operation of the
da% or its fo!ndation: In addition# for reservoirs !sed to s!ppl" drinBin( water to pop!lated areas# the
operatin( safet" of the s"ste% of pipes# sl!ice (ates and valves shall $e an essential factor in the s!ppl"
2+
of drinBin( water and the deliver" of water for p!ttin( o!t fires and other post2seis%ic recover"
activities:
(2) /he e9perience acc!%!lated in t!nnels s!$Eected to lar(e earth!aBes has shown that these
have ver" (ood $ehavio!r: 5ven t!nnels $!ilt in soft (ro!nd $ehaved ver" well if provided with a certain
de(ree of fle9i$ilit" and Eoints alon( their str!ct!re: /he %ost fre!ent fail!res occ!rrin( in t!nnels
affected their portals:
(3) If the fail!re of water carrier pipes# sl!ice (ates or valves does not lead to !ncontrolled water
dischar(es fro% the reservoir# these shall !nder(o a seis%ic ;65 verification !sin( the per%issi$le
stress criterion: /he provisions stip!lated in nor%ative doc!%ent -10021 sho!ld $e applied:
(&) /he anti2seis%ic desi(n of sl!ice (ates and valves shall taBe into acco!nt the a%plification of
the seis%ic %ove%ent alon( the hei(ht of the da%# as well as the connections with the %echanical and
electrical e!ip%ent: /herefore# certain differentiated displace%ents ca!sed $" seis%ic vi$ration %!st
$e accepted on the fo!ndation2e!ip%ent interfaces and $etween vario!s co%ponents of the %echanical
and electrical e!ip%ent: /his e!ip%ent %!st re%ain operational even if the earth!aBe has ca!sed
certain resid!al per%anent displace%ents: /he e%er(enc" power s!ppl" !nits and switch$oards %!st $e
installed on fo!ndations or stron( walls that can resist the desi(n earth!aBe:
(5) In Cones with a ver" hi(h level of seis%icit"# a!to%atic s"ste%s sho!ld $e provided to close
the flow control valves or sl!ice (ates of the s"ste%s !sed to carr" (dischar(e) water fro% the reservoir:
5.4 0nta:e to!ers. ;unnel spill!a)s
(1) In (eneral# intaBe towers consist of the followin( str!ct!ral ele%entsD the act!al intaBe tower#
the water carrier t!nnel (pipe) or (aller"# the end str!ct!re and the $rid(e that ena$les access to the
tower: 7!nnel spillwa"s with tall towers contain the sa%e str!ct!ral ele%ents as intaBe towers and
co%pl" with co%para$le anti2seis%ic desi(n re!ire%ents:
(2) /owers which are $!ried in the $od" of earthfill da%s interact d"na%icall" with the %aterial
in which the" are e%$edded: ,ost towers are i%%ersed# for %!ch of their hei(ht# in the water in the
reservoir: /he effects of the h"drod"na%ic interaction are ver" i%portant: ?o%eti%es# water can also $e
fo!nd inside the towers# which also affects the seis%ic response:
(3) /he seis%ic anal"sis of intaBe towers shall depend on their nat!ral vi$ration characteristics:
;!tlet towers that have low hei(ht# relativel" lar(e dia%eters and thicB walls (f!nda%ental fre!enc" f
1
V 33 8C) $ehave liBe !asi2ri(id $odies and their seis%ic response can $e convenientl" assessed !sin(
the pse!do2static %ethod: /he f!nda%ental period of tall or fle9i$le towers shall nor%all" $e within a
ran(e where %a9i%!% spectral a%plifications occ!r# which re!ire the i%ple%entation of a d"na%ic
anal"sis %ethod (spectral anal"sis or n!%erical ti%e inte(ration):
5.5 Navigation loc:s
(1) Navi(ation locBs !sed in da% facilities have the followin( essential co%ponentsD !pstrea%
and downstrea% waitin( ports# !pstrea% and downstrea% ends# locB cha%$er# h"dra!lic fillin( and
e%pt"in( s"ste%s which incl!de sl!ice valves# !pstrea% and downstrea% (ates# the h"dro%echanical
and electrical control s"ste%: In (eneral# %odern locBs are str!ct!res %ade of reinforced concrete:
(2) *!rin( seis%ic calc!lation# the worBin( cha%$er of the locB (locB cha%$er) can $e
considered e!ivalent to a rectan(!lar $asin filled with water: /his wa"# the d"na%ic seis%ic calc!lation
%ethods !sed for rectan(!lar water stora(e $asins can also $e !sed for locB cha%$ers:
(3) /he iss!e posed $" the str!ct!re2li!id interaction is i%portant: 6oth t"pes of h"drod"na%ic
press!res Z i%p!lsive press!res (enerated $" the acceleration response and convective press!res
(enerated $" the displace%ent response Z %!st $e taBen into consideration d!rin( the desi(n sta(e:
(&) /he str!ct!re2li!id interaction for the acceleration response (i%p!lsive %ass) can $e
deter%ined in accordance with the principle of additional %asses: ;nce the additional %asses have $een
28
deter%ined# the anal"sis can $e contin!ed !sin( the spectral anal"sis or direct n!%erical inte(ration
%ethod: 7or the displace%ent response (convective %ass)# the anal"sis can onl" $e carried o!t !sin( the
n!%erical ti%e inte(ration %ethod:
(5) 4alc!lation proced!res that are si%ilar to those !sed for %etallic str!ct!res can also $e !sed
for the seis%ic calc!lation of locB (ates: /he (ates can $e considered si%ilar to flat sla$s or $ars with
s!ita$le s!pportin( conditions:
(1) 6eca!se the electro%echanical e!ip%ent of the locB (sl!ice valves# h"dra!lic circ!its#
electric switch$oard) is essential for the operation of the locB# it %!st $e seis%icall" !alified: /he
e!ip%ent %!st $e s!ita$l" anchored onto the floor or walls and %!st resist the desi(n seis%ic loads:
29
&. 1eismic calculation of tailings dams and d):es
&.1 /he $ehavio!r of downstrea% and centreline tailin(s da%s and d"Bes is si%ilar to the
$ehavio!r of rocBfill da%s !sed for water stora(e: 3pstrea% tailin(s da%s are the %ost v!lnera$le to
seis%ic action:
&.2 /he %ain factors which infl!ence the seis%ic $ehavio!r of tailin(s da%s and d"Bes areD
a) the epicentral distance and %a(nit!de of the earth!aBe: /he stresses can $e hi(hl" a%plified
if the do%inant periods of the earth!aBe that are filtered thro!(h the (ro!nd coincide with the nat!ral
fre!encies of the da% or its fo!ndationF
$) the e%$anB%ent slopesF
c) the position of the infiltration c!rve for the $od" and sho!lders of the da%F
d) width of the la"er of deposited %aterials which separates the da% fro% the clarified water on
the s!rface after the waste has settledF
e) the characteristics and de(ree of consolidation of waste with a (ran!lar content si%ilar to
sandsF
f) the fre!enc" content# the n!%$er of hi(h acceleration peaBs and the d!ration of the
earth!aBe:
(1) /he presence or a$sence of a s%all pond (pool) on the s!rface of the deposits shall red!ce the
risB of the da% "ieldin( and %ini%ise the level of downstea% destr!ction ca!sed sho!ld the da% "ield:
(2) Lowerin( the position of the da% $od" infiltration c!rve $" !sin( ade!ate draina(e s"ste%s#
increasin( the de(ree of consolidation of the deposits# and the potential increase of the shear stren(th of
the %aterials within the stora(e $asin2da% d!e to a(ein( are factors which i%prove the seis%ic
perfor%ance of tailin(s da%s and d"Bes:
&.3: An" anal"sis of the seis%ic $ehavio!r of tailin(s da%s and d"Bes %!st incl!deD
a) an assess%ent of the re%nant horiContal displace%ents and settlin( ca!sed $" the seis%ic
actionF
$) a calc!lation of the water press!re increase in the pores and the risB of li!efactionF
c) an assess%ent of the oscillations of the water lin(erin( on the s!rface of the stora(e $asin
and/or an" !nconsolidated wasteF
d) a calc!lation of the profo!nd and s!perficial slidin( sta$ilit" of the $anBsF
e) an assess%ent of the risB of internal and e9ternal erosions (d!e to dischar(e)F
f) an assess%ent of the increase in the infiltration vol!%esF
() an assess%ent of the floods ca!sed $" (aps occ!rrin( in the $od" of the da%:
&.4 All tailin(s da%s and d"Bes shall $e calc!lated for the operatin( $asis earth!aBe (;65):
A
;65#/*
shall correspond to the hi(hest res!ltin( val!e $etween 0:& a
(
(identical to a
;65
for da%s !sed for
water stora(e facilities)# the earth!aBe with an e9ceedance pro$a$ilit" of 10 I for a period of 50 "ears
and the earth!aBe with an ann!al e9ceedance period of 1 to &+5# respectivel": /ailin(s da%s and d"Bes
%!st re%ain operational after an ;65# and onl" s!perficial fail!res that do not re!ire costl"
interventions shall $e per%itted:
&.5 /ailin(s da%s and d"Bes $elon(in( to i%portance classes I and II or i%portance cate(ories A
and 6 shall also $e calc!lated for the safet" eval!ation earth!aBe (?55): a
?55#/*
shall correspond to the
hi(hest res!ltin( val!e $etween a
(
and the %a9i%!% acceleration deter%ined $" carr"in( o!t on2site
seis%ic s!rve"s# which are co%p!lsor" in s!ch sit!ations: In the event of the action of an ?55# certain
fail!res shall $e per%issi$le providin( that the da% retains its sta$ilit" and inte(rit"# and !ncontrolled
dischar(es of water or r!nn" (!nconsolidated) waste into the tailwater pool are prevented:
30
&.& 7or tailin(s da%s with a hei(ht of %ore than 80 %# which are constr!cted on sites with lar(e
tectonic dist!r$ances (fa!lts# fiss!res# $reccias# etc:)# the risB of occ!rrence of seis%ic pheno%ena d!e to
the stora(e of waste shall $e assessed:
&.% It is per%issi$le to !se the pse!do2static %ethod to anal"se the seis%ic sta$ilit" of tailin(s
da%s and d"Bes %ade of riprap# cohesive soils or well2co%pacted dense sands (*
r
V 0:8)# which s!ffer
s%all stren(th losses when e9posed to seis%ic action: /he re%nant displace%ents ca!sed $" earth!aBes
can $e assessed !sin( the New%arB %ethod (1915):
&.6 /ailin(s da%s and d"Bes with %edi!% densit" sands (*
r
[ 0:8) in the $od" or fo!ndation of
the da% shall re!ire special thoro!(h anal"ses# which pro(ress fro% si%pler to %ore refined anal"ses
dependin( on the i%portance of the str!ct!re and the res!lts o$tained d!rin( the s!ccessive anal"sis
sta(es: /hese anal"ses can $e# in ascendin( order of their costs and co%ple9it"# as followsD
a) sta$ilit" anal"ses carried o!t $ased on the li%it e!ili$ri!% and the pse!do2static %ethodF
$) si%plified seis%ic sta$ilit" anal"sisF
c) seis%ic sta$ilit" anal"sis !sin( the finite ele%ent process:
(1) As part of these anal"ses# special attention shall $e paid to the risB of the da% (d"Be) losin(
its sta$ilit" d!e to total (partial) li!efaction of certain Cones within the da%2fo!ndation (ro!nd2waste
stora(e $asin s"ste%:
%. #onstruction of dams in seismic <ones.
+nti'seismic structural measures
%.1 All constr!ction worBs shall $e carried o!t in accordance with the provisions stip!lated in the
technical doc!%entation Z technical desi(n and worB plan details Z and the applica$le specific
nor%ative doc!%ents in force: *!rin( the e9ec!tion sta(e# an" chan(es to the technical sol!tions
stip!lated in the technical desi(ns# which co!ld affect the %echanical stren(th# sta$ilit" or operatin(
safet" of the str!ct!re# shall onl" $e per%itted on the $asis of a%endin( constr!ction chan(e
notices/worB plan details drawn !p $" the desi(n en(ineer and verified $" a certified proEect inspector#
in accordance with the law and with the prior written consent of the investor/$eneficiar":
+.2 After carr"in( o!t topsoil strippin( and e9cavation worBs# the $eneficiar" shall taBe all
necessar" steps to arran(e for a final =vis!al0 re2verification of the seis%o2tectonic conditions present
within the site# to deter%ine whether the" correspond to the conditions predicted d!rin( the previo!s
investi(ation sta(es: ?ites which displa" fa!lts with hi(h risBs of activation d!e to seis%ic action# which
co!ld pose a threat to the safet" of the str!ct!re# shall $e a$le to $e eli%inated even d!rin( this sta(e:
+.3 /he act!al constr!ction worBs (concretin(# fillin() shall onl" $e res!%ed after the site and
fo!ndation (ro!nd of the respective str!ct!re have $een accepted $" an acceptance co%%ittee %ade !p
of the $eneficiar"\s representative# a (eolo(ist# the desi(n en(ineer and the contractor\s technical !alit"
control specialist: /he acceptance shall $e recorded in a site acceptance report# which shall $e added to
the Instr!ctions 6ooB of the ?tr!ct!re:
(1) /he $eneficiar"\s representatives and the contractors shall contin!o!sl" %onitor the !alit"
of the worBs# in accordance with the specifications and the applica$le specific nor%ative doc!%ents in
force# and shall draw !p reports for an" concealed worBs fo!nd:
(2) /he concrete co%ponents of the da% $od" shall $e %ade of stron(# waterproof and frostproof
concrete that has no po!rin( i%perfections ((aps# se(re(ation): /he !alit" of the concrete fro% the
point of view of the t"pes of tests (la$orator" and in sit!) and their fre!enc" shall $e checBed in strict
co%pliance with the le(al provisions:
31
(3) La%ellas shall onl" $e concreted !nder the s!pervision of the technical %ana(er and the
$eneficiar"\s representative# who shall record the wa" in which the worBs are carried o!t in the la%ella
concretin( sheet:
(&) Ahen carr"in( o!t fillin( worBs# the (ran!lo%etric co%position and de(ree of co%paction
stip!lated shall $e ens!red in accordance with the fillin( co%paction and advance%ent technolo(": /he
!alit" control of the %aterials shall $e carried o!t $" the contractor $" taBin( sa%ples on a s"ste%atic
$asis# in accordance with the specifications: /he pro(ress of the constr!ction worBs shall $e doc!%ents
in dail" data sheets that constit!te doc!%ents to $e incl!ded in the Lo( 6ooB of the str!ct!re:
(5) All %etallic str!ct!res shall onl" $e installed in accordance with the installation desi(n drawn
!p $" a specialist co%pan"# which shall incl!deD the %ain elevation hei(hts of the str!ct!re (control
hei(hts)# the order in which the vario!s co%ponents %!st $e installed and the order in which the Eoints
%!st $e %ade# the devices and e!ip%ent !sed# etc:
+.4 /he personnel worBin( in water retention str!ct!res located in seis%ic Cones shall receive
special trainin( on how to act in the event of %aEor seis%ic events: /he e%er(enc" action plan shall also
stip!late the sit!ation (enerated $" a %aEor seis%ic event:
%.5 /he anti2seis%ic str!ct!ral %eas!res can $e (ro!ped into (eneral %eas!res and specific
%eas!res:
(1) )eneral %eas!res shall incl!de the proced!res for choosin( the site and t"pe of da%# as well
as the processes i%ple%ented in order to ens!re ver" (ood !alit" of the a$ove2%entioned constr!ction
worBs:
+.& /he specific anti2seis%ic str!ct!ral %eas!res shall lar(el" depend on the t"pe of da% $ein(
$!ilt:
(1) /he shapes selected for concrete da%s shall $e as har%onio!s as possi$le# %aBin( s!re to
avoid s!dden chan(es in the face slopes# (eo%etries or ri(idities: /he (alleries and cavities inside the
da% $od" shall $e red!ced in n!%$er and in ter%s of cross2sectional s!rface areas# and their corners
shall $e ro!nded:
(2) /he centre of (ravit" of the transverse profile of (ravit" da%s sho!ld $e as low as possi$le#
which can $e achieved $" s!ita$le opti%isation of the cross2section# to red!ce the overt!rnin( %o%ents
ca!sed $" the seis%ic inertial forces developed within the %ass of the da%:
(3) /he special str!ct!ral %eas!res adopted for $!ttress da%s %!st lead to an increase in the
lon(it!dinal sta$ilit" of the da%: /herefore# the followin( %eas!res can $e taBenD closin( the $!ttresses
downstrea%# fo!ndin( the $!ttresses on independent sole plates placed ne9t to each other# installin(
$!ttons adEacent to the toe of the $!ttresses# encasin( the $!ttresses# installin( lon(it!dinal wind $racin(
diaphra(%s or (irders:
(&) Arch da%s are h"perstatic str!ct!res with ver" (ood $ehavio!r !nder seis%ic stress: /he
specific str!ct!ral %eas!res adopted for these t"pes of da%s incl!de the provision of special dissipative
ele%ents consistin( of shrinBa(e Eoints that are partiall" non2inEected and tied to(ether at the crest with a
reinforced concrete (irder# as well as the pre2stressin( of certain Cones of the da% $od"# the closin(
a$!t%ents in the $anBs and the $anBs# in order to li%it the risB of cracBin(:
(5) /he specific %eas!res adopted for rocBfill da%s are desi(ned to retain the f!nctionalit" of the
sealin( ele%ents# which are vital for the safet" of the da%s: 4racBin( of the sealin( ele%ents can lead to
!ncontrolled water losses and the initiation of severe erosion pheno%ena: /he reinforced concrete
(!ards can $e %ade of several la"ers with sta((ered Eoints: 4ores %ade of cla"e" %aterials sho!ld have
hi(h plastic !alities and $e relativel" thicB to prevent their perforation d!e to cracBin(:
(1) /he slidin( sta$ilit" of rocBfill da%s can $e i%proved $" red!cin( the declivit" of the faces#
fra(%entin( the e%$anB%ents !sin( sta$ilisin( $er%s# partiall" or f!ll" $allastin( the e%$anB%ents
32
with dr" %asonr" %ade of $locBs of rocB# and installin( sta$ilisin( $enches at the heel and toe of the
da%:
(+) /o prevent the da% fro% overflowin( d!e to e9cessive crest settlin( ca!sed $" earth!aBes#
the crest safet" (!ards of rocBfill da%s located in Cones with hi(h seis%icit" shall $e increased $" 25.
50 I:
(8) In (eneral# li!efia$le %aterials cannot $e !sed in the fo!ndation or $od" of rocBfill da%s: If
re%ovin( s!ch %aterials is too costl"# their de(ree of pacBin( shall $e increased (-
r
A 0:8# -
r
2 relative
densit") !sin( ade!ate constr!ctive %eas!res:
(9) /he desi(n of the new rocBfill da%s shall stip!late the !se of seis%ic isolators and seis%o2
a$sor$in( la"ers: /hese str!ct!ral ele%ents have the role of a$sor$in( a hi(her portion of the earth!aBe
ener("# whilst red!cin( the earth!aBe ener(" which acts !pon the $od" of the da%:
(10) ;ther specific str!ct!ral %eas!res that can $e taBen for a!9iliar" water en(ineerin(
str!ct!res !sed in da% facilities were presented in 4hapter 5:
6. 1urveillance and monitoring of dam engineering structures *uilt in
seismic <ones
6.1 *a%s $elon(in( to i%portance classes I and II and i%portance cate(ories A and 6# which are
$!ilt on sites with an ,?H de(ree of seis%ic intensit" e!al to or hi(her than JIII# shall $e e!ipped
with seis%ic %onitorin( e!ip%ent that operates contin!o!sl"# in order to (ather infor%ation a$o!t the
seis%ic response of these str!ct!res:
6.2 /he operatin( safet"# incl!din( the seis%ic safet"# of the water en(ineerin( str!ct!res !sed
for da%s $elon(in( to i%portance classes I and II and i%portance cate(ories A and 6 shall $e assessed
on a periodic $asis# at intervals of no %ore than + "ears# $" taBin( into consideration the a(ein( of the
str!ct!re# the str!ct!ral and non2str!ct!ral %odifications that have occ!rred since the last assess%ent# as
well as the pro(ress re(istered with re(ard to the seis%ic safet" assess%ent %ethods and %ethodolo(ies:
(1) /he seis%ic safet" shall $e assessed $oth $" !sin( calc!lation %odels and $" carr"in( o!t on2
site d"na%ic %eas!re%ents (free vi$ration characteristics# da%pin(# elastic wave velocities# d"na%ic
stress response):
(2) /he operatin( safet"# incl!din( the seis%ic safet" of all other water en(ineerin( str!ct!res
!sed in da% facilities shall $e assessed at %a9i%!% intervals of 10 "ears: /he operatin( safet"#
incl!din( the seis%ic safet" of tailin(s da%s and d"Bes shall $e assessed at %a9i%!% intervals of 5
"ears:
6.3 *a% en(ineerin( str!ct!res that have $een s!$Eected to an earth!aBe with an intensit" of at
least J ,?H de(rees shall $e inspected in the period i%%ediatel" after the earth!aBe# in order to
deter%ine the effects of the respective earth!aBe on the str!ct!res and whether repair2consolidation
%eas!res are re!ired:
6.4 /hro!(ho!t the entire service life of the da% en(ineerin( str!ct!res# no str!ct!ral or
f!nctional %odifications shall $e per%itted if these have a ne(ative infl!ence on the stren(th# sta$ilit"#
safet" or f!nctionalit" of the respective str!ct!re: An" technical intervention on the da% en(ineerin(
str!ct!res shall onl" $e desi(ned and i%ple%ented $" s!ita$l" !alified personnel# in accordance with
the specific applica$le technical re(!lations in force with re(ard to the tracBin( of the $ehavio!r of
str!ct!res over ti%e:
6.5 /he str!ct!ral (stren(th) ele%ents and non2str!ct!ral ele%ents (partition walls# secondar"
ele%ents)# as well as the e!ip%ent and installations !sed in da% en(ineerin( str!ct!res shall $e
ri(oro!sl" anal"sed to prevent their destr!ction or da%a(e d!e to earth!aBes: All o$Eects# e!ip%ent#
33
installations and networB s"ste%s whose displace%ent or fallin( co!ld lead to f!nctional dist!r$ances or
even the loss of h!%an life shall $e anchored to sec!red fi9ed ele%ents in a s!ita$le %anner:
6.& /he e%er(enc" warnin(2alar% plans drawn !p for water retention str!ct!res# when these
str!ct!res are located in Cones with a seis%icit" of at least JII ,?H# shall also incl!de the %eas!res that
%!st $e taBen d!rin( and i%%ediatel" after hi(h intensit" seis%ic events:
7. Restoration !or:s for !ater engineering structures affected *)
earth=ua:es
7.1: /he restoration worBs carried o!t for water en(ineerin( str!ct!res affected $" earth!aBes
are intended to ret!rn the str!ct!res $ein( restored to safet" levels close to those that the" had $efore
the" were affected $" the earth!aBes:
(1) A si%ple# !icB and non2destr!ctive %ethod of checBin( the efficienc" of the restoration
worBs is to carr" o!t on2site %eas!re%ents of the free vi$ration characteristics (nat!ral periods Y nat!ral
shapes) of the str!ct!re $ein( restored: /he first nat!ral %odes (nat!ral periods Y nat!ral shapes) of the
str!ct!re $ein( restored %!st $e as si%ilar as possi$le to the ones the str!ct!re had $efore the
earth!aBe:
(2) /he latter are Bnown d!e to the d"na%ic identification carried o!t d!rin( the operation of the
respective str!ct!re in accordance with Article 8:2 of this nor%ative doc!%ent:
7.2 /he decision to restore certain da% en(ineerin( str!ct!res affected $" earth!aBes shall $e
taBen on the $asis of the concl!sions drawn and reco%%endations iss!ed in the technical s!rve" report:
If the re!ired costs wo!ld $e too hi(h and econo%icall" non2E!stified# water en(ineerin( str!ct!res that
have $een severel" affected $" earth!aBes co!ld $e de%olished (deco%%issioned):
7.3 /here is a lar(e variet" of restoration worBs# dependin( on the t"pe of da%a(e s!ffered $"
the str!ct!re: /he %ost fre!ent restoration worBs are specified $elow:
(1) 59cessive infiltrations that occ!r in rocB" fo!ndations shall $e red!ced $" %eans of sealin(
inEections of ce%ent sl!rr" or other verified s!$stances# after the %ain infiltration ro!tes have $een
deter%ined !sin( specific proced!res:
(2) If an" fiss!res occ!rrin( in the $od" of concrete da%s or the a!9iliar" concrete str!ct!res of
rocBfill da%s pose a threat to the safet" of the da% or (enerate f!nctional dist!r$ances (infiltrations)#
the" shall $e inEected with epo9" resins or other s!$stances that will increase the stren(th (shear# tensile)
on the respective fiss!re# at the level within the concrete %ass: /he sol!tions adopted for lar(e fiss!res
(cracBs)# especiall" horiContal fiss!res occ!rrin( in the !pper re(ion of concrete da%s# shall ens!re pre2
co%pression in the direction perpendic!lar to the s!rface of the fiss!res# !sin( prestressed anchors:
(3) An" rocB areas that have $eco%e dislocated or have slid fro% the $anBs shall $e re%oved $"
rippin( or shall $e anchored# if the second sol!tion is %ore econo%ical and provides a s!ita$le level of
safet":
(&) /he slidin( sta$ilit" of (ravit" da%s can $e i%proved $" reinforcin( the toe of the da%: /he
lon(it!dinal sta$ilit" of $!ttress da%s can $e i%proved $" installin( fo!ndation %ats or diaphra(%s#
placed ne9t to each other# at $!ttress level:
(5) /he slidin( sta$ilit" of the $anBs of rocBfill da%s can $e i%proved $" softenin( their slope#
as well as $" installin( additional $er%s or sta$ilisin( $enches at the $ase of the $anB:
(1) An" rocBfill Cones that have slid or have $eco%e dislocated shall $e re%oved and the riprap
shall then $e restored !sin( a s!ita$le technolo(":
(+) /he dr"in( of certain Cones of the $od" of rocBfill da%s $" red!cin( the elevation hei(ht of
the infiltration c!rve can $e achieved $" carr"in( o!t special draina(e worBs in the area of the toe
(draina(e (alleries# draina(e pipes# deep co!nter cond!its in the area adEacent to the toe of the da%# etc:):
3&
(8) /he sealin( ele%ents# s!ch as sealin( (!ards# !sed in rocBfill da%s which have lost their
f!nctionalit" d!e to cracBin(# can $e restored $" appl"in( a leaBti(ht %e%$rane %ade of s"nthetic
%aterials on the !pstrea% face: /he sa%e sol!tion can also $e !sed for concrete or rolled concrete da%s
that have $een severel" fiss!red and e9perience an e9cessive level of infiltration:
7.4 7or da% en(ineerin( str!ct!res or their reinforced concrete or %etallic str!ct!ral ele%ents
that can $e assi%ilated to the str!ct!res or str!ct!ral ele%ents stip!lated in nor%ative doc!%ent -10023#
all restoration worBs carried o!t after an earth!aBe shall co%pl" with the provisions stip!lated in this
nor%ative doc!%ent:
10. Reference documents
(1) /his nor%ative doc!%ent shall $e enforced in correlation with the provisions of the
nor%ative doc!%ents in the field of water en(ineerin(# environ%ental protection# constr!ctions and land
i%prove%ent# as well as the applica$le specific technical re(!lations in force# as followsD
0te
m
No
1tandards Name
1: ?' 5N 199821D200&
?' 5N 199821D200&/A4D2010
?' 5N 199821D200&/NAD2008
?' 5N 199822D2001
?' 5N 199822D2001/A4D2010
?' 5N 199822D2001/A1D2009
?' 5N 199822D2001/NAD2010
?' 5N 199823D2005
?' 5N 199823D2005/A4D2010
?' 5N 199823D2005/NAD2010
?' 5N 19982&D200+
?' 5N 19982&D200+/N6D2008
?' 5N 199825D200&
?' 5N 199825D200&/NAD200+
?' 5N 199821D2005
?' 5N 199821D2005/N6D2008
5!rocode 8D *esi(n of str!ct!res for earth!aBe resistance
-art 1D )eneral r!les# seis%ic actions# and r!les for $!ildin(s
National anne9
5!rocode 8D *esi(n of str!ct!res for earth!aBe resistance:
-art 2D 6rid(es
5!rocode 8D *esi(n of str!ct!res for earth!aBe resistance:
-art 2D 6rid(es: A%end%ent 1:
National Anne9
5!rocode 8D *esi(n of str!ct!res for earth!aBe resistance:
-art 3D Assess%ent and retrofittin( of $!ildin(s
National Anne9
5!rocode 8D *esi(n of str!ct!res for earth!aBe resistance:
-art &: ?ilos# tanBs and pipes
National Anne9
5!rocode 8D *esi(n of str!ct!res for earth!aBe resistance:
-art 5D 7o!ndations# s!pport str!ct!res and (eotechnical
aspects: National Anne9:
5!rocode 8D *esi(n of str!ct!res for earth!aBe resistance:
-art 1D /owers# %asts and chi%ne"s: National Anne9:
2: ?/A? &2+321983 Aater en(ineerin( str!ct!res: 4lassification into i%portance
classes
35
0te
m
No
Normative documents $u*lication
1:
?eis%ic desi(n code 2 -art I 2 -rovisions for the desi(n of
$!ildin(s0# code $ 100'1>2012
draft technical re(!lation notified to
the 5!ropean 4o%%ission with
n!%$ers 2012/1+9/';#
2012/182/';# 2012/183/';#
2012/18&/';
2:
?eis%ic desi(n code: -art III: -rovisions for the seis%ic
eval!ation of e9istin( $!ildin(s0# code $ 100'3>2006
approved $" ,*'L ;rder No %04>2007
;fficial <o!rnal of 'o%ania# -art I#
No 1+& and No 1+& $is of 1 ;cto$er
2009
3:
Law No 10>1775 re(ardin( !alit" in constr!ctions# with its
s!$se!ent %odifications
;fficial <o!rnal of 'o%ania# -art I#
No 12 of 2& <an!ar" 1995
&:
)overn%ent 5%er(enc" ;rdinance No 175>2005 re(ardin(
environ%ental protection# with its s!$se!ent %odifications
and s!pple%entation
;fficial <o!rnal of 'o%ania# -art I#
No 1191 of 30 *ece%$er 2005
5:
Aater Law No 10%>177& with its s!$se!ent %odifications
and s!pple%entation
;fficial <o!rnal of 'o%ania# -art I#
No 2&& of 8 ;cto$er 1991
1:
,ethodolo(" for deter%inin( the i%portance cate(ories of
da%s 2 N/L82021# approved $" ,A-,/,L-L/ ;rder No
115>266>2002
;fficial <o!rnal of 'o%ania# -art I#
No &2+ of 19 <!ne 2002
+:
)overn%ent *ecision No %&&>177% for the approval of
certain re(!lations concernin( !alit" in constr!ctions# with
its s!$se!ent %odifications and s!pple%entation
;fficial <o!rnal of 'o%ania# -art I#
No 352 of 10 *ece%$er 199+
8:
)overn%ent *ecision No 2%3>1774 for approval of the
Acceptance '!les for $!ildin( worBs and their related
installations# with its s!$se!ent %odifications and
s!pple%entation
;fficial <o!rnal of 'o%ania# -art I#
No 193 of 28 <!l" 199&
9:
)eneral r!les for fire protection# approved $" ;rder No
1&3>200% of the (inistr) of +dministration and 0nterior
;fficial <o!rnal of 'o%ania# -art I#
No 211 of 29 ,arch 200+
10: )overn%ent 5%er(enc" ;rdinance No 244>2000 re(ardin(
da% safet"# rep!$lished
;fficial <o!rnal of 'o%ania# -art I#
No 91 of & 7e$r!ar" 2002
11:
'!les for the %ana(e%ent of e%er(enc" sit!ations (enerated
$" floods# dan(ero!s weather pheno%ena# accidents occ!rrin(
at water en(ineerin( str!ct!res# accidental poll!tion of water
co!rses and sea poll!tion in the coastal re(ion# approved $"
,,-/,AI ;rder No 1422>172>2012
;fficial <o!rnal of 'o%ania# -art I#
No 1&9 of 12 ?epte%$er 2012
31
?. 3eneral *i*liographical references
1: 9
G
9

An en(ineerin( (!ide to seis%ic risB to da%s in the 3nited Hin(do%# 1990:
2: I4;L* 6!lletin No 52 5arth!aBe Anal"sis -roced!res for *a%s: ?tate of the Art:# -aris# 1981:
5: I4;L* 6!lletin No +2 ?electin( ?eis%ic -ara%eters for Lar(e *a%s: -aris# 1989:
3: I4;L* 6!lletin No 112 Neotectonics and *a%s# -aris# 1998:
&: I4;L* 6!lletin No 113 ?eis%ic o$servations of da%s 2 )!idelines and case st!dies# -aris# 1999:
5: I4;L* 6!lletin No 120 *esi(n feat!res of da%s to resist seis%ic (ro!nd %otion# -aris# 2000:
1: I4;L* 6!lletin No 122 4o%p!tational proced!res for da% en(ineerin(# -aris# 2000:
+: 9
G
9

3?6' . *esi(n of )ravit" *a%s: *enver24olorado# 1983
8: 9
G
9 I4;L* 5!ropean 4l!$ 7inal 'eport of AorBin( )ro!p on )!idelines for the ?eis%ic
Assess%ent of *a%s: 4o2ordinatorD N: 'eill" (3nited Hin(do%)# ,adrid# 200&:
3+
Notations. +**reviations
I 2 GII *e(rees of seis%ic intensit"F
1:::9 *e(rees of seis%ic intensit"F
, 2 )!ten$er(2'ichter %a(nit!de scaleF
,, 2 ,odified ,ercalli intensit" scaleF
,?H 2 ,edvedev2?ponhe!r2HarniB intensit" scaleF
/
6
#/
4
#/
*
2 corner periods specific to the spectral co%position dia(ra%s of the horiContal
seis%ic %ove%ent occ!rrin( within a siteF
5
d
2 d"na%ic %od!l!s of elasticit"F
T
d
2 d"na%ic -oisson ratioF
)
d
2 d"na%ic shear defor%ation %od!l!sF
Q 2 da%pin( rate (fraction of the critical da%pin()F
J
p
2 pri%ar" seis%ic wave velocities
J
s
2 secondar" seis%ic wave velocitiesF
;65 2 operatin( $asis earth!aBeF
,45 2 %a9i%!% credi$le earth!aBeF
?55 2 safet" eval!ation earth!aBeF
,*5 2 %a9i%!% desi(n earth!aBeF
*65 2 desi(n $asis earth!aBeF
-)A 2 peaB (ro!nd acceleration of an earth!aBeF
-)J 2 peaB (ro!nd velocit" of an earth!aBeF
H
;65
2 seis%ic intensit" coefficient of ;65 (operatin( $asis earth!aBe)F
M 2 non2di%ensional d"na%ic a%plification factor e!al to the ratio $etween the
%a9i%!% response acceleration of the oscillator and the %a9i%!% (ro!nd
accelerationF
A# 6# 4# * 2 i%portance cate(ories of water en(ineerin( str!ct!res
*
5
2 distance $etween the site where the da% is located and the epicentre of the foc!s
point of an earth!aBeF
8
7
2 depth of the foc!s point of an earth!aBeF
Wt 2 calc!lation step (seconds) !sed in the direct n!%erical ti%e inte(ration %ethodF
,
cd
2 fle9!ral co%pressive stren(th of the concrete !nder d"na%ic loadsF
,
cs
2 fle9!ral co%pressive stren(th of the concrete !nder static loadsF
,
id
2 fle9!ral tensile stren(th of the concrete !nder d"na%ic loadsF
-
r
relative densit" of a (ran!lar %aterialF
a
(
desi(n peaB (ro!nd accelerationF
,'I reference %ean rec!rrence interval of the seis%ic action# correspondin( to the
calc!lation at ?55 (!lti%ate li%it state in - 10021)F
/ nat!ral period of the oscillator (seconds)F
38
+nne8 +
32O11+R/ O; .ER(1
+*sorptionD a process in which the ener(" of a seis%ic wave heats the %edi!% thro!(h which it
propa(ates:
Effective pea: accelerationD see -eaB (%a9i%!%) (ro!nd acceleration:
$ea: ground acceleration (-)A
1
)D the %a9i%!% free2field acceleration prod!ced d!rin( an earth!aBe
in an" horiContal direction: It is !s!all" e9pressed in relation to the (ravitational acceleration:
/he effective peaB (ro!nd acceleration is the peaB acceleration o$tained after filterin( hi(h
fre!encies# which have a s%all infl!ence on the str!ct!ral response:
+ccelerogramD a recordin( of the vi$ratin( %ove%ent# representin( the acceleration over ti%e:
+ccelerographD an instr!%ent !sed for %eas!rin( acceleration d!rin( vi$ratin( %ove%ents:
;ocal depthD the radial (vertical) distance $etween the epicentre and the foc!s point (h"pocentre) for a
certain earth!aBe:
DampingD a vi$ration da%pin( pheno%enon occ!rrin( d!e to ener(" a$sorption:
4ritical da%pin( D the %ini%!% da%pin( at which the free oscillation of a str!ct!re within a
s"ste% with a sin(le de(ree of d"na%ic freedo% $eco%es aperiodic:
7raction of critical da%pin( (da%pin( ratio# )D the ratio $etween the da%pin( val!e and the
critical da%pin( val!e:
]!alit" factor (])D ] N 1/(2):
*a%pin( factor D 1/]:
+mplificationD increasin( the para%eters for the so!rce %ove%ent fro% the $ase strat!% to the !pper
strata d!e to a lower level of consolidation of these strata# as well as d!e to the response of an e9istin(
str!ct!re:
+mplitudeD the %a9i%!% deviation fro% the %edian or the central reference line of a wave:
$seudo'static anal)sisD a li%it e!ili$ri!% sta$ilit" anal"sis in which the effect of the earth!aBe is
represented $" an acceleration a(# where a is the seis%ic intensit" factor and ( is the (ravitational
acceleration: In the si%plest for%s# a( shall $e considered to act horiContall"# prod!cin( an inertial force
e!al to aA# where w is the wei(ht of the %ass that has the potential of slidin(: /his force is applied
staticall"# not d"na%icall":
+ttenuationD the loss of a%plit!de and %odification of the fre!enc" content of the seis%ic waves over
a certain distance d!e to scatterin(# dissipative pheno%ena# ener(" a$sorption# etc: It also represents (1)
the red!ction in si(nal %a(nit!de d!rin( trans%ission and (2) the loss of a%plit!de or ener(" with or
witho!t chan(in( the shape of the waves:
;ree fieldD re(ions of the environ%ent which are not infl!enced $" artificial str!ct!res# or an
environ%ent which does not contain s!ch str!ct!res (also refers to those re(ions where the $o!ndar"
1
-)A N -eaB )ro!nd Acceleration# in 5n(lish:
39
conditions do not si(nificantl" infl!ence the $ehavio!r of the environ%ent):
Earth=ua:eD vi$rations of the 5arth\s cr!st d!e to e9cessive defor%ations occ!rrin( inside it: 7or st!d"
p!rposes# the para%eters correspondin( to the desi(n or safet" assess%ent anal"ses (e:(: acceleration)
can $e defined: Ahen anal"sin( the seis%ic $ehavio!r of da%s# the followin( t"pes of earth!aBes can
$e definedD
*esi(n $asis earth!aBe (*65
2
)D represents the earth!aBe that %a" occ!r# on avera(e# no %ore
than once thro!(ho!t the e9pected service life of the str!ct!re (!s!all" no less than 100 "ears) and
d!rin( which no si(nificant da%a(es sho!ld occ!r (see ;65):
,a9i%!% credi$le earth!aBe (,45
3
)D an earth!aBe which co!ld prod!ce the hi(hest level of
(ro!nd %ove%ent within the site $ein( st!died and which appears to $e possi$le fro% the point of
view of the on2site (eolo(ical conditions:
,a9i%!% desi(n earth!aBe (,*5
&
)D an earth!aBe which prod!ces the %a9i%!% level of
(ro!nd %ove%ent for which a certain da% is $ein( desi(ned or anal"sed:
;peratin( $asis earth!aBe (;65
5
)D an earth!aBe that is possi$le to occ!r# on avera(e# no %ore
than once thro!(ho!t the e9pected service life of the str!ct!re (!s!all" at least 100 "ears)# and
d!rin( which the da% and its a!9iliar" str!ct!res wo!ld re%ain operational $!t co!ld re!ire
repairs (see *65):
?afet" eval!ation earth!aBe (?55
1
)D an earth!aBe that prod!ces the %ost severe level of
(ro!nd %ove%ent for which the da% safet" re!ire%ents %!st $e co%plied with in the event of
catastrophic "ieldin( (it can $e an ,45# a fraction of ,45# or can $e deter%ined dependin( on
the ret!rn period):
EpicentreD the point on the 5arth\s s!rface which corresponds to the radial (vertical) proEection of the
foc!s point (h"pocentre) of an earth!aBe:
@ualit) factor (])D see *a%pin(:
1afet) factor (7)D it can $e defined in an" convenient wa"# as lon( as it is applied consistentl": 7or
e9a%ple# it can represent the factor $" which the stren(th %!st $e red!ced to =$rin(0 the str!ct!re to a
li%it e!ili$ri!% state:
;aultD a fract!re or fract!red area of the 5arth\s cr!st alon( which relative %ove%ents of the adEacent
fra(%ents have occ!rred:
Active fa!lt D a fa!lt Bnown to have prod!ced historic earth!aBes and which# d!e to the tectonic
conditions# can !nder(o %ove%ent in the foreseea$le f!t!re:
4apa$le fa!lt D a fa!lt which has the potential of !nder(oin( f!t!re s!rface %ove%ents: A fa!lt
shall $e considered to $e capa$le if it displa"s at least one of the followin( characteristicsD
1: had one %ove%ent d!rin( the period of ti%e elapsed since the ]!aternar" period !p !ntil the
present
2: was acco%panied $" %acro2seis%ic activit"
3: is in a str!ct!ral relationship with another capa$le fa!lt# so that the %ove%ent of one of the%
can initiate the %ove%ent of the other:
Nor%al fa!lt D a fa!lt in which the %ain co%ponent of the relative displace%ent was vertical:
/ectonic fa!lt D an inclined fa!lt alon( which the rocBs located a$ove the area of discontin!it"
2
*65 N *esi(n 6asis 5arth!aBe# in 5n(lish:
3
,45 N ,a9i%!% 4redi$le 5arth!aBe in 5n(lish:
&
,*5 N ,a9i%!% *esi(n 5arth!aBe in 5n(lish:
5
;65 N ;peratin( 6asis 5arth!aBe in 5n(lish:
1
?55 N ?afet" 5val!ation 5arth!aBe in 5n(lish:
&0
have raised co%pared to the rocBs located $elow the area of discontin!it":
;ocus pointD see 8"pocentre:
;re=uenc)D n!%$er of c"cles as a ratio of the ti%e !nit (%eas!red in 8ertC K8CL or c"cles per second):
Natural fre=uenc)D a propert" of the elastic s"ste% !nder(oin( a free vi$ration %ove%ent: /he free
vi$ration will nat!rall" occ!r at a discrete fre!enc"# when an elastic s"ste% vi$rates !nder the action of
the internal forces# in the a$sence of an e9terior force:
Resonant fre=uenc)D a fre!enc" at which resonance occ!rs:
3eophoneD a sensitive device for the electronic %eas!re%ent of the speed at which the so!nd or waves
prod!ced $" a Bnown so!rce propa(ate thro!(h the (ro!nd:
.ectonic geolog)D the st!d" of the (lo$al arran(e%ent of the %ain plates on the 5arth\s s!rface# as well
as the ori(in and evol!tion of the vertical and horiContal %ove%ents which have led# over ti%e# to this
arran(e%ent:
Aa<ardD a sit!ation that has the potential of leadin( to the inE!r" or death of people and/or destr!ction of
(oods:
A)pocentreD the point inside the 5arth which is the so!rce of an earth!aBe and the ori(in of the elastic
waves associated with it:
+coustic impedanceD it is n!%ericall" e!al to the prod!ct $etween the velocit" of the seis%ic wave
and the densit" of the propa(ation environ%ent:
0ntensit)D a n!%erical indicator which descri$es the effects of an earth!aBe on people# str!ct!res and
the (ro!nd:
1pectral intensit)D the s!rface $elow the dia(ra% of the velocit" response spectr!% $etween the periods
of 0:1.2:5 seconds: It represents a %eas!re%ent of the intensit" of the (ro!nd vi$rations# which is !sef!l
in en(ineerin( st!dies:
2i=uefactionD a te%porar" loss of shear stren(th# which %aBes the (ro!nd $ehave si%ilar to fl!ids:
Loose sand" soils are the %ost v!lnera$le to the li!efaction ind!ced $" the occ!rrence of earth!aBes:
(agnitudeD a !antit" which characterises the total ener(" released followin( the occ!rrence of an
earth!aBe: /here are several t"pes of %a(nit!des# calc!lated in different wa"s and !sin( different
instr!%ents:
,
L
is $ased on the %a9i%!% a%plit!de of the local waves# %eas!red $" a Aood2Anderson
seis%o%eter:
,
?
is $ased on the a%plit!de of the s!rface waves:
%
$
is $ased on the a%plit!de of the $od" waves:
,
0
(seis%ic %o%ent) %eas!res the siCe of an earth!aBe $ased on the ener(" it releases# in
accordance with the for%!la '
0
5 >B-# where ) is the shear %od!l!s of the environ%ent (!s!all"
considered to $e 3910
11
d"ne/c%
2
)F A is the siCe of the displace%ent s!rface or the fa!lt (fract!re)
s!rfaceF * is the avera(e $acBlash on the respective s!rface:
,
A
(%a(nit!de %o%ent) is derived fro% the seis%ic %o%entD
,
A
N (2/3) lo( ,
0
2 10:+# where ,
0
is the seis%ic %o%ent (d"n:c%)
&1
/he Richter magnitude %!st $e strictl" applied for ,
L
altho!(h# in practice# it can also $e !sed for ,
?
:
/he relationships $etween ,
?
# ,
L
and %
$
are not !ni!e and vario!s versions# so%eti%es inconsistent#
have $een p!$lished: A%$rase"s proposes the followin( for%!lasD
,
?
N 0:93 ,
L
Y 0:09
,
?
N 1:05 %
$
. 0:8
Near'field movementD a (ro!nd %ove%ent re(istered in the vicinit" of a fa!lt# over a re(ion on whose
radi!% the intensit" on the ,odified ,ercalli scale is hi(her than J:
1trong movementD a (ro!nd %ove%ent whose a%plit!de is s!fficientl" hi(h to allow it to $e
considered si(nificant# fro% an en(ineerin( point of view# in assessin( the destr!ction ca!sed $" an
earth!aBe:
1hear modulus ())D the ratio $etween the shear stress and the specific shear defor%ation:
) N 0:5 5 / (1Y)
where 5 is the ^o!n( %od!l!s and is -oisson\s ratio:
.he shear modulus of a soil depends on the specific shear defor%ation and decreases as the
defor%ation increases: )
%a9
is the shear %od!l!s of the soil in the presence of ver" s%all c"clic shear
defor%ations (10
21
):
)
%a9
N J
?
2
where is the %ass densit" of the soil and J
?
is the shear wave velocit":
(omentD for the seis%ic %o%ent (,
0
)# see ,a(nit!de:
Return periodD the avera(e interval of ti%e elapsed $etween the occ!rrence of certain events# which
e9ceeds a certain level within a (iven site: It is the reverse of the ann!al e9ceedance pro$a$ilit":
Accordin( to the definition# earth!aBes are considered to $e independent stochastic events# which does
not f!ll" %atch realit": /he pro$a$ilit" -
r
that an event with a ret!rn period of at least / "ears will occ!r
at least once in the ne9t r "ears can $e e9pressed with the followin( relationshipD
-
r
/ 100 N 1 . (1.1//)
r
$eriodD the ti%e interval of a vi$ration c"cle:
E8ceedance pro*a*ilit)D the pro$a$ilit" (in percenta(es) that an earth!aBe will (enerate a level of
(ro!nd %ove%ent a$ove a certain li%it# calc!lated over a ti%e interval:
+ftershoc:sD secondar" seis%ic %ove%ents prod!ced after the %ain shocB of an earth!aBe:
ResonanceD the a%plified response of one of the nat!ral %odes of vi$ration of a d"na%ic s"ste% e9cited
at a fre!enc" close to the nat!ral fre!enc":
Ris:D the pro$a$ilit" that a certain !ndesira$le event or haCard will occ!r within a certain ti%e interval:
1eismicD relatin( to earth!aBes:
?eis%ic intensit" factor : /he ratio $etween the %a9i%!% acceleration of the earth!aBe and the
(ravitational acceleration:
?eis%ic %o%ent D see ,a(nit!de:
1eismogramD a recordin( of the (ro!nd %ove%ent or vi$rations of a str!ct!re# prod!ced $" a pert!r$in(
ca!se (e:(: an earth!aBe): ?ee Accelero(ra%:
&2
1eismographD a s"ste% which a%plifies and records the si(nals trans%itted $" seis%o%eters:
1eismometerD an instr!%ent !sed to transfor% the seis%ic wave ener(" into volta(e: ,ost
seis%o%eters are velocit" detectors and the val!es the" %eas!re are proportional to the velocit" of the
inertial %ass in respect with the seis%o%eter casin( (which is proportional to the (ro!nd %ove%ent
velocit"): 3nder nat!ral fre!encies# the response of %ost (eophones will decrease linearl" with
fre!enc"# therefore these (eophones will f!nction as accelero%eters:
Response spectrum /he %a9i%!% response of an infinite n!%$er of har%onic oscillators with vario!s
nat!ral periods of vi$ration and da%pin(# which are s!$Eected (%athe%aticall") to a seis%ic action:
Design spectra spectra !sed for anti2seis%ic desi(n: /he desi(n spectra are o$tained $" %odif"in(
fa%ilies of historical earth!aBe spectra to taBe into acco!nt the partic!lar characteristics of a certain
re(ion or site: /he desi(n spectra will not incl!de the effects of the interaction $etween the (ro!nd and
the str!ct!re:
;ourier transformD %athe%atical for%!las which transfor% a f!nction fro% the ti%e ran(e (wavefor%#
seis%o(ra%# etc:) into a f!nction in the fre!enc" ran(e and vice versa:
Ra)leigh !aveD see ?eis%ic waves:
1eismic !aveD an elastic wave (enerated $" an earth!aBe or e9plosion which onl" ca!se a te%porar"
displace%ent of the %edi!%F the ret!rn to the initial position is acco%panied $" (ro!nd vi$rations: 6od"
waves are of two t"pesD
co%pression or lon(it!dinal waves (-)# for which the direction of %ove%ent of the %edi!%
particles coincides with the direction of propa(ation of the wave: /he velocit" of propa(ation is
noted with J
-
:
shear or transverse waves (?)# for which the direction of %ove%ent of the %edi!% particles is
perpendic!lar to the direction of propa(ation of the wave: /he velocit" of propa(ation is noted
with J
?
:
1urface !aves propa(ate near the s!rface of the cr!st and are of two t"pesD
'a"lei(h waves # which ca!se the %edi!% particles to %ove alon( an elliptical and retro(rade
traEector" in a vertical plane for%ed with the direction of propa(ation: /he velocit" of propa(ation
is noted with J
'
:
Love waves # which ca!se the %edi!% particles to %ove in a direction perpendic!lar to the
direction of propa(ation# witho!t an" %ove%ent in the vertical plane:
?od) !avesD see ?eis%ic wavesF for the %a(nit!de of the $od" waves (%
$
) see ,a(nit!de:
;orced vi*rationsD vi$rations which occ!r if the response is forced $" an e9citation: If the e9citation is
periodical and contin!o!s in ter%s of its d!ration# the oscillation shall taBe place in a stationar" state:
;ree vi*rationD a vi$ration which occ!rs in the a$sence of a pert!r$in( force:
BiscoelasticD a stress2defor%ation relationship containin( ter%s that are proportional to $oth the specific
defor%ation and its incre%ent: It can lead to seis%ic wave atten!ation laws that are fre!enc"2
dependant:
Effective pea: velocit)D see -eaB (%a9i%!%) (ro!nd velocit":
&3
$ea: ground velocit) (-)J
+
)D %a9i%!% free2field (ro!nd velocit" prod!ced d!rin( an earth!aBe:
/he effective peaB (ro!nd velocit" represents the peaB velocit" o$tained after the filtration of
hi(h fre!encies:
1hear !ave velocit) (J
?
)D see ?eis%ic wave:
1eismotectonic <oneD see /ectonic Cone:
.ectonic <oneD a Cone characterised $" ho%o(eneit" of the (eolo(ical and seis%ic str!ct!re:
1eismic <oningD s!%%ar" of the seis%ic infor%ation within a territor"# which is !sed to deli%it the
Cones with the sa%e seis%ic risB: /he seis%ic %icro2Conin( hi(hli(hts the infl!ence of the local nat!ral
conditions on the seis%icit" of a li%ited area (e:(: a town):
+
-)J . -eaB )ro!nd Jelocit"# in 5n(lish:
&&
+nne8 ?
0N.ERN+.0ON+2 1E01(0# #R0.ER0+ +ND RE3-2+.0ON1
Eurocode 6 for the desi(n and constr!ction of civil en(ineerin( $!ildin(s and str!ct!res in
seis%ic Cones does not incl!de references to lar(e da%s: 8owever# the 5!rocode has an infl!ence on the
wa" the seis%ic safet" assess%ent of da%s is carried o!t: It presents the national re(ions classified into
seis%ic Cones# $ased on their (eneral tectonic characteristics and previo!s seis%ic activit": /he peaB
(%a9i%!%) (ro!nd acceleration is considered to $e a s!ita$le para%eter to characterise each Cone:
5!rocode 8 statesD =7or re(!lar str!ct!res located in Cones with ver" low seis%icit"# the (eneral
st!rdiness re!ire%ents co!ld $e s!fficient to (!arantee a s!ita$le level of (anti)seis%ic protection:0
/he International Association for 5arth!aBe 5n(ineerin( (IA55) has p!$lished a collection of
codes and re(!lations applica$le in co!ntries located in seis%icall" active re(ions aro!nd the world:
,ost of these re(!lations are not intended to cover the field of da% en(ineerin(: /he A!stralian
standard for anti2seis%ic protection of $!ildin(s e9plicitl" e9cl!des da%s: 8owever# $oth the Indian
standard =4riteria for the anti2seis%ic desi(n of str!ct!res0 (I?D 1893219+5) and the <apanese =?tandards
for seis%icall"2resistant civil $!ildin(s0 incl!de da%s: It %!st $e noted that the safet" assess%ent
standards in force for e9istin( da%s do not have to $e the sa%e as those in force for newl" desi(ned
da%s:
In India# an initial standard was p!$lished in 1912 and revised in 1911: /he 1911 standard
incl!des the necessar" factors for a %!ch %ore rational seis%ic Conin(: /he cla!ses referrin( to concrete
and %asonr" da%s were a%ended to taBe into acco!nt the d"na%ic $ehavio!r of these da%s d!rin(
earth!aBes: *ependin( on the pro$le%# one of the followin( two %ethods can $e !sed to deter%ine the
seis%ic forcesD
a) the seis%ic coefficient %ethodF
$) the response spectr!% %ethod:
/he %ap of India is divided into five seis%ic Cones: 5ach of these Cones is allocated a $asic
horiContal seis%ic coefficient and a seis%ic Cone factor: Ahen desi(nin( concrete and %asonr" da%s#
the seis%ic force is considered in addition to the h"drod"na%ic press!res created $" the stora(e
reservoirF the seis%ic coefficient %ethod is !sed for da%s with a hei(ht of !p to 100 %# whereas the
response spectr!% %ethod is !sed for da%s hi(her than 100 %: /he effect of the vertical seis%ic
acceleration is also taBen into consideration:
In 2005# a doc!%ent incl!din( (!idelines for the seis%ic desi(n of earthfill da%s and
e%$anB%ents was drawn !p $" the Indian Instit!te for /echnolo(" in Hanp!r and the *isaster
,ana(e%ent A!thorit" in )!Earat state: /he (!idelines were revised in 200+:
/he criteria for choosin( the anti2seis%ic protection %eas!res for water s!ppl" s"ste%s#
esta$lished $" <apan Aater AorBs Association# also incl!de da%s: /hese criteria !se the seis%ic
coefficient %ethod: /he <apanese National 4o%%ittee for Lar(e *a%s has also iss!ed desi(n criteria for
da%s: /hese criteria also !se the seis%ic coefficient %ethod: /he seis%ic coefficient depends on the
re(ion# t"pe of terrain# t"pe of da% and i%portance of the da%:
In the 3?# %ost federal and state a(encies !se seis%ic Cone %aps when the" decide to incl!de
seis%ic factors in the desi(n of da%s: /he 6od" of 5n(ineers !ses the followin( seis%ic coefficientsD
&5
?eis%ic Cone ,ini%!% coefficient
0 0
1 0:05
2 0:10
3 0:15
& 0:20
/he 7ederal )!idelines for *a% ?afet" were p!$lished in 2005 and provide co%plete
infor%ation a$o!t the desi(n and assess%ent of da%s located in seis%ic Cones:
In the 3H# the 6!ildin( 'esearch 5sta$lish%ent has drawn !p an =5n(ineerin( (!ide to seis%ic
risB to da%s in the 3nited Hin(do%0:
/he 5!ropean 4l!$ for%ed $" so%e 5!ropean co!ntries that are I4;L* %e%$ers# which
'o%ania has Eoined# p!$lished a (!ide in 200& which s!%%arises all the re(!lations applica$le to the
seis%ic desi(n and assess%ent of da%s# in force in several 5!ropean co!ntries:
?everal $!lletins drawn !p $" specialist I4;L* co%%ittees are relevant for hi(hli(htin( the
international views on the seis%ic safet" assess%ent of da%s: /he n!%$ers of these I4;L* 6!lletins
areD 2+ (19+5) &1 (1983) 52 (1981) 59 (198+)# 11 (1988)# 12 (1988)# +2 (1989)# 112 (1998)# 113 (1999)#
120 (2000)# 122 (2000): /he "ears (iven in $racBets is the "ear when these I4;L* 6!lletins were
p!$lished: ;ne of the fo!r the%es on the a(enda of the I4;L* 4on(ress held in ,ontreal in 2003
referred to seis%ic aspects of da%s:
&1
+nne8 #
#+2#-2+.0ON RE2+.0ON1A0$1 -1ED 0N .AE $1E-DO'1.+.0# (E.AOD
/he pse!do2static %ethod ass!%es that the seis%ic acceleration at the $ase of a str!ct!re shall
re%ain constant for the entire hei(ht of the str!ct!re: /his %ethod shall onl" $e !sed to deter%ine the
seis%ic response to an ;65 (operatin( $asis earth!aBe):
/he earth!aBe (enerates inertial forces d!e to the str!ct!ral %ass# whose direction and
orientation are opposite to the seis%ic acceleration# as well as h"drod"na%ic press!res d!e to the
reservoir# with a direction opposite to the seis%ic acceleration and an orientation perpendic!lar to the
s!rface on which the" are applied:
/he inertial forces (2
i
) correspondin( to a str!ct!ral %ass ('
i
) shall $e calc!lated with the
followin( relationshipD
i %./ ( i
' g C 2
#

(1)
where C
c, %./
is the corrected seis%ic intensit" factor of %./ and g is the (ravitational
acceleration: /he force 2
i
shall appl" to the centre of (ravit" of the %ass '
i
:
/he h"drod"na%ic press!res applied on a vertical rectilinear face ("
;,v
) that is s!$Eected to a
horiContal earth!aBe can $e calc!lated with the Aester(aard relationshipD
5 # 0
# #
) ( 8+5 : 0 ; ? C "
l a %./ ( v ;

(2)
where R
a
is the vol!%etric wei(ht of the water# ?
l
is the depth of the reservoir !pstrea% fro% the
da%# and ; is the depth of the point where the h"drod"na%ic press!re is calc!lated:
/he h"drod"na%ic press!re on an inclined rectilinear face ("
;#
_) that is s!$Eected to a horiContal
earth!aBe shall $e deter%ined with the followin( relationshipD

2
# #
cos
v ; ;
" "
(3)
where _ is the an(le $etween the vertical direction and the direction of the da% face: /he
press!re "
;#
_ is perpendic!lar to the da% face:
/he inertial and h"drod"na%ic forces shall $e applied staticall" to the str!ct!re# witho!t a ti%e
li%it:
&+
+nne8 D
+11E11(EN. O; A/DROD/N+(0# $RE11-RE1 D-E .O E+R.A@-+CE1
*!rin( an earth!aBe# water en(ineerin( str!ct!res have to $ear a h"drod"na%ic press!re in
addition to the h"drostatic press!reF this additional press!re is applied on the face that is in contact with
the water# perpendic!lar to the contact s!rface# d!e to the li!id2str!ct!re interaction:
/he val!e of the h"drod"na%ic press!re %anifested in a point of contact with the water shall
depend on the depth of the water col!%n# the (radient for%ed $" the s!rface with the vertical a9is# the
planar shape of the s!rface# the (ro!nd %orpholo("# the ri(idit" of the reservoir $otto% and the direction
of the seis%ic acceleration:
/he h"drod"na%ic press!res shall $e perpendic!lar to the s!rface on which the" are applied#
si%ilarl" to h"drostatic press!res# and shall have a direction opposite to the seis%ic acceleration
(reversed phase):
/he h"drod"na%ic press!res shall $e deter%ined for two h"potheses relatin( to the li!id#
na%el"D non2co%pressi$le li!id (the fre!entl"2accepted sit!ation) and co%pressi$le li!idF there can
$e si(nificant differences $etween the two sit!ations:
/his anne9 refers to the non2co%pressi$le li!id sit!ation:
/he anal"ses carried o!t for ver" i%portant str!ct!res sho!ld also incl!de the co%pressi$le
li!id h"pothesis:
In the spectral anal"sis or n!%erical ti%e inte(ration %ethod# as well as for the non2co%pressi$le
water h"pothesis# the effect of the h"drod"na%ic press!res and str!ct!re2li!id interaction on the
seis%ic response is !s!all" %odelled !sin( additional %asses: /he additional %asses are virt!al %asses
e!ivalent to the effect of the h"drod"na%ic press!res on the response of the water en(ineerin(
str!ct!re: /he" shall $e calc!lated fro% the h"drod"na%ic press!res and attached to the nat!ral %asses
of the str!ct!re: In the partic!lar sit!ation in which the direction of the h"drod"na%ic forces
(perpendic!lar to the s!rface to which the" are applied)# the direction of the earth!aBe and the direction
of the d"na%ic de(rees of freedo% are identical# the %atri9 of additional %assesK'
h
L shall $e deter%ined
with the followin( relationshipD
{ } [ ] { }
7 h 7
a ' P
where `P
7
a is the vector of the h"drod"na%ic forces and `a
7
a are the total accelerations alon( the
perpendic!lar to the water contact nodes in the s"ste% di(ital representation: /he additional %asses shall
$e positive and# in (eneral# depend on the direction of the earth!aBe and the directions of the d"na%ic
de(rees of freedo%:
/he calc!lations carried o!t as part of the pse!do2static %ethod shall directl" !se the
h"drod"na%ic forces# considered si%ilar to static loads:
Ahen the ratio $etween the free len(th of the reservoir and the apert!re of the valle" at the site is
hi(her than 3# the h"drod"na%ic press!res applied to the planar s!rfaces of the da% facilities shall $e
calc!lated !sin( the followin( relationshipsD
7or the vertical !pstrea% face (_ N 0)
a) 7or horiContal seis%ic acceleration (7i(!re *:1)D
h $ , C $ "
a s 7
) ( +&3 : 0 ) (
&8
2
5&& : 0 h C P
a s 7

h h 59+ : 0 b
2
5&& : 0 h m
a 7

where
"
7
($) is the h"drod"na%ic press!re at the depth " (B-a)F
P
7
2 res!ltant of the h"drod"na%ic press!res (BN/%)F
R
a
2 vol!%etric wei(ht of the water (BN/%
3
)F
X
a
2 water densit" (t/%
3
)F
h 2 reservoir depth (%)F
hD 2 water depth at the point where the res!ltant of the h"drod"na%ic press!res is applied
C
s
2 factor of seis%ic intensit"F
m
7
2 additional %ass in direction 9F
, ($) 2 non2di%ensional f!nction in accordance with /a$le 5:1
) ( $ ,

'

,
_

,
_

h
$
h
$
h
$
h
$
2 2
2
1
/a$le *:1
"/h 0:00 0:10 0:20 0:30 0:&0 0:50 0:10 0:+0 0:80 0:90 1:00
'(") 0:00
00
0:31
29
0:&8
10
0:11
21
0:+2
00
0:81
80
0:8+
83
0:93
20
0:91
99
0:99
25
1:00
00
$) 7or vertical seis%ic acceleration
In the case of vertical seis%ic acceleration# the h"drod"na%ic press!res shall have a linear
distri$!tion in accordance with the followin( relationshipsD
$ C $ "
a v s 7

#
) (
2
#
2
1
h C P
a v s 7

hD 5
3
2
7 h
2
2
1
h m
a 7

where C
s,v
is the vertical seis%ic intensit" factor and the other notations have $een e9plained
a$ove:
The case of an inclined u"stream face which forms angle E with the vertical a7is1
c) 7or horiContal seis%ic acceleration (7i(!re *:2)D
h $ , C C $ "
a F
) ( ) ( ) # (
whereD " (_# $) is the h"drod"na%ic press!re perpendic!lar to the face# at depth "F
C (_) 2 non2di%ensional coefficient as a f!nction of the an(le _# in accordance with /a$le *: 2:
/he other notations have $een e9plained a$ove:
&9
/a$le *:2
_ 0c 15c 30c &0c 10c +5c 90c
C (_) 0:+&3 0:112 0:511 0:&&8 0:292 0:118 0:000
d) 7or vertical seis%ic acceleration
In the case of vertical seis%ic acceleration# the h"drod"na%ic press!res shall have a linear
distri$!tion in accordance with the followin( relationshipsD
$ C $ "
a v s

#
) (

cos 2
1
) (
2
#
h
C P
a v s
h h
3
2
) ( b
2
#
2
1
) ( h C P
a v s 7

tg h C P
a v s $
2
#
2
1
) (
whereD P
7
(_) is the horiContal h"drod"na%ic force and P
$
(_) is the vertical h"drod"na%ic force: /he
other notations have $een e9plained a$ove:
2or arch dams, the a""ro7imate calculation of the h$drod$namic "ressures can #e carried out
in accordance with the following relationshi"sG
e) 7or horiContal seis%ic acceleration alon( the valle" (7i(!re *:3a)
cos
8
+
) # ( $ h C $ "
a s
where " is the water depth and _ is the an(le $etween the direction of the earth!aBe and the
perpendic!lar to the s!rface of the arch# at the point where the h"drod"na%ic press!re is calc!lated: /he
other notations have $een e9plained a$ove:
f) If the horiContal seis%ic acceleration is perpendic!lar to the valle" (7i(!re *:3#$)
@
7
$ h C $ "
a s


2
) # (
where the len(ths 9 and L are %arBed on 7i(!re *3:$# and the other notations have $een e9plained
a$ove:
50
7i(!re *:1: 8"drod"na%ic press!res on the vertical
rectilinear face d!e to a horiContal earth!aBe
7i(!re *:2: 8"drod"na%ic press!res on the inclined
rectilinear face d!e to a horiContal earth!aBe
7i(!re *:3: 8"drod"na%ic press!res applied to arch
da%s:
a 2 horiContal earth!aBe alon( the valle"F
$ 2 horiContal earth!aBe perpendic!lar to the valle"
51
+nne8 E
+11E11(EN. O; .AE 1E01(0# $RE11-RE1 D-E .O .AE ;O-ND+.0ON 3RO-ND
In addition to the inertial seis%ic forces applied $" the dead load of the str!ct!re# the calc!lations
carried o!t to deter%ine the seis%ic sta$ilit" of partiall" or f!ll" $!ried str!ct!res (a$!t%ents# (alleries#
!nder(ro!nd str!ct!res# da%s# plants) shall also taBe into consideration the additional active or passive
seis%ic earth press!re:
Nor%all"# the seis%ic earth press!re applied to a$!t%ent2t"pe str!ct!res is deter%ined for a
horiContal earth!aBe# whereas the seis%ic (ro!nd press!re applied to the do%e (roof sla$) of $!ried
(!nder(ro!nd) water en(ineerin( str!ct!res is deter%ined for a vertical earth!aBe:
/he active seis%ic press!re can $e assessed in the followin( two sit!ationsD
a: /he active seis%ic earth press!re actin( on the str!ct!re2fo!ndation s"ste% when onl" elastic
defor%ations occ!r in the (ro!ndF
$: /he active seis%ic earth press!re when plastic (ro!nd defor%ations occ!r in the str!ct!re2
fo!ndation s"ste%:
/he passive seis%ic earth press!re shall onl" %anifest when plastic (ro!nd defor%ations occ!r
in the str!ct!re2fo!ndation s"ste%:
Bctive seismic earth "ressure1
a. 5lastic (ro!nd defor%ations:
In a$!t%ent2t"pe str!ct!res# when the li%it e!ili$ri!% state has not $een reached "et# the active
earth press!re shall $e deter%ined with relationships (1) (7i(!re 1:1 a)D /he li%it e!ili$ri!% state shall
correspond to the sit!ation in which the slidin( safet" coefficient for the fo!ndation is 1:0:

tg
h
$
h
$
h
$
h
$
$ ,
h
tg
tg
h
h C
tg
P
h C
tg
'
$ , h C $ "
a
; a
; s a
; s a
F

1
]
1

,
_

'

1
1
]
1

+
,
_

,
_

,
_

+
+


+

1 3 9 10
&
1
1 ) # (
2 3
8 15
12
1
&
2 3
&8
11 21
) # ( ) (
2
b
2
3
(1)
whereD
C
s
2 factor of seis%ic intensit"F
a 2 active press!re coefficientF
h 2 total hei(ht of the e%$anB%ent near the a$!t%ent (%)F
2 an(le of the e%$anB%ent (s!rface) $ehind the a$!t%entF
R
;
2 vol!%etric wei(ht of the (ro!nd (B(/%
3
)F
"
a
($) 2 intensit" of the active seis%ic press!re at level (") (B-a)F
P
a
2 res!ltant of the active seis%ic press!re (BN/%)F
hD
a
2 position of the res!ltant with respect to a9is 9 (%)F
'
a
2 $endin( %o%ent in the section at the $ase of the a$!t%ent ("
%a9
N h) (BN%/%)F
52
, 9$,) 2 non2di%ensional f!nction (in accordance with /a$le 5:1)
d 2 red!ction coefficient for the active press!re d N 0:+5F
Jal!es of f!nction ' ("#)
/a$le 5:1
R D) E

F
y/h
0
F
10
F
15
F
20
F
25
F
30
F
35
F
0:00 1: 0000 1:1+13 1:21+9 1:31&0 1:&113 1:5++& 2: 0000
0:10 0:9&50 1:103+ 1:1812 1:2+21 1:31&+ 1:&1&1 1:8&50
0:20 0:9200 1:0111 1:13&& 1:2112 1:2930 1:3819 1:+200
0:30 0:9100 1:033& 1:09+1 1:11&8 1:231& 1:31&1 1:1100
0:&0 0:9000 1:0058 1:0108 1:118& 1:1+98 1:2&1& 1:5000
0:50 0:8+50 0:9132 1:0090 1:05+0 1:1082 1:113+ 1:3+50
0:10 0:8200 0:8905 0:92+2 0:9151 1:0015 1:0509 1:2200
0:+0 0:+200 0:++29 0:800& 0:8292 0:8599 0:8932 1:0200
0:80 0:5100 0:5953 0:1131 0:1328 0:1533 0:1+55 0:+100
0:90 0:3250 0:3&21 0:3518 0:3+11 0:3+11 0:382+ 0:&250
1: 00 0: 000 0: 000 0: 000 0: 000 0: 000 0: 0000 0: 000
/he active seis%ic press!re deter%ined this wa" shall onl" $e the active press!re res!ltin( fro%
seis%ic actionF therefore# the action of the static active earth press!re %!st also $e taBen into
consideration when checBin( the sta$ilit" of the str!ct!re:
*. -lastic (ro!nd defor%ations
In this sit!ation# for a$!t%ent2t"pe str!ct!res# it shall $e considered that plastic (ro!nd
defor%ations have also occ!rred: 7or this h"pothesis# the active earth press!re shall $e deter%ined as
total press!re# o$tained directl" $" addin( !p the static press!re and the seis%ic press!re:
/he res!ltant of the total active earth press!re (P
a
) shall $e calc!lated first# followed $" the
res!ltant of the active static press!re (P
a,st
): In the end# the active seis%ic earth press!re (P
a,d
) shall $e
o$tained fro% the difference $etween P
a
and P
a,st
(7i(!re 71:$):
st a a d a
P P P
# #

(2)
/he calc!lation relationships are the followin(D
2
2
1
h C P
; a a

h
C
C C
h
a
as a
a

+

1
3
#
(3)
2
#
2
1
h C P
; as st a

h h
st a

3
2
b
#
( )
2
#
2
1
h C C P
; as a d a

h h
d a

2
1
b
#
53
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2
2
2
2
cos cos
sin sin
1 cos cos
cos
cos cos
sin sin
1 cos cos cos
cos
1
]
1

+
+
+ +

1
]
1

+ +
+
+ + +

as
a
C
C
whereD
is the an(le with the tan(ent line e!al to C
s
d where
C
s
2 is the seis%ic intensit" factor and d N 0:+5 is an active press!re red!ction coefficientF
a 2 active press!re coefficientF
h 2 total hei(ht of the e%$anB%ent near the a$!t%entF
2 an(le of the slope of the e%$anB%ent s!rface $ehind the a$!t%entF
2 an(le for%ed $" the a$!t%ent face with the vertical a9is at the point of contact with the
e%$anB%entF
2 an(le of internal friction of the e%$anB%ent (in de(rees)F
N the friction an(le at the point of contact $etween the a$!t%ent and the e%$anB%ent
(

2
1
or

3
2
)F
C
a
2 non2di%ensional f!nction which defines the total active press!re (s!%) of the e%$anB%ent
(static Y seis%ic)F
C
as
2 non2di%ensional f!nction which defines the static active press!re of the e%$anB%ent
C
as
N C
a
for C
s
N 0
P
a
2 res!ltant of the total active press!re# static Y seis%ic# of the (ro!nd (BN/%)F
P
a,st
2 res!ltant of the static active earth press!re (BN/%)F
P
a,d
2 res!ltant of the seis%ic active earth press!re (BN/%)F
b b
#
b
#
# F
a d a st a
h h h
2 $ coordinates of the position of the res!ltant of the static active# seis%ic
(d"na%ic) and total earth press!re (7i(!re 51 $)
Passive seismic earth "ressure
/he passive earth press!re shall onl" $e calc!lated for the li%it e!ili$ri!% state with plastic
(ro!nd defor%ations# represented $" the total static Y seis%ic (d"na%ic) passive press!re:
In s!ccessive steps# the total passive earth press!re (P
"
) shall $e calc!lated first# followed $" the
res!ltant of the static passive press!re (P
",st
)# where the difference $etween the two shall $e the passive
seis%ic press!re (P
",d
)
P
",d
N P
"
2 P
",st
(&)
5&
/he calc!lation relationships are the followin(D
2
#
2
1
3
b
h C P
C
C C
h
; " "
"
st " "
"

+

2
# #
2
1
h C P
; st " st "

(5)
h h
st "

3
2
b
#
( )
2
# #
2
1
h C C P
; st " " d "

h h
d "

3
1
b
#
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2
#
2
2
2
cos cos
sin sin
1 cos cos
cos
cos cos
sin sin
1 cos cos cos
cos
1
]
1

+ +

+

1
]
1

+
+ +
+
+

st "
"
C
C
where
is the an(le whose tan(ent line is C
s
d where C
s
is the seis%ic intensit" factor and d N 0:+5 is
a passive press!re red!ction coefficientF
" 2 passive earth press!re coefficientF
C
"
2 non2di%ensional f!nction which defines the total passive earth press!re (static Y d"na%ic)F
C
",st
2 non2di%ensional f!nction which defines the static passive earth press!reF
C
"
N C
",st
for C
s
N 0
P
",st
F P
",d
F P
"
2 res!ltants of the static# d"na%ic and total earth press!res (7i(!re 5:2)F
b b
#
b
#
F F
" d " st "
h h h
2 $ coordinates of the position of the res!ltant of the static passive# d"na%ic and
total earth press!re (7i(!re 5:2)
If there is water in the pores of the (ro!nd $ehind the a$!t%ent# this shall have an infl!ence $"
increasin( the active and passive seis%ic earth press!re: /he active and passive inertial seis%ic
press!res shall $e calc!lated $" taBin( into consideration the vol!%etric wei(ht of the sat!rated
(ro!nd (
D
;
) instead of the dr" vol!%etric wei(ht (
;

)# in accordance with the followin(

relationshipD
D
;
N
;

Y n
a

55
whereD
;

is the vol!%etric wei(ht of the dr" (ro!nd (H(/%

3
)F n 2 porosit"F
b
;
2 is the vol!%etric wei(ht of the sat!rated (ro!nd (H(/%
3
and
a

2 is the vol!%etric wei(ht

of the water (H(/%
3
)F
Ahen the h"drostatic and h"drod"na%ic press!res d!e to (ro!nd water are considered separatel"
in the calc!lations# the earth press!res shall $e calc!lated for the s!$%er(ed vol!%etric wei(ht:
Bdditional active seismic earth "ressure a""lied #$ useful loads to the surface of the
em#an4ment #ehind the a#utment1
In the case of a$!t%ents# $anB reinforce%ents# etc:# hi(h intensit" !sef!l vertical loads also
develop on the free s!rface of the e%$anB%ents# which appl" additional active seis%ic press!res to the
vertical face of the a$!t%ent# at the point of contact with the e%$anB%ent:
In accordance with 7i(!re 5:3# an a$!t%ent of !nli%ited len(th alon( a9is C shall $e considered#
with the !nifor%l" distri$!ted vertical load# # actin( on the s!rface of the (ro!nd $ehind the a$!t%ent:
/he intensit" of the horiContal active seis%ic press!re "
a
97,$) and the res!ltant of this press!re
P
a
97), as well as the position of this res!ltant shall $e deter%ined !sin( the followin( relationships (the
calc!lation shall $e carried o!t for the !nitar" len(th of the a$!t%ent lN1)D
< C "
s

(1)
( )
1
1
]
1

,
_

+
,
_

,
_

3 2
1 ) # (
h
$
h
$
h
$
7 a " $ 7 "
a
from where %a9 "
a
(7,$) N " a(7) for $ 5 0
( ) h 7 a " h " 7 P
a a

12
5
%a9
12
5
) (
h h
a
28 : 0
b
b
(see 2igure 21*)
( )
1
1
]
1

,
_

+
,
_

,
_

+
2
8 39 25
10
1
1
h
7
h
7
h
7
7 a
for 0 3
#
7
(7i(!re 7:&) whereD
a is the coefficient !sed for the active seis%ic press!reF
7,$,; 2 three2di%ensional 4artesian coordinatesF
h 2 total hei(ht of the e%$anB%ent $ehind the a$!t%ent (%)F
b
a
h 2 position of the res!ltant of the active seis%ic press!re (%)F
l 2 len(th of the a$!t%ent alon( a9is (;)F the for%!las are (iven for l N 1 (%)F
C
s
2 factor of seis%ic intensit"F
d 2 red!ction coefficient for the active press!re d N 0:+5F
< 2 constant2intensit" !sef!l vertical load at the distance (9) fro% the ed(e of the a$!t%ent
(7i(!re 5:3) (BN/%l)F
" 2 constant2intensit" horiContal inertial load which acts on the free s!rface of the e%$anB%ent at
the distance (9) fro% the ed(e of the a$!t%ent (7i(!re 5:3) (BN/%l)F
"
a
(7,$) 2 intensit" of the horiContal active seis%ic press!re actin( on the a$!t%ent face at the
point with the coordinates (7,$) (BN/%
2
)F
ma7 "
a
2 %a9i%!% intensit" of the horiContal active seis%ic press!re actin( on the a$!t%ent face
at the point " N 0 (BN/%
2
)F
51
P
a
97) 2 res!ltant of the horiContal active seis%ic press!re (BN/%l)F
a97) 2 non2di%ensional f!nction representin( the infl!ence line for ma7 "
a
and -
a
(9)#
respectivel"# d!e to the action of the !sef!l load <
i
at the distance 7
i
fro% the a$!t%ent:
h 7
i
3 0
F 7i(!re 5:& and /a$le 5:2
/a$le 5:2
8>h aD8E 8>h aD8E 8>h aD8E
0:00 1:0000
0:10 1:0353 1:10 0:8&93 2:10 0:2&33
0:20 1:058& 1:20 0:+9&& 2:20 0:190&
0:30 1:0+01 1:30 0:+311 2:30 0:1&21
0:&0 1:0+12 1:&0 0:1+52 2:&0 0:0992
0:50 1:0125 1:50 0:1125 2:50 0:0125
0:10 1:0&&8 1:10 0:5&88 2:10 0:0328
0:+0 1:0189 1:+0 0:&8&9 2:+0 0:0109
0:80 0:9851 1:80 0:&211 2:80 20:002&
0:90 0:9&5+ 1:90 0:359+ 2:90 20:001&
1:00 0:9000 2: 00 0:3000 3:00 0: 000
/he process of deter%inin( the total active seis%ic press!re applied to the a$!t%ent wall (ma7 "
a
and P
a
(9)) d!e to the si%!ltaneo!s action of different vertical !sef!l loads !sin( the infl!ence line a(9)
shall $e carried o!t in accordance with the followin( relationships (7i(!re 5:5)D
+5 : 0
3 3 2 2 1 1
< C " < C " < C "
s s s

3
1
) ( %a9
i
i i a
7 a " "
for " N 0

+ +
&
3
3 2 2 1 1
) ( ) ( ) ( %a9
7
7
a
d7 7 a " 7 a " 7 a " "
(+)
h " 7 P
a a
%a9
12
5
) (
h h
a
28 : 0
b
5+
7i(!re 5:1:5val!ation of active seis%ic earth press!res
a 2 for elastic (ro!nd defor%ationsF
$ 2 for plastic (ro!nd defor%ations
7i(!re 5:2:5val!ation of passive seis%ic earth press!res
7i(!re 5:3:5val!ation of additional seis%ic active press!res
58
7i(!re 5:&:Jariation of f!nction a (9)
7i(!re 5:5:5val!ation of additional active seis%ic press!res
59
max.
max.
+nne8 ;
1E01(0# +N+2/101 O; + 3R+B0./ D+(
A seis%ic anal"sis of the transverse profile of the (ravit" da% shown in 7i(!re 61 !nder the
action of an ;65 (;peratin( 6asis 5arth!aBe) %!st $e carried o!t in accordance with 'e(!lation N-
0+1/2002:
/he followin( shall $e taBen into consideration in addition to the (eo%etrical ele%ents shown in
the fi(!reD
/he %echanical properties of the concrete !sed for the da% $od"D
5
$
N 2& 000 ,-a# H N 0:11# R
$
N 2& BN/%
3
/he str!ct!re shall $e considered to have 3 d"na%ic de(rees of freedo% in the horiContal direction:
/he seis%ic interaction $etween the da% and the reservoir shall $e deter%ined !sin( the additional
%asses %ethod:
/he da% $elon(s to i%portance class II (?/A? &2+3283) and i%portance cate(or" 6 (N/L82
021):
In accordance with re(!lation -10021# the da% is located in a seis%ic Cone characterised $" the
peaB val!e of the site (ro!nd acceleration a
(
N 0:2&( and corner periods /
6
N 0:1 s# /
4
N 1:0 s: /he
special seis%ic s!rve" of the site has confir%ed the val!es (iven in -10022001:
/he earth!aBe is applied in a horiContal direction# perpendic!lar to the da%:
/he seis%ic response spectr!% is shown in 7i(!re 72:
If !sin( the pse!do2static %ethod# an
;65
N 0:&0 a
(
$!t not less than 0:1(:
If !sin( the spectral anal"sis %ethod# an
;65
N 0:&0 a
(
$!t not less than 0:1(:
If !sin( the finite ele%ent anal"sis# 5
d
N 1:35 5
$#s

N 1:35 9 2 &00 N 3 2&0 ,-a and H
d
N 0:22
Q N 0:05 (Q 2 fraction of the critical da%pin():
/he concrete2rocB slidin( friction coefficient when considerin( a seis%ic action is f N 0:+0
,a9i%!% per%issi$le fle9!ral co%pressive/tensile stresses when the seis%ic action is
considered . 200 B-a / Y3 000 B-a (Y co%pressions):
/he seis%ic anal"sis shall $e carried o!t for the h"pothesis of a f!ll reservoir# where the water
level is at the nor%al retention li%it (N'L)# and the h"pothesis of an e%pt" reservoir:
2igure 21 >eometrical elements and digitisation diagram of the "rofile of a gravit$ dam1
10
2igure 22 Normalised elastic res"onse s"ectrum in accordance with P 100-2006
+. +nal)sis of the free vi*rations
the followin( notations were !sedD d N 15 %# $ N 1 %# I N 0:80
a: /he net %asses and the additional %asses shall $e calc!lated $" $reaBin( the% !p into si%ple
(eo%etrical ele%entsD
/he calc!lations shall $e carried o!t for a distance of 1 % in the lon(it!dinal direction of the da%:
4alc!lation of the net %assesD
%
1
N
&38 : 119
15
5 : 2
5 : + 1 &5 : 2
1
1
2
1
2

,
_

,
_

+
d
d
#
d
#
g
J

t
%
2
N

,
_

+ +
,
_

+ +

,
_

+
2
3
1
2 2
1
2 2
1
5
2 2
1
2
d
d
d
#
d d
#
d
d
d
#
d
#
g
J

&2+ : &50
15
5
15 12
2
1
5 : + 12
15
5 : 12
5 : + : 1
2
1
5 : + 1 &5 : 2
,
_

+ + +
%
3
N
2
3
1
2 2
1
2
2
2
3
2
2 2
1
2 2
d
d
d
#
d
d
d
d
d
#
d d
#
g
J

,
_

+ + +

,
_

+ +

,
_

N 2:&5
882
15
5
15 12
2
1
5 : + 2&
15
10
15 12
2
1
5 : + 12
,
_

+ + +
t
%
e%$ed%ent
N

,
_

,
_

+ +
15
10
15 12
2
1
5 : + 2& &5 : 2
2
3
2
2 2
1
2
2
d
d
d
#
d
d
g
J

N 588 t
,ass %atri9 K'L for the h"pothesis of an e%pt" reservoirD
[ ]
1
1
1
]
1

000 : 882 0 0
0 &2+ : &50 0
0 0 &38 : 119
'
t
4alc!lation of the additional %assesD
; ?
g
m
l
J
ad


8
+
where is the vol!%etric wei(ht of the water BN/%
3
( 2 (ravitational acceleration %/s
2
11
T 2 Nat!ral period of the oscillator
(s)
K

2

?
p
e
c
t
r
a
l

a
%
p
l
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
%
ad1
N
( ) [ ] 8&5 : 1+ 10 &0
81 : 9
10
8
+
8
+

l # l
J
? ? d ?
g

t/%
2
%
ad2
N
( ) [ ] 215 : 28 25 &0
81 : 9
10
8
+
2
8
+

l # l
J
? ? d ?
g

t/%
2
%
ad3
N
( ) [ ] 190 : 35 &0 &0
81 : 9
10
8
+
8
+

l # # l
J
? ? ? ?
g

t/%
2
4oncentrated additional %assesD
%
c1
N
( ) [ ]
( ) [ ]
+25 : 31
5
2
3
2
1



d
? ? d
? ? d m
l #
l # ad
t
%
c2
N
( ) [ ]
( ) [ ]
( )
3
1
2 2
5
2
3
2
1 2 1 1
+ +


d
m m
d
m
d
? ? d d
? ? d m
ad ad ad
l #
l # ad
N 2&+ 001 t
%
c3
N
( ) ( )
3
1
2 2 3
2
2 2
2 3 2 1 2 1
+ + +
d
m m
d
m
d
m m
d
m
ad ad ad ad ad ad
N &15 993 t
%
c e%$ed%ent
N %
ad2

( ) +
3
2
2 2
2 3
d
m m
d
ad ad
2 2&8 989 t
JerificationD
/otal s!rface area of the para$olaD
3
3
2
ad l
m ?
N 951 +35 t

+ + +
incastrare c ad ad ad c
m m m m m
3 2 1
N 9&3 +12 t
/he s!% of the concentrated additional %asses shall $e different fro% the total s!rface area of
the para$ola# since the concentrated additional %asses were calc!lated $" $reaBin( the% !p into si%ple
(eo%etrical shapes (rectan(les and trian(les)F therefore# the followin( correction %!st $e appliedD
%
c1
N

15
&
92+ : 118
31 +1& t
%
c2
N
3
1
588 : 83 +92 : 133
15
11
92+ : 118 + +
N 2&8 818 t
%
c3
N
+ + +
3
1
223 : 58 5& : 211
3
2
588 : 83 +92 : 133
&20 &15 t
%
e%$ed%ent
N
+
3
2
223 : 58 5& : 211
250 355 t
JerificationD

+ + + 35 : 250 &15 : &20 818 : 2&8 +25 : 31

c
m
951 &13 t
Additional %ass %atri9D
[ ]
1
1
1
]
1

&15 : &20 0 0
0 818 : 2&8 0
0 0 +1& : 31
h
'
$: 4alc!lation of the net and additional %asses $" direction inte(rationD
/he profile of the da% is defined $" the followin( f!nctionD
12
em#edme
nt
( ) + # h ? .
# am"ri;a

31 0&5 %
( ) ( ) h ? ; ? ? ; f i . ; $
# # # am"ri;a "
# #
#

4alc!lation of the centres of %assD

c
%1
N
( )
( )
&99 : 1 2
2
2

d
d; ; $
d; ; ; $
#
#
?
d
"
?
d
"
%
c
%2
N
( )
( )
11+ : 1
2
2

d
d; ; $
d; ; ; $
d
d
"
d
d
"
%
c
%3
N
( )
( )
00 : +
0
0

d
d; ; $
d; ; ; $
d
"
d
"
%
4alc!lation of the net %assesD
%
c1
N
( )

#
?
d
"
# m
d; ; $
g d
c
2
1
399 : 119

t
%
c2
N
( ) ( )

+
#
?
d
d
d
"
# m
"
# m
d; ; $
g d
c
d; ; $
g d
c d
2
2
2 1
2&5 : &50

t
%
c3
N
( ) ( )

+

d
d
d
"
# m
"
# m
d; ; $
g d
c
d; ; $
g d
c d
2
0
3 2
131 : 882

t
%
c e%$ed%ent
N
( )

d
"
# m
d; ; $
g d
c d
0
3
091 : 588

t
JerificationD

+ + +
incastare c c c c c
m m m m m
3 2 1 2 039 8+1 t
,
da%
N
( )

#
?
"
#
d; ; $
g
0
8+2 : 2039

t
,ass %atri9 K'L for the h"pothesis of an e%pt" reservoirD
[ ]
1
1
1
]
1

131 : 882 0 0
0 2&5 : &50 0
0 0 399 : 119
'
t
4alc!lation of the additional centres of %assD
c
%1
N
( )
( )
( )
00 : &
8
+
8
+
0
0

l #
l #
? ? d
l
J
? ? d
l
J
l #
d; ; ?
g
d; ; ; ?
g
? ? d

%
c
%2
N
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
952 : 1
8
+
8
+
2
2
2

l #
l #
l #
l #
? ? d
? ? d
l
J
? ? d
? ? d
l
J
l #
d; ; ?
g
d; ; ; ?
g
? ? d

%
13
site area
site area
em#edme
nt
c
%3
N
( )
( )
210 : +
8
+
8
+
2
2

l
l #
l
l #
?
? ? d
l
J
?
? ? d
l
J
l
d; ; ?
g
d; ; ; ?
g
?

%
4oncentrated additional %assesD
%
c1s
N
( )

l #
? ? d
l
w m
d; ; ?
g d
c
0
1
+25 : 31
8
+
t
%
c2s
N
( )
( ) ( )



+
,
_

l # l #
l #
? ? d ? ? d
? ? d
l
w m
l
w m
d; ; ?
g d
c
d; ; ?
g d
c
0
2
2 1
8
+
8
+
1

N 250 051 t
%
c3s
N
( ) ( )
( )



+
,
_

l #
l #
l
l #
? ? d
? ? d
?
? ? d
l
w m
l
w m
d; ; ?
g d
c
d; ; ?
g d
c
2
2
3 2
8
+
8
+
1

N &19 898 t
%
c e%$ed%ent s
N
( )

,
_

l
l #
?
? ? d
l
w m
d; ; ?
g d
c
2
3
8
+
1

250 051
JerificationD
/otal s!rface area of the para$olaD
3
3
2
ad l
m ?
N 951 +35 t

+ + +
s incastrare c s c s c s c "
m m m m m
3 2 1 951 +35 t
Additional %ass %atri9D
[ ]
1
1
1
]
1

898 : &19 0 0
0 051 : 250 0
0 0 +25 : 31
h
'
t
Net Y additional %ass %atri9 for the h"pothesis of a f!ll reservoirD
[ ]
1
1
1
]
1

+
03& : 1302 0 0
0 302 : +00 0
0 0 123 : 151
h
' '
4alc!lation of the fle9i$ilit" %atri9D
[ ]
1
1
1
]
1

33 32 31
23 22 21
13 12 11
f f f
f f f
f f f
2
( )


+

#
a
#
a
L i L i
L i
; >B
d; t t
; /+
d; m m
f
) (
2 : 1

) 11 : 0 1 ( 2
2&000
) 1 ( 2
#
/
>

10 3&5 ,-a
1&
em#edme
nt
2igure 2*1 -iagrams of #ending moments and shear forces due to unitar$ loads a""lied in the direction
of the degrees of freedom1
( )
( )

h ?
h
h ?
h
# #
# #
; >
d;
# >
d;
;
/
d; ;
#
/
d; ;
f
0 0
1
2 2
3
2
3
2
11
10 &80 : 2
1
2 : 1
1
2 : 1
12 12

( )

# #
?
d
?
d
#
; >
d;
;
/
d; d ;
f
+
2
3
2
22
10 1&1 : 3
) (
1
2 : 1
12
) (

( )

# #
?
d
?
d
#
; >
d;
;
/
d; d ;
f
2 2
8
2
3
2
33
10 &98 : +
) (
1
2 : 1
12
) 2 (

( )

# #
?
d
?
d
#
; >
d;
;
/
d; d ; ;
f
+
2
3 12
10 811 : 5
) (
1
2 : 1
12
) (

( )

# #
?
d
?
d
#
; >
d;
;
/
d; d ; ;
f
2 2
+
2
3 13
10 292 : 1
) (
1
2 : 1
12
) 2 (

( )
( )

# #
?
d
?
d
#
; >
d;
;
/
d; d ; d ;
f
2 2
+
2
3 23
10 021 : 1
) (
1
2 : 1
12
2 ) (

[ ]
1
1
1
]
1

+ + +
+ + +
+ + 1
10 &89 : + 10 021 : 1 10 292 : 1
10 020 : 1 10 1&1 : 3 10 811 : 5
10 292 : 1 10 811 : 5 10 &80 : 2
2
4alc!lation of the ri(idit" %atri9 KCL $" reversin( the fle9i$ilit" %atri9 K2LD
[ ] [ ]
1
1
1
]
1

+ 1 5
1 1 1
5 1 5
1
10 192 : 2 10 908 : 1 10 +12 : &
10 908 : 1 10 513 : 1 10 1+8 : 1
10 +12 : & 10 1+8 : 1 10 5&& : 1
C 2
4alc!lation of the nat!ral periods and shapes for the 5,-/^ '5?5'J;I' h"pothesisD
15
[ ] [ ] ( ) { } { } 0
2

i
B ' C
0
131 : 882 10 192 : 2 10 908 : 1 10 +12 : &
10 908 : 1 2&5 : &50 10 513 : 1 10 1+8 : 1
10 +12 : & 10 1+8 : 1 398 : 119 10 5&& : 1
2 + 1 5
1 2 5 1
5 1 2 5

/he sol!tions of the characteristic e!ation are the followin(D

( ) ( ) ( )
( )
s T s T s T
rad rad rad
rad rad rad
F F F
F F F
035 : 0 013 : 0 125 : 0
2
/ 0&3 : 180 / 82& : 99 / 315 : 50
/ &11 : 32&15 / 959 : 911& / 1&8 : 2531
2 2
1
1
3 2
2
1
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
1

5val!ation of the nat!ral shapesD
7!nda%ental nat!ral shapeD
0 19190100 1908110 &+1289
0 1908110 5&2&020 11+80&0
0 &+1289 11+80&0 3521&8
31 21 11
31 21 11
31 21 11
+
+
+
B B B
B B B
B B B
1
11
11
11

B
B

33+ : 0
21
09& : 0
31

Nat!ral shape n!%$er 2D
0 13133000 1908110 &+1289
0 1908110 20++200 11+80&0
0 &+1289 11+80&0 5253+9
32 22 12
32 22 12
32 22 12
+
+
+
B B B
B B B
B B B
1
12
12
12

B
B

591 : 0
22
350 : 0
31

Nat!ral shape n!%$er 3D
11
0 11+1&50 1908110 &+1289
0 1908110 80310&0 11+80&0
0 &+1289 11+80&0 32159&2
33 23 13
33 23 13
33 23 13


+
B B B
B B B
B B B
1
13
13
13

B
B
90& : 1
23
0&3 : 2
33

4alc!lation of the nat!ral periods and shapes for the 73LL '5?5'J;I' h"pothesisD
0
03& : 1302 10 192 : 2 10 908 : 1 10 +12 : &
10 908 : 1 301 : +00 10 513 : 1 10 1+8 : 1
10 +12 : & 10 1+8 : 1 123 : 151 10 5&& : 1
2 + 1 5
1 2 1 1
5 1 2 5

/he sol!tions of the characteristic e!ation are the followin(D

( ) ( ) ( )
s T s T s T
rad rad rad
rad rad rad
F F F
F F F
0&3 : 0 0+5 : 0 1&1 : 0
/ 335 : 1&+ / &1& : 83 / 11& : &3
/ 1+9 : 21+0+ / 108 : 19+& / 8&5 : 1858
2 2 1
3 2 1
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
1





5val!ation of the nat!ral shapesD
7!nda%ental nat!ral shapeD
0 19503100 1908110 &+1289
0 1908110 5212130 11+80&0
0 &+1289 11+80&0 3+3508
31 21 11
31 21 11
31 21 11
+
+
+
B B B
B B B
B B B
1
11
11
11

B
B

359 : 0
21
103 : 0
31

Nat!ral shape n!%$er 2D
1+
0 128&2200 1908110 &+1289
0 1908110 11+9550 11+80&0
0 &+1289 11+80&0 399102
32 22 12
32 22 12
32 22 12
+
+
+
B B B
B B B
B B B
1
12
12
12

B
B

&53 : 0
22
281 : 0
31

Nat!ral shape n!%$er 3D
0 13&0+&0 1908110 &+1289
0 1908110 8138050 11+80&0
0 &+1289 11+80&0 2121110
33 23 13
33 23 13
33 23 13


+
B B B
B B B
B B B
1
13
13
13

B
B
521 : 1
23
+38 : 1
33

2igure 21: Natural modes for the h$"othesis of an em"t$ reservoir1
2igure 216 Natural modes for the h$"othesis of a full reservoir1
6: ?ol!tion o$tained with the finite ele%ent %ethod# !sin( the ?A- 2000 pro(ra%%eD
/he profile of the da% is di(itised into -LANA' finite ele%ents with inco%pati$le %odes: /he
calc!lations are carried o!t for the h"pothesis of a planar defor%ation state:
4licB 7IL5 and ?elect a New ,odel:
4hoose the %eas!re%ent !nitsD BN# %# 4
?elect a /e%plateD )rid onl"
?et the followin( data in New 4oord/)rid ?"ste%D
N!%$er of )rid LinesD G direction 13
18
^ direction 1
S direction 13
)rid ?pacin(D G direction 3
^ direction 1
S direction 3:+5 ;He
In the plane view !adrant# select ?et G2S view:
4licB *efine f,aterials .Add New ,aterials:
In ,aterial -ropert" *ata# enterD
,aterial Na%eD 4oncrete
/"pe of *esi(nD 4oncrete
In Anal"sis -ropert" *ata# enterD
,ass per !nit Jol!%eD 2:&5
Aei(ht per !nit Jol!%eD 2&
,od!l!s of 5lasticit"D 2&000000
-oisson\s 'atioD 0:11
In /"pe of ,aterial# choose Isotropic
/he pro(ra%%e is calc!latin( the ?hear ,od!l!s 103&&828 ;He ;He
4licB *efine /Area ?ection:
In ?elect ?ection /"pe to Add# select -lane:
4licB on Add New ?ection:
In -lane ?ection *ata# in ?ection Na%e# enter *a%:
In the /"pe section# select -lane2?train and Inco%pati$le ,odes:
In ,aterial Na%e# select 4oncrete:
In the /hicBness section# enter 1: ;He ;He
4licB on ?et ?elect ,ode:
4licB on *raw/*raw -ol" Area: In -roperties of ;$Eect in ?ection clicB on A?541 and choose
*a%:
3se the res!ltin( (rid to draw the di(itised profile of the da%# %ade !p of rectan(!lar or trian(!lar
ele%ents:
/he nodes of a finite ele%ents are drawn in a clocBwise direction (i# E# B# l): /he di(itisation
dia(ra% contains +9 -LANA' ele%ents and 9& nodes:
4lose -ropert" of ;$Eect:
?et ?elect %ode(-ointer):
?elect the nodes at the $ase of the profile (clicB on each node):
4licB on Assi(n/<oint/'estraints:
In <oint 'estraints# in the 'estraints section# in <oint Local *irection cancel the 3 translations
and the 3 rotations $" clicBin( the correspondin( $o9es:
?elect all profile nodes e9cept for those located at the $ase for which total restrictions have
$een enforced (3 translations Y 3 rotations):
4licB on Assi(n/<oint/'estraints:
In <oint 'estraints# in the 'estraints section# in <oint Local *irection cancel translation 2 and
rotations 1# 2 and 3:/his wa"# each of the selected nodes will displa" two de(rees of translation freedo%
in the local directions 1 and 3# correspondin( to the (lo$al a9es G and S: ;He
4licB on *efine/,ass ?o!rce:
In *efine ,ass ?o!rce# in the ,ass *efinition section# checB that 7ro% 5le%ent and
Additional ,asses is selected: ;He
?elect node 1 (9 N 0# C N &5):
4licB on Assi(n/<oint/,asses:
19
In <oint ,asses# in the 4oordinate ?"ste% section# select )lo$al:
In the ,asses section# in )lo$al *irections in *irection G# enter 31 +1&
In the ;ptions section# select Add to 59istin( ,asses: ;He
?elect node 1& (9N0# CN30):
'epeat the operations carried o!t for node 1 and enter 2&8 818 in *irection G ;He
?elect node &0 (9N0# CN15):
'epeat the operations carried o!t for node 1 and enter &20 &15 in *irection G ;He
At this sta(e# all the data re!ired to calc!late the nat!ral %odes for the 73LL '5?5'J;I'
h"pothesis have $een entered:
4licB on Anal"Ce/?et Anal"sis 4ases to '!n/'!n Now:
/he screen will displa" ?ave ,odel 7ile As/?ave inD ," *oc!%ent:
In 7ile Na%e# enter# for e9a%ple# -ro$le% 2:10 7!ll 'eservoir f ?ave:
4hecB the res!lts displa"ed on the screen:
/he res!lts show that the di(itised profile contains 9& nodes and +9 ?;LI*22* ele%ents: In total#
the di(itised s"ste% has 112 de(rees of translation freedo% in directions G and S:
Initiall"# a static anal"sis is carried o!t for the load applied d!e to the dead load# followed $" an
anal"sis of the free vi$rations: /he first 12 nat!ral %odes (nat!ral periods Y the correspondin( nat!ral
shapes) are deter%ined: ;He
4licB on *ispla" and select the res!lts "o! wish to view# save# store# print:
If the anal"sis is carried o!t for the 5,-/^ '5?5'J;I' h"pothesis# cancel the additional
%asses in nodes 1# 1& and &0 $" selectin( each node in t!rn and cancellin( the correspondin( %ass:
Ta#le 2111 Natural "eriods 9s)1
N!%$er of the nat!ral
period
8"pothesis
1 2 3 & 5 1
5%pt" reservoir 0:1201 0:0535 0:0&21 0:030& 0:020+ 0:0192
7!ll reservoir 0:1&&1 0:018& 0:0&52 0:0&19 0:0259 0:0215
7i(!re 7:2 shows the profile discretisation dia(ra%: 7i(!res 7:3 and 7:& show the (eo%etric
confi(!rations of the first & nat!ral shapes for the e%pt" reservoir and the f!ll reservoir h"potheses:
In this calc!lation# the s"ste% has a total of 112 d"na%ic de(rees of freedo% (81 translations in
direction G and 81 translations in direction S):
It can $e o$served that the free vi$rations (nat!ral periods# nat!ral shapes) calc!lated in sit!ation
A (a s"ste% with 3 de(rees of freedo%) can $e fo!nd a%on(st the nat!ral %odes calc!lated for the
h"pothesis of the s"ste% $ein( di(itised into finite ele%ents (sit!ation 6): /he nat!ral shapes 1 and 2
have identical (eo%etric confi(!rations in sit!ations A and 6: 7or the e%pt" reservoir h"pothesis# the
nat!ral %ode 3 in sit!ation A is replicated in the nat!ral %ode & of sit!ation 6: In sit!ation 6# the nat!ral
%ode 3 develops %ainl" in direction S (vertical)# which was $locBed in sit!ation A (the s"ste% had onl"
3 de(rees of horiContal translation freedo%):
7or the f!ll reservoir h"pothesis# the nat!ral %ode 3 in sit!ation A is replicated in the nat!ral %ode
3 of sit!ation 6: /he additional %asses introd!ced in the horiContal direction (G) ca!sed the nat!ral
%ode 3 to develop %ainl" in direction G and the nat!ral %ode & to develop %ainl" in direction S:
+0
2igure 2161 Profile digitisation diagram1
T
1
5011201 s T
2
50106*6 s T
*
5010:26 s T
:
5010*0: s
2igure 2171 >eometric configurations of the first : natural sha"es for the em"t$ reservoir h$"othesis1
T15011::6s T250106M: s T*5010:62 s T:5010:1& s
2igure 21M >eometric configurations of the first : natural sha"es for the full reservoir and em"t$
reservoir h$"otheses
?. $seudo'static method
/his %ethod shall onl" appl" when carr"in( o!t preli%inar" deter%inations for da%s $elon(in(
to class II and i%portance cate(or" 6 (pre2feasi$ilit" and feasi$ilit" st!dies):
an
;65
N 0:&0 9 0:2& ( N 0:091 (# considerin( that an
;65
N0:1 (

a
;65
N 0:1 9 9:81 N 1 %/s
2
an
;65
. the %a9i%!% desi(n earth!aBe acceleration shall $e considered constant alon( the entire hei(ht
of the da%
+1
2igure 21& @oads manifested in the "rofile of a gravit$ dam and stresses N
v
for the full
reservoir h$"othesis 9a) and the em"t$ reservoir h$"othesis 9#), calculated using the
"seudo-static method1
Na%e of load 7orce siCe BN Ar%
%
6endin( %o%ents
Jertical 8oriContal Y 2
)
1
19:&&0 1:00 1111&0
)
2
5&0 1&:00 +510
-
h
8000 13:33 1011&0
? 23880 &:93 19128:&
7
i#1
19&& 15:00 29110
7
i#2
5& &2:50 2295
-
c
8+1:8& 11:00 1&029:&
11:100 108+&:8& 1+1252:8 12&200
#

N 2& BN/%
3

a

N 10 BN/%
3
4
p
N
3 3
2
1
2
1
22 : 8
&0
10
+5 : +
1
1+ : 8
10
+5 : +
1
1+ : 8
m
4N
m
4N
T
?

,
_

?ta$ilit" and stren(th calc!lations !nder static stresses (witho!t taBin( into consideration the seis%ic
action)
2 7!ll reservoir
&9+ : 0
3880 5&0 19&&0
8000

+
tg
c
si(
N
&08 : 1
&9+ : 0
+0 : 0

2
#
/ 911 : &39
211
& : 1518
31
11100
m 4N
"lin lac
am v

2
#
/ &83 : &5&
211
& : 1518
31
11100
m 4N
"lin lac
av v
+
2 5%pt" reservoir
+2
full
reservoir v,
u"stream
full
reservoir v,
downstrea
m
/here are no horiContal loads and ne(ative press!re
2
#
/ 1130
211
12&200
31
19980
m 4N
gol lac
am v
+
2
#
/ 20
211
12&200
31
19980
m 4N
gol lac
aval v

4alc!lations for the f!ll reservoir h"pothesisD
t(
1+5 : 0
11100
8& : 108+&
3880 5&0 19&&0
8& : 8+1 5& 19&& 8000

+
+ + +

ef
ef
=
?

c
si(
N
03+ : 1
1+5 : 0
+0 : 0

tg
f
t(

2 slidin( coefficient of the str!ct!re

c
si(
2 slidin( safet" coefficient
A
f
N 1 9 31 N 31 %
2
A
f
N 211
1
31 : 1
2
%
3
2
#
38 : 229
211
8 : &+052
31
11100
m
4N
J
'
B
=
f f
"lin lac
am v

2
#
01 : 115
211
8 : &+052
31
11100
m
4N
J
'
B
=
f f
"lin lac
av v
+ +

4alc!lations for the e%pt" reservoir h"pothesis

/he %ore dan(ero!s sit!ation occ!rs when the direction of the seis%ic acceleration is fro% !pstrea% to
downstrea%:
+0 : 0 10 : 0
5&0 19&&0
5& 19&&
<<<
+
+
tg
2
#
/ 12 : 12+5
211
) 2295 29110 +510 1111&0 (
31
19980
m 4N
gol lac
am v



2
#
/ 12 : 115
211
) 2295 29110 +510 1111&0 (
31
19980
m 4N
gol lac
av v


+
4oncl!sionD /he seis%ic response para%eters (c
si(
# N
v,am
#

N
v,av
) are within the per%issi$le li%its
d!e to the data !sed in the seis%ic calc!lation carried o!t in accordance with the pse!do2static %ethod:
#. 1pectral anal)sis
an
;65
N 0:&0 9 0:2& ( N 0:091 (# where it is considered that an
;65
N 0:1( an
;65
N 0:1 9 9:81 N
1:0 %/s
2
Nat!ral periods of the f!ll reservoirD
/
1
N 0:1&1 s /
2
N0:0+5 s /
3
N0:0&3 s
Nat!ral periods of the e%pt" reservoirD
/
1
N 0:125 s /
2
N0:013 s /
3
N0:035 s
?pectral a%plifications as a f!nction of the period of the oscillator
7!ll reservoir /
1
?
a:1 l p
N 2:+50 9 1: N 2:+50 %/s
2
+3
full
reservoir
v,
u"stream
full reservoir
v,
downstream
em"t$
reservoir
v,
u"stream
em"t$
reservoir v,
downstrea
m
em"t$
reservoir
v, u"stream
em"t$
reservoir v,
downstrea
m
/
2
?
a:2 l p
N 2:312 9 1: N 2:312 %/s
2
/
3
?
a:3 l p
N 1:+52 9 1: N 1:+52 %/s
2
5%pt" reservoir /
1
?
a:1 l (
N 2 +50

9 1: N 2 +50 %/s
2
/
2
?
a:2 l (
N 2 102 9 1: N 2 102 %/s
2
/
3
?
a:3 l (
N 1 112 9 1: N 1 112 %/s
2
4alc!lation of the shape coefficient %atri9 K5L
{ } { }
C
i
C
i
e
{ } { }
{ } { }
C
T
C
T
C
'
r '

L K
L K
where the inde9 i refers to the de(ree of freedo% of the str!ct!re and the inde9 B refers to the
nat!ral shape:
#1. ;ull reservoir h)pothesis
4alc!lation of the coefficients of %atri9 K5L for the f!ll reservoir h"pothesisD
{ }
{ }
{ }

'

1
1
1
]
1

'

1
1
1
]
1

'

103 : 0
359 : 0
1
03& : 1302
302 : +00
123 : 151
103 : 0 359 : 0 1
1
1
1
03& : 1302
302 : +00
123 : 151
103 : 0 359 : 0 1
103 : 0
359 : 0
1
1
i
e
{ }
{ }
{ }

'

1
1
1
]
1

'

1
1
1
]
1

'

281 : 0
&53 : 0
1
03& : 1302
302 : +00
123 : 151
281 : 0 &53 : 0 1
1
1
1
03& : 1302
302 : +00
123 : 151
281 : 0 &53 : 0 1
281 : 0
&53 : 0
1
2
i
e
{ }
{ }
{ }

'

1
1
1
]
1

'

1
1
1
]
1

'

+

+38 : 1
521 : 1
1
03& : 1302
302 : +00
123 : 151
+38 : 1 521 : 1 1
1
1
1
03& : 1302
302 : +00
123 : 151
+38 : 1 521 : 1 1
+38 : 1
521 : 1
1
3
i
e
K5L N
1
1
1
]
1

&09 : 0 3+1 : 0 21+ : 0

359 : 0 101 : 0 +55 : 0
235 : 0 338 : 1 103 : 2
+&
Jerification condition for K5LD

n
4
4 i
e
1
#
1

+
3
1
# 1
1 235 : 0 338 : 1 103 : 2
4
4
e

3
1
# 2
002 : 1
4
4
e

3
1
# 3
002 : 1
4
4
e
4alc!lation of the %a9i%!% inertial forces `2
i
a
4# %a9
in vario!s nat!ral %odes in the directions of
the de(rees of freedo% for the f!ll reservoir h"pothesisD
{ } [ ] { } ( )
4 4 4 i a
4
i
4
i
F e ' 2 #
%a9

iN1#2:::n iN1#2:::n iN1#2:::n
{ }

'

'

1
1
1
]
1

988 : ++1
002 : 1&5&
982 : 8+3
+50 : 2
21+ : 0
+55 : 0
103 : 2
03& : 1302
302 : +00
123 : 151
%a9
1 i
2
BN
{ }

'

'

1
1
1
]
1

8+& : 1131
1+& : 981
&93 : &1+
312 : 2
3+1 : 0
101 : 0
338 : 1
03& : 1302
302 : +00
123 : 151
%a9
2 i
2

BN
{ }

'

'

1
1
1
]
1

991 : 932
&18 : &&0
221 : 12
+52 : 1
&09 : 0
359 : 0
235 : 0
03& : 1302
302 : +00
123 : 151
%a9
3 i
2

BN
2igure 21101 >ra"hical re"resentation of the inertial forces in 4N, in various
natural modes for the full reservoir h$"othesis1
4alc!lation of the spectral vertical stresses in vario!s nat!ral %odes at the $ase of the profileD
( )
J
d 2
i 4 i
4
am
av v


%a9 #
#

+5
ma7
ma7
ma7
%a9
%a9
u"str
eam
v,
down
strea
m
iN1:::n
( )
+ +

1
31 : 1
15 988 : ++1 30 002 : 1&5& &5 982 : 8+3
2 %a9 # 1
#

am
av v

&3+ 982 BN/%

2
( ) &82 : 11+
%a9 # 2
#

am
av v

BN/%
2

( )
2 3
#
5+8 : 11
m
4N
am
av v

4alc!lation of the spectral shear forces in vario!s nat!ral %odes at the $ase of the profile
( ) ( )

n
i
4
i t 4
2 2T
1
( ) ( ) 9+2 : 310& 988 : ++1 012 : 1&5& 982 : 8+3
%a9 # 1
+ + T 2
BN
( ) 555 : 11&5
%a9 # 2
+ T 2
BN
( ) +&9 : 55&
%a9 # 3
T 2
BN
4alc!lation of the spectral vertical stresses and spectral shear forces at the $ase of the profile# in
accordance with 'osen$l!eth for%!la ('??)D
( )
2
1
1
2
# #
%a9
#

'

n
4
am
C i v
am
iav v
av

( )
2
2 2 2 2
%a9# #
+18 : &53 5+8 : 11 &82 : 11+ 892 : &3+
m
4N
,FF
am
av v
+ +
( )
2
2 2 2 2
%a9 #
590 : 355+ +&9 : 55& 555 : 11&5 9+2 : 310&
m
4N
T 2
,FF
#a;a
+ +
2igure 211 (om#ining of stresses N
v
due to static loads with the s"ectral
stresses due to seismic action1
Jerification of the stress re(i%en and slidin( sta$ilit" Z f!ll reservoir h"pothesisD
+1+ : 0
100 : 11
590 : 355+ 8000

+
tg
+1
?tress re(i%en N
v
d!e
to static loads for the
f!ll reservoir
h"pothesis
?pectral stresses N
v

d!e to seis%ic action
for the f!ll reservoir
h"pothesis
#ase,%a9
%a9
%a9
%a9
%a9 %a9
u"str
eam
v,
down
strea
m
u"str
eam
v,
down
strea
m
u"str
eam
v,
down
strea
m
u"stream
v,%a9#
u"stream
u"str
eam
v, iav
%a9
u"
str
9+1 : 0
+1+ : 0
+ : 0

sig
c
/he %a9i%!% fle9!ral co%pressive/tensile stresses that taBe into consideration the seis%ic
action are within the per%issi$le li%its:
7or the h"pothesis of a seis%ic action# the profile does not %eet the slidin( sta$ilit" re!ire%ent:
/he fo!ndation of the da% sho!ld $e inclined in an !pstrea% direction# or the slopes of the profile faces
sho!ld $e softened:
4alc!lation of the %a9i%!% displace%ents ca!sed $" the seis%ic action within vario!s nat!ral
%odes in the directions of the de(rees of freedo%:
{ } { } ( )
4 4 d
4
i
4
i
F e #
%a9

iN1:::n iN1:::n
?
d
N
2

a v
F F

?
d
# ?
v
# ?
a
2 spectral val!es in relative displace%ents# relative velocities and a$sol!te
accelerations# respectivel"
s
rad
s
rad
s
rad
T
05 : 1&1 +3 : 83 :::: 01 : &3
1&1 : 0
28 : 1 2
3 2
1
1

{ } { } { }
m
i
m
i
m
i

'

'

'

000039 : 0
00003& : 0
000022 : 0
0001&0 : 0
000225 : 0
000&9+ : 0
00031 : 0
00125 : 0
003&5 : 0
%a9
3
%a9
2
%a9
1

4alc!lation of the %a9i%!% !pstrea%2downstrea% crest displace%ent# f!ll reservoir h"pothesis
( ) 351 : 0 0022 : 0 0&9+ : 0 3&8 : 0
2 2 2
%a9#
+ +
,FF
coron

c%
/he displace%ents ca!sed $" the earth!aBe are ver" s%all d!e to the hi(h ri(idit" of the da%
profile:
#2. Empt) reservoir h)pothesis
4alc!lation of the coefficients of %atri9 K5L for the e%pt" reservoir h"pothesisD
K5L
e%pt" reservoir
N
1
1
1
]
1

&00 : 0 &13 : 0 18+ : 0

3+3 : 0 +0& : 0 119 : 0
191 : 0 181 : 1 985 : 1
Jerification of the acc!rac" of coefficients e
i B
fro% %atri9 K5LD

3
1
# 1
1
4
4
e

3
1
# 2
1
4
4
e

3
1
# 3
1
4
4
e
4alc!lation of the %a9i%!% inertial forces `2
i
a
4# %a9
in vario!s nat!ral %odes in the directions of
the de(rees of freedo% for the e%pt" reservoir h"pothesis
{ } 4N 2
i
:
518 : &53
1+& : 828
981 : 151
%a9
1

'

++
%a9# crest
sig
%a9
%a9 %a9 %a9
%a9
{ } 4N 2
i
:
18+ : +15
5&+ : 111
500 : 291
%a9
2

'

{ } 4N 2
i
:
+1& : 518
830 : 2+0
+&0 : 3+
%a9
3

'

2igure 2121 >ra"hical re"resentation of the inertial forces in 4N, in various
natural modes for the em"t$ reservoir h$"othesis1
4alc!lation of the spectral vertical stresses in vario!s nat!ral %odes at the $ase of the profile# for
the e%pt" reservoir h"pothesisD
( )
2
%a9#
# 1
#
&21 : 282
m
4N
gol lac
am
av v
( )
2
%a9#
# 2
#
9+8 : 83
m
4N
gol lac
am
av v

( )
2
%a9#
# 3
#
+&1 : 9
m
4N
gol lac
am
av v

4alc!lation of the spectral shear forces in vario!s nat!ral %odes at the $ase of the profile# for the
e%pt" reservoir h"pothesisD
( ) 223 : 193&
%a9 # 1
T 2
4N
( ) +3& : 1135
%a9 # 2
T 2
4N
( ) 12& : 335
%a9 # 3
T 2
BN
4alc!lation of the spectral stresses and spectral shear forces at the $ase of the profile# in
accordance with 'osen$l!eth for%!la ('??)D
( )
2
%a9 #
813 : 29&
m
4N
,FF
v

( ) 985 : 221+
%a9

,FF
T 2
4N
+8
%a9# em"t$
reservoir
%a9# em"t$
reservoir
%a9# em"t$
reservoir
%a9
%a9
%a9 %a9 %a9
%a9
v, %a9
u"str
eam
v,
dow
nstre
am
u"str
eam
v,
dow
nstre
am
u"str
eam
v,
dow
nstre
am
2igure 21* (om#ining of stresses N
v
due to static loads with the s"ectral
stresses due to seismic action1
Jerification of the stress re(i%en and slidin( sta$ilit" for the e%pt" reservoir h"pothesisD
113 : 0
19980
985 : 221+
) (
gol lac
tg
19 : 1
113 : 0
+0 : 0
) (
gol lac sig
c
/here are no slidin( sta$ilit" iss!es for the e%pt" reservoir h"pothesis: In the toe re(ion# the
vertical fle9!ral tensile stresses (N
v
) e9ceed the per%issi$le stresses $!t# (iven the fact that the e%pt"
reservoir h"pothesis onl" occ!rs d!rin( the constr!ction of the da%# the" can $e accepted:
4alc!lation of the %a9i%!% displace%ents ca!sed $" the seis%ic action within vario!s nat!ral
%odes in the directions of the de(rees of freedo%D
{ } { } { }
m
i
m
i
m
i

'

'

'

000023 : 0
000022 : 0
000011 : 0
000099 : 0
0001+0 : 0
000283 : 0
00023 : 0
00081 : 0
002&1 : 0
%a9
3
%a9
2
%a9
1

4alc!lation of the %a9i%!% !pstrea%2downstrea% crest displace%ent# e%pt" reservoir
h"pothesisD
( ) 2&3 : 0
%a9#

,FF
coron

c%
/he displace%ents ca!sed $" the earth!aBe are ver" s%all d!e to the hi(h ri(idit" of the da%
profile:
#3. 1pectral anal)sis via the finite element method using 1+$ 2000
/he instr!ctions (iven for the anal"sis of free vi$rations !sin( the finite ele%ent %ethod (-oint
A2 2 pa(e ++) is contin!ed:
+9
?tress re(i%en N
v
d!e
to static loads for the
e%pt" reservoir
h"pothesis
?pectral stresses N
v

d!e to seis%ic action
for the e%pt" reservoir
h"pothesis
em"t$
reservoi
r
em"t$
reservoir
%a9# crest
sig
%a9 %a9 %a9
/he seis%ic response spectr!% is defined in accordance with -10022001 (7i(!re 72):
4licB on *efine / 7!nctions / 'esponse spectr!%:
In *efine 'esponse ?pectr!% 7!nctions# in 4hoose 7!nction /"pe to Add . 4hoose 3ser and
enter -10022001,edi!% in 'esponse ?pectra:
4licB on Add New 7!nction:
In 'esponse ?pectr!% 7!nction *efinition# -10022001 ,edi!% will appear in the 7!nction
Na%e $o9
5nter 0 in 7!nction *a%pin( 'atio:
In *efine 7!nction# enter the followin( ta$leD
-eriod Acceleration
0
0:1
1
1:5
2
2:5
3
3:5
&
5
+
10
1:
2:+5
2:+5
1:833
1:3+5
1:1
0:51+
0:1+3
0:511
0:330
0:118
0:09
;He ;He
4licB on *efine / Load -attern
In *efine Load -attern# clicB on Add New Load -attern
In the Load -attern Na%e col!%n# enter Aater7orce
In the /"pe col!%n# select ;/85'
In ?elf Aei(ht ,!ltiplier# enter 0: ;He
4licB on *efine / Load 4ases
4licB on *5A* and ,odif" / ?how Load 4ase
In Load 4ase *ata 2 Load 4ase Na%e *5A*
In Loads Applied# col!%n Load /"pe# write Load -atternF in col!%n Load Na%e# write *5A*F
in col!%n ?cale 7actor# enter 1: ;He
4licB on ,;*AL and ,odif"/?how Load 4ase
In Load 4ase *ata / Load 4ase Na%e ,;*AL
4hecB in ?tiffness to 3se . Sero Initial 4onditions
in /"pe of ,odel . 5i(en Jectors
in N!%$er of ,odes . ,a9i%!% N!%$er of ,odes 12
,ini%!% N!%$er of ,odes 1
Allow A!to%atic 7re!enc" ?hiftin( ;He
4licB on Add New Load 4ase
In col!%n Load 4ase Na%e# write Aater7orce1F in Load 4ase /"pe# write Linear ?tatic
4licB on Add New Load 4ase
80
In the col!%n Load 4ase Na%e# write ?pectral Anal"sisF in Load 4ase /"pe# write
'esponse?pectr!%:
4licB on Aater7orce1 . ,odif" / ?how Load 4ase
In Load 4ase *ata . Load 4ase Na%e Aater7orce1
In Load Applied# col!%n Load /"pe# write Load -atternF in col!%n Load Na%e# write
Aater7orceF in col!%n ?cale 7actor# enter 1: ;He
4licB on ?pectral Anal"sis . ,odif" /?how Load 4ase
In ,odel 4o%$ination# choose 4]4F ),4 f
1
1:F ),4 f
2
0:F
-eriodicY'i(id /"pe ?'??
In *irectional 4o%$ination# choose ?'??
In ,odel Load 4ase# choose ,;*AL
In Loads Applied# col!%n Load /"pe# choose AccelF in Load Na%e# choose 31F in 7!nction#
select -100.2001,edi!%F in col!%n ?cale 7actor# enter 1: ;He ;He
4licB on *efine / Load 4o%$inations
In *efine Load 4o%$inations# in Load 4o%$inations# write 5arth!aBe*A8:
4licB on ,odif"/?how 4o%$o
In Load 4o%$ination *ata/5arth!aBe*A8# in Load 4o%$ination /"pe# select Linear Add:
In *efine 4o%$ination of Load 4ase 'es!lts# select the data fro% the followin( ta$leD
Load 4ase Na%e Load 4ase /"pe ?cale 7actor
?pectral Anal"sis
*5A*
Aater7orce1
'esponse ?pectr!%
Linear ?tatic
Linear ?tatic
1:
1:
1:
;He
In *efine Load 4o%$inations# in Load 4o%$inations# write 7!ll 'eservoir:
4licB on ,odif"/?how 4o%$o
In Load 4o%$ination *ata/ 7!ll 'eservoir in Load 4o%$ination /"pe# selectD Linear Add:
In *efine 4o%$ination of Load 4ase 'es!lts# select the data fro% the followin( ta$leD
Load 4ase Na%e Load 4ase /"pe ?cale 7actor
*5A*
Aater7orce1
Linear ?tatic
Linear ?tatic
1:
1:
;He ;He
/o carr" o!t a spectral anal"sis for the f!ll reservoir h"pothesis# the h"drostatic press!re shall $e
introd!ced# with the water in the laBe at level &0:00 %# $" appl"in( h"drostatic forces in the nodes of
the !pstrea% face:
4licB on ?elect / ?elect -ointer Aindow
4licB on node + (G N 0:# S N 3+:50)
4licB on Assi(n / <oint Loads / 7orces
In <oint 7orces / Load -attern Na%e# select Aater7orce
81
In 4oordinate ?"ste%# select )L;6AL
In Loads# in 7orce )lo$al G# enter 101 51
In ;ptions# select 'eplace 59istin( Loads:
/he operations specified for node + shall $e repeated for the other nodes of the !pstrea% face of
the di(itised profile on which h"drostatic forces are applied# in accordance with the followin( ta$leD
Node n!%$er
in di(itisation
4oordinate
G %
4oordinate
S %
7orce in direction G
BN
10 0: 33:+5 23&:3+5
1& 0: 30 3+5:
19 0: 21:25 515:125
25 0: 22:50 151:25
32 0: 18:+5 +91:8+5
&0 0: 15: 93+:5
&9 0: 11:25 10+8:125
59 0: +:50 1218:+5
+0 0: 3:+5 1359:3+5
JerificationD /otal h"drostatic force 1/2 9 10 9 &0
2
N 8 000 BN
/he res!ltin( force in direction G in node 82 ($locBed)# with the coordinates (GN0# SN0)# is
e!al to +33 &3 BN

+ + +
11
1
# 81 : 8001 &3 : +33 :::: 3+5 : 23& 51 : 101 O i
i
2
BN
4licB on Anal"Ce / ?et Load 4ases to '!n
4ol!%n 1 4ase Na%e will displa" the fo!r Load 4asesD
,;*AL# *5A*# ?pectral Anal"sis and Aater7orce1:
In Anal"sis ,onitor ;ptions# select Alwa"s ?how
4licB on '!n Now
4licB on *ispla" and s!ccessivel" choose to have the anal"sis res!lts displa"ed on the %onitor:
/he calc!lation res!lts o$tained for the load co%$inations (7!ll'eservoir# 5arth!aBe*A8) will appear
directl" in *ispla":
/he t"pe of anal"sis !sed corresponds to a (ravit" da% with a fo!ndation of infinite ri(idit":
/his si%plification infl!ences# to a certain e9tent# the anal"sis res!lts:
7i(!re 71& shows the lines of e!al stress N
v
(or N
;
) and P
7;
d!e to the dead load Y h"drostatic
press!re of the reservoir at the nor%al retention li%it (N'L) ( &0 %): It can $e deter%ined that#
thro!(ho!t the entire da% $od" (e9cept for one local crest Cone)# the stresses N
v
are co%pressions and
the stresses P
7;
are %anifested in a downstrea% to !pstrea% direction: /he %a9i%!% co%pressive stress
reaches the val!e of 112 B-a on the contact s!rface $etween the da% and the fo!ndation# in a Cone near
the heel of the da%:
82
2igure 21:1 @ines of e<ual stress N
;
and P
7;
due to the dead load and the
h$drostatic "ressure of the reservoir at the normal retention limit 9N,@) 9 :0
m)1
/he slidin( sta$ilit" of the contact s!rface $etween the da% and the fo!ndation shall $e checBed
$" inte(ratin( the stresses N
;
(vertical stresses) and P
7;
on the contact s!rface (see 2igure 217)# in
accordance with the followin( relationshipD
t( _ N
F dB
B d
F =
?
;
s
; 7
s
ef
ef

where t( E is the slidin( coefficient of the str!ct!re and ? . the force applied to the contact
s!rface $" the res!ltant of the ne(ative press!res:
/he slidin( safet" coefficient (4) is deter%ined with the followin( relationshipD
4 N
tg
f
where f is the slidin( friction coefficient of the contact:
83
7or the f!ll reservoir h"pothesis# the res!lt isD
50 : 0
3880 18802
+&10

tg
&0 : 1
50 : 0
+0 : 0

"lin lac
C
2igure 2161 @ines of e<ual stress N
;
and P
7;
o#tained #$ carr$ing out a s"ectral anal$sis for a hori;ontal
earth<ua4e of 011 g, considered to com"l$ with the P100-2006'edium s"ectrum1
7i(!re 216 shows the lines of e!al stress N
;
and P
7;
# calc!lated $" carr"in( o!t a spectral anal"sis
for a horiContal earth!aBe of 0:1 (# in accordance with the -10022001,edi!% spectr!%:
In the anal"sis# the de(rees of translation freedo% were considered in the nodes of the di(itised
profile in $oth planar directions (horiContal and vertical)# res!ltin( in a total of 112 de(rees of freedo%
and 12 nat!ral %odes:
/he de(rees of vertical freedo% had a si(nificant infl!ence on the responseF therefore the stresses
N
;
are of a tensile nat!re thro!(ho!t the entire da% $od"# reachin( 8&0 B-a at the heel:
/he followin( ta$le presents the response participation factors of the nat!ral %odes: It can $e
noted that %odes 3 and & have si(nificant participation factors in the vertical direction (C):
,odal participation factors
N!%$er of the
nat!ral %ode
-eriod
seconds
3
9
3
C
1
2
3
&
5
1
+
8
9
10
11
0:1&&5
0:018&
0:0&52
0:0&18
0:0259
0:0215
0:0201
0:0190
0:01&8
0:01&&
0:013+
38:82
221:1&
1+:21
20:&+
9:15
2+:32
211:0&
3:+1
5:11
23:12
5:3&
5:08
219:8
21+:&3
230:11
+:93
1:&&
2+:32
213:&2
2:01
25:11
2&:29
8&
full
reservoi
r
12 0:0122 2:95 22:+3
2igure 2161 @ines of e<ual stress N
;
and P
7;
due to the dead load Q the h$drostatic "ressure of the
reservoir at the normal retention limit 9N@,) Q a hori;ontal earth<ua4e of 011g, in accordance with the
P100-2006'edium s"ectrum1
7i(!re 216 shows the lines of e!al stress N
;
and P
7;
d!e to the dead load Y the h"drostatic
press!re at the nor%al retention li%it (NL') Y a horiContal earth!aBe of 0:1 ( applied in accordance
with the -10022001,edi!% spectr!%: It can $e noted that the stresses N
;
occ!rrin( in the profile $od"
are !s!all" co%pressive stresses (%a9i%!% stress 101 B-a)# e9cept for a Cone on the !pper half of the
!pstrea% face# where tensile stresses occ!r (%a9i%!% stress 2&9 B-a):
/he dia(ra%s of the stresses N
;
and P
7;
%anifested on the contact s!rface $etween the da% and the
fo!ndation d!e to the loads applied $" the dead load Y the h"drostatic press!re at the nor%al retention
li%it (NL') and $" the dead load Y the h"drostatic press!re at the nor%al retention li%it (NL') Y a
horiContal earth!aBe of 0:1( applied accordin( to the -10022001 ,edi!% response spectr!%#
respectivel"# are shown in fi(!re 2171
85
?tresses d!e to the dead load Y h"drostatic press!re
?tresses d!e to the dead load Y h"drostatic press!re Y earth!aBe 0:1 (
co%pressions
!pstrea% orientation
2igure 2171 -iagrams of the stresses P
7;
and N
;
due to the dead load Q the h$drostatic "ressure at the
normal retention limit 9N@,) and the dead load Q the h$drostatic "ressure at the normal retention limit
9N@,) Q a hori;ontal earth<ua4e of 011g, in accordance with the P100-2006'edium s"ectrum1
/o deter%ine the slidin( sta$ilit" coefficient for the contact s!rface $etween the da% and the
fo!ndation for the h"pothesis of a seis%ic action# the correspondin( dia(ra%s N
;
and P
7;
shall $e
inte(rated on the contact s!rface# !sin( the relationships (iven a$ove: /he res!lt is thatD
+3+ : 0
&9+1
31+8
3880 8851
31+8

tg
4
si(:0:1(
N
95 : 0
+3+ : 0
+0 : 0

/he slidin( safet" coefficient when an ;65 earth!aBe (0:1 () is considered is s!$!nitar" and
the profile %!st $e corrected to %eet the slidin( sta$ilit" re!ire%ent (the slidin( safet" coefficient %!st
$e within the 1:00.1:10 ran(e): /he sa%e concl!sion was drawn fro% the pse!do2static anal"sis:
81
+nne8 3
1E01(0# +N+2/101 O; +N E+R.A;022 D+(
A seis%ic anal"sis of the transverse profile of the earthfill da% shown in 7i(!re )1 !nder the
action of an ;65 (;peratin( 6asis 5arth!aBe) %!st $e carried o!t in accordance with 'e(!lation N-
0+1/2002:
6ase strat!%D ,A'L
2igure >11 Profile of an earthfill dam with geometrical elements and ;oning of the materials
/he followin( shall $e taBen into consideration in addition to the data provided in the fi(!reD
/he da% $elon(s to i%portance class II (?/A? &2+3283) and i%portance cate(or" 6 (N/L82
021):
In accordance with re(!lation -10022001# the da% is located in a seis%ic Cone characterised $"
the peaB val!e of the site (ro!nd acceleration a
(
N 0:2&( and corner periods /
6
N 0:1 seconds and /
4
N
1:0 seconds: /he seis%ic s!rve" of the site has confir%ed the val!es (iven in -10022001:
/he seis%ic response spectr!% was shown in 7i(!re 7:2: (Anne9 7):
If !sin( the pse!do2static %ethod# an
;65
N 0:&0( $!t not less than 0:1(:
If !sin( the spectral anal"sis %ethod# an
;65
N 0:&0 ( $!t not less than 0:1 (:
/he seis%ic anal"sis shall $e carried o!t for the h"pothesis of a f!ll reservoir# where the water
level is at the nor%al retention li%it (N'L): /he infiltration c!rve for the da% $od" is shown in 7i(!re
)1:
/he vertical co%ponent of the earth!aBe acceleration shall not $e taBen into consideration:
+. $seudo'static method
/his %ethod shall onl" appl" when carr"in( o!t preli%inar" deter%inations for da%s $elon(in(
to class II and i%portance cate(or" 6 (pre2feasi$ilit" and feasi$ilit" st!dies):
an
;65
N 0:&0 9 0:2& ( N 0:091 1 %/s
2
()21)
an
;65
. the %a9i%!% desi(n earth!aBe acceleration shall $e considered constant alon( the
entire hei(ht of the da%: In the seis%ic anal"sis of the sta$ilit" of the downstrea% $anB# the !pstrea%
direction of the horiContal earth!aBe which prod!ces downstrea% inertial response forces is the
dan(ero!s direction that %!st $e taBen into consideration:
8+
?lidin( s!rfaces shall $e s!ccessivel" traced for the !pstrea% and downstrea% faces# and
calc!lation strips shall $e deter%ined (iN1gn): /he slidin( safet" coefficient (7?) shall $e calc!lated for
each slidin( s!rface !sin( the followin( relationshipD
7? N

+ +

n
i i i i i i
n
i i i i i i
l c 2 > i
tg 2 R > i
1
1
) cos sin (
) sin cos (


()22)
where )
i
is the wei(ht of the stripF in the Cone !nderneath the infiltration c!rve#
+
sat w u sat
n (

the sat!rated vol!%etric wei(ht#
u

2 the dr" vol!%etric wei(ht# n . porosit" and

the vol!%etric
wei(ht of the water shall $e taBen into considerationF
E
i
2 the an(le $etween the nor%al line in the %iddle of strip i of the slidin( s!rface and the
vertical a9isF
3
i
. res!ltant of the infiltration water press!re on strip iF
7
i
. inertial force prod!ced $" the earth!aBe on strip iF
S
i
2 an(le of friction of the slidin( s!rface on strip iF
c
i
2 cohesion of the slidin( s!rface on strip iF
l
i
. len(th of the slidin( s!rface alon( strip i:
2igure >21 (alculation diagram using the 2ellenius method of the sliding safet$ factor for a sliding
surface in the "seudo-static method1
88
*istri$!tion of the
response accelerations in
elevation
,arl
/he followin( ta$le presents the calc!lations carried o!t for the slidin( s!rface shown in 7i(!re )2:
/a$le )21
No
of the
strip
i

cos
i
sin G
i
kN
G
i
cos
i

kN
G
i
i
sin

kN
F
i
kN
F
i
sin
i

kN
F
i
cos
i

kN
U
i
kN
C
i
kN/m
l
i
m
tg
i

1 63c .!"3## .$#11 %%." 1.1 1#.6" %.% 1.#6 1. & % .6'!"1
% "!c ."$''# .$#% "''." 33#.!" !6'.%1 "'.'" !6.'% 33.#! & # .6'!"1
3 !%c3( .'3'%$ .6'""# #1$.'" 6''.3$ 6%.' #1.$' 6%.' 6'.'3 & ' .6'!"1
! 3%c3( .$!33# ."3'3 1%3.'" $63.!% "".6 1%.3' "". $6.3! & 6 .6'!"1
" %3c .#%" .3#'3 163.6" #'#.# !1".6 16.36 !1."6 #'.# & ".'" .6'!"1
6 1!c .#'3 .%!1#% #'1.%" #!%.! %3!.#6 #'.1% %3.!# #!.%! 6%." "." .6%3#
' 6c .##!"% .1!"3 $13.'" $#.%# $".6 $1.3' $." $.#% 1. ".%" .""!31
$ &%c .###3# &.3!# ""1.%" "".#1 &1#.%3 "".1% &1.#% "".# 1. " .""!31
# &1c .#$!$1 &.1'36" %36.%" %3%.66 &!1.% %3.6% &!.1 %3.%6 ". ".6 .""!31
/he followin( is o$tained on the $asis of relationship ()22) and the data (iven in /a$le ()21) 7?
for the slidin( s!rface shown in fi(!re )2D
+1 : 1+ 81 : 35 98 : 115 20 : 329 50 : 513 &0 : 131 &3 : 188 15 : &+1 15 : 20
523 : 103 008 : 251 &5& : 388 885 : 515 3+& : 132 288 : 5&5 033 : &15 &&9 : 19+ &3 : 5
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + +
2F
0+& : 1
&1 : 28&3
&& : 305&
2F ()23)
/he %ini%!% safet" factor (7?
%in
) shall $e deter%ined $" carr"in( o!t deter%inations of this
factor for other slidin( s!rfaces# !sin( the sa%e %ethodolo(":
/he calc!lations sho!ld $e carried o!t !sin( co%p!ter pro(ra%%es:
?. .he pseudo'static method using the 3eo1tudio programme
/he sta$ilit" calc!lation of the earthfill da% profile shall $e carried o!t !sin( the )eo?t!dio
pro(ra%%e# na%el" the ?lope and ?eep %od!les for two2di%ensional calc!lation:
/he ?eep %od!le is !sed to deter%ine the position of the infiltration c!rve for the str!ct!re
di(itised into finite ele%ents of the =?tr!ct!red ]!ad 2 Inte(ration order &0 t"pe (7i(!re )3):
Distance [m]
2igure >*1 -igitisation diagram and "osition of the infiltration curve1
89
H
e
i
g
h
t

[
m
]
In )eo?t!dio# each drawn re(ion was allocated a t"pe of %aterial: /he data entered are in ?I
!nits: /he re(ions were di(itised in the ='e(ion -roperties0 window (7i(!re )&) so that each re(ion
contains conve9 !adrilateral ele%ents with an(les that are ver" close to a ri(ht an(le and the sides ratio
is appro9i%atel" !nitar":
2igure >:1 Jindow for esta#lishing the characteristics of the materials1
In the ?eep %od!le# the !nBnown !antities in the nodes are the pieCo%etric levels: /he
$o!ndar" conditions on the !pstrea% face of the da% and the $otto% of the reservoir corresponded to
the e!ivalent pieCo%etric levels of the f!ll reservoir at the nor%al retention li%it (N'L)# whereas
downstrea%# the pieCo%etric levels were considered at (ro!nd hei(ht:
/he h"dra!lic cond!ctivit" of the %aterials was considered to $e constant and the ther%al
infl!ence was i(nored (7i(!re )5):
2igure >61 Jindow with the h$draulic conductivit$ characteristics1
/his helped deter%ine the position of the infiltration c!rve and the vol!%e of water infiltrated
(7l!9 ?ections) thro!(h the waterti(ht diaphra(% and l!tin( shield:
90
In the ?lope %od!le# the $ehavio!r of the %aterial (,ohr24o!lo%$) and the characteristics of
the %aterial were deter%ined for each re(ion (7i(!re )1):
2igure >61 Flo"e module with the characteristics of the materials, "er region1
/he calc!lation was carried o!t !sin( the pse!do2static %ethod# with a seis%ic acceleration of
0:1( in the horiContal direction (7i(!re )+):
2igure >71 Jindow with the characteristics of the seismic action1
/he ?lope pro(ra%%e calc!lates the %ini%!% slidin( safet" coefficients of the $anBs !sin(
vario!s %ethods# for the h"pothesis of the pse!do2static %ethod (7i(!re )8):
91
2igure >M1 Fliding sta#ilit$ coefficients for a hori;ontal earth<ua4e of 011 g1
7i(!res )9 and )10 show the slidin( s!rfaces of the !pstrea% and downstrea% faces
correspondin( to the %ini%!% safet" coefficients for the action of a horiContal earth!aBe of 0:1 (#
deter%ined !sin( the <a%$! %ethod:
Distance [m]
2igure >&1 Fliding surface of the downstream #an4, corres"onding to the minimum safet$ coefficient
determined using the )am#u method 9earth<ua4e of 011 g)
92
H
e
i
g
h
t

[
m
]
Distance [m]
2igure >101 Fliding surface of the u"stream #an4, corres"onding to the minimum safet$ coefficient
determined using the )am#u method 9earth<ua4e of 011 g)
/he seis%ic anal"sis !sin( the pse!do2static %ethod# carried o!t with the )eo?t!dio pro(ra%%e#
has led to s!$!nitar" safet" coefficients (BN0:910) in the event of slidin( of the downstrea% $anB# which
re!ires the profile to $e redesi(ned to ens!re that the coefficients are within the 1:00.1:10 ran(e:
#. 1pectral anal)sis via the finite element method using 1+$2000
/he instr!ctions for carr"in( o!t the spectral anal"sis are si%ilar to those stip!lated in Anne9 )
and will not $e repeated:
/he di(itisation dia(ra% of the earthfill da%2fo!ndation (ro!nd asse%$l" in the ^2S plane is
shown in 7i(!re )11: /he da% $od" is di(itised into 35 -LANA' ele%ents with inco%pati$le %odes#
which are also incl!ded in the h"pothesis of the planar defor%ation state: /he fo!ndation (ro!nd !p to
$edrocB level is di(itised into 3& -LANA' ele%ents si%ilar to those in the $od" of the da%: /he nodes
located at the lateral and lower li%its of the di(itised representation of the fo!ndation (ro!nd were
$locBed:
/he s"ste% has 12+ de(rees of translation freedo%:
/he characteristics of the %aterials !sed in the earthfill da%2fo!ndation (ro!nd asse%$l" are
(iven in the ta$le $elowD
Na%e of
%aterial
m

BN/%
3
5
B-a
H -osition
of the %aterial
5arth1
5arth2
7ace
4!toff
21
2
2&
2
&0000
250000
2&000000
21000000
0:3
0:3
0:2
0:2
*a% $od"
fo!ndation (ro!nd
reinforced concrete
diaphra(%
l!tin( shield
(diaphra(% wall)
93
H
e
i
g
h
t

[
m
]
2igure >111 2inite element digitisation diagram1
/he p!nct!al additional %asses (m
hi
) for the h"pothesis of the f!ll reservoir with water levels
e!al to the nor%al retention li%it (N'L) ( 11:00 %) were calc!lated fro% the h"drod"na%ic
press!res ("
hi
) deter%ined with Aester(aard\s for%!la for inclined facesD
m
hi
N 4
g
; ?
w

8
+
() . &)
where 4 N 0:221 is a coefficient which taBes into consideration the (radient of the face (1D2:50)F
w

2 vol!%etric wei(ht of the waterF ( . (ravitational accelerationF 8 . depth of the reservoirF
C 2 depth of the point where the p!nct!al additional %ass is calc!lated:
/he additional %asses concentrated in the nodes have the sa%e orientation as the correspondin(
h"drod"na%ic forces and are (iven in the ta$le $elowD
Node
n!%$er
,ass concentrated in
direction ^
t
,ass concentrated in
direction S
t
1
+
13
21
33
1:+2
1:25
9:01
11:12
1:11
&:30
15:12
22:50
2+:80
15:&0
/he followin( ta$le presents the h"drostatic forces developed in the nodes# calc!lated for the f!ll
reservoir h"pothesis (N'L 11:00 %)
Node
n!%$er
8"drostatic force in
direction ^
BN
8"drostatic force in
direction S
BN
1
+
13
21
33
21:1+
110:
320:
&80:
293:33
211:1+
2&00:
2800:
21200
2+33:33
/he first si9 nat!ral periods of the earthfill da% profile for the f!ll reservoir and e%pt" reservoir
h"potheses are presented in the followin( ta$le: 7i(!re )12 shows the first fo!r nat!ral %odes for the
f!ll reservoir h"pothesis:
9&
Nat!ral periods in seconds
Nat!ral period
n!%$er
8"pothesis
/
1
/
2
/
3
/
&
/
5
/
1
5%pt" reservoir 0:32&5 0:2302 0:1958 0:1191 0:1532 0:1&&3
7!ll reservoir 0:3210 0:2308 0:198& 0:1+21 0:1552 0:1&83
/he res!lt is that the nat!ral periods for the f!ll reservoir have the sa%e val!es as the nat!ral
periods for the e%pt" reservoir:
2 ,ode 1 2 -eriod 0:32103
2 ,ode 2 2 -eriod 0:23082
2 ,ode 3 2 -eriod 0:198&3
2 ,ode & 2 -eriod 0:1+215
2igure >121 2irst four natural modes for the h$"othesis of a full reservoir1
7i(!re )13 shows the lines of e!al stress N
;
(vertical stress N
v
) and P
7;
d!e to the dead load Y
h"drostatic press!re when the level of the water in the reservoir at the nor%al retention li%it (N'L): /he
vertical stresses thro!(ho!t the entire da% $od" are co%pressive stresses and reach %a9i%!% val!es of
311 B-a at the point of contact with the fo!ndation# !nder the crest: /he shear stresses P
7;
have s%all
val!es# the hi(hest of the% occ!rrin( on the s!rface of contact with the fo!ndation and $ein( e!al to 3+
B-a:
95
2igure >1*1 @ines of e<ual stress N
;
and N
$
due to the dead load and the h$drostatic "ressure of the
reservoir at the normal retention limit 9N,@) 9 Q16100 m)1
7i(!re )1& shows the lines of e!al stress N
$
F N
;
and P
7;
calc!lated $" carr"in( o!t a spectral
anal"sis for a horiContal earth!aBe of 0:1 (# in accordance with the -10022001,edi!% response
spectr!%: /he stresses N
$
can reach !p to +9 B-a on the downstrea% face of the da%: /he stresses N
;
are
s%all and do not e9ceed +:& B-a in the central Cone# on the da%2fo!ndation contact s!rface: /he
%a9i%!% stresses P
7;
of 1& B-a also occ!r in this Cone:
91
2igure >1:1 @ines of e<ual stress N
$
T N
;
and P
7;
determined #$ carr$ing out a s"ectral anal$sis under the
action of a hori;ontal earth<ua4e of 011 g, in accordance with the P100-2006'edium seismic res"onse
s"ectrum1
/he followin( ta$le presents the response participation factors of the nat!ral %odes:
,odal participation factors 2 f!ll reservoir h"pothesis
N!%$er of the
nat!ral %ode
3
"
3
C
1
2
3
&
5
1
+
8
9
10
11
12
&&:81&
21:8120
0:5+85
0:33&+
21:2&2&
1:19&1
22:2&39
2+:39&&
1:8995
21:0033
22:9392
21:10&+
21:2521
23&:3++2
23:1+21
221:21&9
21&:0119
22:3&58
211:2281
5:583+
22:0&1+
21:0+&+
22:58+&
25:3&5&
/he res!lt is that the nat!ral %odes 1 and 1 have %ainl" horiContal participation factors# whilst
%odes 2# &# 5 and + have %ainl" vertical participation factors:
7i(!re )15 shows the lines of e!al stress N
;
and P
7;
d!e to the dead load Y h"drostatic press!re
at the nor%al retention li%it (N'L) Y a horiContal earth!aBe of 0:1( applied in accordance with the
-10022001,edi!% seis%ic response spectr!%: /he stresses N
;
are co%pressive stresses which can reach
%a9i%!% val!es of 3&1 B-a in the central area of the da%2fo!ndation interface: /he !pstrea% face
displa"s a local Cone at the crest where s%all tensile stresses N
;
with %a9i%!% val!es of !p to 12 B-a
occ!r: /he stresses P
7;
can reach %a9i%!% val!es of !p to 11 B-a on the contact s!rface $etween the
da% and the fo!ndation# in the !pstrea% vicinit" of the Cone $elow the crest:
9+
2igure >161 @ines of e<ual stress N
;
and P
7;
due to the dead load Q the h$drostatic "ressure of the
reservoir at the normal retention limit 9N@,) Q a hori;ontal earth<ua4e of 011 g, in accordance with the
P100-2006 'edium s"ectrum1
/he level of stress developed in the da%2fo!ndation (ro!nd asse%$l" !nder the action of a
horiContal earth!aBe of 0:1( shall $e within per%issi$le li%its: /he stress spectra N
;
and P
7;
can $e !sed
to deter%ine the slidin( sta$ilit" coefficients for vario!s slidin( s!rfaces of the da% K2L:
98