FRAUDS AND SWINDLES Using Mail to Defraud (Federal Crime) USING MAIL TO DEFRAUD defined: The elements of this

offense are the formation of a scheme or artifice to defraud, and use of mails for purpose of executing or attempting to execute such scheme or artifice; the latter element being gist of the offense. 18 U.S.C.A. 1341. Stryker v. United States, C.C.A.Colo., 95 F.2d 601, 604, 605. The crime is complete when mails are used in such scheme, and what happened subsequently is not controlling. United States v. Ames, D.C.N.Y., 39 F.Supp. 885, 886. See Mail fraud. Blacks Law Dictionary Sixth Edition (page 1544) The UPU (Universal Postal Union) states that Postal items shall remain the property of the sender until delivered to the rightful owner. (UPU Letter Post Conv Art 5; Prot 1 Ownership of Postal Items. at 1 "A postal item shall remain the property of the sender until it is delivered to the rightful owner") This is important. Whether or not they get the people to keep their bills may be the key to whether or not they can tax. Keeping these letters is presumed a contract. No acceptance = No contract! The bill (letter) has to be delivered to the rightful owner (NAME & ADDRESS on envelope) or the sender retains ownership of the bill. Whereas defined pursuant to; American Jurisprudence In general, it is essential to identify parties to court actions properly. If the alleged parties to an action are not precisely identified, then who is involved with whom or what, and how? If not properly identified, all corresponding judgments are void, as outlined in Volume 46, Whereas defined pursuant to; American Jurisprudence 2d, at Judgments. Sec. 100 Parties A judgment should identify the parties for and against whom it is rendered, with such certainty that it may be readily enforced, and a judgment, which does not do so, may be regarded as void for uncertainty. Such identification may be achieved by naming the persons for and against whom the judgment is rendered. Technical deficiencies in the naming of the persons for and against whom judgment is rendered can be corrected if the parties are not prejudiced. A reference in a judgment to a party plainly liable, followed by an omission of that partys name from the language of the decree, at least gives rise to an ambiguity and calling for an inquiry into courts real intention as reflected in the entire record and surrounding circumstances. The use of, by implication, mistake, or otherwise, of fictitious names within any lawful and even legal document renders said document/instrument fatally flawed for simple fraud. And, since no man or woman in the Private Domain can be held accountable for the same crime twice, by guarantee, then if initially one is charged in the wrong name, and that mistaken identity at any stage of the proceedings renders the present proceeding null, void and dismissed. This renders the above statute also null, void, and never written, for this fatal error cannot be corrected and one must, secondly, face the same charges. Mistaken Identity cannot be used as a correctable error merely because one cannot be charged twice for the same cause, even if the first charge was mistaken. Whereas defined pursuant to; Frauds and Swindles: Whoever, having devised or intending to devise any scheme or artifice to defraud, or

for obtaining money or property by means of false or fraudulent pretenses, representations, or promises, or to sell, dispose of, loan, exchange, alter, give away, distribute, supply, or furnish or procure for unlawful use any counterfeit or spurious coin, obligation, security, or other article, or anything represented to be or intimated or held out to be such counterfeit or spurious article, for the purpose of executing such scheme or artifice or attempting so to do, places in any post office or authorized depository for mail matter, any matter or thing whatever to be sent or delivered by the Postal Service, or deposits or causes to be deposited any matter or thing whatever to be sent or delivered by any private or commercial interstate carrier, or takes or receives therefrom, any such matter or thing, or knowingly causes to be delivered by mail or such carrier according to the direction thereon, or at the place at which it is directed to be delivered by the person to whom it is addressed, any such matter or thing, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than 20 years, or both. If the violation occurs in relation to, or involving any benefit authorized, transported, transmitted, transferred, disbursed, or paid in connection with, a presidentially declared major disaster or emergency (as those terms are defined in section 102 of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (42 U.S.C.5122)), or affects a financial institution, such person shall be fined not more than $1,000,000 or imprisoned not more than 30 years, or both. Whereas defined pursuant to; Fictitious name or address: Whoever, for the purpose of conducting, promoting, or carrying on by means of the Postal Service, any scheme or device mentioned in section 1341 of this title or any other unlawful business, uses or assumes, or requests to be addressed by, any fictitious, false, or assumed title, name, or address or name other than his own proper name, or takes or receives from any post office or authorized depository of mail matter, any letter, postal card, package, or other mail matter addressed to any such fictitious, false, or assumed title, name, or address, or name other than his own proper name, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than five years, or both. FICTITIOUS defined: Founded on a fiction; having the character of a fiction; pretended; counterfeit. Feigned, imaginary, not real, false, not genuine, nonexistent. Arbitrarily invented and set up, to accomplish an ulterior object. Blacks Law Dictionary Sixth Edition (page 624) FICTITIOUS NAME defined: A counterfeit, alias, feigned, or pretended name taken by a person, differing in some essential particular from his true name (consisting of Christian name and patronymic), with the implication that it is meant to deceive or mislead. See also Alias. Blacks Law Dictionary Sixth Edition (page 624) FICTITIOUS PLAINTIFF defined: A person appearing in the writ, complaint, or record as the plaintiff in a suit, but who in reality does not exist, or who is ignorant of the suit and of the use of his name in it. It is a contempt of court to sue in the name of a fictitious party. Blacks Law Dictionary Sixth Edition (page 624) FICTITIOUS ACTION defined: An action brought for the sole purpose of obtaining the opinion of the court on a point of law, not for the

settlement of any actual controversy between the parties. See Declaratory judgment; Feigned action; Feigned issue. Blacks Law Dictionary Sixth Edition (page 624) FICTION OF LAW defined: The assumption that a certain thing is true, and which gives to a person or thing, a quality which is not natural to it, and establishes, consequently, a certain disposition, which, without the fiction, would be repugnant to reason and to truth. It is an order of things which does not exist, but which the law prescribe; or authorizes it differs from presumption, because it establishes as true, something which is false; whereas presumption supplies the proof of something true. Dalloz, Dict. h.t. See 1 Toull. 171, n. 203; 2 Toull. 217, n. 203; 11 Toull. 11, n. 10, note 2; Ferguson, Moral Philosophy, part 5, c. 10, s. 3 Burgess on Insolvency, 139, 140; Report of the Revisers of the Civil Code of Pennsylvania, March 1, 1832, p. 8. 2. The law never feigns what is impossible fictum est id quod factum non est sed fieri potuit. Fiction is like art; it imitates nature, but never disfigures it, it aids truth, but it ought never to destroy it. It may well suppose that what was possible, but which is not, exists; but it will never feign that what was impossible, actually is. D'Aguesseau, Oeuvres, tome iv. page 427, 47e Plaidoyer. 3. Fictions were invented by the Roman praetors, who, not possessing the power to abrogate the law, were nevertheless willing to derogate from it, under the pretence of doing equity. Fiction is the resource of weakness, which, in order to obtain its object, assumes as a fact, what is known to be contrary to truth: when the legislator desires to accomplish his object, he need not feign, he commands. Fictions of law owe their origin to the legislative usurpations of the bench. 4 Benth. Ev. 300. 4. It is said that every fiction must be framed according to the rules of law, and that every legal fiction must have equity for its object. 10 Co. 42; 10 Price's R. 154; Cowp. 177. To prevent, their evil effects, they are not allowed to be carried further than the reasons which introduced them necessarily require. 1 Lill. Ab. 610; Hawk. 320; Best on Pres. Sec. 20. 5. The law abounds in fictions. That an estate is in abeyance; the doctrine of remitter, by which a party who has been disseised of his freehold, and afterwards acquires a defective title, is remitted to his former good title; that one thing done today, is considered as done, at a preceding time by the doctrine of relation; that, because one thing is proved, another shall be presumed to be true, which is the case in all presumptions; that the heir, executor, and administrator stand by representation, in the place of the deceased are all fictions of law. "Our various introduction of John Doe and Richard Roe," says Mr. Evans, (Poth. on Ob. by Evans, vol. n. p. 43,) "our solemn process upon disseisin by Hugh Hunt; our casually losing and finding a ship (which never was in Europe) in the parish of St. Mary Le Bow, in the ward of Cheap; our trying the validity of a will by an imaginary, wager of five pounds; our imagining and compassing the king's death, by giving information which may defeat an attack upon an enewy's settlement in the antipodes our charge of picking a pocket, or forging a bill with force and arms; of neglecting to repair a bridge, against the peace of our lord the king, his crown and dignity are circumstances, which, looked at by themselves, would convey an impression of no very favorable nature, with respect to the wisdom of our jurisprudence." Vide 13 Vin. Ab. 209; Merl. Rep. h.t.; Dane's Ab. Index, h.t.; and Rey, des Inst. de I'Angl. tome 2, p. 219, where he severely cesures these fictions as absurd and useless. A Law Dictionary Adapted To The Constitution and Laws of the United States of America

and of the Several States of the American Union by John Bouvier Revised Sixth Edition, 1856

FICTITIOUS defined: Pretended; supposed; as, fictitious actions; fictitious payee. A Law Dictionary Adapted To The Constitution and Laws of the United States of America and of the Several States of the American Union by John Bouvier Revised Sixth Edition, 1856 DMM 602 1.3e (2) United States Postal Service Domestic Mail Manual 600 Basic Standards for All Mailing Services 602 Addressing 1.0 Elements of Addressing 1.1 Clear Space A clear space must be available on all mail for the address, postage (permit imprint, postage stamp, or meter stamp), postmarks, and postal endorsements. 1.2 Delivery Address The delivery address specifies the location to which the USPS is to deliver a mail piece. Except for mail prepared with detached address labels under 4.0, the piece must have the address of the intended recipient, visible and legible, only on the side of the piece bearing postage. 1.3 Address Elements All mail not bearing a simplified address must bear a delivery address that contains at least the following elements in this order from the top line: a. Intended recipients name or other identification. b. Private mailbox designator (PMB or alternative #) and number if the mail piece is addressed to a commercial mail receiving agency (CMRA) address. c. Street and number. (Include the apartment number, or use the Post Office box number, or general delivery, or rural route or highway contract route designation and box number, as applicable.) d. City and state (or state abbreviation). The city is any acceptable mailing name for the 5-digit ZIP Code serving the intended recipient as shown in the USPS City State Product. e. ZIP Code where required: 1.ZIP Codes are required on Priority Mail Express, commercial FirstClass Mail, First-Class Package Service, Periodicals, Standard Mail, Package Services and Parcel Select mail pieces, all mail sent to military addresses within the United States and to APO and FPO addresses, official mail, Business Reply Mail, and merchandise return service mail.

2. Unless required above, ZIP Codes may be omitted from single-piece price First-Class Mail (including Priority Mail), single-piece price Standard Post, and pieces bearing a simplified address.

Foreign Letters* Regulated by UPU** Franking Machine Impressions, Address of Destination, address of foreign senders are Regulated by Universal Postal Union as shown in following items: - 1. In so far as the UPU Acts have regulated a question, such regulations shall take precedence over any national legislation which conflicts with it. - UPU Constitution Article 24 Commentary - 2. Impressions shall bear the name of country of origin in roman letters - Art 8; RL 115.3.1 - 3. All postage stamps valid for prepayment shall be cancelled - Art 8; RL 117.3 - 4. Items not compliant with UPU regulations shall not be admitted Art 15 Section F 1.1 - 5. Items sent in furtherance of a fraudulent act shall not be admitted. - Art 15 Section F 1.1 - 6. Violations Prepayment impressions - Art 11 Violations 2..2 violations committed with the intention of obtaining illegitimate gain for oneself or for a third party. The following acts shall be punished: falsifying, imitating or counterfeiting any means of postal prepayment - 7. Poste restante (general delivery) Art 12; RL 123.8 - 8. The addressees address shall be worded in a precise and complete manner. very legibly in roman letters The name of the country of destination shall be written in capital letters together with the correct postcode number or delivery zone number, if any. preferably in the language of the country of origin to avoid any difficulty in the countries of transit, it is desirable for the name of the country of destination to be added in an internationally known language required for address of destination Article 12; RL 123.3.3 - 9 the town, the country of destination, and, if possible, the post office at which the item is to be collected. The indication Poste restante: shall be written in bold letters on the address side. The use of initials, figures, forenames only, fictitious names or code marks of any kind shall not be permitted for these items. - Art 12; RL 123.8 - 10. In the case of bulk postings, the senders address must be located in the country of posting of the item. Art 12; RL 123.10; see Art 12; RL 120,5 and Art 12; RL 124.8.1.1 *all of the cites are taken from the Universal Postal Union (UPU) letter Post Manual Berne 2005 Letter Post Conv Art or the UPU Constitution **Universal Postal Union

Unidentified Foreign Jurisdiction- Fraud If senders foreign jurisdiction, code mark _______ ,which is not a country name, will not re post this letter with a UPU compliant postage stamp* of the USA or other country, then sender is a pirate without a country sending letters in furtherance of a fraudulent act. (Items 1, 5, 6 Foreign Letters) - Letter Post Conv Art 11 Violations 2..2 violations committed with the intention of obtaining illegitimate gain for oneself or for a third party. The following acts shall be punished: falsifying, imitating or counterfeiting any means of postal prepayment *The term postage stamp shall be protected and shall be reserved exclusively for stamps which comply with the conditions of this article and the Regulations. Universal Postal Union Letter Post Conv Art 8.1

RETURN TO SENDER labels for foreign Postal Union Mail The term postage stamp shall be protected and shall be reserved exclusively for stamps which comply with conditions of this article and of the Regulations. (UPU Letter post Conv Art 8 Postage stamps) The more that you do know, the more you can know. Stop living in the world of assumptions, and find the truth! Here is simple conclusion: In both the outgoing and the return address: Do not use zip codes, nor 2 letter state abbreviations. Write out all words in full, not Rd. but Road, etc. GENERAL DELIVERY defined: noun a postal service that delivers mail to a specific post office where it is held for pickup by the addressee. The postal department that handles such mail. Origin: 1830-40, Americanism Dictionary.com Unabridged Based on the Random House Dictionary, Random House, Inc. 2014. GENERAL DELIVERY defined: 1. A department of a post office that holds mail for addressees until it is picked up. 2. Mail directed to this department. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition copyright 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2009. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved Always, always, always use stamps on your mailings, no exceptions! Return to: Sui Juris known as John of the genealogy of Doe General Delivery c/o Main Post Office Non-Domestic Tucson Arizona united States of America (U.S.A.) without the U.S. "Private and Confidential" c/o Pat Donahoe d/b/a/ united States Postmaster General 475 L'Enfant Plaza SW Non-Domestic Washington District of Columbia united States of America (U.S.A.) zip not required [DMM 602 1.3e (2)] without the U.S. on the back flap "Priority"

Forward carbon copy to: Universal Postal Union International Bureau Case postale 3000 BERNE 15 SWITZERLAND Tel: +41 31 350 31 11 Fax: +41 31 350 31 10 E-mail: info@upu.int Forward carbon copy to President of Title Insurance Company where closing took place. Always keep copies of letter and registered mail receipt. To contact the Postmaster General's office directly, it is necessary to put your suggestion, request, complaint, or comment in writing and mail it to: The USPS Washington headquarters also has a Consumer Affairs Department. You can contact them at: Policy and Program Development USPS Headquarters 475 L'Enfant Plaza SW Washington DC 20260-0004 The United States Postal Service also has a Consumer Advocate to respond to consumer needs and requests. It's address as of 2011 was: United States Postal Service Office of the Consumer Advocate 475 L'Enfant Plaza SW, RM 4012 Washington DC 20260-2200 POSTE RESTANTE ADDRESSING Postal packets to be called for may be addressed to any post office. The address of these items must show the name of the addressee, the town, the country of destination and, if possible, the post office at which the item is to be collected with the indication Poste restante in bold letters on the address side. The use of initials, figures, forenames only, fictitious names or code marks of any kind is not permitted. AVAILABILITY AND CONDITIONS The Poste Restante is provided only for convenience. Postal packets addressed to initials, figures, code marks, or to fictitious names, or to a Christian or forename without a surname, are not accepted for Poste Restante.

6.0 General Delivery 6.1Purpose General delivery is intended primarily as a temporary means of delivery: a. For transients and customers not permanently located.

b. For customers who want Post Office box service when boxes are unavailable. 6.2Service Restrictions General delivery is normally available at only one facility under the administration of a Post Office with multiple facilities. A postmaster may authorize more than one facility to offer general delivery service in accordance with customer and operational needs. A customer may use only one such location. A postmaster may refuse or restrict general delivery: a. To a customer who is unable to present suitable identification. b. To a customer whose mail volume or service level (e.g., mail accumulation) cannot reasonably be accommodated. 6.3Delivery to Addressee A general delivery customer can be required to present suitable identification before mail is given to the customer. Prior to mailing, customers should contact the destination Post Office to determine the authorized facility or facilities and their applicable ZIP Code(s). 6.4Holding Mail Each general delivery mail piece is held for no more than 30 days, although a shorter time period may be requested by the sender. These are Commercial-Letters delivered via USPS without postage stamps are considered as interoffice mail these letters do not cross borders. INTEROFFICE defined:(adj.) functioning or communicating between the offices of a company or organization. Random House Webster's College Dictionary INTEROFFICE defined: (Adjective) Taking place between different offices of a single organization or company. Wiktionary INTEROFFICE defined: Transmitted or taking place between offices, especially those of a single organization: an interoffice memo; interoffice conferences. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition copyright 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2009. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Of vital importance! All letters (mail) sent in this manor without a postage stamp or country of origin fall under using mail to defraud... don't believe a word I say here, do your own search, re-search. Commercial Mail JOHN DOE (fictitious name) 123 ELM ST (fictitious address) DENVER, CO 12345 (fictitious address) U.S. Postage Paid--->metered mail (U.S. is not a country) Return letters to Sender unopened; see attached return labels