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Published by: .I . United Natio,ns" I\, . Neti York, NY;10017 USA . I I c-lI / j. Pcper copies a/e $7.00;.available in English, ' and ,French editions. ,Spanish, Ask for publication 'ii _ -E.6.4.'IS7.6 w'h,en ordering.. I i 1 able ,/$;,, :, I->, : ' - ', 4' '--',> ~~~ : . Publi$'&tions :Sales i .. >' &&$A-3315 i ~ r. 3 .I -' Uni$e.d Nations N % York, NY 10017.* USA ', ,L7 + .- .-A.. -J of the Department of . a. ._ -. ?_ x1 Reproduc :& by permission . Pu~blic Information,.,Uni'ted Nations; 1 -0 /?, " y.'. -. -, d ./J , . .' . c ,Reprodudtion of this, microfiche ?iocument in any r_ f' ,~'/J",formis subject to,.t.he same re,st*rictions as those ;, _ :: * , /' nf the arininal at&nmnn t .4 ... . _.~ ( 1

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THE INTER-AMERICAN HOUSING AND PLANNING CEXkE (CINVA) was established by _ ---- J the General Secretariat of the OAS in-1951 within %he precincts of the National-,' .I University of Colombia at Bogota, as part of the Programme of: Technical @i I . ' Co-operation of the Organization of American States and in accordance with a 1; . I ' decision,by.the Inter-American Economic and Social Council. . : The Centre was ::, permanently, incorporated into the General Secretariat of the OAS on ::':. _/:. ,+.-. -. s ;';:#' 1 January 1959.and has become one of the field~activities of the Department ",-' :/ . !:,.J,! of Social Affairs. Its functions include educational activities in the fields ,, L, :',?: :( community pl*ing and building, research work, and the publicat$on ;,;, ,.' -, 0. . ..of housing, ' ./ ;,s ::,I;,, *. of informaticdn'on housing and related fields. j-., .,' h I ::,;;i,,: +_ --_.I ,;,i': ,., .i Yale U&ersity provides advisory.and technical administrative services ' ipi.. for the Centre's, policies and programmes, in accordance with an agreement signed, i'_..:, -.' ": ., .,. -> between Yale and the General Secretariat of the Organization of Amer$&,n States iI/,.', ,_'_ qn 10 MEirch91961. v . ' :.+ /,a . .I a._- ~:' d.--. : /The- Government ~of.%olombia' also.collaboratesin.the operations of the ._ _ Centre through the,Land Credit Institute and the National University of Colombia., !:; : f : i,' './ .' c '/ /.^... m e 1.: I, ~ . I

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. This publlcationwas prepared and first issued in Spanisli by .the Inter-American Hdus+g and Planning Center, Pan-American$&Mn, De&tm ent of - SocYal Affairs. Jhe French and English versionsohave been pr@arGl by the Unit* Nations.

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llJ!QfiOLUCTIO~
"CHAPTER I, SOILS

'3 r i'

TABLEOF CONTENTS , b * c

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? '.C, : . ia 1 .,; ,, -

,..

. . . and . . . . -.. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ? . , . . . '. . . . . Y . . . . . .E. . . 1 . . . . . . . &our. '. r *' . . . . _ " :, ..'..i . . . . . . 1 Identification and classification ->. ____ --es---~-- guryey . . . . . . ...I . . $-:*6 . . . Takin&sampl_e, $. . . '. .' . , . . Laboratory..tests . . . . . ., . ..,: . Granulometric analysis . ,,'..: . . ,. Testing procedure . ... . . . . . States .of consistency. .'> ~. .". . Testing procedure . . . ..'. . . . _. ' Liquid limit . . . . . . . . . . . a' .A Plastic limit. . . . . . ,. . . . . .I. Shrinkage limit. .I. . . . ;. . . . rr Porosity, unit weight and specific Compaction . . . .. . . . _. . .T. . .Fieldtests.-. e . . . . . . . . . Generaltests ..

----L -/--. ,$-Origin . , . . .!. . prop k,rties Elementary Elementary properties. Internal friction. . Cohesion , .i . '. . Corn-@-cssibility, f . . Elasticity'. . I. . . . Capillarity. . i. . . Texture. .' . . 1.. . .

c . .

. r . . . i . . .

. , . . . . , . . .I'. . . . . .' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . .-. . . . . . . . . . . . . .I. . . . .

. . . .

.:.I' i. . . . . . . .'. . ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . W. . . .' . . -. . . . .., . . .

1.; *.rJ .,,* ,-c-l pi i ;i a . . . . . *' 1 . .. . . . . . . . .t~' 2 rc 2 " ' . . ., .$i{' : s 2' . . . :'@. 2 _'* ._ i .:,.. . 2 . I . .;;%";. . 2 ,e. . i . ?ri+. . . i: . '.%(-' -. . ..v . I.i..@ . .' \ > . . . . 3 1I 3 ; . . . . i . . . . \:> . . . : -4 < . ;~,. . . us . . ,.... r 5 $ ,r' . . . . ,. c . . -. -I i7-, -' -6. . . . . . 6'. -\
. .' . . .

/ _I,r3

. . . . ._. gravity . . . . . .

. . . . . .. . . . . A . . .

. . o i. .

. . . . ;

. . . . .

. . . . .

:-. . '* . . . . ;' .

. . . . .

: /, Separation (shaking)

clay. .*.

. . . . . . . . . .'. . . i :q ,.. . .! . . . . . . . . . .+ . . . , . . . .+.% . . i .+.

ll
11 :12 12' .' ', '

--._'_ < 'y

of soil <texture. . -Table 3. Field method for identification Workability of soils us'ed.,as c,onstructi'on materiaf . . . . . ' Tabie 4,. T&e of "workability of soils" used as-;: .. construction materials . . . . . . . ; . . . , . i . . . .

I. , / -. q--. 0 7 .!a. *_ . . _ -pv.-.-d, .:---.~+.-----A-..&

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,~,& n , /. : 'r I cz ; '. '. '1, ( !2 ? CHAPTER II. \.. -. I _ .,.: . T I. " i ,li . -. I. I '. ,.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS(continued) q t& SOIL AS A,CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL : . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ., . . . c .

i : , r

_I 1

_' _( -- --~~~I ,. Page . '

d ,) . . .. . . . . . . . . , . . : . . . I. . s. ,I. . . . ';: . . . . . . .I. . . ;. i . . . _ . . .' . .

vi

I . . . . . . . . .O. . . . . .. .
.

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Background . . ': . .=I . . . 'Formsinwhichsoilisused. @Z&ilized Soil-... .' . . . &kthod.s.'PDf stabilization . : Cor&iolidation. r . . . . . ._i-~-------N~terproofing1 i- 5:. . . . .Chem.ical tre&ment . . .' . .. Addition of $. binding agent.
> ,

. . , . . . . . . L. . : .' .\ . ,..

. . . . . . . . . . .

. . . .

. . . . . .. .', .
,

15 15 1-5 16 16 17
17

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1

17
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CHAPTER~III. 1 .

PREPARATION OF SOIL-CE&fiT

._-' -- '.

._ . . . . . . . . . . ; . _. . . .,L. . . . . . . . . . i", . . . , , . . . . . . . . . . .+ . ._.. . . . . . . . . . . '. . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . ._ . .. . . .?, .,, . . . I. . . . . . . I< . . . ; . . . . . . . . . . : . . . .. .' . . ..' . . . . .'.' . . . . . 'f. '; . ~3 1.9.' 13 19 15 13 I$\ :

Introducti.6 ,. 1 ' 1 . . . . . . ;m .-. .' _ Gmersl. . . ". :". '. . . . .' . . . . '. Influence of soil components . i . . ;.:a t '$ . !", ' T&ideal s-&&-Y,. . . . . . . . . . . , ;.e+3, 7 ?F,$ &&", I f Clay :.l.,. . . .- \. :. .,.;. . .-. &t&k+ '; .i 2" <$,f? 7: a , 1' ;- . Advantages of.q$l-c,ement. . . .. . : . . X~i,;,'~r.' _1 &, '. .',,,: .Psepa.ration: . . ; '............... ,': >$4 ;,::;s '.$V, . .." .\ ii,; : Components: . . . . . :^ . . . '., . .:; . . . .p -. ':,. I . i The soil ., . . . . . . : . . . ,' . . . : .I .> . T&&g .and classifying sample;:! . . .. . 1 -i , .-: ._ ,!~.,_ .' : Selection. . . . . . . . . . . P . .":,., . . . . ,? :. _,./!Recommenda.tion _ . .* . .' . . . . :, . . . . . 1 ." -Preparation. . . . . . . ., . . i . . . . : ! ' The cement . . . . . . . I. . . \'. . . . ,. .' / * ,. - The wa.ter. . , . . . . . . .i . . . .' I./( . Preparation
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1-9

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are& .3 . . . . . . .;. and wet mixing-

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23 23

Adding

the water,

. . . . . . ." . . . . . 5 . . . .. . *. . . . : . . ._ . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . , . . . . . . .. . . . ., . , ..-;. . . . , . . . . . . . . .* . .. . . . . . . . ,. . . . .

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,.' ;. . : . . '. . .: . . . . . .' . . . '. . :. 5 ..%. .i\ Mechanical moulders. . . .'.I.' .:.. . .- ,. ? 1 -1,. :;: ., The CINVA-RAM moulder. . . . . ./' ~2 . V. . i ri?:i 1 ,,.,; ,.., .'6 't Qrying.and cu.ring: . _ . i.pi<,b a , s Monolithic walling . . . . . . . . . ,_,. *@ ..i i-;: ;' i' + S$me domments'on certain.s,oil Compressive strength test." Moisture-density relations'test Burability tests'. ; '. . . %:-Wetting and drying test. . Freezing-and-thawing t&st, Water absorption test, . .. Shrinkage @$st . . . . '. .
. . . . . . .

:;:I, , ,;,:,I:; Compacting the mixtuk~,. Shtittering'methodi .' .:. .-,: ' Moulding method. .' . .i . i*.\,$. *j- . Simple moulds or forms . .,

,. . ?4 ,,_24 . . 25 r . . ' t 2.5;~ : . . . . w 25:$ ' 26:; . .. 26 .,. . . 1. . 27 i. . . . . . .c .

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cement~laboratory . , , .. . I. . . . of soil-cement . . . . . . . . . *. . . . . '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , . . . . ._. .) ; . . . . .

, . , >, . . .

tests. . . . ,. . p. . mixtures... . . . . . .. . . . ". ., . . v. . . . . : '. . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . .

27, .,28 23 29

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--------i i .2 ......... T,hwer, foundations. . . . . . ........ I ............ ~6lnnfwn concrete . . . . . ._I.. ................ R&m&d s.o41-cement v . . . < .......... l . ,, soil-cem&t blocks\ . . . . ., ... ................ ,Upper foundations. . . . . .............. General. . . . . .o. . . ., ....... xx ,. .............. &&hods:for upper-fgundatic Cement concrete. . . ; . 1 ................. . .a.. . Rammed soil-cement .' . . . , . c.. "Soil-cement blocks . . .,. . . . . . . . . . . . Walling. ..: . . .,.. . . _. General. . -. . . . . ; . . Horizontal waterproofing.. Waterproof cement mortar . ~Bitumen. . h. .- . . . . .:,. . . . . . Bituminous felt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . all-building. .- . . . . . . . . . '. . . t . . . . . '. \ Gener& . : .
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Page _, by shrinkage Annex 1. Test for loss of,length of soil'. . . , . . . .. . 0 . . . . . , . . . , . . . I Soil-cement floor tiles. . . . . . . . . . . . Annex II. The siphoning method. . . . . . , . . . . ./ . Annex,III. '1 *-Scope . ._. . . . . :; . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . i , : Apparatus . . . . . '. . . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . (. . i Table I ,. , . . . '. . . ., . . . . . , . . . . . . . ii. ., , Table II. '. . . . . . . . '. . . . . '. . . . . . . ." .,. / ' Reagents.' . . . . '. '. . . . j .i Sampling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .c .#. . Procedur@ , '. . . .j . . . 1 . . . . i . . . .n. . . : . . . p' 1 Report. . -i . . . . . . . r . . . .. . . . . . ., . . . . . . $ e'i., i'...,. ,. . . - i - j ~ ,*,..'Z:P.-#,<d-. I, j :. a* 2= Granulometrid q2-3ve- i . &, -;I., A:: ~~*~+ 0 . . . :. . . . . . . . . . 1. . . . . :. . ExampUs. . Colldidal m@lrial. . . . . . . . . . ,. . . .~ ,I .-.. . . LComparison between the~standard method and the siphqnitig method-: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,Compa,rative table, . . ., . . . . . . . . : . . .' . . . . . Bibliog?aphy. . _. . ..a. . . ,. . . . . . . . ,. . . . . . . ,*, 0. . n ' ., : * _' I" : ;.. s *_ '_ 1 -_ L . :
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.*. 1 4 - The use and impro;ement of ocr?upied an important considerable these activities, improve the use of a ma;terial . days in rammed-earth or -, 2" One result of these researches
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FORSWORD , ; s ;. lowicost building materials has of CINVA. As/a' part with stabilized &iL to used since colonial

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.urba.n areas, some degree o

I I iI i the development of the CINVAtRAM machi*e, to operate, efficient, and'easy to,b This machine is designed.primarily / in many countYies to pr@~\~e However, the machine is with cement in order to : It is'employed in many rural and', mutual aid housing programmes.

1r i

1n:connexion with the on soi&cement, arise but'gives basic later published experience _ and builders.

,,

,'

"

Its use-may also provide<an adequate,,solution in rural build-their own'homes. areas where the production or transportation of other building materials is' ~ ,'diffi&ult and &stly. ..-, -'&INVA takes this oppo,rthnity to thank ail.those who haive given encouragement * I, to .or shown interest in conju,nction with the:CINVA-RAM in the use of-soil-cement, Sincere gratitude is machine, not only in Latin America but in other continents. m for thecollaboration received from many professional men, ,. also.expressed 0 . scientificWinstitutions and housing organizations in'the task of.research. * Rafael Mora-Rubip ', . .: . -. -' tI ' ; -I : 45 I .' Field Director' of the. v' .. Inter-American Housing and Planning Centre :. c d.-.Sale Jio. 58dI&,H.4. 7 ,__I I c I '? . " i Lk.. :.... "\ i '\ 0 .,. iic' . ., a. d ,_ p ,I . ?s r::. ; ",; ,__ ,?j!. ,.. +_ . &:,;,< 7 ,,-,'_,' ,:,., -.; 1~.- ..,:, ..t :., II

>

This study was prepared-by Engineer of the former Inker&teri~anHousing ,. 0 II 'e I " ;', .~ '_.'
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Au&k@ A. Entejche and Plannin&'%entre

G., staf (CINVA); 1

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INTRODUCTION

the erosive _'

effects

of external

The effect

adding and subjecting .%hus producing a mass which,

water until the o$timum . it to moderate pressure, The result is

', and it can

stages

ip the

Soil-cement:

, __

I.
I +

SOILS' ORIGIN \

The earth's crust is the outer envqope of the sobid part of the globe. The upper or surface part consists of a layer of loose fragmentary material-of which varies ip'coarseness, is The top&part of this layer, varying depth. It.comes from the decompositiion of,,rock and of the remains of called soil. living Gtures which aze'found in it (fig. 1 " -1 changes resulting .. The living rock is turned to soil material af&r.>undergoing chemical processes (decomposition), from mechanical processes (disintegration), and mechanical;biological processes. c , it will be seen that the latter i.If a vertical cut is made in the soil, . . compgsed of layers which are sometimes quite distinct in colour and depth. a$ each laber is called a w-n level (fig. 2). cut is called's eross-section, ----'9 i. is This c

'I

Soil~may be considered as a cdmp&nd of solid matter, liquid matter (water) The solid matter in th.e soil is formed of mineral. _ and gaseous matter (a.ir). fragments in various stages of disintegration, a.nd decomposition. The solid components with the greatest degree of disintegration include sands, silts and ' is a varying amount of organic'matter. clays . Mixed with,.these _/.< r-cLG s' 0 $",'. ;.;,.: ,d" The top layer of.soi$;%hich is called the "topsoil", usua$ly contains a o-f the accumulation.of co,nsiderable--proportion of organic matter as a result This+layer'containing organic matter is subject mineral and'vegeta.ble remains4 and to the soa.king,of water in turn.30 the gffects.of moisture and dryness, .Beneaththe topsoil lies the subsoil, containing little-or no * '_ through it. i- -* . organiz matter. ( : r _. p --I c i I. / .' , ELEMENTARYPROPERTIES AmD BASIC COMPGWTS 3 . . mproperties , e . n '.

I n

. 1 ' *;

" '

> - ' * be used as% building mat~erial, it is most important to under the various conditions to tihich' they they may b&ve / topredict the behaviour of; the pra'&ice. '&t is, possible i -.; '::* somk.of {t$ properties, as follows:& .',.I .: / 1) I ;.-at . { V' P * Y friction 3 '- Internal c 1 '._. fo&e which resists the sliding of one particle over another. B :A. _... 5,. , .I This is'the . _ _ ;" ': a $7 ti -2 .I .y.. Internal frictions are produced .zn a clayey mas's or a mass of sand, ,i.in clays,, because of their consistency,-4' $7 i = aceor&ng.to.the moisture content; ,a i . .' f :-J+ the force-of friction is much less than in sands, '.$ [ 0 , .. GT '2. / \. .* .' ' r ,,. ,,c: 'lj The reader is referred to the, &.. section.of this publication for ,,r .figures. Nos. l-93 in illustration of the--text. ;. See 'States of consistency" in thii.chapter. 2/ -8 ' I~. .'+ -l:' - I 3 , .~..~. c :I '. , ,' + 'I .,2.:; - r c ':,5 ~ ,, .: ___ _..--.. (i -/f -..-.-~z .-z __ ,, __ : --- - -_ . ;* I . : -- - . 2.. _ . ., /- .:r/ 7, a.:;;,

, ,Elementary _ ,:I 'If soils are to ,irnow.in advance how will be subjected.in : material by studying .

LI,,. , 2

?I

-.

~. :' Cohesion True cohesion, or adhesion , the forces of molekular ,attraction, '-1 bind t?gether the contact part'@les of clay. . 2 or moisture cohesion, is the cohes-ion of soilg!when *. $ Apparent~;tiohe'kion,' they"are.moi$tened with a.certain amountiof water; th& prqperty is of fundamentab. ..import'anke in the stabilization of soils4 since their"cohesion can be changed and improvedby~,apprs$5a$e'processes. / . ,, I-- _ ! :

* "'may is &ohes>ve'only up to a content; because-if the 'small . the mater& become too Farge through - . _ iules of tia.ter,,&verSng the grains _1 their cohesion. -addition o-f ,,more wate'jr,_ the _~ grains Separate and:lose , ,,,I I' ;.: Cotipressibi@y ,. :l_ ,.," : some soils possess, Cou&&sibilitv is the name given to the.propert?rtiikh .of Nminishing Q+&%qhe when a given pressare,is exerted upon them. Such pressure II . h&s the ,effec@%f.keducing the popsity of the,,soil by diminishing-the Xkunber of _ . Jcr' _ . . ' /voids,.. .. . .= ,;- " /;J: ;s .: . '. _/I' <ii _ 1 :'. , -' : '/.../ ,. _,. .
;

A s~oil'which ,,&i~minishes In-,volQme l&y p&ssur *e,,is :.app.yied and returns ... .:' I ,,-:' . ..-..+ts"former volume,; br~almost'so, when the pressure is'r&moSed is said to be +p..: .a\,*,. -'. '1 .!. ,,. ' $;'!: ,_(, i y.,.,~ _ el&stlc,. Q -.. ,.iSJ.:.. :' ,, :p!:>,. liJ.,' '., .i q;". .' :' B. *< 1 h.;.. "9. ; : ,_ .... .I ;&<,': ,"L" : ,.,;: :; ..'Ca~qjil&a.rity' " , * p, .;.'-;~ - .~ _. . .- .d, ~$.,:I;':',. -_ " ,_' I ,*l ..; ;,? i:,, I . This is,the ,prbperty; which soils possess; of' absorbing moisture fr?%ii ag i:', ;
. ), ? -F ;, .

FY -1 . . . I!_ (( a,*:. . .

._,j

-*-.=-.

detained by each c/a&gory of 'soil,kill.' !I%e'aq&t ,of 'capillary &erd on the number and size of,the voids it contains; The finer* the s&il, This is because i$:has more.smWL ducts er."-i% 5%~ c$pilla.ry 'capacity. =i . ' : t 1 '. .. air&j pdrtidXes .of ,w.a,ter.

the '

l,,' : ,: ',

. '.EjoilS

are composed,of.particles.tihich : s~s.es'&k prioportions &the

vary in size and shape. Texture pWticIes contained $'n the, soil'.

3.e

th&olour ation,
. . -..-i..c y:I.::;. j& a,, : .-

tg,i

'of-the-soil d dentify'the ,-

__, ,;

.h* g. c

4, *.j

&the'.narrow tubes or 'ducts between -ohk.riomenon.kn&n ~~.$/'capillarity..

the Bar & -+ es, of soil, ,.

I1
. I / I

,.
f..

,.

the following effects, Among other colouring agents found in soils, by certain components of'irbn and by organic matter, may be mentioned: Components of iron give the'soil a red, yellow or grey colour.

produced

>

-.

Large amounts of organic matter in soils make them dark or coffeecoloured; dark blue, dark grey, or dark green; broadly speaking, it can of be said that, the darker a soil is,- the greater is the proportion : organic matter it contains. components
,

'Basic
_~~~

7 .,,'

Aisoil is composed$of the following basic elements.; .in varying proportions: The usual method very coarse sand, coarse, medium and fine sand, silt and olay. of determining the proportions is to classify the particles of soil by size, through granulometric analysis. ~ I< ,' -1:_ i soiis 'have'beeqclassified conventionally, on the In the present paper, basis of-their granulometric analysis and according to the name of the predominan/ / basic componentp as sandy, silty or clayey soils. / *
/ ,

In order to facilitate ha,vebeen grouped according --., Coarse partielesi I (4 (b) Fine particles (silt No. 2C0 sieve.).

classifi~~tT~,--er, to particle size, or sands, .and

day),

the basic soil components as follows: ,,' _' from 41.76 my to 0.074 mm in size; (less // . than 0.074-ma in size (ASTE41

i *
.

/ 1 i Cd,, Description &-3&e basic components /" ,. , ,a_ , *n : \ // -, -.I I "Coarse particles ; / .i 1:: ,J the stru&ural Sand. and inert element in-soil. This can be-regarded $$ It is-ble when moist~, but uns,yable when dry. / It has no cohesion and no p&sticity. ' Sand has a high.*internallfrititidn. It-does not contract when:dried. It is pervious,: and is compressed/Qlmost .I' instantaneously when pressure is applied to its.surface. .' ' ..,, *: :;i . X.' ,. -,;'1. .' '\ \ /: Fine.parti&es .F. .,\ . h *'$ilt. The.size of the particies cannot be seen with the naked eye, but they ." feel.-ty Silt has little cohesion or internal friction. ,,. between the-teeth. -7 It'is d?fficx.ilt.$ compact. 'It inay change in volume when worked. : ----.. _._ 2 -3 to which it imparts important Clay. This is the,active.fraction of the soil, I Because of its high plasticity, clay prope+sS-both physically and chemicallyi It is aimaterial smooth to'the touch and sticky _ readily takes the desired shape. r . .: ..)' when wet, * ' b &/ _, Americti.Sbaiety
1, / ./L. 3 ,g;..~ r--~ ..., -, /a ::: : .~Z ,.;... : ; ... __.,I ;c .,\ \. 4 : . .+ < _, c 7 . _.. 6. c

1 *

1 ." F

:R. for Testing

i Materials.+Ji _ 3._.. a .__

-..

".

* . -.

\ . '.I

em 1 z I t i

:. 1

_.Z.,.

t.-\,..;~-:,y;. :;;1.. _. ., &z>:::!Li. .I,s, .r,!~,_.,,>/ .,,.. II ..r&:: :/_ -:_,..a.

__

i, , -%,, .

_-

.;

,...

I --k; .- .?%\ ....

k

.,
c

.B

:,. ,:, : -,. .- I F; I:-,: ,-. .,:. - IS - -,,

.. I s1

:. Dry clay absorbs a-considerable proportqon of water with a notable increase ! -. in.,vol&ne; when it dri.es,.it returns to it+ .&?iginal. volume, but the shrinkage of\ It is virtually impervious, and is compressed very "the mass pr@uces. cracking. _ slowly wher$ pressure is applied to.it.s,surface. .", . ~-a .' -* IDENTIFICATION AND CIASSIFICATION i * . . .

a survey of the site .from,which .' ,Before soil is used as a building material, : -it.is.to be taken must first be made, after which samples of the soil must be. obtained for physi-cal and mechanical tests to' provide a detailed%nowledge of its \- -". propertl;es. ' -. :. \; 2 ! 'I :;.-;,.. /i ;;t..,..: :&3 _. 1 + 5.j ,",_. .., . . surve;~ . : I z,. - ---: : .. .. 1: . : i_ _.. -;4. . The uuruose of a survey is to describe and classify'the properties of ,soilSC~ \ .I ,;;++. ", . ; . .."-:- a$. tpeir -ilace oi ori&n. s I'. \.?: _. .'- ; :i , ,;& . \I I :: is,,'cut through,the soil to a In order to make a survey, ,a cross-section >:; ':~. " ....:: . : .., i.-,,+ The,depth of the topsoil .aep.th of'apprgximately two metres'below the topsoil; ,-::,:; .'y.,:,-; -.., the depth of those layers end gyk.! ,: r the- &mpos_ition-!of the layers of subsoil -- i,e:, ':. " ., z. -'_,,_ : :thematerials' @which they are.composed -,willthen be noted,
.I, ,::,c L h ,:.-. ;;:: II (. * 1 0

cp:,~--.-~'7:$ ~ ..._ = . -., %

II should de used tostudy .the soilby Tgrsnulometric analysis, ;<'a d:tests,.,,@.ll andicate,the, elementary physical.pro&rties a&i" -.; +--to be..usedi ' .. *-7 '-_ 1; .< : II es; .,.._. ;->;; .,.I ,,-, ii.; .: ,._;_ _, ': : Th& ":'!&~~ests:&n :. ,v3r";"i be ,&ried -out -.either $.n the..:laboratory. or 'in- the field. s*++-.+ : : ,!.., : ;. ;; ;;~yqi$,gj,,en~'nietho ~~of:~te$&lg will 'dope&.& the fa>ilities;'a'vai~lable.in 'the of,. &,,,materials.r_t.es~~~ .,laboratory.. ..........$... however to make &se is' ~des'ir&bLe.' 1.. _ . .._ . .j. ....,.. J. . . . I. ).. .__,__.,,_, -,..i'.:.-., .._..I.... 4 I " ;I ,z ,.( .W+e work so.reqgires. t . : ,"' bs:.::. -: .: -._ I:-,: ..,.., ."Y "7;: ! --I .- ,r. -; ..!.,-i :.. .. ! 1

,r*

any material

consisting of very &a is* removed,' The. : . details of.which are' given' ?'

:;, * +.:..-,. I ..,._ __ . . <. .; I--. .. :;;,,w,

-;~k I tai
Rranulometric . analysis

ye

L. . (b > states
of .consistency;
,

.J,g ; * ,
(c)--porosity, i

t.
unit '7. 1 -*

;l tie basic soil components. are deterdined by granulometric analysis, which .a... This is express&d as a : ,~easures' the size of the part@les within a,,giGen range. I .' : ,nercentaae of th$ eotal weight of the matter being tested.
rde soti ccmp&entA are separated according to.size :.. -The sieve& &dLlv bear B range of numbers, which relate with the use of sieves. to established
. . :

..-

'

analysis of ihe fine soil particles For Wlis-reason;the fine'm&erial,is usually tested in the d. by using sieves. L and $.n the-field by "sedimentjation". Lab?r@t'oe by,"siphoning", I 0 ..: : I 't : I .: 1. ?. .-\--. . " _". . Testing procedure ,- 1 ,. .. . ,_ ;:. . . . !Ihe portion 02 soil to be,_t'ested, wh5ch has passed the.4i.76 rmn sieve tid may .i Two groups of ..~:I~':'~qrltaip:-silt &@/or clay,'is.piaced"in the No. 200.sleve and washed. ;:, portion retain&I id the No. X0 sieve isagain obtained. .". m&t.rqial are'thus ::,'1,*, iieiied dQir'ough~,a set of @SQe , -.--~ 4.76 &n +50 O.OY74 mm, aqd the .size and 5 (a)).

.;:y. i,.:;: _._. Bathe ~nikir&%ki.& --c ----...-. +: -'of a,6te&inir& tm

!has
prb&ortions 'of silt

2'00. s&e cdnsists Lf:s&lt a&or clay, ~'siphoni&method", r/ which consists and/or clay re!$pective>y (figs. 6

.,~ .' :._I '

-.
+-q. .---

l&e$k~:prop&y-@e~,

ih an~&roximqte

way, by' studying

the "states

its grs$ular' up of fin? to determine" of consistency". of and be.effected

'.P' I +
..-

,'

'~~:~.~%$kik &!'~sume _~__. '&Pious between. the ~eytre?nes'of'soU.dity ~~~-- '&a-tes> ._.. -_ ~t&:.$ccpr&3$$ to changes in.their mpisture content which-can I , r: Iab&&txrv.

~~~~~. _ _at

.-

!ncy 5; the aegree of apparen& cohesion or moisture contdnt of the .eij,.in~&soil and.their*r&istdnce'..to'~external.fc&ces which tend to distort - ,,. of the -..---L-- -~-- ----' awAy tlietiy d-r ..------- ----. *.:'A;m; ,-i.,..- __,_. *,+ ...structure. .y-.z-------.-.- --Consistenc~.~d_~en$g_orl_t_h_e__,mo~slr;i;fre.~~~~. :~?.,a. cohes;ivksoil - fq~,inst&nce, c-&a? - is very wet, it beqomes afviscous 8 (firtit~&t.e of consi&ncy). _ As the wqtek_iti,the sq+L evQpora%es, it explained in'i+t@l in annex 3:.

&J.&k

<. i'-

_-

--

-..- -.--..--.-, -:7 .

,: --;,; ;;,
: . :' 1

solid; until a point is reached where +ery little force is needed (secijnd state). .If the a&ter any form; it is now a p1astic;soli.d c&tinues to evaporate, the soil next becbmgs a true%solid, but it is 'still soft changing * (third state). . It can no longer be mbulde@j because it breaks-before shape; .but two or more pieces will unite if pressed together, Finally, if the the spil acquires'greater solidity-and displays ' process of evaporation continues, the general characteristics 07 a hard solid (fourth state). ' Y __ s. .(L.m .
to
m0ula

--abecorn+ a qoft
it

into

.n

;.., : -) +-.
-_

'!limits" b@%een the&z four states The Swedish scientist Atterberg established to that separating the liquid of soil consistency, He gave the name "liquid litit" tic limit" to that between'% &Sic and soft solid . atid. ---~- Lfro& the hard s&e.'* "ghrinkage limit" separating the soft solid s . . . _ ,I i Testing procedure '-, -. ; ,I .. s - . 4 This is the moisture content at 'which a soil begins to flow .'L&id . ,limit. <hen shaken lightly,in-a: suitable apparatus'. It $s.expressed as & percentage of '. _(. th"e d$ weight-gf%he soil. c /r . I It-has been established that this is*the moisture content at which a mass v -5 of soil ciivided -into,two,poYtions can be reunite&in a suitable apparatus by .. sliaki-ng a given numbe? of times (figs. 7 and 7 (a)). . 5
_ * . a;;, . .,

. ;

lp-

This is the mois&& c&tent at which a soil pa&es ,froi the ~. P1astA~li.i.' t < '4 '" ' $lastic ~to the*sbft s&id state.,. /:,: 3% Y 4 .i, ~ -It'-has been establ-js-hed conventf$a~y~'&iti~ thfsd+Kthg moisture content at, .,-' a s&l Cati be-'@led which with tHe, hana into &&a&s 'approximately thrq,e wtiereupon the .thread br,eaks (fig. 8); milli~etres in diameter,

.,.I
.
... I. :+

: .*,I.

This' is.cr+prese,nted by a moistiure Shrinkage litit. the volume of the -..,?$?.zthe evapora-tion of water continues, . /constant. -01:._in-o~~~~~~~~..~~;.eeas_es.-~;o.shrlnk.. '_I 0

coder+ such that, even sbi;l mass sema& 'I* : --.. F-* I-- -.F. *'

._,

1 . '-tt has bein dtablis,Pd that, for testis purposes, a mass!mu&tbe prep@r$i, .;:'. : ; -.y. "Ly ._ :*; :. _, .&%&.&ing &*a..s&l amount of.@1 with a proportion of water coiresponding ':'zi,,<" '-,. -._ ..,,:/_ %I. .& . _ &prox1p&ely to the +iqu;a limit, as defined-5bove. .'This paste is C&aped into, 1 ~~@~~d~of~known'Volume vhich is'pla&& in an oven ~~~$$~.$he.soi.~;is d~mp1etel.y~. " .,,,_..?. ..,.. ......%. ,. .-;, 3. TheAwezght and Ved&!$ of the dry Cg.ke is t&n .getermined. are. use&J'%0 calc-ulat~~he-s-~i--~e~-----

:>.y: f : .r: _,.,, -,_ ,,. slr;:;-

-, .

y; I

.) _,

',Unit

w&ight 'is.%he .---kihgra~-)

Veight .of dry soil ~cdnt~in@ ._.. . i 1 -- ~--

in a giv& .~

yolume .'(,the weight,q ,. a _ , Y-Li;..

fp;,,.;

of.a &il,i~'iri inv~rs,e're~~~2on-~o.~i~~s porosity and increaqes -, (. The &r&Y weight. as'. 5% is com$ressed, since +he &+me;volume then?contains & larger qua$G,ity of sbil r~&,r,,v'.:.:':.' .; ,c_,:.I '_,.. ,' . _, ._
L_ _. ,T; ;;;.p,-: : . : ,, 1~;-,~;:~.:;., I : : i

: .-.I-

\ i :

,.I ' *

\ , wi-bhout reference .''~, :I kjhen asoil is Specific gravity is always greater than unit _. " :.( its unit weight increases owing to the pupacted, l,,n *b of the space occupied If a, sqiZ&yld be compacted un$il it beLame a completely solid by-the pores. ,. : m&s; its unit weight.would equal its specific gravity.1
& -.
: L .

Specific

gravity,

the Jqeight to the voids.

is

of' dry,

solid

soil !

%ontained )

in a-given

v,olUme, - L .'

\
\ I *

CAp~~ction I
i.

.,I?! we compress's mass of soil process is called compaction+

mechanically,

we increase

it,s

unit -. f .

weight;

this

&not move. Wzhin the Y When a relativelly dry soil is compacted, the particles. mass because of friction between them, which ia' caused by the.:-lack o"f a iubrieating .'+',.r,,,%#*\,r *F',qn, This results in a high perc+entage,of voids and a low case, water, agent - in-this _ .>_ ', When a soil is lubricated with more water and then compacted, the unit weight. the percentage of voids is reduced, a&d the u&it weight _' particles move easily, This limit to the increase .. in the unit increases until ace$ta,in'limit is reached. weight is achieved when sufficient water has been added .to produce the "optimum of.'that soil; there.$.s then.sufficient lubrication to give, on moisture c&tent" compa&iqn, the bes$ypossible unit i.reight, i.e:, the "maximum unit weight". : ;: ", <... ...<-_- ,,' 9 When a*soil,with a certain percentage of moistbe is:compacted, a given unit If:the $erce%tages cf Tl-istl:.:e are variedbefore compaction, weight. is obtained., if' these percentages of moist,ure are ~~-the,ygs~~~~Funit-.weights3will also var. . __certain values .are obtained which can related to the corresponding unit weight;;, n graphically in' the form of a Curve, known as a :".compaction, curve".~ _* be represented If we take the point of maximm ,unit weigHt in this curve, we .sha$l find the L - 1 .corresp.onding optimum'mo22sture~ content (fig. 9). . : .' . C..' J , ...' i,<. ^ I ' -. A soil, compacted to,optimum moisture content and-maximum unit weight posses&s with,water. even if it is later "saturated ,..._..__~~onsiderable stability, , " Di 'I' q ... ?ii J ,, . .'. * Field~tests ' : I s '. jl_i : :_ +.&IL tests- in the': ~..'ield 6/ .c.onsist.o? ,&&ical methods. giving.resu1t.s. $@'&. , _. ,_ although approximate, are~ahc&table enough as a basis for deciding hok the soil-_. ,~_ - . I' ,. - ~--~_ _ s~h~t&d+~.s.ed as. a.. tiuilding~ m+terial. . b I ** * .. & '1*-_. '-. tests indicate the-percentages ofrthe basic' domponents in*~he'~&.oil '.'I. ,These field and'cbnsequently the type'of soil tested. '** ~ at the site, 1_ sample'taken , ?* I8 ., .: ,,, Field tests may be divided-into:.' -* L 1 I , (' .' t .. \: ; 'T . '(i) General soil tests;.' ',: i,'ST I c _ Tests'of -the* fine fraqtion:, ' , -'(fi) a s. I "$.?", pi : ii' .I a .. ,.I; , .- i ( i _* : ..'; 4, \ .:f ,i J>> ', .v '. g .&e "Identi&ation and classificat'iy:; p.b-. WY' :j ' .'D. ,: i I : - " '13p ' 3 ",$+,' Z i i .', . A. * 'A,; -__ , - .1 :,i ,',, --L --L__ ---t:"+Jm-n-:___ - .-- '-+3~ -7 =d-7 + .=?E__= __ __._ ..-;iF-:y._-. I. I ..-._J- .-..~ _.._ ~_-. ._~.~_ .. % L , ;1, , \ ;* '. ,_ -2, \,,; +i j -1 _ - . i__ __ _ _j-. c- _ -. *_I -1 . * : ', L " ,'\ ,!I 1, i ? =4 ,, 'i, _t a + : ., I E \ '>' ,. ,.0 e. ..;. : .,,-. .I

,. ,/ -2 ~. .-:. ,.I .

.. : ,

. .-,

.-

.
The-general (a) 1
,

tests

comprise/the

.
follow$g:

Visual

examination;' ,

(b) (c)

Testirg:jky tcuch;ji Sedimentation. i of t.& Sha$.ng fine test;, fraction /

, Tests (a) Lb) cc)

comprise ,. f ;' z .i

the following: ,' .G 5 '

III

Dr$'-strengthtest; ,$est. 1

E$ghtness 3' I General te,s% ,,<!\e-rr"*' .\, . dA"r : ! ,..-J ccmpositi& C,~,LCI-r-I~@+C Granular

" ,__

_ '_

.I qiisual kxamLn$tion. This gives an idea of the proportion and size of the coarse granular components (very ol=arse, coarse, medium and fine sands) and,'by of the @ine particl%~t and cl.ay), since the 'smallest particles inference, v&ible.ta the naked eye are those of 9.074 mm, i.e., fine sands. , I Testing by t&&h. The feel of a soil to the-touch indicates its basic ).,. ,component with sufficient 'accuracy in the field. ,T' i ,:s c 0 The following procedure is used for this purpose:. , J (a) A representative sample of the.soil is taken, the very*%oarse particl .; 1 -e larger'than-4.76 @m (gravel),;being .removed. . - . ! i. '? (b) The sample is rubbed>"oetweenthe fingers, @r-between the fingers ,and palm,of the hand:, to estimate the size of its components. ,' *. ! (I'. I : , * ./' -"---- -._-._ _. .r w.,, ~Generally speaking, coarse particles, or sand;, when dry, have a characteristic rough feeling-to the-touch and ls&k cohesion:, The size of the , .i*. grains..,ranges.a&coximately-between. 4.r76.mmand,;t$he smal&st ~particle visible,, ;,._,. ; I: r .a ' to the'naked eye (0.074 mm), , ,:' L' .;_ " ,_..- ,L, : .+++I .,% -c i ,' A"_ Xitit. and ~clay. Both sil$ andqjay should -bp:tested by touch in both the d ..I . $3 _. - _ FI .-_ ;and moist states, as follows: ,,,' 5 1 I. : ; ,/,' r c .. / S&it. Dry silt has'? rough*feel similar to that of fine sand, but less ,/ w .pronouncedJ moist silt is of medium plasticity, r ,f,' _ c 1 $y ' ;// IL,; 'Clay.. Dry clay _is usually in the form of coarse clods or ,grains;* and,,resi /' i )...;/ / pulverization; mo$st clay is very adhesive and plastic (figs. 10 ,and 16 (a),). * Sediinentajtion test. This'test '~upplements~.the~prkceding ones a%d indicate 'the proportions of &he basic soil comRonen-&*'with greater accuracy. ' "d -9 We' take a transparent glass i covered ,wtth the &and, 'cylindrical bottle, trith a,.m'outh sufficiently or pyism~t~_in_sha~e',~uith:~lat wide'to.be bottom,,~.and----

n one half-Qtre. Soil is placed in the bottle up lear Gater is adae,dup to three qui3rtGrs of its ,mdisturbed until th'e soil fs saturated with water. After one h,our>, the

33. gradual&r the different

settle

at the rate

of ~

basic

components

are measured.

. . ha.@s %n their

__.~. -.

--

.,

!Th&'te"st begins in the manner 'indicated for the "sedrimentation,test". The ,3.:;,>; _. n-_I ; 7. 1'?:,';. soil sample is then shaken vig.orously .in.the#&$+le ,agd left to set%Xe for'.thirtg .'. ,. +.,: ., z:::, tubtig/the mter, 'se<onds .-. .Uith the :~se~~bf a siphon consdstin&of'rubber 3,7!5. ;a.:.,<.;.. p;;: ., ,, togethe$"with the,,material.$n-suspens,ion contaLned in it, is then 5romediateJ.y .1 ',yz,y This type of recept%ele is used to allow ,>:;-; drawn. off &to a'sballow'receptacle. )y .-." ,-- . n ye,.: ' ',thQ material alsq t6 settle, after which the water,: nov Vithout any ,material in ;T#; ';_ -2 _ of sgil wanted for testing suspensiafi;--& be poured off, while the portion i::!: :i'.; '* ', ..._ 4'+jmafns at -,-he bottom. Any excess water itmay contain is eliminated by "k; ;k *T ,_A.. ,, , ;. . . : i of:%his materi is then taken and rolled;in the palm of :: ,..;;.. i ,. 1.,' a bail aphroximately 2.0 cm in diameter, which must be c _, *':,.:" .: 2: ,_, consistency by adding the necessary account viS&us, .:.'..",.;,. I,'.. ,?: '. in the palm of one-hand and struck vigorously against' I:":;; ::.. so thatthe ball is shaken. horizontally, (figs; 12 -,*-After the ball has been shaken, either .of the following
*.,-

<.:i:A; .#. .. , %&;,y ; .X.i ,

.;' ,., * i ',

. _

:,4

reactions
e

may be .._

.*

fil&.of water appears on its , surface , giving ita smooth, glossy and .. earance_;or R i- *,= * D ';,','+: '- / . '.(b) There is no change i<n the appearance of the.$ater on its surface.*' 0% - . .^ .". .Nextj,t*he ball is squeeze&%Sth~the fingers of the other hand {fig: &L),:, and :of the foliowing reactions.'-may o"ccur,~ *. *. :;.>: ;:., . . disappears from the surfaCe, tlif! small~mass hardenlngand .' ,.. _._..,'-:.(a_>-4 Th e 'water :... n _ _ _. . ..-. . . a . - ,evenCua-u..y CracKlng or crumolmg.; 2,';,,,.;,.. .A cm 9'y,t- 4 ...I . _' .. ..ss ids, >.', earan% of.the,water may.not" change;the .ball being simply I 22. _I.:, ?&y -0. .( >;. ., ~~.a&i+3:a :: \ ,ji . ...,.::. n . int;!,a~';5ripijidg plasti& mass;' o .'.-' 'B .3, " _ ./. . __a -".,$yr.~~.y-yl-;.. .I.,; . _ 11. ' *p&c:;, _ , 'I 'r., . '.' $order to ,obskrveuthe react'ons that oc'cur at both sacs of the t;est -: "- .,. : ,.,: ,. ; @it$+p& @a &ueezing these ac,$ions severa&'_'the: b&il -*ii t is*desirablIe~to.&peat .:.;.y7 :-a P ,~ ,... ,:,i,:.~~,~~~~~.-~*~~,~; i_ :.,.. ', '-1 'c a.,'.

C,..... iii: iz:,.

i.:, k.:. ..I ~,~;.~~., y : ~. ,&?; .I 1 ..,L>,, ~~~~,~p. .. -,*

:I

(b$

be

app

-CT

,' I I LI.1 1 ;T " T I

-w. ,, * ;

. -@&on i's ca$led'rapid;, if.the'water'"ap@ears 'and disappears qui&ly;~'B "3 : ja-':.~~~~~.~~.~.the@&P;appears and disaipears gradual*; and,.;6 i$ call?ed ,nil ,,, j ;', r ,th~~icbndition.of.tkie water does :&it ,.ap&ar,ti*change. ' '( ..l . _ _, : I a T&e& &ree- rea&&iis provide gtidance for the identifjlcation of the f%ne:$?:,'/:.,. ->. ._.I / I_ .% 4;,~~~&~o~,a@%S .&the soi-p, as indi$ated in table"1. . I; :

,9.

._ ,C B

Surface
I J

. Type of reaction

water 'i

reactions

in fine

,soils -. Significance Denotes a lack of plasticity and indicates a very fine sand or an inorganic silt.. Indicates a slightly plastic silt or a silty clay. '
.

Effect on the ball I . Water appears and disappears rapidly.

The condition of the water does not appear to change. '

! 1;Recommendation: .Z *"' . > r.. I_ In-,order to Lfacilitate

Pressure of the fingers, produces a dripping plast$c mass, but no film 1 of 'water appears and there is no hardening of Indicates a i the ball. clay or an organic material of considerable _ plasticity .. i / -,

siphoning,

the following

'.'-;"=> I recemmendations

are made: 1

I (a) The rubber tubing.to be used as a, siphon should'be completely filled 1 4, with water and one end closed with the fingers.' QL / , L 1 -.. e o en end should be insert@ in the bottle"to*a depth. slightlp above i the $ime%' i I -+ ,~ . . i : $i$ __ .', (c.) The closed end o? the-siphon should be, at a'lower level than the; bottom ,I ,: ,' .. of the" bottle'. ,; '_ I . 1 .: . t .,I .
& * , 1 <

. r

-?, Dry strength.test

---;. -------i;---,,--~ -6 - __.. .__ -... "' _.._ " ~,~~~s.used~-'tb'measure the plasticity of the: soil. IFor this purpose, '. the-s~i~-~~--separat~d in the same wag as for the prece$ing test ar&for,med%@o a **-' b&Llx&istened'to the consistencytofaough, ,with a diameter of approximateXly I -2;O cml?<'The ball must be dried completely in a dry atmosphere;, in the sun,'or,,,,~ If/s resistance to +lmbling or pulverizati,on is tested between,.., --.____ j-. with dir~ectheat... -E t,he fingers (fig.l4)j and may 'vary in degre-e according ", to t&e fine components .' ..__ . I.. ,*T2. p%?edopnant 1~ the soilK,,, as"shown~iq~table '_ F-7. ' -' 1 '..'.-.; ,,,l''\ . .i '-.. : @ u I,, . " \.., i' --.. _-.._ / :' ' . * _ ; -' ,_----.' . .: 6. x : .I ' -1I+-\-.-. :: _, / . r. ,-# ---A_ so ' 3 _., _ > -./-- -7,, ,:e -* . .. _r m _.,' ' 2, *...t *<,-,_ ,..C." ., i : : _.1'_ * ",,' -' . i;, ?f, .: 4, ,, _, 4 -:, _ _, 0' 1 %z-

i.

. a * 1 ,,

'. ' ; I -: Dry strength Dry strength &ow strength -, s ; Medium strength L ...

TABLE 2 % test Effect

'

" of fine I : soils

Gf the .elasticity on the dry ball -. "

PI

.! I

Significance Denot,es a lack Q$ cohesion and indicates inorganic silts, very fine sands, or a.soil combination containing a small amount of clay. Indicates an organic'. clay, silty clay, or a > rather sandy clay. Indicates inorganic and highly plastic clay.

The ball can-be -easily pulverize& t .. / . ., Considerable pressure of the fingers needed to pulverize the ball. L The ball cannot be' pulverized 3. , . d ,

1 I * ',: High strengths 1. .-'.__ ._

d
Brightness '_ .- r >" This test r is a quick

test

for

detectingthe

"! presence

of clay. moist highly 15).

',\

The best way bf making the'test is to cut a mass of rather *.$ this indicates If the: cut surface is seen to be bright, . knife. clay, while an opaque,,s,urface indicates-silt or sandy clay (fig.
./-: .

soil with a plastic " .

Sx&plementary ,i . i I.,I /' L ..

is

field 1/ is tests.

method for included i

identification.

of soil

texture in addition 8 ;. * 1

Table,3 to the field .( ? ', .I. R .*

as a supplementary .'

I guide. to identification, -3

or-------/ I , d . / ,_ 3; --~. ,. I,,

I ^~____,,' .~..--. -- - -_' ,

4 D/ a .\

~ i

0 f ".

. for Housing; i" -.

,*

J United

1. Nations \

+ Taken from Manual on Stabiiized Soil Construction I! 7-----------'sbljcation,, Sales No..: 58.II.H.L . ,: , ,:.' --___ .I _.. .. 9 .,. -.z.___ 7 !I ,: .-ir ., -_ 9*"--, ._ :-..__ I,: -x2"-.
1 ;; I';i*I !,l ,I : ,:: : >:: I il .,'. ;-. .. '. 0' : , I _, _ *p.'. " " ?.. .I ijl '.A . : 6 ;;:; ,>&,I r<r"i' /&;r<&

.I
) ,.;

Neld

Method for Identification .S

l

of Soil Texture.';,
0.

Soil
Text:

Visual
Slza

ure sand 3 S=@f Loam

Detection of.Partlcle and General Appearance of the S@l

Squeezed in Hand and Pressure Released When Air Diy Will not form a cast ana till fall apart when pressure is released. Forms a cast which readily fslls apart when lightly touched. Forms a cast which willbear ctieful handling without .* breaking. . When Molst ."

Soil Ribboned' 'Between Thumb and Finger Aen Moist Cannot be ribboned. .' . "3

Soil has a grmuJar appearance in which the individual grain It is sizes can be detected. free-flowing wh* in a dry conaltion. p Essentially a granular with sufficient silt and clay.to .&ke it somewhat coherent. sand characteristi%s predominate. A uniform mixture of sand, silt trading 0f sand ma c~s..Y. fraction quite uniform from cosrse' to fine. It. is mellow, has somewhat gritty feel, yet $6 fairly smooth and slightly plastic. = Contains a moderate amount of the finer grsd.es qf_pnd and 0nly.a sm_aU-funount of clay -,over half of the psrtlcles are silt. Whebdryitmay appear quite cloddy; can readily be * , broken and pulverized to a poti~r .

Forms a cast which will. crumble when i lightly touched. . Forms a cast vfilch willbear careful. hsndling without breaking Forms a castwhich canbe handled freely without bresJd.ng.

Cannot be ribboned.

,,
F -.

I.mm
i

Cannot be ribboned, ,

,,

Silt LOam

Forms a cast wh$ch csq be frsely Pulverizes handled. lt"h.as a soft flour like feel.

Forms a cast which can be freely handled. When wet, soil runs together and, puddles. b Forms a cast which C~TI be handle8. Wliei wet, It readily puddles.

Will not ribbon but has a *oken qpearsnce, feelssmooth, andmay be slightly plastic. I

rl

~Silt

Contains over 80 & Cat of I.m Forms a cast which can be handled silt particles with very%ttle +thout breaking. fine sfd ana clay. When dry, !I lit m& be cloddy; readily'2 'pulverizes to mer with a soft flour-like feel. .Nne &tured~soll breaks Into . hard lumps when dry. Contains more clay than silt loam. Resembles clay in a dry condition Identification' is Gide on physical behaviour of moist-soil. Nne.textured soil breaks Into veryhardlumps when dry. Mfflcult to,,pulverize Into am soft flour-like powder when dry. Identiflcation~based on cohesive properties of the iuolst soil. Forms a cast which cm be handled * without breaking.

It has a tendency to ribbon ti.th-a broken appearance, 'feels smooth.

e .

"; Clay I.tmm

-\ c=w'

Forms a casttich csnbe hsndlqd free1 without breaking. It canbe worked 'into a dense mass. Forms a cast which can be handledfreely without breaking

Forms a thin tiich resdily,breaks, barely sustaining its OWEweight.

Forms a cast wt$ch banRie handled freely without bresldng. . -

FormsLlong thin. flexible ribbons. Can be worked into a dense compact llLSS. Considerable p1sstic1ty.

/.

Crgani,c S0ll.s

A-

-_

Muck consists of thoroughly dt?comp&ea organic Identification based on the high orgdc content. When mateiial with considerable armunt of mineral soil finely;dlvided with-some flbrol 2s remains. Theplantremainsor considerable fibrous smterial is present, i-t:niay be classified ss peat. Soil dolour r-es from brown to black. sometimes the struct&e can easily be recognized. lbey occuk in lowlf+3 in swamps Or swale. They have hi& shrinkage upon m&3. - * ::L_ ii -,-- ._,_-L ._ -*.
;,

43-

'

."

-. __ .' ',. :' .I_ 7 r 4.

_ :

: .2 \ ,

I .n-

. fi .,x

'e

,.

'3 ,

@a of ,t@e possibility by indicating the degree of we deal with the stabilization of 8,;

of . 7.

._

._ .f I _ 4 . -I_ F PROPERTIES OF SOIL Permeability when compacted Id2 ,Silty sands C.. ,. _ - ., Clayey sands _. . .a: c 1 1 Y "Pervious Semipervious c %o impervious Impervious L I ,Semipervious to,impervious. . i + Impervious.
I

; a$: a material _. ' ,'

Workabill;tykl - construction Excellent +

to fair Fair . .Good

; ,.:. I !' I I ::, a

Organic'silt and very fine sands: ' :'. Silty or clayey fine -sands.$th " *i slight plasticityb loGto medium
CAl+-,r * c n,.Ll,rt,

_ 'Q ~
I .

Faj,r .I ' f...-__ _ I /+% I .IzX * 'Good to fa%r ,

*, 1%

"

Q / ' '> ,1. y,.

.) -\ -.. -

! /

Organic
pl&,ticity;
L

silts. silts. -F clays "

; I ,j*'

Organic ' . Elastic

clays of low .'silts. . _ --d

-,i

Semipervious to impe,rv%3us 'i

\

** L "

'

Fa.ir

:I

\ \ I ':.

Inorganic* I. _ Inorganic

\ Semip&kious to impe+ious . Impervic&'

i

,= I
/

OrgsQc'clays. q&a.sticity

of high plasticity. ,> ". , of medium to high -' I , .+A'

-4

-.. .-. I - -. in Unified I Soil _..-. :I ~ 1 -I Id, '+-.

* j. : x s ,

__ Impervious . \ ; !

'; a./ / --

Extracted from then-table -..1 I. .. - ,, Classificazzon system.

given

by,the

Bureau of Reclama~tion, /

Workability" of a soil is the ease with which 0~ worked in.a normal mixture, dry or moist,
_ .. I I% / . ,b. , ,# ,; I :,: I , r Q, Y . d

a-,gi\en*materia:l ckn be handled j_ and ease of &ompaction.

* p ;1 I * DC% I _ I .; i : . -,.< ,( . : . . eI a, * da-

_I

.Li : +

.f _
-.. .:--

I 2 r ?. t-,

-_
P

MATEFZAL SOIL AS A CONSTFWCTION -- ---_-. - ~I- __*_=__ _ .._ HACKGROUND.

, 3

istorically, the first reference to the use of soil as a construction al,.:idates from the.time of Hs.@+al, during theasecond Puni? War, when it !<as These towers wer.e seen intact by Pliny, &build watch-towers for look-outs. fficer sent to Spain-in the year 67, 300 years after -they had been a Observersin recent years hav,e vouched for the. existence of these soil s,twenty centuries old. d u 'i , soil in its natural form has been widely used in buildings, . _.- In the~Ameri&as, i -WI .,'.:A th& pre-Spanish structures raised by the ancient Indians. ;?:-;:Notetrqrthy examples are: -O-'in'Peru,.using bricks and blocks of crude clay simply dried in the sun, the ruins $;.I .i,,.of;whitih can be observed to-this day. The bricks were of small dimensions; 'f,measuring up to 0.40 m in length by 0:20-0.25 m in width and 0.10 m in depth;. the being up to 1.50 m in length and 1.02 m-in block,+ were of enormous dimensions, These can-be seen at the fortress of Paramonga and the ruins of Chanchdn. ..:-~P&h. 2. 1 ,i famous Church of Santa Cruz. in South Carolina, in the United States, 3 ~~,~;,$C%e _". -,qthstood the violent Charleston earthquake with only slight cracking. ,' :. -- .'i ;.,--. --The Convent of&n Francisco in t'he Argentine city of Santa Fe, whose soil '.>& evidence of the durability of this 'w&ls:were compleied in 1695, is further r . donstruction material. e i J. : - -.. -,Forms in'which soil is used ' _.. ,,- * . I . . ', . Soil is used in construction in the' follow'ng forms: 1 .;l c ,..a' cut.from the surface of the (ai .In the f orm.of rubble, c blocks of-soil.. \ d . / ', ' ,. . \ '.

(b) 1 As bricks, made in wooden forms or moulds with F .'requireh degree. 0,.,, /.'. 7 compacted in situ in suitable rigid frames to form - &j Moistened-soil waY%ng (rammed earth)., d .monolithic r-v li f i by co&xLning to improve its , : _-(I '/: (a) As sta$il%zed Soil, -' ' it with an agent ih.ord&r ~c~+structive properties: .- . ! '8 : ,: i i r' -? ai .:i * , r;' m' r' STABILIZED SOIL c : . r .I 9 the use 'of simple $ De_sp$te its good insulating and resistant qualities, compacted soil (natural soil) is vulnerable to moisture and to the erosive effects> . F . ? ~ of ex-tetial: agent& I B . '. . -_ 1 -_ :_ --:t .' e. Soil~~at<$ is the name'givefi to certain processes to which'nat&al . A ';-soils";~~~subjected in order to make themmore suitable for use as a const~u~tion d c material... ' _ I. r " ',-r. -l$ i h '9 .. ,. !I 1 1 ,'.i _ ., ':,' _: + "? >: " iI i. -, I _, ::, ;;-, I; ; . ic of, : ,' ,.L >tLL-;'~':..~. ',, '_ < : ,> ,;,

.' / $~ cart , in pieces or .e .I! ,_, .'. */ : soil-moiste'ned to the

the best

qualities of possess.. For more durable than

p;:.. Ii -. ;,Zls ._ (_

;;y.: ,. .i .I ~~, .. Sj .i;._: .:.i i-2,. L, .-

.I -1,

Methods
.)

of$stabilization
;: .

must meetthe
7

following
1 -

criteria:

'

* a

4 I

.I

-:I

(A>

,/.-r

:;

: .The

hasic material
_I

used must be soil;

.

' to with&and the-material manner t* the e<feCtse-@limatic , '" L sufficient inter&l demands placed.Iupon -1 c@ . . .

g$g.. :.C f . $y.;:::s,:1 $5) .[c or@lida$ ion; ,E: 1<. 1.. ,'. :_ - '- ,&J." ~+j&roo$in$J :.. .yzz. :'-;..;. .I,.., :_i ',

,) ., ! I'

. ,'. t ,"'*, )

are as follows: rI a

_ ,/

.T

. ..

,';l,n&$J ., : ,. . ii,-: .,i,,. .,'_ ,!.<.yF. :...-uqtlaw~ ,/:,:.-? _. :. . .y,),-.*,:q -I; -.-::. ..- .,-.= .,,.

jl. .f.ji$th- hire,

' ,$Png thG/sub$ect 'Duf;-, tlpi ii%%.w$3 #u I -, \

,c :g i ; _,_ /

E-~~~~-, __ ___-,__-- L _ _-- . -... .--~ :. of this-paper;is

-;,

disdssed .7 -.

_. b*

in greatek; :

kd2les

'and ,;~: " -,-z are dra +? closer together &ome,,mkxre compact, th'e ?--+ 1 _. -,I: YVC; snts i;$e pen&tratidn,,gf water, which,mig@t -;I of the soils ant3 -cau& changes of,'volumti.
$a&G ,;. -. . , ok ,.o.. .:, ^ &he&$. ,, ., ,, the ; basic ., .<., . ..- f iofl ,I.

. i ., y :i ., -.. / \; :: I
% I

dor&&iz

with

the usual

/.

,'. Waterproofing ./, Waterproofing consists of adding to the soil bituminous materials (asnhalt ,or that are stable and highly pitch), which ccmbine with the soil to form mixtures Thus, the-moisture content of the mixture resistant to thypene$ration of water. and the result is a material possessing invariable remains -more or less_cdh~tant, ', properties., ,_ of some natural soils is greatly improved by the addition of which are themselves sticky'and cohesive, and this is another advantages of this method. b. a IOne of the most important requirements of this stabilization method is that 1 In order to obtain the soil andthe bituminous material must be uniformly mixed. the soil must be pulverized, so that,.the an-acceptable mixture, therefore, bituminous material can be' distributed uniformly.
. a

The low cohesion

This stabilization soils made up of fine .easily, provided that

meihod gives very effective resuits in the case of'cohesive particles (clayey soils) which do not pulverize or mix 7 a suitable mechanical mixer is used. Jr The drawback to this stabilization method in some cases is that the bituminous wi-th the result that the materials are vulnerable to.'thk.effects of soil bacteria, absorption of water is increaseddand the material becomes unstable. Chemical treatment , s

.T

r .

-Chemical stabilization involves the use of procedures designed to improve.the physical properties of soils through the addition of such chemical substances as ~_.--~&.~&~rsndium~e~ an&calcium -chloride.
--. ,

r-n-.~~rn; .-Sal +-rrO.n+mnn:. 7nn+.

nnl~

-imnrnvedGh~

nhGic.al

wov--f.i

PC nf

cni1.c.

hl1-k

in some cases, changes tneir.cnemical aiso, to treat soils, _.with chemicals, therefore, composition., .i .. -a. Stabilization
modifyingltk&r

composition it is"necessary ___ ._.-

IUJ? the

better. to know their ..

In oraer chemical

! r; 0,

a their strength, .. II. .<2 . ,,' Addition of a binding, age&$, $$- $j 11 ~, ji , h Tea. T particles This method consists, of axi%$.a soil with some agent so that tions, thus bind'.together and remain firmly united and unaffected by moisture v lly used is The binding l&gent g pro&&g a strong- ana very durable,material. ,,Portl!and cement. .I ._ ., * . .* mixed with-the 'For-this type of stabilizatien, @&verized'so'il is to,hydrate the 'proper Amount of the binding agent, and-suf.ficient wate -The cement combines with the "causing the soil to consolidate. cement, kventuaily _ %,and forms a material of great strength. water, sets,, r ,
. 1 -,
c a * .

with lime not: only produces chemical changes in soils, thus ;but and ,elemer&arjC proper,$ies, _ , also has a binding'effect # >in,creases . .'

&

,'

.e-4-. , 8% .__

-1

I)

-17I.

l .

-:.

, XL

B 2

III.

PREPARATION. OF SQIL-CEMEkT. tit13d1ucTI0oiv~ L

Le '.

'i i I .. I

General

y.1;. -.,I . *
.i. ( "

LI ~ P __. : i: il ; , '.. 1 Theuee'of natural soil in the+traditibnal'form of adobe or r is-limited because. of $ts low-strength, which means that it can and its vulnerability to atmospheric . agents, and Walls of-great thickness, especially,to the effects 'of erosion.s : . 0 * ',.*' %

-I

If&is natural.soil possesses certain technical eharakteristics, it is i poi$ib%e,. by adding to it',a'small given proportion of, cement, mixing.i$ with water and compacting itto a certain, i mxtiP the.ontimum moisture. Content is achieved, --.-l".&,C a-_. ~ When this is done, ~fkz-rke. tci& ~)duce a mass posseZ%ing great strength when'set. &~-&.&&iai~ can bear much greater-wor%+loads than could%e carried by the soil without cement, and.it also maximum durability in the*p%s@ice of the The effect of the cement on the soil is ~onti&ous action 0-f change the and to improve its: stabil,$ty, converting. * to deteriorate and 'of"g*eater :the resul35ng mass into a. st t?Zq&h, ',, ,. *. . a 'This compound of soil, cement and water, nrkerlv'comtiacted. constitutes soil-cement. mixed in the.proper 4
. .. -

proportions

and

=,,>.~.,: + :i:;: __ , F+~ ,,T , c,~,, ._.,,_,.:., ,,,, .._..

----,

_;

- __ I

_,

;.

,.

/ ,,_ .__ :.. :~.nfiue~~,~...~~~~-~e :

. . S.,cii~l ,,C

Cbn;,Sti~ .

+=*

+..

-m

_. . . .

_.. . . ...7.> .. -I >

I

7 --r(: '---1 .- ::<. .; ..

soil. .__.__- .-LL--i r j__ )I. ',i, .:\. '. ~r~i~~o~-t~~~ion~h-ce~e~ 7.. - .'.. and'aoes not, sh@&+qprecjably~Vhen I&.' i?t.&mi k=bureof m&t&e
----

pried. sand,,. silt &f$&ient

3s 'An ideal and clay, the l&tter cohesion -wd &good

two grankla2~

streqg,th .to',so+ls. ' H&ver., a-certain lkn%k'(2'j$)~,~If?'a strong of,.mo$strtre, ,-w/her& they hecome-,dry.

. ._

&$&$-'~am> 't$$.: ';"' '--; ;e"~. f ,I" ,,*:

cement;:is needed; .fO (, .. '"..'.:, --$; I. .. I,

~ -, _, ii .,!y:~ -:,.I .y..: .; ; = 7 .7 +-.1 ,

..,

._

i
.--------.. - --I

:.:,.a :I.:.1.. (-j& ~~offset~."t~s~'dirsadimntages.is

,, ;;-.~:.-~;.....,I_ ,.:,.,,:.: v.

:a,,: '&i0unt of sand to,the*over-dlayey '?:.: , &iter.ia, for an ideal soil.

<,,; ,.,.._ .:. : .. :

soil.

to add a carefully When this is done, the soil

m.

measured meets the ,.'

$

'

. idmn&ges... of . soil-cement .c .rl __

gy .c: i

:~~

" The addition of-cement to'soi<produc& a material which,possesses all the . : fobkng adv Q :::.I' ,' < 1 . 1.. .".' ),' (a) There is little change-of volume/$hroug$,absorbtion or loSs;of moisture. /-.;,.'.' " -.',, r n ::..,-,'.,,-'_ B 3, :. L _ It does not deteriorate Ghen submerged in water. ------A-_ ,- (6) 3:;: -_.. _ c,.. . -* Cc) -..I;& --. .A., :,. , I ._. '. s a compressive strength simil%r t0, or even greater than, an, :',y.:' .,.-ord$nary brick of.fired . clay. . _F ct c.. : _ '. i ..;. I * 'C., -,:. c -RRE&RATION .. .. ) * . 1 :. .'., , of soil-cement, should be restricted to,the following stages: .'The"preparation :.,G.'T,. .,. ;. _ '. ; ?' L:1. :--.. .-*I(a) zCom$onents; _' b i :.-i-.Y[. ' './ ,I . _:..I' I' 1, t -~ .. .. ,,.a '(b') Mi$ng%f. the components; . _ r' , . i.' :-' .-'. '.:': ,.._ '. ';. :;:.z,.." _ yc). : -&om ac tl Ion iL of the mixture; I---~-.* ' (. ,I_ " ~_ S!.-.e+ _ : i . .- J, 1' rI i )@g ,. NW.* .r*, . . j_ . ,, ,.. ; -..-i-+."c.^.',-^ ..,.... ,._!" _.....,._ ,_ ,_ ,. ,., . ,.. . . ,1 _....,,_ ~. ,.. ,. 1 . . . . . . . 1. . . _.. 1. I :'.,, -.
/.

:
c

: I 0 --

7 - :ftTa&kil P icatf

Ler to p&e&e soil&&@nt;, and.bearing'in mind that n0talJ.,@-ls are .~~~urnos,$a,survey'is made, of: the are.6 .adjacent to the worksiteS ~~ie~ri~us',soil~.available. After a prelimin&ry visual t&ken and ;tho&e considered unsuitable,are aiscarded. <The7 ;o: b~~.~~~~~ea--in.~,?~~,~.'sarnple~ lis indicated nnder'"Identif+eation~ and ,.:. ~~,~~.~-;--, -._._ .._-._.
oh? _ 1 +&. ; ,; ,( -..__._

:~?G+&Si~are~ tested,

either in, the l&bora$ry or in'the : &he+ .x.&?!,~~~to det~~ne.'~~~s-~~~erties s. B&h tests "identification and cltissification?. ",

field, and

-e', because they produce the bests ,w <+>I: " ,.:!y,'.::.. _ ;* The optimum proportion is.,75 per cent sand and results ~I$n.stab&lized. :g:..:; -. :: ~i--4.F+ --. '... "z+* in the latter percentage ' -2$perv'cen.t silt and day; the content of clay.included +; r .;T'" ::;- : 1 . :,; The' sand,in a soil constitutes it; skeleton, should be not less than 10 per cent.. -,;, ._",. ,, :':;'.,, .. :]&,a certain amount of clay is needed to bind the mass together. .",'; I .^I ', .,,~Q ,' .I. -.A '$'? '. Broadly speaking, the soils considered stitable for, soil-cement construction 9 . ~2.;'. _ 8% *,, r tsork"are those containing a.minimum ?f 45 per cent sand with 55 per cent silt and :, ,! .k,: : i. silt and clay. clay, and a maximum of 80 per cent sand with ?O per cent :...-: OX<. :: ." ,,i- * .' .c .,- . <i \ the topsoil, j.'. Goils containing organic matter, which is found mainly in :G-. b ./ -. produce unsatisfactory resultsrwhen stabilized. _., ,.: \ . II ; l&e recommended'pescentages are only approximate, since s*oil;s may be found 6: L ,._* .. pnnt.aini& ditfe?ent proportions of".the basic components from those indicated and ' ..LI -w.&---T-c3 --In the case.of fine s.oi-ls, this is due fundamentally producing favor tiable rdsul&s*. whl>h--3t is difficult to determine by to theCLchemicaJ. composition of the soils, /.----c <$,!C ; . .. ;The, final choice of the proper soil,should be made on the ' Recommendationi ~'?&lectJon according to the proportions indicated above, and basisof _-._~- ~~ ..._ . ..y %C of-the-soil when subjected to field tests (as ..I. .* 1:. 'indicated under "The: cement"';-ich allow- the reaction+of the soil under ..,- .'. '.,, ;,: nnns<der'ation the uresence'of cem,eiit and water to be observed. ______--- -. --_~~ in ~~~./ ..
1. . .

..

_' Once the sail sampp has . . from which the mater-la1 tiill be .-. the soiIL'begins in earn&$%.. '\ _q__d' J ...-

:.

of acceptable be-en decided, - -i

quality and the the preparation

site of

soil.'mayJ$ossess a certain-degree of moisture, whi!ch' for this_purpose,. the_soi.l_is~ spreadin_.l e-to the-air;.,. -w,, surface and protected against rain. "The i "_ ._I'd .,/. -. reason for.~&dt@i& the moistness of the soil is to make it easier ;;;,$-&2;' -&;;;.&h the cem&nc,.' .-_ ..-T yy y--; . 1 . . ' ,' .,_?

: 1. --', (1-. &

to 1 _.-. .'.-- --'-: .~ i

-. I

. ._,__ ,_

frc

; ,,b., ,I +-, ,s , .

r. i

. ,-

.T _ -. , ? )_ : z> -.

.-

_.

._1

The cement and water. high quality of the resulting.cogstruction m&terial depends on 4 he.use of'-the proportions of both the soli$.mate&als '- soil and ceme,nt, - and the ./i '4. :, .liquid component, water.-, 1 r .I -... The cement .-/---v-=The yment generally.used is Portland qualities of However, cement,, .x$hich are,awidely known and are guaranteed by.the manufacturers,. must be stored indoors in a.,pla$e with waterproof yalls and ceiI?ng, and the. should ', be raised above ground level. -floor, which must also be waterproof, :, . \ ; ,. . .It should be noted that prolonged storage of cement cause's :a gradual Lumpssals+o form and this is a: sign that the cement reduction of its strength.~ '.is old or is being affected by moisture. .:: ; ,
CT.,'1

i isi a fompoun&of soil, ---- -------J yrhknr)pps(srpil

,.d

: ~ r

_. ';

_'._

In the-field, the percentage of cement to.be used in soil-c,ement mixtures varying the proport?on,of cement by volume between i"s determined experimentally,.. 4 ;75 per cent and 12.5 per cent and using the same -type of soil. _ 1, to the t&e'of.soil The percdntages mentioned must be adjusted according r ! 1* table: used, in accordance with the-folloWing m 'I _ ;il 1

-.

I) (

!. :

; Sandy-'. yl , -

NORMALPERCENTAGE OF CEMENT' LT.,,-y..L" 3.35-12.5 ' (not ', A \ for

--

%I, use) I.:I 6 .~ '-. i _

c

Clayey.

.12.5-J-5.4

recownended

i: r

* and classification": See "-Basic components li and "Identification s +hb nf ksndv soc requires an increase in the percentage UT dif'ferent percen?Xges,should*be tried with the,soil to be Le extremes indicated in the table for the type
-7; :-

,'.; 29. cm

dimensgons: three .blocksare,made in," say, the following LycII ,,,,,ntage, n 1 14 cm,&in breadth, and 9 cm in depth. length, D unde'i"' "Mixing' -@hecomponents", oreoared as 'indicated.above mi K~.~Iw. ik tent and compzctioh must be"ensured in each ease. ----- --_ i incr,dnrf.

: :' .* I s ,

cur&z

of< the blocks

must be done in the manner indicated subjected tp ,the following

hey are- made,-,the----blocks-are

d... 11,'; :.-',' ;';: ','i..;. ., '1. ,, ., .I,_.. r-: ., .+..-I :<' -I. : ,: , -: ._1 .*"a.

- .: . z<.;-: ,V~, I.

. -1 -i

1 (a) T&silo folk+ng mtinner:-The 2.5 x 2:5 x 15 F;m, 6hich _ block, is.platied a third from:it is suspended-,,by "weights are placed.' * The strength of the t&e re.ceptacle before .- -.._ -_

The ten&Se

a flexible

,.:-,-.1.. A.
, -. _

.: ; .. ._ ;:.,., :':. i , "

:_: ^ i :._

I,' --, i : ! - (b) Unit weight. Th-IJj L_* is tested bv~wei&-&"'in~a ,-blocks that have been made.' TheI"ma&num unit weight" blotik(stren&h .&id durability are directly.proportional -. _ .s .~ --.... af the'&-terial).I
j

:
*

strength.is tested inrthe two supports measuring and on toh of* the measurements as the. others, and : a receptacle into .whichW. ,. fittihg, . . . II the weight that is added to breaking point will indicate' -* balance each of the 'will,indicate the ,best to the "unit weight" p -.a ,' I. I I

lightly -tes$.' 0pon being-struck Lm, ,' ., :..:. $ " $roduce'a.metallic' sou~~Y(Pig. ~21); ..; .: ,: ).. I .:. : . * .. If.a 10,cm na.il, for ,.' (d) Hardness'test. i '..y** 8' -. no cavities -,'arida the block is struck obliquely, : ; , "
-(c)^ SC%&

with a h&&r, the block should ;; j iinstan&e; :is taken in the hand :deeper tha.n 5 mm should be
^,
..--~~..... . !.

J
r---.v--.I .-.-: ;; ,... ,. _ . +,--= _ --, ,~: .$g+$& :: -;-.

:,,*

- --y--'(e),, 1 - . ,:A:,.: .".'i /.. r . ::',', z. I .:'i'.I ,T . (f,) ;:.:-2 i_ _ y. ,i'. dtie@qsti ;.,-y.~:
_ 1:& p: . .,

:The biock.'&uld The biock'should

,have' sharp, firm edges (fig. 27). P v not'show any marked changes in its

original 'theblock n .
c a;.. _ . .w ..

.l. 'i: '3 ', .. (g)' 'When submerged in'&ontainer :: -_-"-~ ;g ,*,,G: .' shouldndt SW sig?: of disintegration ., ;,A.. ., ; ~,.&c:i:-T, .!Rie.watel; ! * ::..-.-., _-. .,. .* ,. * ': .s ,/ $T-{;<;;. ', -. .a.,
.L -:. !._ I -i-r l . -** * : 3:.: ..~ . L .2*._:. -.. _ . . . i ,.

,_.'-

,';.-

"_i;
_I

'_

of %a$? for eight&&u&, (figs;-;.@+ and 24 (a)).

f 5 ?

.y.

At

to.give the below) a.nd to.

,, _ . ..A._ ,;~*,;.. . / ~~-~2 ,-, :.: : i k +

1 '.'

-.

,, dh ty;pe 6.f soil requires a. specific degree of.moistness if it is to be * , 0166&%d~Zdrre6tl~~ Bro&llv 'sneaking. the total amount of water should vary , & _I ;-: ; ,i;,. ,/ ...-. ..-.? i 8 .&y., cent and 16 per.cent . (in volume?). i?,, 1 . betyeq: . -. . . / :: ... .,2,.1.. .-,, - /I ,, g.',,:.Tbp_l.$Wle. or too. mu&h water'means more work in compaction, because it is ~~ ..;. _ L ,, .y* ?...; r,~,,,~.:,..~.-~..' . '- .-d2fficu.l.t for%iE'6omponents p-f'-themixture to cohere-4 ~ ,,<.:..:.** ':.;:_ ;*;;I;::.;-::. ; ',- : (, ,_,d.. . . .. : 0 : ii _^. ,:..I_, --, ., ., sh&@d be clean; and should not.,:contafn any matter in ' _' ,; .: i "!?+water*used ? iffect the qua.lity of the soil-Cement. (, kg+ -,..<:. -. .: ,-,.-,,- -_-.. __-),' ;~b.~- . * &$yj:j;?:y. / ;ei_: l I' ..j yy -; ,-.;A. ~,-_^_ _-__-_ _. ..--.-.-. kg+ ,E :, -- .-'-.--_.-.. iL-.-- l: __
.,__^__.

?-

. . . I ,_

.;. ..._ 1 , _A _, ,

: :

.,

' *mixing _,A-'. . -

,.,

the 'components area

2, Economy is a basic factor in-the ? .- Rational planning of the "preparation

I

Preparation

preparation of soil-cement mixtures: essential (fig. 25). area n is therefore

, .P r

It is desirable that" the components of 'the soil-cement shF;u&be'conveniently be'prepared, consisting of a level, at hand, and a' "mixing base" should therefore so that the components wiL1 not be subjected to hand and non-absorbent floor, variatipnsof moisture through contact with the floor, and matter other than .' * the components of the mixture wily not.be picked up in the mixing. . *, c . s.. I : * I -. Dry mixing *_ Before the components &e mixed, they,,must be measured out in $&'specified it is desirable to use a receptacle &oanrtions. For the purpose of measuring, L-- -=---r-i' of know&volume and easy to,handle., -. * .,r*-1 'S :* ..' I,_ .- ',_, Ti?EiS%,+ha cn-il haa hppy, ---3- measured out, it is d,2posited 0% the "mixing base" vI-*I LIti ...A. LA....-. ..._ .,.L by sprinkling and spread- out in a layer'not deeper than 10 cm. ;@he cement isadded I it uniformly. over 'the.la.yer of soil. - I. . * . . It is essential for the cement-to be distributedas"unifdrky as possible '; \' The mixture -is zonsidered to be ready when all the mat-e$al through the soil. : .' ,has taken on a uniform colour (figs. 26 and 26 (a)). .Thi$ operation can be dpne Hand,mixing means-that the\ by hand or with a mechanical mixer (fig. 26-fb)). _ components must be turned over with a shovel on the "mixing ba'se".' . -,,., '> L ,.. *. .s * : ,:'Adding the water, and wet_mi.xing ;.. r .'_ . When the,dry soil and c&lent are thoroughly mixed, the mixture is spread 4 ,' on it from a ', in-a' shallow layer on the "mixing base", and water isjsprinkled 7 .'I- watering-can-until themoisture.'is.distributed ~~forml&throughout the mixture P I I

q 'p n

: <;i,:23 . : IT . * . Immln+ ~iid~d must &e uLyvuI+u n?rr,r&.er .,.-..--------2. *weight. 1 ..

tha.t IJive maximum unit ____ ~--__--.~~~--~ needed +.n -- a..- the '. w ! *! e" '_ .. ~- .The optimum moisture content of.thermixture can be determined by a simple ! 'field- .-f.bstl whi-ch is explained below. ----li ---7-----.. ,
: _. , j. , k ....+. c-s;-.q + , 7 *. n 1 -.. I.

be _--

"

Amount of water

needed
.

'!@etest oons-ists 0f"takAng.a it in the hand. ,When the-hand-is &% L- seen. .' 'i % The mixture retains _ it ca?L I mjlled apart without I---dropped from a height of 1.10 ,lodse material similar to' the ! means that the mixture .has the
0. i;-,. c

handful opened,

i.7 of mo&ened mi,xture and squ,ee"zing any of ,the fohlowing'results may be .& _,

-.

." '. * B i

I.. *

28) without soiling kt;, the shape of the hand (fig; disintegrating (fig.! 29); 'in dddition, if it is m tom a hard+gFrface, it will disintegrate ,into a original mixture (fPas. 29 and 29 (8)). 'This ~ (a) . right amount of Wa,ter.
.

~.--~ . _/ 71r- - ------..-. __ ___

-2-5. \^ -. :J , lr

,--1-.?-_ ,.,. _'. , I, ,%r ,I

1 .

,.
1

P , 1 ,I . . a:t . -

!:

(b). ,The mixture retains the shape of the hand, but sticks. to it and s?:ils it; when it is dropped in the same way&as befqre,'>t will not disintegrate i L -. but wiTI! flatten This means that the mixture has too much water. (fig. 3,C). _ .sz _ ;. (c) . The mixture'crumbles and does not retain the shape oBthe. hand (fig. 31 1. \ i VThPs'm5xture has not enough water. _ % "...m

-I

CompactBag the mixture

moistened with a proper amount of yater If Sre have-a mixtur+a of soil-cement,, and we want it'50 shape when the drying process is completed, as ume a specific This moulding~ is and is compacted. the mixture is, pl&c;e fi into a'mould or'form call& "compaction",_ &d it must be carried out within two hours.after the water isadded to the mixture.
i.
I *

d&x&

and have with

2*

In this opera.tiony*tl?fe loose mixture 'is compressed up to a eertain limit its total volume is"thus4reduced.. When the process is completed, we shall and shall have a harder, moreicompact obtained a "maximum unit weight" 5 _ a .minimum of voids. i .
b I .a._

' \ s I
I

d I.
F

"Two methods may be employed.for _ _ as, follows.: 1 -e

compacting

soil-cement

used in instruction, , :

(a,) One method uses shutter\ng-, 81 which may be of large size, making it possible &construct one section after another of walling rammed in place,' known as "monolithic walling". m prefabricate work. small-si?ed p&s,

"
,

Y 1.

;I..

(h) The 0th er sys t em uses moulds4to are Joined together during the'construction P w . ,' . . . II ' The suitability of one: system or the . doases; according to local conditions and em Shuttering cmethod method, .' the shutteripg

which

other will-be determined, in individual the building methods employed. c 0,. *:

i
: \..

For this

must meet the following

requirements: made *on the d 9 * '---I

I

* (a) It must be rigid, in order of wood or iron, suit'ably'reinforced)

to avoid distortion (it is generally (figs. 70 and 7d;~-(gjm).~

_,__-~I_

. (b), _.~ diiensions

The length and depth,ok the shuttering will depend @%iarily of the ,. walling and the facilities for handling it. ._1

, I

(c) -'The clamps of the shuttering should;be such as toallow rapid assembly 5/ -and dismantling. I -, 0 -. -I Under this method the mifluire~ with its -correct"moisture content: is " y, -*.;. tra.nsported to the @ace where F,he walling is being erected'and is placed in .?------ __ 5. .. ._the shuttering ~ntil~,formsa~l_oose, uniform layer not more than I.5 cmin depth. .m .. c i .c 1' ._~- I 2, 1 .;;-.- ._ q. . or "mould$". ty Al so ,ca.lled:-'!fo.rms" -.. _, ._ .~ %. ;,, ,. r \ .,_c ,i i * /I- ..,__.:24---. I.__ ..- .-__ B -.. -. ._ ,, : , , .___ ;i-.. a> ! j 1 . ;_ 5 i ~ --.~ .,,qi Yi.,: :

,, I (i _ -:-1 ;c*+: 1 ;_, 2 1 ._ ..

i _-.-.ir : * . _ c ,

b L. * .

i -,. : pnmnaction is effected with a rneial: or wooden rammer, the lower &end ofwhiph in a s,q:are'base _ -- -----AZ - like an arch (or wedge), or which terminates ' The lotier edges or wrners shouldbe slightly apprpximately.7.5 cm. square. The shaft of.either ' the shuttering during. ramming. rounded to prevent'damage.to " %se Of rammer should be 'round-and should"be,l.5 m long (fig., 32). The, rammer 'fl j .is,used by driving iF'aga'~ns.the.mixture with bo:h hands. * . i.. Maximum.cbmpactfon has beenZChie,,ved when the strokes of the rammer-i,produce muffled sound of the mixture PI _ zlear and metallic sound, in-@nt;as? to the dull, '-2 when it is being rammed. I y ' A

1.

>8 -

,,', .:

_..

', A'nev finished,

section

en

be ccnstructed,'cn ,

the third

day, on top of one already' I

Tmmsdiately' ';"""' .I + . C.,TnC+v?ln-t L.VLLY,,UV;ion is

wa.lling under the last layer of the :s.eGtion or piece.of the,shutteri& is removed and the material is covered completed, P ' G&th~.m~&i;;t sacking, which should be kept moist for &ree.days. .,\ ' donstruction is very solid Tfii#c. met.hd LAAAy *----- allows .very rapid work. The resulting it possesses great stability ,h finished surface.1 Being monolithic, .and has a sm%ot '%z:+n~hnim~d andea.sv for anyone to k?a?.T.' -I ---r-i J.&l"".?~A"".y.' iw'sii&ic+ " b _i Moulding method . 2 d %' --y-T., -The method of compacting ii m&MS cO@ists c9 LrnrArediTres: , -----~- - * -'I' 'lc (a) i ' Insimplk mOulds$ + . : ', , ,/ , I -* fh.1 moulder. ",( ,' \-z By'mechanidal
. r , ,.i

I)

":

,' '

r c- q'-.I'. of making blocks

.' by'the following. ^. f' .: ; I .?*

--

. - + v-

or foi-ms ' I I 'I I -_ The makkng;of blocks by.this method'requires the use of a rigid.mOuld, ~..wh .~ 5ch-may be'&adecof detachable pieces, hinged, or inone piece, and,is usually I. 33, 33 (a) and ~--'.of-wbod,-..'cir~ther with la rammer of&he same material (figs,. -- I- \\ F . -. 55 \b)l-\ \ 8' I. (., .._ The mould is placed on a flat, moist mixture is placed in it in suceessiye no : rammed until the maximum compaction is I : sh and its n$per.'surface his been '- : aC ,a - ,". '-,,.\ 1

Simpl& m&l+

-/. .i ,i_

_ ' e I

.- ._ . .' for

'There removing

type:of.mould which requires the use of &'special implement e mould from the block: Thiskinstrument, which is known:as'a_

,,

_: .

&Cher"hahd-ouerated ._ .'

Or m&or-&ven'mOulders *

:.. .' :P (_ .'. _--F ;g--~,.,,b *,.. ., I:,:,, ; : : * -

may be used for c 9 3

making blocks

.* .

..-.-: :;i1 ;..l

: . ., :, . . c _ 1

. . ;s, ,
6 ,_I i. ,:*. : 1

-?5L

-. :n
_ .

_
.\

c.

I.

ii.- , ;, _ ,:.:,I i f- This,~~moulder~(.figs~. ,36 a.hd: 36 (a)) is operated as follows': -:..; I ,:I'.:' " _ ,-,,;.i . T:,; _ '"a,: '1 (a), 'Ihe 'cIiiV&@M moulder should be*set up in a level place ipside the' ;:-,,.x , :I i and near the "mixing base". . . .'~lock.pceparation~r~a~ .:'$ -. .\' - I ..-= . ', : _, i :-I '. . , I' ,.r ! i'. : ..,. .(b) .The..l%x of the'moulder (a,metal mould) should be coated on theinbide . 4' ;+ :'. I. . -'.: , with a protective-film (oil or grease) to prevent the soil-cement mixture from (1 .I ,:j.I _ ,$'igurel,j'l shows the moulder in .its."rest position" and ! sticking -to its walls. :.i:, ,. ;;;. ;: ---a. , ++;,L-,& .-,,/ ' rea"dy:for 'the box.& be-filled: I a \a, _' , .'..> ._ ., ;:;:.I;, -',.~r> ,_' I r tcj *T&-bli .ck -making irprocess;.begins with the?igsertion into the moKLder box'. ",$._' $,j. the'total volume Gwhfch depends On the '.+' : .,'" ~ I of some loose, moist mixture, * '..,? soil used. ;I:;,I . ': ; ,'peculi&rities:of-the Cl!he'volume required is determined in eachcase ;-:_/, .-.-.., (' .:':':. .._ by tria.lj-and error,' after .a number of test blocks have been mad.e. cover is" then clos&% (fig.'jf (a)),'the lever,>s swun~&into catch is Tai;ed to enable compaction to'b+&n,(fig..j7 its vertical. (b))., -+,' ._.' ,..a'

., a&e to be' made.with very sahdy soils, a plate must LB-placed j .;:: .' . ~~'~"$herii%&ks .; +.-&p the,~bot;tom*of the -box ;befose the lodse.mi.xture is,-put ,in,. in order to W : :.... :.' .,/..,,. :_ +i. ,~+.~~~jxi-jA Gimpyal eo~,t~e,.,rno~~d,(rigs; 38,&d-38 (a)). 'i ;,:: ,,; ;,111 ./b . -. - /*v :

-i... '/ '.A ..; W: - ". -3'. A!;

~e.dfjring.time

of the bement is very import&t,.in g operations must be

boil-cement'; for this and,,com$eted of two ,hoi&s. -_ a .decisive

:.

I'

:.: . .; .. -'i . . .?L 2

..

,:,,Monolithic
,.,

walling

' i

..

_hi? walling needs a moist covering (wet'sacking) For drying and c+D.-ing, man it is sprinkled.with a fine s made; thereafter, for the first three days a.fter spray of water until the'end of a period of eight days.
,_.

.Blocks . I

. drying, the blocks o * must be stored with adequate protection .

To ensure proper against sun and .rain: +

The blocg:,~~B,k~pt.away from the earth on a dry.level,surface'-(fig: 39). , .I 0 -'-"-'&e.bl&ks must be- allowed-to dry~slo~ly a&without-vioSentdchanges 'of Loss of moisture must therefore be strictly controlled,during'the temp&a,&e. to prevent them frcm drying .' .*-first twenty-four hours after they are made , in.order o&"'c$pletely all at once, since this-may affect She. quality of thematerial. D ' After the first sprinkler (watering the. blocks are watered regularlfwith spray under low pressure (fig. 40). * On the third day after they are made, the blocks are stacked or piled,B and spraying is fontinued until"the end of eight days (fig. 39,.(a)). twenty-fourhour;, can) in a fine _ a

'.

-~~~

I b1

twenty-one days after they are made. . The blocks may be used for construction 'very nearly their maximur-,strength, , Atthe.-eiid/of that ,time, they have attained ..+---'and the major phy$i&l changes (e.g..-, shrinkage) have also taken place. ) .i _I * ..1 SOMECCMMENTS ON'CERTAIN.SOIL CEMENTLABORATORYTESTS I : <* /a ' Reference has been made in the preceding chapters to field tests for /j obtaining tge proper proportions and quality of the components of soil-cement A bktter.material vi11 be obtained if these n 'in order,,tb.have a good.end-product. 1, pro@ortions and qualities can be adjusted on the basis of the results of laboratory tests.":+ * I' . ------q :' 4' Jr \2 These tests &ll notprovide werth-while results unless 'they can be co&mpa.red with other tests carried ontwith-&ilar components and in aCcordanCe with fixed'dritecia,(international techni%.l standards). Comparispn will make it po$sible to determine'&& bea qualities to which the, material being tested must 1 ia conform as -clos$ly as'possible. ' . c t ..' ; The techn~cal,standards.mentioned above are established by institutions with specialized experience of construction material standardization. z/ ._ ~ Information on,the subject-,sholld be obtained from them. 'I r y'tI i; , L ,/" ., r d,<. . /r :. .,. 'r-..-'-' ?-.., ._L . , * Standards ~.Fj.Z/' 1: American Sot-:,ety-for-Testing Materials (ASTM): ,j 2. British Institution. ,3. :Other national construction-material standards institutions. 4. Association Franqaise de Normalisation. A I ..-, ._' . -, .._ : ,Y' _ '( r,7s #-' '* CI j a 5: > J _. .'.'I .' Y, ; 1 . . .* , ',
-

"

'

--. -..

.. ., .;

'i I; : -:
:. ;,

I. I.
(1

,:"'

'.
~uyJ.=~~l~

ere follow some brief comments on some of the tests : .. chnica,l standards are met: 4 Tr , . r ,' cfrength. test _ .* 0 ir' %.
b Y \ U .

used to 1 , :
Y

I.:.,~ .

the-&ength~-of es -not meet'the sequi_red standard; _ RP,Ai

the zterial it-should

[figs. 41 allh be -borne in mind; ,, : . 1 =

"

j.':..I ., $.,;. -,.. y

resy,$Fs;. &tbotiejf$his amount, increases in I)cement3 9< not give "_ :.y strength.'%/ ' .-, ; I ,,~, . 'I ~ ,. "-..,. 1, .:,

a corresjonding I _* j_

n_

k; .., i

,, ~ %'This'%,est is Xkeh;T;'o:detertine the-"-relationship between the Moisture 'g .,, ,, ,/~ A\ It is performed:'by var of,Ta- soi17cemenkjnaixture and'it"s'drg unit weight. . & .content of's soil-cement,compacte$l in the laboratory, before i '0 I. L,khe.moisture 'cement hydration and unde; c&rta.in,special conditions, 0; . _. .
,?

con tent tic ring J ; the _. /

* The moisture~content'and the corresponding comB$ctkd dry unit weight L.; ~2 _2-. Plotted in a "Mo<stur+Jnit Weight" graph of'the soil-cemf=n%. ,This raph % 3 a,tpdin~~,i.~di~at'ing the !'eptimum moisture content"; -to which' 'he , :. ' I,'*. _ ':&,"~$~mum'u&t r 2 weight" corresponds. /t ::.;:,~: . :, ,. . :, ';,'-5-'c_,' ,: > .' r p ; i- # " '. 0
;i

.p,:

i.,. _.a I' ; "', "

, ..

-'&z&kL~ty --'S--T -aa a &-&~&on

.

,.

tests give'&? best' indication'of the'.'behaviour of'soil+sment '_ . oi material .t .* F These. tests .c&ist of laboratory procedures,'and*ara k&&as the %etting-. *Their resujrts indicate.the most nd&rying" and "free:~~ing-and~thawiqg" tests'. ', / ,*l" -?

..

-- . A

, ,i:p

.-

1.; : publkxtic$ Sales NO.: 58.TJf.H.4j P.-TO. ., .I '-i Desig&tions erican Society f&r Testin@ M'ateriais,'

~558-44,

L..

,;,,. '. _ '._ D5,'jg-44 &d *

'i' I

moisture ~-ql" cement los+es, wettfng --I CTeduced by/repeated 14/ The,material is subjected to L :imens. ----r-y---- -7-117 anil drvi np.: 7*+-r, -?irn .-.irr.l dh nf each cycle it is b$ushed, ----ture.content (absorption) in *& ..-TO--- ----- ---" (t nr\n+nn+ _ ^ ..A< .a.&-,,-".a +he fime-of mouiding, and the difference-in are determined )f moulding, ---- a-----\ i
fnr t.hp
,xna+fi

; . ; n+nnAda*.

fi -I iichrwminin~

ntiirrin-I-

In this-ted,.-

thw&t tensjoongj, re&nd'this

--7---se -rrir.+,rna

is subjected to the effects of intense: ,,I the soil+cement losses, moisture changes,; , :; ahri&kD&) in pnmnacted specimens of soil-_ ---". aterial,is subjected # --~ and tha.wing;.after eachacycle<t is dry material, the moisture content in -c-v-nr>fenf --q".ddingi and the difference ^in . . ding, are determined (.fYgs. q3 l:( di&@es

..J: gy.::,; ,:. * i .:: :

.I . . ...(

.,

'&-&'.test in@&tes~hether t+r&. mi&&e nroduces'a.

n&&h& test

.an increase in'the-groport~ofr--of cement in a standard redktinn in the absorotion of water.

,

which concerns
:

';,y:L ',.,.. .-'. .whP&

- j ,.; .- _.. i_ I,',: j;., ..~F.#. / :,g :;: '3'i' i'.';'s

i$ _:1,:s
+.hs
+Pml

,(
t.S, nf'

6. '

th6 absorption~of ion indicates c I: f.hw

Water in r.e@iion high'compact*on. * , nt.anAnkds; &tinges. can be mpactton and//x the.

'

( 3

...,.. /-_ -;:,:rr L _ <, ?<I\; c, ) : ..~ -,,,: .:./ -_ .() ,_ 5 ,;::,:.jc./ : - P ._ :-, ,-E ,y. : .,-:,;. rl .. ., ,i* ., I . i . .

. is .%$ie best~ln this respect.' ;'; , .-* bv'&-. A.aPSt A~rnrk~ of the Unite&-7NationS, ' --kk. on the-basis of This, m&hod is etilained $,-shr$$&age of the's011 to be'used. ,.' e ..,. I,,,.\:.: , I, ;'. .' ?,. v -t-r,~r.. 1 t$tz~least
-.:,.r-7-------:. : .&., --

~~&&sge

whiAdh;takes 'place when a: soil.-cement

\'

-.

. . ~ ' ' :', ,' ,",

\ . p,2,
~~ > .I

,_

II

/ 1 . v ! t,-

-. *. : -.. ,. : ,L

I\,- ,_ - - ,. I.., .. 1 8

.,--y

n ,, _, : I., :-.. I :- ~ _.. _ I a , :.:

;:. 1 -.
----------i---.

(_.. / ::,: ,

,,*

I-. ,--I, ,(,,/

;:

;P-

; .,

.,I, .,. ._ -.._ < .

e -,,>,z,

-,.

,,

I ,. __,'

The unit weight of-soil-cement varies according-$0 thq. l$pe of soil\.an@ It-ranges fromJ,jOO to 2,000 k&n$,. 1 .-the degree of cbmpaction: 1 1 , that%h.e quality df the A unit weight puch below.;,500 kg/m 3' indicates . soil and/or the degree of compaction must be improved. --P .\ ,* +-+, -.r I Erosion -pC, test the resistance of -the soil-cement to the direct.effects It can under a certain pressure (figs. 45 and 45 (a)). behaviour sf the material, especially against th'e and wind. this t$Ft, samples containing to detei%ne the most suitable This tkst'indicates of a firie spray of water bk used to deter&ine?the combined exfects of rain

.d

-u_

' Since there a;e no refined standards for different proportions must be,tested in order product. .'

1 <
, ~ . ._. 1

d..

, /

,
I * . > i I >

.~ :

? > -._ .,; ; .

.I

;
[) ,.L 1 ,/ ., . - ,a. i/ / ,, , ,

n . .-, ,,

__...,.

_.
-,

/ .

1 ? *
n ..

-is

I / _ fi /

i : :. 8 0 . -_ zl\ 4: ii ; ! i. .
. . 1

,$. 7, 1 (. -. 1.. .

.i/ ,
II

**-*

-.

, ---: n / - ----..._ , /. . _ 15/---See the.ex$lanat'i.on of ._ x~ -\2 7.' 6' J . i: I ::. , /: ; ::Iif #&.. ,. l, _ i -*,/ __ : i I,_,, g;& : 1:,; ,,,:; i .

weight". ,

? k.:-

e
> .gi * / Ii : a .13 E

, /_/ -

-. --.-

_-,.-

,
: 5 I , L -. * ,/

_~~

--iJ

USE OF SOIL-CEMENT 'IN HOUSING CONSTRUCTION

,(

I INTRODUCTION of soil science and The preceding chapters have dealt with the fundamentals se of soil $%.a- construction material with the addition of cement..L , ,' s I.'7 -_ t . __-- -------Pi The purpose'\of this'c$apter?s to show the possibiljt-ies~-offered ,by soil2 stages of construction of a house: as applie4 to the various /'cement, ..' \ ;,.,; ..ap The methods described are those normally used for's, simpie building, in their In every *fundamental aspects, and employing the most ccmmon@known craft techniques. operation where 2-t. is 'possible and c$conomikal to'use soil-cement, this has been d and mate%ials which may serve as included; in other cases, some techniques satisfactory adj-uncts are recommended. / -r -3 ,.I~ FOUNDATIONS ', >;
t ;j; ,

General .. c - *. The site selected forithe,'foundations transmitted by the building.

must be capable

of bearing

the loads

in contact Foundations .consist / of t& fundamental parts: the lower foundations, which are the foundations proper, and the upper :' wit> the.bottom of the.&xca-va-aon, _ 1, '<o,undations, which rise from the lower and are generally less thick. , I ~ i. * --. 2 *~, The s%r%Zigt&-required'of the foundations varies greatly, according to the type. ---"c__. %; 'y It is desirable, therefore, before of,house, &nd,the nature of the building site. deciding upon the kind of'foundations $0 be used for a particular house to carry out a soil survey from the standpoint of safety and economy factors.. If the&e is any doubt about the quality of:~the foundation site; expert Mvice'should be c __c (, '. obtained. )1 _I ~ The lower the stren$&of the fo"t;ndation,soil, the broader the foundation or __ .,.___ ,._ i \ * i "seating base.? needed for 5s gouse. 2 I) The foundations of a'house should preferably be continuous; conseque;tly, no gaps should,be left in places wherethere $11 be door and window openings, unless j. proper precdutions are taken (Fig. 46),a I c .: ~ / / On a firm but sloping si.te/-Y Foundations' should always resi on firm soil. it 'is usual, for reasons of economy and safety,Q.to follow"the gradient; the/ ., foundations are then laid in , slips/of varying Length according to the grad$'ent ,i 1 . .7 _. f 0 ' (Fig., 47). , --.; I ... 9 I i .those comp$sed of stone~s(&?avel; Soilyfirm enough for fouqdaTions.are and consolidated wet sand and 'kompacted clays not subject to -%&&idated.dry sand, &$preciable moisture changes. 9 t .* ; I . ," \ ' % -3$1 _/ ,' .

, _-

.
->

, D

I .c

. ,

I
composed.of

unsuithble are those ~__~~ for foundations dumped earth oi.-fills, and weak clays. ------ .

vegetable

matter,

du-'

When the site for the.house has.been staked out, the excavations within irhich The depth of excavation will depend on the s will be laid are dug. foundation soil, which will determine itsaability to bear the T;eight foundations without settling or sinking of the soil. : __-a---- I ! j X ___ '.&f,the site for--the foundations is of inferior q@lity,it-is -e&.&able to excavate dec-p.er and to improve the <horizontal based by laying down'ma>terials whtch can stand heavy,compaction wJth:a rammer (small stones). + +? ;" At muddy or filled sites,, it is recommended~~hat strong suitable diameter and length should be,:driven into'the bottom of intervals depending on the;estimated load-,(fig. 48). -=
__ ~~ 1 R. 8

/A

..

--&enirhere the. foundation soil is ofgood qgality, it .minimum depth of wall foundations should be 0.40'~ in the he weight of the roof. Y s ? 'the

is

.I$ order that the weight of the house may be distributed o&r a -grea-ter area, lower fcundations.'should be at least 10 cm wider than the"upper foundations

-------c-f~~492,____L__ *=

2 3

In laying the foundations of~a house--with walls of'soil-cement, ap important .factor tgconsider is that-the foundations must be able~~~t~~~-FTithstand_~~~tructi~e Moisture must not be alj_owed tQ,kise to -t22-;-j7agents,'.and particularly moisture. 0 7 base o'f the walls. ' \ :, f , . .!The. strength gf the foundations must be at least equal to that o?-?he soil- .--, cemenLwalls, whether the latter are of'prefabricated blocks or monolithi'e. I 7 : i-- ~~.-.. . 3 , ' L ---*-"-. 1~Tl% m&thods' for, fo~da.~ions,,rec?~~~de,d....helow are economical, simple -and . available. 'te6Yinically sound.. The choice- of methcd will depend on the materials : j, rF PC .a,; , I -. ~ ' .'%ower foundations " ., i 14/_ Cyelopean+concrete: i ,, __. . 10 cm) containing ,175 kg ofl'cement per cubic bed OP concrete (appro$imate, depth: on .whi.ch is placed a layer metre of concrete (1:3.75.6 by volume, approximately) ' . of washed stones :o'f 7.to 40 cm, so arrangedithat spaCes@are ,left between I them and that theyare thoroughly embedded in.the concrete. :A-second layer, of the ue tge:ff--concrete is then-adze-~~~sothat -them-first-mer lof'stone-is -completely L repeated unzil~ immersed:'and covered to a depth of at least 3 cm. This process'is the reqqired depth of foundation is,a%Fhieved (fig. 49). ,. r E -. ') .< 'i* ) The lower foundations are topped off with a rough, level layer of concrete. (& 7.,': ! I : j;. <! - _ . . ' in proportions varying or 'boulder:, l6/ 6oncXete to which are added3&rge-stones As this method for foundations does not 7 use --soil-' ,' _ from 25 to SC0per cent. cement, it s is considered t,o,be of generalJapplicatfon. . ;. I' t ,: ,. . _. .i, ,.... _.,,' ,. .' Q .I'. )... .. - < : . I. 6. 0, ' . ~. \ s. _ -. -I \. -> _ ,' _ _,- ,. " ' 'I I'.: ,; ,. .;. : ._ ,,

I.<.< ,., , .,.,., :_ , ..,._..,F@r. -thj-+-Q&+ &-:f&&@&ionj. -+&e..b&j-,m.of-.tLe..excava,t.ioF .is covered. -with. a

\ L i

-. \
( ,

: -.
:,\ ~ -r:. . c. -

Rammed soil-cement:
For this type proportions .of water. 17/
-.

/..,. . _
of cement and-soil isfirst prepared with an appropriate amount of
?A

?
in

:.

..

.-.~.

compacted and suitably watered, A'shaliow layer of small stones, thoroughly the soil-cement mixture is added should be placed.at the bottom of the excavati:n; _, i in successive-loose layers IK~~?2E~dFspand~63mpatie;iby ramminguntil the maximum unit weight is achieved. 18/ The material must be rammed uniformly throughout The top of the foundation the foundations until therequired depth'is attained. shQL.i& be level and distinctly rough (fig. 50).'
[...

-.

--

Consideration may be givento the possibility of introducing into this type of 'YC ..._ --,-L.foundation,a .certain percentage of small washed stone, which should not be larger t~$.pj cm. , . / ir Rammed sofi-cement foundations compressive._strength of soil-cement w&h water. '
._

must be laid at a well-drained is appreciably reduced when it _.. .-j.

site, since is saturated

the

,.

--..

Soi142ementbILdcks

This type of foundation is constructed with prefabricated blocks made from cement and soil mixed in proportions of approximately 1:X0 by volume..lg/ The is levelled off and a layer of concrete, mixz in bottom of the excavation proportions of 1:3.75;6 by volume, is spread over it to a depth of 10 cm and The first course -of blocks is iaid on top of this, finished with a rough. surface. The ----in:a bed-of-mortar containing cement in the'proportion of 1: 6 by volume. foundation is built up to the-required-height with successdve courses of blocks . f (fig." 51). \

_i, General , The top of the upper foundation must .be approximately 15_~~~-~~e-gi;ou~~-~~-~i - leve++n other wo?eds-+he-&tt-o-t-a-1 he&&& aS'the-u~per~~~~~tion^will be \ i ,iapproximately 15 cm. D -.' -.---. L&-.. I ..__._ ~~~--th~-lde~'.fdii~~d~ti.dii yea'ches*. gr*ou&--Tev,Q; ---ehe-.mTk. of. *he -c__... __.__ .,_._,_ ,'. . goes on'with the use of shuttering, which is made of wooden , [+ upper foundation --b -i'i supported. Iif *--boards adequately I ~ -._i --Thee f&dati.on shu&ering,mrnfi'bVe so madethat the boundsFare perfectly 52). aligned, propped up,& brached and secured against movement-of any kind (fig. " .. i '. ... -x'..* 17/ See "Preparation". a i' * . '._ 'L. '1 '_. unit weight and specific gravity", See 'IPorosity, 3. "-.'.._ . I .._-- -~- __

const-u~~
Y., -.

--... ~---See.-Lp_l2eparatjonl_.-,- -----. --. I -I_--: _- .,. :, ., t -, -3: r .,Y .._ d -,_ ,$ 1 , ----.. _. -7~i 1.. . ~~~ -__!. . .< .: # . I 5_.,I ,y c *,:;. ,; .(~l_ .. 1

-z

I %. I+._ _

a.

/:1,) + _ b:,
'since

in upper foundation-is generally monalU&hic~or ramme$ ;soil~cement

used for walls made of prefabricafed waJJ.Lng~isbufl~tiect~y onthe:wer

blocks, .ALi

::.. I?

Zement concrete . ---- - ---~ This type of upper foundation with per cubic metre of concrete,

is made of concrete containing stone not larger than 7 cm.

175 kg of cement
d

T
m 6

, .

b
,. ..

Pamnied soil-cement '. , For this type of upper foundation a mixture of cement and (sandy) soil is first 2 .. -amount 1:8 by vblume ,~with an appropriate prepared in proportions of approximately When the shuttering has been properly erectedi, the soi;ll-cemef;t mixture . of water. e &ch layer 14 separately i placed.in the mould in two equal andlYsuccessiye layers.. e,; trrlpacted by ramming until the maximum *unit weight &s obtained& 20/ \ . 7 X~.i_s..-_e_s~-ent;iaL_~t the top of the upper.'foundation should;fbe absolutely level .,~ ____.-_.. -..-.. b and have a grooved s~f~~t~ci-~~~.dhesi~~f~~t for the fir&~~ . cour.se of.blocks forming the wall (f&g- 53). . '. ~. ;,AJ$&~uI)-Fcr found&&n-Y-shutterAng~i& removed after five days; .* i. ,: '._ .2 ,$is'e-i. ;;> ..~:.' Y " '. , *The upper found&Ton surrounding.the house must be adequately :: .<, -. ,z;"'i. .; s, ~;-~;:~zl .s'. -the ~ou'tside. (with plastering 0~ cement-based.paint)*
gig-:-i-:*:. :. f:, / I ,,c_ f

'.>

.p waterprooied'on

.-

*s

py:+. ~, .:
~;$:'.$...: ;.L.

cr\i

l~-n,mn,Dn+

-hlr-mlrP

.^_.
)

a,

,-

. 3%.

;.-

.-.;~is."ti3ipe.of.upper &-&~@Jcg&-~~

fGu,da&,on 'ea-ofblo&s.

is made from prefabricated of approximatelyI.: A._.- __~ .t

solid blocks 07 C+ment 1 by voliune:21/ made trth a-.-_ ___ not wider than a suitable 3mplement,..-

. ..-. --.,. ,A... .(_.._, ,,q:;. -. ._ ..into--a >- '.. ,,,,. .. '. 5 "y$!';'. ::i :. " . :,..,-. -, . . .. p * . I ($...-.,..i ... -.:
,<,,;-, ;LL.;; ._.__.__,__, :J-: 3.. I,&.. 62 .:. it.V&i.: .-/_ :....-.< . ..--,. _ _.._..-..----.. . ;.----1

inwards, .;
. -.--y-----.-.--.J ,-----. .

with

?+ .._ .+L . $3, :..

:r
-------, ; _ __--------L

5
;---1

..
~Lr;nl-l..

ran .I
______,__-_. _ ______I ______..

_
I
;-~-.~-l----.~-l--,~--~ -_-_^-

i.2 .g+; '. :,. ,

;-

'3 ---

',:.i c . _'

.WAILi?NG , '.

.J

.i i-.p:, ii i; ; <. .B/

.. / ,

l.

; : .) )_,

.._ -7.

-/ -. .-a.. i -.

. -

lb L

"""'.l

'The st.ructural function Of a wall is to transmit the loads imposed on it to effect to.thewa.11 itself, Another function of a-walL is .~.-,the foundations , without t. , ito serve as a propection against the weather. e The thickness .of a wa+$l is determined by the function which it is to perform in the house and $=he materials of which-it*-to be constructed. 7 ' ----../" / IHorizontal waterproofing , ' '.~ I '% aen the foundations have been built up to the required level, between foundations and wall is marked by a damp course of horizontal waterproofing material. , rise
. . .

A~ the division insulating which

or may

<hi

,The purpose of the damp course is to protectLthe from*the earth by capillary action. I of, a soil-cement wall

wall

from moisture !

The horizontal waterproofing ways, .including the following:

tray be effected

in various

. This type of damp course is made with a mixture of Portland of 1:2 or I:3 bv,volume; nrooortions it r&advisable to ada to a chemical one, in the ?Qi?tEr watZrproofing, agent, preferably ., 'I '. " by the manufacturer. , _ % . . -/ should be given an absolutely horizontal The'damp' course be 'not more thin about 15 rmn in depth (fig. 51).
li..m ... 1 -. ..

ceme% and,sand in this mixture a amounts ,,recommenueu. finish f0rming.a and should horizontal
.-

\ I

____~~ ache mortar is-s&d over-the surface of the foundation, - -1aver whfch will be smoothed off &th a trowel (fig. 54). . .
>.

.'

--

c.

-,

*-

Th?s type of damp qourse is formed by applying two coats o!? hot bitumen i .%&face of the foundation tith a brush. .,- .~ : II : z IL _ The' foundat?on--surface must be-clean and dry toensure perfect adhesion _ ,. the bitumen, . .x c Bituminous'?Eelt \

to the 4 of p D

I.

Wall-building 9 'G&era1
:::

' .6 A' . /*

- ,2

. _.

m I' + begins, all'its

:- ; +.LL-. .: ;',: . ,;i, D ';r- * : 4' I .._I. : :;

., ,, .--. ;:... ~,- . . 1; 8. .

.i

Before work on building a soil-cement v?r~ticalP lines must b-e marked out. '-'
.e

wall

horizontal

and

each course must be strictly horizontal and the Whgn a wall is being built, to achieve this, a carpenter's level, plumb-line wall.must be absolutely vertical; These tools must beqhandled correctly (fig. 56). and a string are used.
B , .*

i:. c,; - / ,-w&di':* ::,... i

':;;:$?T/'
1,:( .;:. .:.;.. ,;;< ; .

' The gauge is a very useful inst'rument in building's wall of soil-cement blocks, courses ta be laid. It consists -' since, properly used, it enables perf'ectly'unQ?orm of a-piece of wood marked in lengths corresponding to the depth of the b&ock plus _-. the mortar. , *.. __._ _..l.l- _ _..._ _.I_ _ _. .f_ . _ ._.-I .._._.., &. _._ .__. __,_,_,_._,.._ ___ _-.___._._....~-I..-~PI When.'work--;beBins.'on a l&&h of- walling, a plumb and level gauge is placed ,._-~_~~ ,, ~Y,~ attach+ to each gauge and each end (fig."';7) with the-help @'the "string", tightly dray.,,.the courses of blocks can be,:,kept perfectly horizontal and vertical. : -_ 5 I :Soil-cement blocks " c r w , , ~$uildi.ng a wall of soil-cement bloiks calls for the c'orrect use& of tools. . .=~~~._~_ .-- - : z-- --~ _ -z= -z =:~--- .~ .and simplify-the placiqg of bloc& -in the waljl, the use .of a (fig. 58). "block fitter: offers a, simple, sure and speedy solutiqn
. , .: 5. . 1. ,-. .h i \ I .

37;

,_._

.-,

" ...;.

whi&%%ocks * ,F ., 3,!j,$e way in .

-~,1 i

,*-

.~

;;---.-

--~

~~_

-.

~_..._.

-1.

are arranged

,,.~-.,. ~a !

ismcalled bonding. -. 1 i *.,bonding;& that ali %hedoints should -be -7; In other---p-roper t.ransmission afvertical'lcads. laid' .that the vertical -joints or se-ams-in---one_.~ -Z-Z coms& bel& it. I

'in a wall

I,: :;;.;

.a.. , .j 2 .I

'requir s that the seams of a .: .' , Bonding, or the proper distri&ion of joints, i&l Iblo~k-f~c@s in the ..i-nh~rse: of.bl&ks shoul$cob.xcide with the centre points of-e ._. ,z.;, ,, j .. : m-,j~m .m ~- ----I '(_ ;-i ; ,, ., .*.. ~L+r&%abov~. .T~ ,A. .m ~.. .-. i. .~ .. i -~-,%. .ti ir,.-; ,._...:._.,._...... :'- i__ .f .,;~l:' :. : 0 ,?", . r --L.:, - .' ./ e, Flgures~.-~~..aqdl';~~~~.~)..iluStratethe.. bond@+ of. soil-Cement blocks in. "11 l.'..: L, 7:--y,-<-="<yT-L.
i$,$ ir.nra+; rln.3 . _ , .m. i ! ~___~..~~ ~~--

e.; ,il

ms:of

w&s 'built With sgil-cement blocks must be.bonded ani2~60 '(a) illustrate two methods of joining walls tF

j 3

,-

.h

-A--

I,-.

wherever of'it

c ..' .i 2 .I. :

joined to 'a wall-of-g$eater thickness, -a-'r;al-l-:d%.less'er,thickness,is i;l~,~~--i~se~~,betwe~~ them an artificial joining device., using metal ated in*figure..@ (b). 0 atis-'&mesh, ,a& ...-=G%-L '+ ~._, _--. 8 D :, ,:, *P : "2% t ;,I\ r. . -./

..,

(....

.ic
*

i ...P -_ 4. rn

Figure Mortar ~

61 shows how cavity

blocks

are used in joining

two walls.

221 P ( ;

and water which, when General. ' Mortar is a compound of "certain solid materials form a mass that sets after a. certain time and mixed in the proper proportions, binds the'blocks firmly together. "r .to the binding agent The specific setting time of mortar varies according used (cement, lime, etc.)b n . .Ie 1 The strength of-a'wall depends on the-combined strength of the blocks and i ' the mortar. _ If blocks and mortar are of equal strength in a wall subjected to vertical but if there is any weakness'in the loads, both will bear the. pressure equally; subjected to shearing stress resulting inevitably in mortar, the bloCks will-be .cracks and fissures. ,

-'It is a mistake to use high-strength soil-cement blocks with weak mortars or low-strength blocks with good-quality mortars, since in the latter case, will be in.the blocks. conversely to what occurs in the former, the failure Absorption.bf water by the block's from the fresh mortar is a.$actor to be In order to ensure a sufficient reckoned with in- soil-cement wall construction. it is advisable to moisteqthe amount -of water.for proper setting of the mortar, -surfac: of the blocks in contact with the mortar. ~ 4 ii * . __ ~-_-.The mortar used between courses and~in the ver<ical.joints should not ~ ,. bi,more than 1 cm in depth; it should 'also contain the-~amount~of wa$er required:fo,r a ,. : ., -co&e& setting. 0 .____ .__. _. __.--~ .. -.---.__ ._ .--9-L.. ~--. _..~. :. A very-de&able feature of wall finishing is the "marked seam", which is. _~ - . obtained by.trimming the seams of fresh mortar between the blocks with a suitable -1. tool, so that the faces of the blocksprotrude (fig. 62). 5. --. 0 The' following mortars can be used with soil-cement blocks: ' ,(b) cement and.lime"mortars; (c) s&l-cement mortars; ' a d) mortars of soil-cement mixedwith lime.' ._ _ ,, II,. The'addition of agiven percenfjage of hydrated lime to a soil-c.emerit mortar ' --This depends on the type of soil used. . . can:jiield veryfavourable .results1 (a) cement and 8 ~!Che most highly recommended mortars are those made of: sandy) soil in the proportions of 1:'j' to 1:lO by volume; .23/ (b) cement with and soil in the proportionsof l/2 to'1 of cement, 1% l/4 eof * lime and. -&-. "' m-.'Le_~~-~ _~ -. ~--.~~ -.--.A.--._ ~~~~.~~ ' .8~to-12..of soil by @Lume-, .. ,. ;-. . ,*: 9 cavity blocks, see "vertiilal reinforcement". -22/ For _.'

B !
:, .. -;r.-. : ff .,;--,... - -,. -a .-. I -, ; ..

I
-

I~ >.

P
D /

I ,.

-i;,
*

.. __-~ - -_ .--_ -t r-c-:-7 Y-1 . P. -.*..--. / -,;; ; f. .__.-;-_ . B .*

!.f 0

';. "r.. Sk., '... I '_-* +-:. .-.\-

When lime mortar is used, it 'solidifies as wateq is lost-through ., and setting takes place slowly. or absorption by the blocks, .. . : 0 c* i 1 .r, .~ *'* 'Reinforc%ng , 0 b -_ se capable of withstanding dertain shq<ks .* or Soii-cement is,.ingeneral, .General. -.:' 1 , ..J stresses caused by seismic disturbancesd 24/ L :: -.* . '1. I tensile stressis In regions subjectto ver$ intense seismic disturbances; which cannot be absorbed by the soil-cement-material may occur; it is thsrefore" desQab=Ie'to install pillars and wall plates, groperly reinforced, to absorb,: ' ,' : \> i 1 Adequately reinforced pillars are placed at wall junctions, stresses of this kind.' .. c ,'. and reinforced w&l-plates-at the top of the walls. . f gb . c G d 0 are not too intense, &he I,o In regions where statistics show that earthmtremors '_ :+_' .pilla& can be 'dispensed with, provided that there is, an adequate distribution of interior,anchor walls in relattion to the external walls. Neverthele(ss,. 0 ' I or beam which,senres to,anchdr it, i&Ways advisable t"o add a tiali plate,

' , :.'a~ c , ,* '

1, ,

',, :, .. ,.: ^). :>.- )

Pill&&, .Be$.nforcing pillars'for soil-cement walls are placed inside the walls .6 ., their dimensions. will depend 3FiZZZTVes. or at wall junc$ions; consequently, ,, The smallest dimension:=of pillars will b" 15 ,cm drf the tIiJ.cknesp of the walls. ,S' $hrough the t@ckness of the wall; and the.pillars with iron'braces 6 'mm

.:

<Ve$t&al
in,i&ggons,

.> : ,.

,.'. .'. :'.' &&&-

Qements,

.,_.., _i

---A:,-%$$ of &&~ty.jZZ~h--makes~~ poss$bleTtc/ insta>$t-l in'side t&e x&3ll., in &aeYto\ make soii~~~~~n~--~~~~~~--"_ sub~ect--to.e~h~~~~ is shoti in fjgure 63; !I$&~~ v,e%tical.i . -:'l,-_:: increase the stability ofi'the s&6$ at-;suitable Intervals, * '** f _: n o l,, - f' ,.I ', '/ ,: 1. " 2; e'poportions, of 1 ,I .

_,

"oPUiron rods '.6 or 7 .This-"I&$ of.'reP r& orcement -d&s&s The conbAte f.iU: for this.%ype iii to the'fc$+d&o~. ,n &Ib ,kg. 0.f. c&en% p&cubi.c metre of>cancrete, shouqd b6 notlarger ~e;,'coa~~e.ag~regate,used .I reir;fo,rcemen~ usi.&
:

1, ,. ,;.

.- -.

,mateiy 3 .:

.,

cavity$lbcks.
. ./:

.,Y

I ;c.

<j

__*I

,.

,.

Soil-ceme.nLis also cap&+ of Bureau of*-Stanaards:~ 24/.~~'6.&rt &f the;' National p .> :' il '. 7 :,'.wit~~ta~a~~~shockS,.ora-~tfesses'caus~~.by h$gh witids. -j. j_ I \ i_

ii

::' _

:i. .

T: L 1 .,, . k -. I I ., ,,,Another Ise of cavity .blocks .I . 61. /

.I

.,

9,.

,--=a?&+

:%-

: 1 .i

~.

.,~..

.._ -,

* : *- >a ?L

*- %I

.
as illustrated
.. _. I

1
I

Tp _.

is in artificial
<,*-*' i

T-Joints,

in.

I
I

-, -

figye

it

. i .<-.p

/'

.. p .. ' 5 '

: 'it is of the greatest importance to install-. seismic regions; the wal1.a continuous.beam which provides rigidity and contr$b,utes of the house. -. 2g/ r ~. .- I -_ * ,meri nce in areas exposed io earthquakes has shown that a wall beam at the ' .,. i bedause ?.t serves &anchor the walii and to take top of.wallis:is very necessary, -r The best material for beams is undoubtedly " -the iron-ties holding the roof. ,._=; timber has,been widely used for this purpose-with ,seihfsr-$edIconcrete; however, -~: - -,. L acceptable'results. / , 's" i reinforced concrete.beams should have- a,depth of the thickness of the-wall, and should bejreinforced mm.in diameter, with iron braces 6 mm in The concrete'to be used in beams should contain (1:2 l/2:4 l/2 approximately by not'l.arger than 4 cm (small stone). B

_ I

of, sudh blocks is'--I 2 I

-_-.--.

_~ -.--____.--. reinfor&e~e;ts.m

.-z =

1 k Gt _

7
In i ron rods -

zontal

ion to pillars,

Ei active sei&ni& verti.cal'reinforcements.and

regions, it is desirable, to insert.: wallbeam,

* : .d J_ 0 .~~'4 The doors, windows and other? openings',in'any building+made soil-cement bldcks,must have a.stryctural component placed above'the 'This -componentl'~,is &nOwn as a "lintel".

,l of opening. ' _I _~

am 1s ~~.~~-~.r~norn~~~d~~.~~.'~~e~ those -erkcted~in.non-seismic regions. _.-.-* ,_I.. ii

.I *

case and in every

building, h

.i_ncluding

27/ See "Preparatibn (The cement)".. ., --e ..-""a/ -American Steel and Wire- Company (ASWC). x '-' ,. e ': 2 ,; -39- I., .,i i..,: -

? 1 m. ..

0: a'lintel I ." .:i;: made of various materisl$, e.g.,, wood, .iron bars, and Lintelscanb I/ -1 \ i . n reinforced . eoncre e (fig. 67). -~ :,. 0 f " ! a .i A rational way.df'utilizing soil-cement to make lintels is t,o u&-U-bSocks,.. .-:i. -/ criteria ag,T+$?re specified for wall>beam, as ' : applying 'the same techniques and, . i..,". . .. -, , regards reinforcement and type, of concrete,. '? ',". '. A--.8 : ,, \\\f the lintel is turned out on the floor; n ' After being tirefabricated in U-blocks, : -when the time needed for the drying'and curing of thg concrete fill--is completed, ,... .-. , i',L,... Z .it istransf rred to its 'appointed place (/fig. 68).. . ., 7: .",!' _, '
I
I, . :j .:~ <;;s: -( ; . 3 i ?.

The main function

,i:. ?;+ :.2 '&f,.

'than

The overlap three times Aalling

of the lintel ends embedded in the wall the depth of the lintel(fig. ,t 69). of soil-cement

should

be,.not I

less r

,. :i

. , .:. I _, i ,, r.i.: ,,

! Monolithic

Soil-cement 'walling of'great stability can.be built monolithically. For this purpose shuttering, which '-Sonstru&tion WC@C beg&at. the damp co&D-se. <.':':-~, .....'... ~,__ _, .,~,--; .>',.i .-,-:-,-.--must..b.e--~erf~c~~y-~l~b and level: and in contact with the foundation of the .,, ,;:: .' ;-;-. ' * bs placed in the house-under construction, is set up. Loose soil-dement ,,;: e ..,1; j:J ,I. ,,, L : 'which are cowacted with a rammer:2$9/, .shutterrng,in uniform successive layers, .:.<:I when th 2 shuttering has :been filled'it is immediately removed to the next = -? \ so that it abuts upofl the 'end of,the finished. ,length-or section to'be built, z,.L--se_ction andthe foundation. Thesame .&xx&s is. reseated 'for the second section:%. ..i .-.- e--r.D '. e ', * 7. - 1.. > ,t. : .,. ,..::..:..:..LL,i! i,ec$fpns. &e -bon&&' an&' arE ton&d ad ,&&ye& s&,ms &&&n \

-..

foti ~rbshuttering~, the recommended dimensions are:?' height 2.00 mi'?;The- shuttering .may be made.pf.wood.;dr. metal?. .. , consttiction very varied. of monolithic .

0.86

m .

forms,requires great care; an in,their..,ddsign the,wall.; $hege has to be' of rigidity,Hth a -minimumw weight.. v I ,,y : ..; < i 7n&e&&imum depth of I%/. form@ should be'&pdrtionate desirable tdlproduce a given fight' of the. Fall. *;"It'~is.~not ~inp'l&e; courses (horizont&sections) and &hen to find that the a final section of a . . $+: j,: :,-' : :-::_ ., ,',&tte&ng ., _II, . ._/ must%e set up.,again. in .&der'toi'ram ,; I.',,,.~. ':/ .! .-+y ce&$uetr+."' =* (' I ---. ~~~,~.~,---,..-,.-. e ..' .F g:': ;;,:"'; -, :,,_., :;-i .+:I. ,*:;..:-y 1!:,, ,._ soilrcement walls'may be > -; .. : r." .:,

1.:

7
:e -?S,om&cting

, AnthonvlF.

the' mixtureh. ._ T. '. ~.'tierra~~a&!sonada~v~~suelo-cemento.

'% _,-. -/' -Merrill;

,,I ;.
-. f.
.-

!
-;. ,., .I jn i

:,, :* 'I

It is possible in the $&lJ for the 'concrete wall beams can be In this ~-the manner indicated ,d .Apertures s :' .Apertures under a are the openings which-are left s &.walls, / .--' primarily for doors
,/

2.0. ._
i! .-d

and .' I 8 I

I 1

The.major .constructional probl.em with respect to the supljorting piece which, is placed immediately the l+zttel. z/' ' 3 window, i.e.', It for,that

to these openings reZ$tes over the door and/or" 2.

..I
_ :-

i.

I:

is customary'and traditional to con&.nue using the same type- of material 74). part of the wall lying above the door and window lkntels '(fig.

..'1

Very.qoticeable constructional above the door and window 15nt~els. have been made in the use of light 'roof't$beCrs rest

defects'in soil-cement walls'generally occur successfu$'experiments 'I?0 remedy'this fault, : materials (fzg. 75):. z/
&+-i Z

--

>
, ~_-~

directly

on the lPnte1,

the bifficuit~'"n~~~~~~Ir'
d.

and window frames. are fixed to ther;walls by means of-cieces 0 of wood. &~~doweIs embedded-~inthe'walls.. 1 1 '\ h, "2 1 i I,.!. I ,One of?the.most essential properties of dowels is that, they should have ._ * maximum.adhesion to the walls.and enable the frames to be properly secured. '; .~ .
i I c (6 c

WOo_den door

Dotiels must be protected them iith a bituminous paint.

against damp; the usual ,. . 5t

prac<ice

5!

is-to

wate?roof. I * 1 ,/' the s-7

1 . -: , ,' *.' _:(, I I

~4. lgure
insertdon 'F

shows a special'type of dowels.in,walls yde

77

of cavity block designed to.faci1i-t: of sgh-cement brocks., -33/

Figure 78 shows- some of, the types of dowel most commonly used:in (b) dowels. sheathed in metal mesh; (6) dowels (&notched do&&; The firsit three ty-pPs a& n%ils:- Cd) doweis' forcedinto positipn. _ --

I
,

-I.. --.,,; .

\ ./,I ?.

_- I
.
1

,I ,- ~., . .-i ..-, I

f I',

,'@
33/-

Jl3-ni.8solution is-the ',, . This cavity can also $1

most desirable

walling. in the case of monolithi; usually four+ be used i to <,house the lugs which are

__y-A roof 'ronsists.,essenti&~y,of

_.. .

1 \j :
* ,

-I-QoFa /
,/' ,/'

,/fl L .. .
_ \ ' y.. '

>_ ~ I_ ,_ _
Ii ..

.. PI .;J-. . .* t 92

/(,a)'th e roofing;.'and '

(b) the. roof" .su$pok-ts.

zRoofing

.a

,' ,:, f, , The,p&ose of,the,roofing"is to.protect the house against the.effects'of , ".r. /' . : '*, ', the weather. 0 ; . I' . i .; I ,i' 1 -' * :i I .o Roofing material&. should be light and.amenable %o'use Gith the least pitch , : ;. i '-Qr, :x* ,d \ compat-ibie with'local weather conditions. ; ; \,- ,s+ 3' ,'_' J ,' / -? .: '.

itods loUs

with

I-.. ,,.1,
for

The roof of reinforced

s%$pkrt may be* of Good (known as the'-."roof . con&ete.' i

timbers"),

of metal

or-

Figure 81 shows a woodensroof truss made of boards, whic.h is very iuitable a ridged ro# Tithou'6 centre suppoti. I. 4--T ', ^. 6 " ease o.f construc~t~onJhigh Ihis truss-is .recommended for :$s lightness, . strength.and low cost. -I $* ,:. , consequently, &jil-cemgnt wails have-&tle low resistance. to&en_sile'fo_~q(es .--the roofrshould t&smit to the walls only vertical thrusts, eli&n~t?%g all a *. lateral thrustsr '-:

Q-:..

problems is how -Wher,e roof timbers. are concernEd, one -of the most important they hre toTest on-the ralls,and a correct method of securing or anchoring them to the 'soil-cement woll'm&t be found*(figs. 92, 82 (a), 82*(b) and 92 (c)). The timber %nn also be secured 40 the walls by means of a. special wooden post called the "pole- plnte-'!i; which rests upon the wall beam and is attached to it with metal bolts,or ;h&ks &rough thep,$e be& or with metal clamps around it (fig.. 83). ' e it is feasible to place the X In certain 'regions not subjrect to .earthquakes', : as a wall plate. 'I;'ol$'pla& directly on the'soil-cement wall, -so that itserves Whenthj3 is,done.,..i& .is'essential to'include below-the beam, pd directly on, L top of-the:& wallY as,t&i&ayer,of ,mortar (a: mixture of cehent and (sandy) soil :. in the proportions'cd;i;$8 by volume) 35/ to correct any unevenness in the _ : . 'seating In,additiorr, in order to ensure better of the beam on the wk&L. adhesion between the soil-cementmortar and-the beam,:.the ~portion.of the . "- latter which will be in contact%ith the mortar-should be &&red with a metal . ',' " +i, ,..'T. " mesh . I a_ zf Whe%e a -house is built with soil-cement walls,the 'root truss can be ., -, and can-be anchored'to the walls along the 'general lines ,made of metal parts, '4 above. __ * 4 'i b indi&.ted *I c .> , '. . . D I ,I_ '8 /, j_ _ .I' &(-@I;m-c 1 3 :a* e i .li . L .y? '
\. -. . .,I n

,,;$

.,

;. . Ia': / Flooring8must*act <.;, _: ir%appearance. ,-..

7,

The-ground on which the tm -4.by.u ~~~%r&d height. or "trace t&b ii-e+%. and , it -.J issmoothed,off .'I. ,- ,adequately moistened and tiith .. _~I , --. i. 3 : , ST/ See-"!& cement". "I -1 _ , -_ _j * ",;. . -. ! ', \, ., f
!I : : ,_ . __ :; I --,i. . ., I=-# * + , -.

.i : .. !/ * I,

. Sgii-c&ent .~ .I

and must be hard-wearing and attractive 5I iI , I I / . If soil-cement'& i& be used in the construction of house floors, it is -. i r'ecommended that one czf the following me1hods be adopted: -. _,; . a .. ! I 5 i

as an=&@Lator

2.--z-

x&de in situ 5n. +L,-

.;

flooring is to be laid must first level",.which is usually marked on the, wall; Compaction consists of,ramming the-soil, compacted. 1. -~ amall stone or gravel added. "--! c' *' ' 1 ." , 1 > r 9

.: .4: ' v-1 * be leveii&%cz

. ' .

9 *
-1

-43-

. , -~ - ,, ! 0 / 0

c' - cc:, ,. ," ,- .* ,.I,. . 2: cc-,., i; i_ /&* ." :.., : : t . ;:'- -, .1

^ I_

;' c /' 9 I * , -> ", ? 5

i s
i

0 ,_ 7

_ _.

.:a --,

._._. f,

! iF

I. ..__...___.,___ -1 ? .-.*fL----.I(

When the floor ba& 36/ is finished, --level, .,r are. noted for rJfeiFnc$ purposes. * I * ,Soil-.~ement mortar for the flooring _. one pa~.of.-c-em~nt .tg'l-s-Tx; or-eight p&s
*
. . i 1

specific ~,
\

points,.generally I

on one

' of

the proportions

;. :i.; ? ., * ".a .=;-! .,;t;': .., & Yh. I :';:,,',.,,

i;;," . ,T 1::. " :: .I .;-;e;'.. ,-.. t .,,--.*

-.

*.

2.: ..L, -.

,% 2 * Thesoiil=c&nt ghouldbe la~d-to:a~~~pth~of'5;~~~~.~he following ____manner: ..~ is l&d between the,reference points .a layer of soil-c$nient, as specifi.ed, ~....:-: approximately 7;5 cm wide wh-icti must to form "guide ~tr~~s"'or"trma~t~r,strips" '. 9 I ./ -. ;De weu -s compactear, i * " _. . \ . 0.. _ . .&l the'se&ions of~floor'remaining between ~$g&Xe's&,ips""is filled with . the soil-ceme,nt 'inixture,'which must be"rammed firmly and u&'forml$ until maximumcompactionjs obtained. , 4 . 1 . _' ^ . construc&ionis finally Pevelled by sliding "maste.r strips",. thus removing-all excess material 'off tith a plasterihg trowel -3/ (fig. 84 arid0 .

cv

t .

*
:\ l;

CP----~ When the soil-cement mortar has .set ;ufsicie&tly, smoothed over with a finishing trcwel.

the

flooring

surface

.is
.

ii',-soir-ceme~~'niecer:

;-.

2 Th&e~thin.s&l-sement
;.,.:.:, -.j>.s, PG., -, -- ,,,. .,
aj. .I

pie&s,
-

which

are'also~known
.I

as floor .

tiles,

-4

can.

., :I

.:
,.

..

_.

I
I

I"- *To &

these

tiles;..the E

earth

must be levelled '-, &. ; -: n' ,. a

and compadted & ' 1 >. .. *r-* I/

indicated .+ .I

'."36~~;Le~elled I.:

and compgeted.earth.7.

,.: . # ,', .-= is <a straight,piece of tiood with_rectangula%fa e&.and varying in length,f@.:50 m to 4.00 m. . woodentool-know&n some Snanish-sDesk.inti 9 o--or ~frat&ho. t...,~'-. ' 7 -"Y .: / , I ',j ._~

,t

-ceri;;BG&ring , _ I countrieszas .

2.5 x
.a 53 r

. ._, . :. ._: ;;~, ,

,: ,-:",;' r&b.;,'-v~ hTaL:.. :"

.-

s;---.

,t When the base. is I ~c<..;-. -- @read easily in a layer if%& *"of-Lone part (of cement to T'. '. . ;-,;;'.$ 1 ., L ,::,.,.4 :,;,. " . +;'.y . I, ,\ '.' -. as :;!,' ._ .+,td:. .;-: i,:_ I' --. dy.;>F, -_ JL -. :.,;,\$herever $dssible, .;. " rp:, -.: 'it,is'gently tapped into :+-.>, .?;: I ':" fi (1 > ,'.,?of.the .tiJ.es are iaid in ..-~-.. r..l_r ?,r- --:-> .iyt,; i:.,*,y-.,,. :< . , _ c-,zGaps between tiles ,>:_I -3 ;.._ I- : * a-;; ,:' -%. ';). .: ,.:. Fi. I -Three days after'the ...,:?: ',.A. 7 ....i'..m W?th 'a cement slurry41~ 4_1V

2 'cm six

to'the type,of;tile spread evenly.with';a

:,;-c_:, ', :,.. " _, i i ,: ,_ ;:' ", ',

soil-cement tile 'is laid with-overlapping'seams, and .I The remainder the mbrtar.to'ensure perfect adhesion. a &milar manner.. ' -Ii . edges toiich. should be reduced to a -minimum, so that their 1 : ~. L the joints should be fronted floor tiles are iaid, made with pure-cement or cement and pigment, according' The slurry is poured on the floor and uzd in the flooring. broom so that the joints are completely filled (fig. 87).
, I e. *.

" &er a. few hours, -.y-. I;.:: '( ., 42-k stir-plus cementleft 7':; ;:.*... ! r.' '. :j, ..: :%I, _1 -" The .f$&shed

the 'floor -sur~~shoul;d on the tiles:, .--. * be closed . '= to.traff% . '..

be cleaned II . for

so as to remove .' *

**

floor'should

seven .days. _. ,.* compacted .,. as,; . -.L-'.

be levelled-and

A+aying~flodrs of' sojll-cement block.s, ,the $nstru@ionsof soil-cement.tiles sho$Ld be. fol;lowed exa:tly. @$)$oc& "~ .i

given

for \ ; >__

,.,.,T-,'

.y$ 1,. 5.: .b -2 Lj .2:,. :! ;,..

7 *

;--

,.

, ,

-i

_,

,, I ;_ Paint.' ev'L' -, m /', P . of one or more pigments in amedi-$n, .which Paint" is "g homogeneous milture :, .' +. a~'~ -T'* "'is used-to cove,r.and/o,r protect objects withr~ a~f,ilm of colour'!; ; \&' -: . -; -.,'j " "SatSsfactory results with paints can be obtained only when the following .; /'. .. the product is of good quality; (b) the surface has been. facto& are presenk (a) .: . ~I--. ., ., satisfactoriiy prepared; and -(c) the paint is correctly applied". 441 -2 1. 0 " Before paint$ng,.N8.t is.rfeoessary to cleanse the walls of mixture and 'dirt,,, -.removing'all loose material and filling any cavities. /--: _-.---~- _/_ . :.7 ^ ,- . . .% -- % ..L dement-based paint, ' '., ' ;, ,_ +-,,G~. ~_ j1, %k , ..' +a ./' ,,a -1 : *; espec,+ly as waterproofers, Cement-based paints possess excellent_p'r~~ertiksi '.: The~r~~ential ingredients&e cementand-_-T-L .j -and they are very economical. :.,., . ,/" ' water., and pigment may be added. I . c ,_._.,,, __:... .,. . "'r .".. ,/ %' *, cl ar materiai begins, Before the pai

; ,)_. .-.;
-. ',. >

11from*++e---__
from the paint and I be applied with,a brush in two eoatsandl "'F ,:,, The paint:should ,. . ' days by-spraying. c . I _"

_v I \

; 33,is
?,: -1. +..

This is one "of-the oldest- and most .ecohomical p&-&z used as a-w&l finish. -essentially a lime wqsh-(lithe 'andwater), to which pigmen% majr be.+ed. '. 'Lime wash is applied to the wall in 89) i It can also be used in a.thicker

I,

*form ,'- ._ ;/ ,,.- .~'., i it $s applied in one in'the 4atter case; '(. ; ....,. ' .' , iI #pi QY- --, '.._,. ',. 1.1 ..t '.': ,T,' "'.S.,. To.ensure great& adhesion of the +;, ,i > - ~~.~~'cjr.~.o~l.y binder is-a-d,ded to'the wash 'y:;;'.~ ,; _~

; ,~: ., '-. ."

'(fig;

:,,

P k&aster
a

is-a $allcoveYin$,
- \ ,

made &&h-.p?or%ar, .which give8 a,kynooth and

2, .

;,i$-+--,, . .z .!,. --;- .., ,, ;.. 8.

: -I . .-: " -1 removing from Befok applyin& p!latiter; it is desirable to &pare wa&~br .. t&ir~surface?-array' ekce$s'mor$az protruding fr6m joints.or other ejttr'arieous matttr ,_1 v$: .c-; ;I ./ -Iee%!n;: .+-&hem -during consi$yuction. , ; .,.,-. i, * FI, r .? ..,_..._./ L. _.. _,.. ., .,- I - . ct* ,":.. a*__~.' ,..a. a. ,- I Arge!G&kjbJaterials SkmdarUzatioq lbtitute . )i . .I

+,.:_,.,, :

,,.. : .?,

'"'Plaster , A: ., ',/ >

* :

:I-.... .

of soi&Wement,.mortar ?. :_me bestm&ures.fo,r this type of plaster are: (a) one part of cement to plus R ..a.Q-.- nnrts r"- -- of' -- sandv five ro ,=-firhtz -I (b) . , the same mixture, ------ti soil -~ bv " volume: 45/ proportion of 1%~ not exceedling 50 percent -=-the amount-.of cement used.

i _ c. I

Before plastering, reference points are noted on the surface of the wall _i, _ consequently, :*at.intervals of 1.5 rn;~thus.,~~hi~kness'Bf 'the coating,and,' can&&&&term&ied (fig.$O), ,.. , ._'its:' "rightness"',, -a$"*; <,. ;J -__ : z& cm wide are applied between the "Ctide strip& Mortar is then applied betwe& -,,oint$ of refc&ence '_ ,-,:-two adjoining vertical strips and smoothed off, the surplus being removed w$th a, T'hij's is done by-resting the scraper on' the'"master stripsV and sliding ,...': ' scraper. Th?s procedure fs continued.until'the wh?&e surface of it.".over them' (fig.91). tool known as a plastering trowel*_+S used to finish-. * :..7 .: 8. -. * /.a. ~ _. :: I.. ~o&cement 1 -,, plaster-should be cured for three days by continuous spraying. .'. ' .? . . :, . . * 7,... : i 0 TlasterDbf.cement mortar' j ~ __-~.-. ,.,c ,,. -2' ---_- r 3 4, T !,.. ..(, 1. : . . .', ' .-' P ~~~~~t--fS-~pO~t~onsIPr the mortar are one part of-cement to between' S~.X and nine parts of sand~y,volume= m il ;*,..-. ~. -~ _. . . .'
.,. . _ :

.I

-~-

I
n

<i-:1- ---~~% . Ti ,apply t& -Q$'of &ster, the instructions giv&~$bove for'pLss$%-;-:.> c .:7 .:,., )of .sogltcement mortar should be'~st&tly folloyed. /, -.. _ 6"; , ,, * : ..y '.. y .r;.-, :;,. PL&&er+f . - >&-mortar .;';,. y ,.. :i -'c-. .: .: " . ^___ ._ . : q/. available, it may be.-economLca2 to. .Xngegions where ~good4qqCLity limes,are __ 5 d ii',,:' . . . x f ,_ . :,use ~~~&%a+ proporti$n of lime in thC:mixture. ;,L s::? :' I \

: :.

. ., T '

,; .I

-fz t, 2. ; =:\.
::,i " .Z,(. r .'._

it is usual 'to' foll& this procedure: * (a) a fw,+mple, &genti,na, consistingP of one-fourth part'of cement, one ~o~@t,+ng of]thick plaster, ',,&&~l$me,' three partsof coarse or medium sand and'on8 pati of ' &&k && ,(6x an ,eQual;.quantity by-volume of fine sana), 3-s &pplied to the of,soil-cement mortar";. &lI(~j$~epa.$-e~ as ir&ica$@ above 'under '$l&ter I&] thtrg t&&se plasEe$'is given% fine fintsh by. 2ov.ering it with's mixture &&~'o~~tWo park of pas&lime to fzve parts of fi'ne sand by volume. .

';:DI

.r

i,\ \\\
'

.~.

v. ACC&PdtSHMENTS0,IN

SOIL-CFMENT'

_ \

*v

1. j.

THE PURPoSE OF THIS CHAPTER

. ' . . , . .~ _ ."

'I

Soil-,cement has acquired a reputation as an.excel1en-t construction material. especially in rural and suburban It is being used more and more in all countries, areas. . This chapter presents a number of examples which may be helpful to anyone * The examples also wishing.to try using this material for, construction purposes. attest to she good qualities of soil-cement when it is properly employed. ~ ~~-.~ " The-ins&u&ions given-in this paper are sufficiently complete to enable a yone who follows' them to obt-ain results as good as, or better than, those '1, ' illustrated : here . ~___ ,_ ...... -1 - -~ '- ~-~p -, . ". ' HOUSES I '1
i

I Rural

dwelling

of soil-cement

(l)-

46/

"

'

a _"

___

,A basically of soil-cement,, in the village of ~~I~ -. An experimeht$l'dwellin& .~ Chambi@al,"Municipality This "of Buga, Department of Valle de1 Cauca, Colombia. dP building-was the outcome of a detailed study, in which several teachers and fellows < ' from.the 1957 CINVA regular 6ourse'took part,., It was designed to suit the .. . . characteristics and level of living .of the inhabitants of, the region, and a more .. ,,.rational and advance&method of usin& local materials and techniques was applied>.,. ~, .--1.. ---- in its construction.
; . I T,
.

i $ '

,,,; \

. G m 1

i. _i
.

,.

:3.

i
r *

.4.

0 .._ 6 .

.,

-- .

see the end -ofthe

qhapter.

.. .

-48-

8:

in self-help _ 0

and mutual

aid'

r ,

-.

,I

-'.

: 1k . . ..<

4 Rural D i

ii s

.* 1

San Jer6nimo (3) dwelling', . r In,,1956,-~CZNVA agreedwith the Director of Pural Education of the ColombianMinistry of Education to carry out a projectof some magnitude in a ~ral~Thus began the San Jeronimo (Antioquia) Pilot Project, which offered ekvironment. a means of conducting a prac$i.cal experiment, adaptfng.~;arking methods/training and framsng a possible sotutioh to technical personnel with a paactical outlook, ', the rural housing problem with the use of educational.resources. '.-, 4 _. s *. + " e 1'

.; . _ . '

1.

. /

z
l_ a

=- _ * 1' .% HquSe-h~sD_il-llern~nt

+,

1,

'.

. (4) i *I ~-~ TV , ;.,

: -

- .: -c 6~ ,lhe dwelling shown.& the photographs area of the Sierras de C6rdoba1'

.bl~~l~s

i 1 _ ~- ~~_ "L *.~ ~_~ ~_~ ~-~~- ~~ ~~ v ; in ::he San Jose

D

was built

,in Argentina, -.' I

P j c 9 . I/ ~~ Y-

.< .A

-9 r.

i J_I xc- _n f;

. -J

0 rp y :

.. %

I . . @ .!b

-; w

--

ii I _,. I,$ . i ; a, .I &$&p::

b :

-t

s i- ',-. ~~~~..~~~~~S,~~~l-cerne~t house (5) c $&". ,! :'$ $; jad'G ;: . . 7!1:. '5': i . *,-, / .:'..i-rc~.rc,r.. r,. !g$$yp.:"J-f .: :. the.Proviri'ce of Buenos Ai-res decided to provide AutIi orityok :$;w+-.+-The-iTa& :,, ::,t adequate housikg for it& overseers along the canals which travkse much of the '. I,telec$ed to try using soil-cement fo? b).iildings in the No. 16 cm<al territ'ory.. distrikb. I ~ y -zone, ,in'the 'Sal&dillo c : ', '; ? </ * ') _. _~ c-.,, ,: '1 . '_ , + /. / b ! ,. _A i.,, _.,- : .I/-:-; / I/ .: ,.' . . e ,,* % -. " .
-

m / I I 1 . i.

I ?

.\ ,

_, . ,. q: ?..,i.!; !,: : ! ! i ,,j . -, ..

.. ._.. j -~:.:.-~,. _: .2! ;yy:. .:..-,li ,._. ., : -.:.. .. .. ., L +.-- __II.. ) .h Y h; _ c.-.

. I
*

?I

(L _ : z?. -, * 4,\ c, c I .,!

.--,,,,:. .9.---. 1 +, ,, ! !./ /( I. <, i % ,? I. .. . ,. ,y. ., : _. z;;i,) ~ ::;;; _ :/S,CJ. , ,, : gj,;.: .,.. _ :, ,

-52---.-

-3 \

.---zy...

__._. :J

. . .._._. _I __________ ;.._ ,___ _____, 1

,(

Ii.

-:

--- .-

d :

e .

:
0

. ., -Sgil-cemb.t gobe in-the United states of America (6) .. b .\( .; ;.' :, j. n I:. In this -design ihe- door atid window openings.tin from the floor to th$ 'robf", 'i;o that it was unnecessae to wbrk'witb the$soil-cement on small.sections: or to .L ' 'Atwood filling tias used below the w$.ndows. make the li<tels; excessively Gtrofig. ! .: 'I (t ..: 1 I. .r * * *': .r '-;j ., i " "r
0 Y

3 : .^

, 5

r
s ,. . -. e . . I .; .A) f

.
\.

o
4

d
.

._.
O_ *_ .> .i C _-

9 c c

.. _ / a,:-.i j 1 ;ri.-* I_ : ..*

., a

. . _s__I_(_ __ - ----

.-

-~<------

--_

----

----

-- i-r-

--

-_ I .I

in Colombia : &~r,,~;& ~~~,~~t'at,Caicedonia (Valle) Mth .: -7. '. m,o~r IT-P ml+st.anfiinp ._?." >1% for
I -1

r,

soil-cement,blocks made with the t,Ile excellence of 'the masolxq~rk.

I

..

P
-.., .,.

?. t .
house'in

A.

.. :i
I,1

Venezuela ' 3' S&l+-cerpent dwkllings builtiundkr show the excellent masonGo& pib s,sible JThe roo.f 2s of' asbestos cement: 1_, i 1,
k

con;rac% in the city of with prefabricated soil-cement '_' * 1

it

,. .. c

I. .. ,/ * : s ; /- I :y

.: ,,

:,/. 2 .., x , ,, 4 _.? ,<. I^ * -

1I

_-

1~

\.

; 1

\..,
.\

.-_

>
b-l-------

-. \l

I,
*,

1. I

: L \! 1 , i

;,,

)s

.,

I1 b-----Y_,

,.

-7.

hcjcggk Vq-qzuela (7) *--I '. i ; .. ,,' : I i Sbil-cetient dwellin&bu'i+t~for demonst'ration and practice i$'_the grou@s of the Practicak Fkhool of Ljgrictilture (M.A.C.) at Providential. -Re&xnended for warm . . .. .climates by the Malarioldgy Diksion of the mblic Heal,th -J%pdrtm$nt of the , V&.ezu$@ Ministry df H$altg and.I%dlfare. . ,
,

'

Soil-cemefit

G __--: ~ / I . 2

/ .

p ! ,.

.: L 1 , z* _.
i , . e

ii
e, 1

*i ,.

I I

;Soii-cement

hou,se ik Br$zil
, ,

(8,)/,;

,,

.4

,I-

I$unici@aLity'

o$ Petropolis,

State

of

';

j ",. i

i : .. 0

r m , </ ; I .' :: :, i 'l# . _-. Y .. L',. ', I

* -97

,; ,jf 9

_ . I i ' 1
!( .a,

.. ')? :..a c,..L !

I \

I .i-;'

-~ * I ',,1 3 -

" ,

r'.
, / 1 -. p

d
,.m

*= i
n

:.

-.

_ \-

-.

!,
I

i
. 6 .. L i. I . fi / 2 . *

..

I
LI

,' Soil-cement house in Bolivia (9) I I' , r 0.5 .i I ,r / < Soil!-cement dti@iing conskr$cte$ by Zolivian ,. of Ogeratians at his Sananditaw:badquarters. L I . I"

State z

Oilfield+

for

the Director /

So'il-cement

house in Chile

(10)
1 8

Experimental soil-cement 'University of Chile.

structures

erected

63 tfiq Scienti

fit

Housing

Centre

. .. . _ 1 ._I, \ n r 7s. * ,...

: _

. -.

Is

t5 _ .. . 6 . : 1
s

.
. : . I.

. 6, .

* >

P %.

. -3 ------

,.-,

-1 .,

I.

c * ,> ^ F ,.
a

:,.

-58-

A*

house in Chile (li) o1 I .> (3 ^_"-.-_._,. ,,_ Zcixnal Jnstitute for Technologi,calResea:~h and Standardization wi."th the collaboration of tlle,..XIe~artme~~t of Scientific and ~- (Inditecnor) \ n the Catholic IJni$.erslty;of Chile-, constructed thfs Technological Research OL f ' eXperimenta soil-cement house. .; _ , 5. ~.~
, ! .v . %-.~_-~ ----.

Soi;-Qment

.RQ vQ-

? -4 ~ ..

1 .,

a.

% . _+
-. . -~ ----- _ _.__~ .-.Tabio experimental country school ,. 5 Built experimentally 'at El. ~ of*Cundinamarcap - Co$mbj+a. fl and- -.- __~
study

. a

devi.sed CI&A ,a1 schoc&~, employing making

by'

.
Sauci'o rural' school

(13)

.&w

carried out-at Saucfo Village, Municipality of Choconta, project, also had its origin in the programme-and-s$udy me>tion& in the preceding .f * p <, . - -The erection of this school provided a practical*exercis'e as part of a which may be defined as "the-development:of .process of "community development", the potentialities of a community or social group towards a common end or,,. collective benefit". ' ; !& 'I us Q This .: Colombia, paragraph.

i /' ,
.l * i

'.

I" 3

': ..
II .

,.. . 3
: I

.Bural

of sqil-c/ement in Colombia , Ii The Cundinamal*ea!Board of Education built at La.Calera; near Bogota, school with a metal frame and walls ,of prefabricated soil-cement blocks.

school

a rural

CA&NARIAN ARCH With a view to finding 1 Technological Section of GIN' "experimental building static CINVA-RAM mouldel. 1' The f@m selectedwas of thickness and constant The'arch's dimensionsa Clear Clear : Thickn
_.-. i

'.

applications for'soilocement blocks, >he proceeded Tn ICY58to design and build "at its an arch o'f soil-cement blocks made wi,S.h the catenal;y, as being most suitable t throughout the arch. from the standpoint r _~ I

tl we:

6.5 metres n.........:.. ght . . .' . . . . . . . 3.0 metres :\ . ._. . . . ; . . . :!-? centimetres:
, .

The basic material used was\ blocks of cement and (sandy) soil,. in the l$e mortar use&between the blocks was l-3 (cement~--P~ortion of'l:lO by volume. sand) by volume. *, . " ; At the time of has been satisfactory. The structqralbehaviour of &e-arch writing (1963) no cracking whateve!r has occurred, and although not subjected to load-bearing tests it has..fortuitou ly supported the weight of several persons. r . " 1 This kind of structure may obvi?usly, have important uses $n rural areas, ,,, goods and machinery. particularly as a cover for areas intended for storing . \$ ,-

z I

. . _* _-;, 1 , + _~~~ --.---% ** .

..

I( .'
l

SOIL-C&NT

CISTQ+AF$

Domestic wPater supply in rural dwell,ings resolved by complex and co'stly methods. The cistern constructed " now being applied withigood The illustratiohs
~. -.

SILOS( / presents a
i

s I ..1 wnlcn _ -87 1s usually

6.

47 4-_ problem ..
?-

' .,I i

of,prefairicated results.

'ioil-cement ,I.'

1 ,. co&in&<ts.is , , ,., .

a ,z?olution I '4 -

below

show some exp?erimentaj dwelling

designs: Colombia ,114)

C&tern

l&r

th@e'experimental

in Chambimbal Village, r r

: :: k; $----. *>a ;: .r

. 4 5 * ; *

* O

-,

2 -. i

I ,I_ r ~ . ,

m_ ., Y

h \ ,, ~~, ..

Cisiern for the soil-dement house bui.lt at t$e:FI~VA "experikental -.-j station--~lS)-~ * w ^ -.. * -. .~ 7 -XL _0 \ ., ;_o -F r .I --.
P I ; ,1 .

buiild=ing z
I .'.. .d i :

+:i _

I ,I I' a

._ *

. .

CItiVA, ,,

. ,A& .

RVRAL ITEM: -1 SHEET NO.

DWELLING

OF

SOIL

CEMkNT

C iSTERN

,*
,:; <1

,.

-I

:-_I-

REVISED

BY-z ,R;NE

EYHERALOE

FRIAS

;I

1 1

_-

2 :I.
.. -

I
n

r,

1stiCOURSE

2nd

COUR OF CISTERN

i.

-!,

pm+

AND

SECTIONS

8 L .f.%.. *
* ,_.,. _,_.__.__.... i. I

:-I

Soil-cement

Silos ?

ii

d'oil-cement me results. ' .'

. 5 s * has been used in the constructidn (18)

-5 c I

-/ i
of silgs
I ./

1, ,

:? ., ^ ,f , L. 1 -1
.s I

1 'il

with

very

satisfactory

.-

1 -

p: 5

,-

ICITCHEN j3ANGES ,-of

C,

>t

a kitchen in rziral dwellings $equiYes the construction The install&.&ionof to prevent filYk/hazards, which trill a range, together with ,a stove-pipe draft techniques. dwellinn at ChimbYmb&l Villb

/, .

effective Ranecfor

the exoeriment

-.

Rouselkld

range for

the Sag JQrGnimo Fkwal Project,

Cdiombi$

(13)

-_

v .*.

. ..

RanEte for

the soil-ckmeht

cdttage,

Cblombia

(19)

.;*j

1) .

. -. .: i * *

r . . .,

-0 r .a / iA i ,* -. . : _*, . .. , . . * : i i I e., *

.. Ij .! I Y > ..

 :*:r.).!, ^ , ? I I 0T.3 1 _/ /, 1 y; --, i . ,, ., . .. I . L,- ._ \ Y - Qnn*d tqr'the Tabio experi~ental,count-ry

._i z . 2 -1 k / ). . , !,,, .. t ;..

iv ;. A#+ a- ~ L school,
I m

,L^ .

-is -; (,, _ .

ColombiB. (20)

/. / .. .

: I

I -J -

.* ~

-.

1) I < / _ c

.
I !3

r- -

I
I , Y

I w e ._ .. i .,

.
: zi L s

OVENS

_.

The &en i.; an indispensable adjunct to the rural dwelling I* cbmmunities; I. = --, ,_ .-~ '& : _. . f. koil-cementoven for the' $ottage,built at'i the CINVA "experimental d I ' 9 s -I-LZ-.-II ,fl, \ 2 F ~--mmr~I------,-

in many country

building

__ *, .. :: >.

^ _ .* I ._ ! 3 :> ,.,_ . i I .

i... ) c_ -. I

P __~__ -----.T t: :_ -. ,, -~<, : ,? ,, ._. ._/_---~-.----c :;, 5 9 -_-: t . rn,;;. - e :.,. i .-At, $ : , ,. 7 I d i d D ~. ---z---~-_~ .-_-

.~.

.-0

_.~.

.~~

i ( \

-65.!!, / i , .a

r: s

I,-

..

_ *_

/;;., .,:I... : .;. :D e.

: 0. ; ,_ 1

.-.;.. .;..Jf _-~

./
Soil-cement

I *
the

opeg for I

,'

dwelling Ia,
^

at Chambimbal Villagk,_
c ----._

Colamb,ia -.._- --_ (22)

,,,

; ..: I

*,

*.

e s I

-.__

&rHER USES
-.., \. -.

..--

.,I mermal ins&a&on soil-cement (23)\.,. __ . -r..--- made of <recast 'and C&amarx&krgWi%.~a~, tLAu -.s-r...T tiere insulation was prov$Ted by a paclring.of soil-cepen--$gGal
111 -i-.:m+~r 3CYLIb,y c,,,: -.Luu.L h1~-1 A~-^ 1 dingy e~~~+&-fdr +nnfs th>$&i~er authori.iy hm

\ with

. I_
(mA)

concrete

La Rioja beams and slabs.

at

.;

.. ?i -..

>

-.

z f
,. .-

-9

bSp@al

blocks for ventf.lation &j ;: . . . * Specially designed soil-cement b$ocks may be used to provide openings as was done in the CINVA -"building .ventilation in the walls of a dwelling, shown here. i ct._ I ', n ,I

soil-cement

,: for .' shops" , 'i' ,. I i.

-T@), La Vereda de Chambimbal ~amb-im~alVil-la-~e~l~-study '~ ~~ _, housing, CINVA publication, 1358.

and action

.i, in rural

.*

/+

6s

"(2), Casa'campesina,..de>suelo-cement0 -pi-l-cement cottagET, building pIans, : ., _ ~.~CINVA,,,publicatio+n, 1957.. 1".\ ...&.' . , '\, ' \ . -a., (y)<,Proyecto Rural de San Jeronimo Lgan Jeronimo &xt%l ProjeczT, CI~NVA' 1; i.._ 1956,. publi6at>ion, : s,, ,\ i : :. 'NCJ-. 1.2, Cement Institutei journal of the Argentine -' Gj, c-em&to Portland, *\ May 1947. "'C ..,_ ', . _ , \ L ,': \ _' n
.,,

I
-.

..-

(5) ~.Cemento'Pbrtland, .July-August 1945: *

journal journal

of the Argentine .

kortlland I

(6) 'Cement0 Pirtland, .A: D&e Ill her 1945. .I

-.:,(7j,P, -' a

of the'.Argentine~Portl;tnd

_, ;

/ . ~el-m-e;'-Cement.Institute, / No. 7;. .+' I -. L ---- _ .i -, ;/// I _---- '-, ~~- -' n /
'Departmedt of Public i, and&oil_ and Soil' No. 4,, I * ;."' ,//, 1 ~ I

Cement Institute, -

No.

6,

Sana ,/Efealthful HousingT, Mala-r_iSlo~y-T>itiis~~on, Ivienha 1s ry of-Health and_~~fa-e;-~~~~zuela, 1957; ._ LHeaLS;h, Mip- t __-.~ -~.(8-)-ca~~~--~~--~er~~~~~~~~na~a Cement/, by .- Anthony " F,.c Merrill.
y

Suelo-Cemefi~o .:a Suelo-Cementp ' c ,. of the Scientific Chile.

ig) T -' de Tierra Apisonada y Casas Cement/, by Anthony l?..,Merrill. ( .---(l$& ivienda, official organ -. November-December x95&, Santiago, __'.
,I'

@&es in. ., /@&es

of Rammed Garth '. Earth

of R*d i i 1, Housing-Centre,
i

, ,,- ),.C. ./ i ., : ; (>.) . .,; ,, : r , .., ;:s$!->~ ,; - .- :. ::. i ij

: 1,. t L ! : -671:~ , -/ I J .- ;, \1. \ i, -

VI Ii

,/, . ! .\ _

.\ . CJ: I \, 1 ,\

scho,ol proyject ambi.mb~l Vill&eT,

may beeobtained

.'

from

r study 'and action

in rural plans,

--, .

__

$asa campesina de sue!Lb-cement0 @oil-cem&t rural*housT/, ,I building :, publidatt;ion,; 1957,a . * *' , Cemento Portland,~'.~~u~~~'of th$ Argentine Portland Cement.Institute, NoTember 1948; $0. 5,. April-May l$+$;iNb. 6, July-August 1945, L

.
I

(17):. I& Verede,,de

II-,..-< -FlTmTrn mrh,

bJ..L Yc1 pL.aL-LLa.u,Lvrl, ~-. f Q -.

i ,-.ofll67.7 1Or;H

Chambimbal___ -Eha$ibimbal.Villag$,

s'tudy. and action Projhcqi,

ifi,'rural CINVA. .' . plans,

,~

.~_
rural

1I

Casa-cai$pesina (26%) Technical,i;rrfo;riltltion.~abput '<Te _- --~ , ,----~--'-'~'~'." (21) "$asa this

hous.27, building

c,ampes.ina de suelo-cement0

. pSoject'may~be 'obtained fr& CINVA. . ,: . ___--ii -&oil+#ement cottages, buil$ing~_pl~~~~~~--~~~

&&$&&k&id';

i--. .-:,.' .,,'_!

jo;i*kal

of the Argentine

:L..4 '. .

Portland

Cement In&i-Lute,

PO...5, 1 ;: 'I;' I

,.,

I.(

I, , I ,,.:,-,:: : 7, :;:,!, < , 1

j, ;.

;: ;A .x Iv:.,,II ;,,: +.. -,. i-e ;p,,: . .. y..

,;

:i

~J _

: 1,; r,

P . 4

-,

..__

., :: , d ,J \ . ----A. .-------Fe.. :_ . ____ 2 <

s ~__A,

VI.

AJXNEXES

:-; I..~. ,., '_, .:a

,I -,I /I ,,i ,I g&t, ,,..( :.

for

10-5s of length

by shrinkage

of soil3

e -&d 4"cm.deep" .,,Make. a box without t ih wet soil, Oil or grease the inside s of the box.thoroughly. x .,Y,., : .', 'inside. I, ;I:' The soil should have the optimum wetness. g TRam the soil into without cement8, of,the box-with a small stick, and finallyuse t&e stick to smooth off '$. .,:; ,,.,,, i all corners ,, ., box in the sun for at le*as,t three.days or in the shade for ,. ',,,' the surface*' ,, :: ' bo.not le,t rain fallon it. .? at'past seven dsys* __ ". ;.: , ,. '
,p&y the

F * cm .lon"g ips$de

I by 4 cm &.

A oI /

= 1
=.

art

of

Cement to

eighteen

,, % .,I
. . b I, , >
; ;.,, so : .-.- ,. ,( ,,,,,.,,,.,,.,,,,,,,,,,,.,,,.,,,.,:.ev Jb--+~. ,,,_..l,,. . g .... . .,...........**.....I ~o\ ?

.P .o , 7. L :. ,, .. . -. J :, _ %&, r I . \ I ( : ., ! y..,. 1 .a.. I~

./, .I .; -

~~&*s&$estqk~by

'A.E.S.~Al&ck.. : 9.. i &d,wet ing ~,.3ZFwater., ..-~I.

B.

-_

a,

mixing".

Soil-qement tiles for shame'general lines as are ind The~s&il-'cement from 1 to 4 mm thick, :k (fig; 85);
, :, L

ian be made, with for block-making.

t&e CINVA-RAM moulder d

along

the . . ,

tile

parts': the upper part", or wearing or "body" of the. tile, from 3.l'to
m 1 .JI

surfa 3.4..cm%
1

+-I, ,pz:: ,, :\)

,/*L1 ~I..> )' ",,: '. ., ,* :_;,, : ,,. :::.:.,\ I, :py;y;,

one part of'cement to c -. The mixture for .th@4-"Fbo _ between.+.& a$4 eight parts with the requisite amount of Th? in$tructions given for block~m&ing apply to the choice and ~ +.ter~*~/ 1 and to the'mwand compacting. d preparation of+the soil, ',, r , I r a ' .. ',The we&ring surface of the"t)le%afco$sist of pure cement,. a mortarof very c" firiesand,& the proportion of two or three @arts 'to one part of'de_merit;. or a i&t&e of cement5 .pigment and,fine s'and in $roportions determined~experimentally~ I i-4 / - . 2 .

;;:.,p !;;-!z;:.., I /a.. 1

(, .:. ,

used. 111; I

-j7

1 ,-I
:' I
:

'<The' CINVA;&M-moulder
,

is used to make soil-cement,tile'in bottom

the following

manner:

,. I 1:: ,;,I,,,

. ,.i,

.'!? , ?;i.. ',','*EL; .' I ~,(', "

~:l-':i:,t.. y?yz; '! ,{ , ',. ~&?&2Gy? s- i ',

p:;: . ,j: &r.ql .:;>,i.- ,- .

;)&r i,,: :\ 1>. fla:)::*T,.

*,

( ) $he special &-thLthe machine t

or platform (fig.'92)9 of $he met.al box.

supplied

of the tile i@pla&ed in the Uould added.' The whole is moulded SO - *- .~ ~~- I-~ ~~ -~- ~~ -F-~~..

The tile .

is-removed-ks is dried

'shown in "figure

93. ' for biocks.=

-: .A I

akd cured'$n

the manner indicated

pieces,. ;

,,

'. ^' . . ~.

.; *. +~.:$.

: ., ., : 1,

. B

0:

.$,_-: :,.;.,::::

_, -., .- . .

---

,I .y

<

.:,i_; I

i \ I

ANNEX III 'rke-si@hhon?ng m&hti,d-

i I
gd2(Yi- Y2$ _ 1pL --_1873 \ *
\
.

I:,: .

based on the principle of. /I - " Like the standard method, this new method'is The latter is expressed by Stoke';-law, which gives the r&%e of .sedi.mentation. .. . V -: ' fall of a small sphere inqa viscous fluid as: ?'

.1 ._ .- -. a- .

*
f

5
,. ,

.L

I.5
.,

;.-- _

~.--. LL.A -where:. _. _ 'I .a I b, _, in centimetr,es per second,',- ,-'., s .'V t,velocity / . . j" $. ". .0 I g = accelera%ion in centimetres per'second per second; a _ .' :. -',": * '.'. ?,1 i :*,~,.d%.di&-neter of the sphere in centimetres; _ ~.-. . j : _n = viscosity in:dyne-seconds per squareI,centimetre,&'poises (changes with 1_=i* tem&rature), , ' I. .* ' ', .I '! '1 :'$ Y "" 1 =specific gravity 9.f the sphere in grammes per cubicI:ceintimetre,, 1. .... .' :' z , L Y 2 ="s&&fic gravity'of the medium in grammes per cubic. cent*tre. . I _ per minute4 and'i,'d 'in millimetres:' is measured in centimetres '.- ,i. ^ ,If the,velocity

t .c -_~~

." ,.F^~ .; -_ ., -- ., i: . ,; -'- . _a 't ' . I ,,,,.a.- . :-; ,.

of't'he
: -. . _ , I, . .. 5. ;--

sizes

of .pa$$icles -~;\; I 7

in, a -'

So&'~arti&.e$'~e~ not spherical: 'Some are angular, i.*"a, ,'I ' and W. Squiresdof the '.a~& se forth; .Thus-, accoc,diw t?I?: I ,"' itute:~~~~Tdchndlohv-, she re1at~ionshi.p between the d.i$meters

06'spherical 8. !-

kzz.,.,L .
a f

) .<,-,:
*..

- i.
;

It was'originally submitted by its (ASTM)*in 1945 and $ublishedinThe method Gas tested by

='height

of disk.

to 0,. _; ,;.L, ,,I ?.:.:f ip. .I .*.'. -'/..

,: .;,,i ,.,, ., , ,. .r . . j 1x.. 0 I! .

3QC and for

silt particles will' I Settling velocities were determined soil specific gravities o&2.25. ,, was ,taken as of f$l for clay -I

Similarl+y; the mean velocity of fall for clay particles \ -: 0_. O',F020 centime+$3L-per minute. TabLe,~II gives the velocity .-.~~~~l~~e.s"".~~'.'d~ffernttemp~eratures and specific' gravities.

<.?,... .,:

.,,

...,,<, _ .

---._,_.

-.

.,

.i.-,i: T .: t,~~i',~,; ~z'#* :

-.T,his method ~~nd~~~~~s.sthr;'procedure for d&&rm&ing4he 'Brave&, .'saqd , *siltyand clay conta.irred:-ipa_ soil.'

percentages

..;

of stone,-

A\ba.iqnce ,";+F,p'li -I- .-y I --z-P';!-~ z:;...:

sen'sitive'to

q:i

g. .
0

sti&ing Bpp@ratus.with remova.ble, the disper&ob cupP,,should,,have baffle < , _ 4. . G.ns

' rods. .,' :'

__,

k-j;". -A<-

~~~Pyr,e$~~lass beakers .\,'.-.: Beakers .A

of about --~-,

6b0-dd , 'oapaqity.

<-'

'.

-;

11

-~

-tI' / .I. i I

'Velocity for Mean vel&ity silt particle,s, Ccm/min* )'

/' _ v ! I I

:-I-.Temperarture e

ct of the

1 way.'

.-

_ .-_--~. . i

1.______: _-._ o:024

0.026 * 0.016 A .._ 0,032-0 ,037 -0:om.

%.039 .033

0.026

WC
.d.<.ti.-, ,.I.>..ii . L& 1::. : 8. ;fs,: ?:., ; .,,;I,:-.: - ! ,t:,+* a . .. ,#

.*-. P ..

: -.I

-, .
.?.

..
i

CT 1( .m) .t

f ;.>-.*.

-_ -,
.

+-I .

Sieves.

A serie% of sieves st are as.fol,lows: L

of square-m&h ' 1

woven tiire ,B -

cloth. \

,$he ._..~

sieves

.'I 1-~---l

,'! I ii ,

,: ;I:.-: ni.;. -4

,,._. ,.-y

.: i,-y,J'..'. @ i _,,r ."I. .* .! .s :.$, ..',,. 2, $ ,::. ,,

....,; ; . . ,.._, ,:, :i : .* _.:.:, .>

. .

,,

,.

Sieve Eesignatioq

" ,_ . ".

SieveOpening

-,,/,tt.

.I

*
f

\:

: .
/, I" *"

, , ~y.100;nm
0.074

__--.l ,1 .( ,. g-;;;;j,:. ,y , .: i _, .;,:A . :,.., _-~If: more pl&t$ng points :i;ir.:;, : ', j;;,y::,a
':I!:+'; a, :;..i, !., .i".. .I7. ._ . +. Z,::,.' 3: ~ .&eagents .c.:-i, )_ q+<-..~ _ ': i-.7, ,A( .y& :i * , . .^. ._ (a) Dispersingagents. 0 >*. ?' ;., :,,I, j ". ,I; ,. ::. sodium hydroxide, peroxide, :' , a2 _..i
: / I

" No..10 1 -N&. E;O >, Ncj. 200 "

' &I 2 . 000 mm' . I-*- o . fg-o mm .~ _, ,.., . . *,*,.,I,

mril

qmber

'of sieves . .

a$?e wanted for the granulometric ' : ma!y be used.-" \': I,*, d 0. ,J m -. "I .. .'I "2 L -

-ve , Wl:

a grea.ter

i,+ &. :-.. ::: .,~, I :s . :

Any of the following agents may: be used: hydrogen ~Isoyium carbonate, sodium oxalate, or_ ammonia. I v : -. / * -- (b) ,",~floccuiat"i~g,ag~nl~". 5. c%EEFslli-cate or gum arabcc solution.

";'$,,;: p';?,: k,l y,)i,,:38.

r.l:,,,: r: 1: : .,:,

* _ The.materi?al -A repre&&&ve sample of~about $Tve kdiogrammeg is taken. -thoroughly ~~d-So.s.s.-Eo.brea.k~u~~~h~~~~ps, butcare must be..taken j L- i -i.A.. .___.. _, ., . - not to'

is. j '. "':.' I

e
. ._ *, .;1:I,1. \ F+-.z-

','(a).

I$?e~T5d$

100 gr&mes,bf a.' *

the.)gvkn-drjed

material

. --~passL~ the&+-:lO-sieve: stirring _. !

<. l ., ;

-1 -, .,: ,;. * ""

G?:.-;(b.)'?:Place the soil ina beaker,jand soil;iscompletely : constantly un%il,the .' ,'_ .., ' /,.a-, .,

ml of water, 3,"

to. add about.100

ml of.

Ct,...is :

dispersion ,'

cup and +is then2 \ .

er-the'shaking .., If.the

operation settle

I is, completed, place for twenty m&utes.

the vessel , I .

on a table

contents of the vessel occupy a height of over 20 centimetres, add ., ." each tient'i4etre to the aforesaid settling period of twenty "* c* , 1 , . til it'touches twe,nty min&s,carefuLly~introduce the meta<; disk ate the The $rpose of this is to se II . .: . L ..,' siphonoff the material St?11 in I:'. I ,';'- i, (i") Us&g a rubber t@e, carefully 1' ::,. t/,. ..8' \, L. 6uspension. . +: i .:,r,-..\.: i 5' &?+ -1.II_ - /-;\;t-,.**~. .~ y j ...(j) ' Tr&fer the &t&Lax iettled at the,bo\tom of the vessel into a' x. Tt,..i &recommended that a,wash bottle should be usedllip removing the so that the container with the sample , into the oven at once. / oven until the sample ,; sieves, ., * c * reported and record the F 1" as atone.-$, . .. .' \ : ' is repopted as .; i s' '.

..

* .p $. ;. . >

I ._ , ; i / .i .; .,. , / p.: : . , F. ,: :i ,,.:, ,.i . 1 i-5 i : ,.. I #

mater&&

.cetained

op the JW.

i&.?& :qr;-the ,,. _1

I ., -.Is... i,., ,I,

per$enta'ge

correspondi
. -

:: at I one ' centimetre er

h&$~.&&&,&p

silt'&ticl&

T&S ca&ulated

..- ..,,
a.*

4 y.,.
,.

\0

K .!
Granudometric II' curve

.I
* '

s;
/

.'d . 'GJhere the aperture size in r#ielimetres of the-different sieves used. is known, it is a simple matter to plot a granulometric curve; as shown infigure B. The . use of se&l,egarithmic.paper is recommended in plotting this curve. n3 Examples
0

r
, No. 10 sieve.) " a

(All Ezample Nd.\h: -* Veightof~bven-dried:material Yeight

,

'the material

pass&the

. . . . . . . .- . . . . . . . 100 -grammes remaining'after siphoning . . .

> 7 --G.
i ~ ..

of settied (clay)

material

55

-DW-ference
\. ;

. . . i . . . . . . . .,.

. . . '. . . . ; . the . . ,. : . .

45 grammes
20 . g!rainmes 1

Weigh,t oi material retained-on No, sieve (coarse.sahd)

60

Results

of sift: Weight of material retained on the No.'200 sieve (f+e sand) . . . . . .

, ; .:: ; ,,*$ .E. ,. ::/. .

.:,

; d Thus ;J"e ha&: retained

T-j,

55

grarmnes

. .I

'Grave<'(mal%r~al,
.a, .__ ,. ._

I Coarse sand:(material

. . . . T. 0.0 grammes O.O,per cent on the No. 10 sieve) I t, * s'ieve) 1 . . ~20.0 ' retained on the No.
60 20.0

- -..

'.Fine sand (matkri-al * ._...L '<Silt (material'pas.sing . ~ ' =-w2, . ~._ -==='-'I_ -., . . . - 8

retained

on the No.

200

sieve)
l

. . .

16.0'

.! '

l6.o
19

t, 1 II

:!: s ,.B: :

5 Clay (material-siphoned . -2, n, ' '. ' J

the No. 200 sieve) . . . . . . . IF I \ P off) 1 .' . . . ._ ; . . . . . . . . 45.0

19.0

*o

is . o

100.0 per cent : a part If t: material passes the No. ld sieve.) . . 10 t (stone) (graGei> f I I

-I

.-. Example SJo. 2. (Only ~1 r&a@ed on the 'S/k"

sieye _- a:~*:

b 1 ! r1 ,I n

.(sand, silt ,and clay) I .A,

1

8 &;. "' 1,- _ I

":i

i; .

MATERIAL i d

IN D&K INTRODUCED i AFTER 20 lNTEf TO SEPARATE THE ~SEl-rLED MATERlAL ROM THE MATERIAL TILL INSUSPENSION

.t *. .: .;:

-: 0 < ..

-I

RUBBER TBE LSIPHON) INSERTED TO DRAW OFF THE MATERIAL REM*INING IN sUsPENS10N (CLAY + coLLoIos~ AFTER PO MlNTES METAL DISK

L.TONEJ-CIRIEL~CO*R;E~S*N.~FI~E 0.25 MM IO. IO 1 ?,O.,,

! SAND 0.074 MM

SlLT 0.0; MM

I 0.005 MM S.EDlMENTATldN

CLAY d

I ,

.f 4.

NO. 200 NO. 270- :

/:

Fig;'Bi
*,

'

y T. I. e

> I

L 1. ,-, j -?-: .
/ .

p . 1 ( :
I

..

j:: % ,(_ ,,. ,,

.. .. ;c

,a ~ I ; :

. - : . -~,,./,..., , _ *.;/@

_~ 0 2, \
j m

., _I.* . _ ,I - .j i $. j, :>y<,(s.,+

1, .;- I ix. / .I ,, _I ,.;:t ,/

:
.,

, ..m&L.-,; :...-~ ,l -l--,T1 / ,i $1

,,

: .., *, .,(_,.__I~/.,, ;I:;..:+ _. ,/: , , ,~ 1 c;,,;:. ; ,, :v _, Cib,.. i::.. ...j_, I i I. ;$ ___ eye ---;

_
,~. .

. 3
.-

I1
P

, 0

. -. . ...

*-q

n ,..-A
.

i -r n
k \

*;

.~

1
,

of ~~ %e test.condu,cted
*

with

the material *

passing
.

tki$ No. 10 sieve:

h/
.

of the oven-dried r,;,.I I ti&terial-. . . .. . . . . 100 grammes , P . :: .'. 7< I ,..ii .: I ,. '! (Retafned:on No. 60,~. . L. . 12 grammes , Weight..of'the,..se~tled : I7 .."L _.~ 26grames .ri'.. ,.% _c ,a '-.m&erj.ajl . . . Z .*,. . L z. cR&a&d on No. 200 . . . 68 grammes _i,. '? 7 e::.. li .: 1. ,,;;:: 'T.t , ! ,(P&si~g No. 200 ,. i..;., . 36,grames " . '.1. \ i ,!.,i ?2Cfejneni=T (clay) I32 grammeg ,: : ,. , 1 I -3 =. I. r /. ;. I '*I -. :,.. I _ 68 grammes' D ;Ji D * I I I .-: :. ? 'I ." $ > I> I '. ,; :'.-'. O. -i i-:,;*A 'I )": 1 '., -~ fina& p&its,; : ; .i; " -.. j .;,._. ...' "' i '.. '._i ,, ,1 , 2:;;~ ,:_ per cent ,.,' q&i . . . ,. . . ; . . . ; ,j , . . . 10.0 -a'. :: 'i . ' , ../ .' 4 ": . - I : / -. 11 I * II . _ . .I-. .G?qa;v& ;-; . . . . . . . . . . > . ., . 15:O 9, , i 3,. * . . (., . . ~ *. T z,, v ' 1 , -2.. ddarse s&d . . i2 g x 0.75 -i' . . .,'>__ g.O:., , ! __ . 8: y:j'.'- " ,: b',, !' ! 0 ,F . L 0 fi \ .* L 2. ""':" Pine. sand -. . , '20 g.K 0.75 -'.. 15 l O, ,,_ i ;, s ,t.: .., :
,I :;:

:~ :,c~-~ l$@E$

, :.,

),/I. ~ :4 7..s --- ., :I. . ;:. ,!.silt . .Il* . . f . 36

;.I :i, Clay ; ;- l Lb, ?, .. 3: ,* :_.,..,. :. I-2.., .4r .i ; \. . !::. .... * ._I Lmi . ~ I J- ::, : ..I . ,. c _

.1* : ./:

.,

;,

((

: y

g$. 0.(:5.) .! .: ../ . ; 27-O

* 1 . a,b

d:; ,:,i;, .i ,$. ,,'....-,f

.1g "4

? .- i

*.

',,

. :------

,lOO.O'per
_

, ,a?

cent,
.,

I" .

&loi&$material &ove

i@k&he one r?krmall~

u%ed,iA

practice.

, 0~ \\ \I +. -

'

-.

i-_,: b., .'. ,'-. - &*A ' tt . f . . _ , 'bt@ion&I ac&Sng to s,ection -5 above'tkV\ano$hek .! 1 .- ____ .-,~_~ ';---T' -- --" -;;' ,;,- ~ ,' ., _.;

.I,

,_

. ', 1.

-'

.*

.~itf,,!r,~,,~ u;i, . i. _...~ ,. .I i

1 .._ ~;_

._.~ .EmmpLe;. Suppose thatthe ;r;-y_,;_, .example I@. 1,iS transferred.to ;:..'".. i : ' -'. ,* 1, I ed . . . . . . . . . 5 grammes * ., off ,. 'in the first ,, '. . '1 b : !,,.IWeight &f-the mate,rial,~~!ret'aiined .. after the s&o&d siphoning , . .. . . . . . A y-c '_ !I

. .

after

s$=n$een

/-l+

-I:,

. ! _

. *,

p:-'r-:.

,; ..

;..r;'- - .
.i. ,i.;

$:.

Differen,ce n

(co+loidai

materi.al)

ji..i i . .<,. . . 31 grsmmes /' fiaetion!'. ._ a ' ;6; _(

'11 per cent 1 i

/ ".

- ,. .; ., I il..:. .

! L' ' i<r"~ :;,: 8: , L&i "....~. i: ::( ; i?.". ;t, i...-', .I I'. * ,I :- :,'1' ;.I.-~.
f

; Thus we find-that the 45 per cent "clay I -.. . . .-. d'. . . . . 34 per cent ,, / .Clay' 1 j* "Colloidal.material~~., .,.' 11 per cent . . .' . '- L ..

kg composed .I . j 'I, a
_

,'.*
;i
i

.Jz..,:.. ,

XDARD IQ$lXOD $0' ECTkIOD

.are'practically identical with.thosc test Is quicker and &mpler'to perform: f the @vantagesof using the sT$honing e; .

'Standard

Method. / .
)

1 .

$iphoning$eth,od

'

Wcessary &ecessary
,Nece.sdary

-----

--A _. .. .

i I

I ,. ..

., I c.9::-

., 1

--I/, ,/

..:,I I:

._

- - -

4.

Notes'on

stabkized

cementear+h

in

'I

,'

---

:- .\\,j,,

/- -Ic;--.

r....i./ _ .._. ______?I . \

_---_ :J;,:;;;;.:,;. : .;.Lj .-. ;i,<,,.s. . c- ---_ ~.l_,,, * .: _.. ,, , ::I; la?..,, .I

-i--

----;;r ; . 1.

*- 2 ? . 5 -.

; I

: ;.

*j

r . , .. \ 1

j\

\~

i,

:-\.:

Mu&s monoliticos

de suelo-cement0 &onolith$c soilkement v 1 of Chile,. Department of.SFienti$z' 28 p. illus., 27 cm. ,,(Ekperimental, \_-. :

1 :r ; : '; :,' ,I :;;;+: ,.,,' ".' : _ :,~::~ "> " . .,;::2 ,. l!,

for military construction. Bertram, Ma,jor George E. Soil.tests ericaq Road Builders' Association,,1956. 95 i. .illus., 22, ., k'ulletin No. 107). . . * -9 buildin&, by M;C. Betts $5. ,.Betti$ .M.C. ~-iRsumedearth walls,for : U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Washing%r+ D.C., %'.A.& Miller. .:' rfculture, Farmers Bulletin (U:S. Dept.,, of.& +,~.Is., 23 .cm. I+' . s ._ -14.

,/ksh+ngton, cm. l(Techn%cal and I 1gj7. 2jip. No. ~1500)~;

I. '

No- imprint.

23-p;

iII.,Ylus.; '22.&n.

, :\ I
/!, I 1 (. q*

I ,

d_
,. ..

\ Ii

I I

I I

* ,

Cas'as'de suelo-?emento en Estado the United States of ipmericg.' pp. 11-13, Dec. 1945.

Unidos de &nerica.,&?oil-cement houses in" Cement0 Portland (Buenos Aires) No. 7, ,., \ mftquina a portable pm illus., n

'5 , *.71 "...-

Centro,:Intersmeriaano de,Vivienda\y Planeamiento. - CINVA-'RA$& para-hater bloques de tie,rra estabilizada /$WA-RAM, machine for making stabilized-soil PROCESS. Bogota, 1957. 14 ,23;cm. (CINVA publications, series: Circulation No. 4)~~

port&,1

,+ 8.

25.

Proyecto 'de San Jeronlmo Cent&o Interamericano de Vivienda y Planeamiento. de education en(vivienda rural ' Colombia; una experiencia of San Jeronimo (Antioquia) Colombia; jan experiment in educaation 28 cm. (CINVA "---iri rural housind. Bogota, 1958. 31, 58 p. illus., publications, series: Technical No. 4). , 1, * I. Casa'&pesina de suelo-cemsnto, 'jeugo de planos 2&, Cerda Antunez, Enrique. Bcgota, CINVA, 1957. de construction LSoi1:cemecnt cottage, building plans/. 28 cm,:'?(CINVA publications, ,series:. Building Plans I 26 sheets, iiZhs., '_ y ,d No. I>-= 1 /\ I' Department of-Town and-Country Planning. . Rammed earth houses. 27. &ylonb Colombo, Ceylon Govt.' Press, 1954. 16 p.,illus., 24 cm.: i, El arte de konstruir de los.antiguos perusnos 1s El arqu+tecto'peruanoC(L&a); art of the ancient Peruviang. No. 226-227,.'May-June 1956. .
0 :

1 '1 * L,

IS

..

29; I / j0.

Caract~risticas;esenciales de 10s suelos ' Fr,ry Lara, Guillermo. Colombia, Ministry of Public Works, Basii: characteristics af soilss. No. 3-SD-04). 'Dept.' of National Roads, 1955. 21 p. 28 km. (Publication

of Public Works, Dept. of Roads. Normas Chile , - General Administration para el ensayo y clasificacion deemateriales de la Section Laboratorio e .testi'ng and classification of the,Investigaciones ,@taqdards for m_ateri Laboratory arid Research Se&L&. San * 119 p. 25'cm. ..p iago;1950. '/ $2 ,i _ j c ,Works and Communications, Dept; of, Irrigation. (-31. orio para'ensayar materiales de tierra, con fines f @boratory,!procedures yortesting earth materials for foundations and construction building/. Santiago, 1949. " ' / , *c, \ ] :' Laboratory experiments in the stabilization'of clays with London, The Institute of hydrated lime, by K;E.'Clar,e" agFA:E. $&chley. *Civil Engiheers, 1957. 16 p?' .illus., $?@ cm. F. , j ) .! .,: ,, .d'1 -I. ; .*a Co-gperative Service of 'Pub@~ Health. Ensaygs 'I , 33. ~Colombia. i Inter-American de laboratorio sobre tierralceihento .LTaboratory"testi/ng of earthicemenq/. i0, Bogota, 1955. 42 p. illus.; 22 cm: ' . . ' , , j.. '1 .? 1. I . . 'I 1: .$ ._:. 1 . .'. I ( --.. 1 2,' ': ,x i:& , _\ k
-- -~, : ( ,I I _ < -i.. -.c*, _ .. _ . * --..\ ( L ~/ i / : I. I

, ,

-z -:. ,..:: , , yk ~-1 _m .,w_,.,: ; ** .,: :I,, (. ,. 1 I &. ? .,,.., _A~--. :(. r . ..I) ~I
.

4 .~ :, . L, . 1. * f + ,.

-/

J >t.

,.

46.

, z

! 47. . I .

-i:!..+.: 48,f, 49. ,* I'

Manual csn~stab<lized soi1 constructionfor housing: * Robe&. *New York, LUt'e?d Nations, 1958. I.125 p. -illus., 28 cm. . ( _ Houiing Service. l?-rance. Central Research Office for Cverseas'e&ipment,I Lel constr$%.o$ en b&on de terce LB-t&ding in soil-con:ketd. Paris, Imp. speciale,du B.C.Ei0.M. ~1952, 66 p. illus., 2k cm, ' ,x .) 1 CI qkri&, :mtL Construction de edificios LEonstruction of buildingg, by Otto F&ck with the collaboration of Mr. Knoll, translation of the fifteenth, Buenos Aires, Labor. No date. 2 v. illus:, 23 cm. Ge$mx3n'edition. , (Bibliote,ca de Constiucci6n Labor) Vol.- I:- Building ins-tone and brick; -" BuUding in wood. Vol. II: . --&..fl~$q -;~-e;~+,.; Estudio de Bogota, /CINVA, +l358. 22 ~heets,,.,i$x.,, 28 $,cm. soils& _ " .', The effect of pulverization on the c&lity of clay-cement, Grimer, F.J. L 28 cm. London, 1957. 5 sheets, illus., ' II Transl~t'bn Construction y forma @uilding and fo$I edition by Antonio Munn8; Buenos A$~s, G. $Gilij 1%4 . :_ 0 Portland Argentina. Buenos Aires. de. suelo-cement0 manual LManual,construction 22 cm, Buenos Aires,, 1958. IL25 p. illus., ConStpXCi6n of soil-,cement I_ ' ~ of

-,

- i.

'j' . aE2

, '

~~

. pavement&

52,

Institute de1 cement0 Portl.and';Lrgentino. ! simposio "el suelo cementd,en 'la r&d , sympos,ium on '$oil-cement& 28 cm\ (I@ publicatio? illus.,, , _r Suelo-Cemento, ' No date. 27 'cm. El suelo-Cement0 : of National Highways, ,

th..

No imprint,,

' ' *

relaci'ones entre los"estudios* @i' L&g& Robert, E: -Geblogia Eara ingenieros; : geckL6gicos -yLla $ngeni&ia~~Geolo :;. :: .>$ .li., for engineers;'* relationships between ,( 3, .,*,J * , gebiogical I : 1) ...=+@+ ; .,.Barceloaa,, G. Gili, 1950; '608 p.' studie,~~d_englneerin$ :. , (I ,~~r~.~~L~~~~ ';" ~.,%.lus., 25. cpl., . y/ -1:

* 0
a
I

'

.a-5 \ Edafoi$gfa, naturaleza y' ~ro~iedaddel suelo , .., ~.~oh,,T. &tkletdn. F '$:, .LEdaphology, the nature and' propert,&es of soilf by T. Ly-ktleton Lyon and TIZ -. ,; P&i++ St, p+&l. Mexico Cbty;: Cbntinent~l, 1956. 479 p. illus-.,. cm.
L

_'
d

M&lean,, J&J.. *Estabilizaci& con cementb de suelo &on alto contenido.de .. stabilization of'soil with a high,dlay.conteng, .e * &-ci$$i,,$?ment .--~~&@f=J)$J$$f&&j$~~ 3. m~~~~nson ,and 8.3. 'R.&b. In Informesde. la cdnstrucci&r._ No.48? .pp. 51@52O;Feb. s$$' a "::u ;, , year, . .@@&$$$'&fth -. .. -_ ' .. _ ,,.;'a ; ; .~. 63.. &@&G~~~~~&as~'A;': '&&~~teebniqties for earth housing.

.'. *

->

s.'-@iicement --f&0$ ._., I '. es.. 2nd ed.O-Bogota, ..,.-I _ y ns,. $qr$esj -..zL : -. ., _, _ ._

a%-.. . ; m-7' , Short-cut soil-cement:$esting Chicago. Association. .72= L 11 pi" illus.., 28cm. ,.r : No imprint: , sandy soils. -1'. * sL. Short-cut test methods for Chicago. Cementi.Asso.ciation. '(_. 73.. Portland &terening cement factors- for sandy soils in.mild climatic areas.of the . .' .._ I 17 p. illus., 28 cm. south-we&~ No imprint. --_ -> .-'\ b _= Chicago., So&-cement labo&&&y$ndbook. --Portland Cement Association. : '/, t.,+ . .63 p. bllus,, 27 cm. i Chwago, 19% ,. -1k,:. I . 'Portland-Cement procedures for '

..* (Portland 'L Cement-Publications, -

"1 86. Terzsghi;.Karl;

* purposes.

sobre el ,canal no. I_ ,. :, \ 1.; ,_I :. .,.

.
. :

.., ,, j -. -.. 12. :L.. .-. ../-;_> .. i . :.>. --

. _ and-to..revi*e

;.

.,

-. T *

&.

*. .i._. . 0.

, .i , ._) _ ..*-t.( ..:.

0 ;:I,._ ,. 1 .*. __ ._ -A . ._*--. ,. J .

-\_ ,. -2
.

.t,-- , .+.. I,-, IL-..l;-,d,.i. ~ ,I, : T ._ .: -.,I ;. .* .: . (-. .I_. & .,

_-B i -.I r .. .-, :. .. -9.

1 -1 -_L...-_ \-:
! *:,

t . * * o, ., _. . .-

r _

.- , ;.
. \.

r _:.

. .
I
, PT..

.. P ,

.. _ .._ _ I*
l r. ,

. . . . . a_.-,

.---.----_ . . .A I

* :
--

P .

* 7 2_

1. ._ . -.

I-. =_n.

'-. ~94: .TfaXLeR&~,':Rdil:. . $kLF]?h&n$ng -

M&todo de1 sifonea;ib,pa& el ardlisis Fe&i methbd for the'&ekhan$.cal aka1ysi.g of soilg.. op." 23~ cm. , ._ Lfjqi ,;. J.955. 24 p. ilk+?.,

*- , .co de . Cai-acas, ..
.-

kChamibi~ba1; estudio y accicn en vivienda'&a action in rural h'ousing/, edited by Bogotti, CINVA, Department of -_ '+-- ?"L -28 cm. _Ei)3 P. illus., "-Scientific Exchange.an$-F&SIentati?n,
+$,* _..,r .-.; i .--. No, 6.1 * * , -

yvienda senaLRealthfu1 housing7, Mal&$og$'Di$isi.on. .. g6.',..,PehezGl%. 119 p. illus., 24 cm. -$k,ra~ay~~lkvis&~ of vealth ~J$%&Qqn, 1957. ,.I. a' : ."__ ; 07 /%i.l-fh7ieh dk~ellin~7. In Cemen& Portland .-:Tr---.. -----. ~ .~. -YII*c / I<( . ~..Lr~uuu UC -u--Lu h .. NO, 35, &$iiine 1955.: . .. ~ _ (Bu&noq~Aiygs),
v4.7i-aa an C.I1Pln,m7l&l+~~~

*_

Construccidn mo&&-& @ode& .b&di&, transl@ion'from the* 1 G. 'Giti,,.<947. ."ql~2-*1p.dY ,illus., 27 cm., )y M. Company. Barcelokj --._ .-< ;; _* ,:-. -, / 3 99.1 Fiebb, T.-L; 'The -.properties ,of compacted 'kd&and go&+$'-cemekt &xtureqb . for use ,in.buildi:ng,:,.bjr--T._L. -Webb, T.F; Cilliers an& N.+~StU%te&~~~m.k Pretoria, Natior@ Bd@ng~Research Institute,' 195C$&@'p.;il$%s:;,:?!. dm: \ r .".Qql-,..' _ _9,- : .. ,-; into the effget of..eliig&d'$@e-r,? 10.: ~jksi3~ Graham1 -A labbr&&ory keskigation &fter mixi&,on..the c&p&&ion' &nastFength of. so,i)l-'cemq&t.., J3rdr3~~ The':_--:- IT?., cm;: , " I$ti&ie.o*f Civxl En,$nedi$&'~ :1~59.,~~~'p. 'i*llfis.,.?5 /_ ...; .-\

nR

, I) *-

., . . _ :; a . . ,.-. ..::+.:!y;\.a *-, /

ti .

: ,

+-( 1; r--, . - ,,,<, .,. - -, , -.. L( . _I . 1

. .

--.*

- No;. .-i-q3 FIGUF?s.ES

, _ %..

-?

, _: .._

/( :. .L ~ : . , .-q.:..,,-_ 5. ., _ 1 . .. .z-z _ a,

. _ ;

I. I. 1. 2, -i _:,

: ,* ;

II

. .*
. .

s ..

is

\c *--+ .

I .

* i = _ . i :.

. -E ,.

I * : 5. ~. : c . _,.

.,

,. /

! -c----Y.

-0 : i

; :. I.. -

__

,--

>

: _ <. s
L .L :..r

?
,,:, * -

._

;. - _, - ..-.Y-.
, . -. -8 i _-

r . ,.b ~ -

I, Cr > .e I . .
-. _

-.~ 0 . i .a ., . - I. * .td . .
--

.-

,: r-7 . ..

t,.) _ :-* e 1

L. -; G ;.: ..,&.

.-

,I

0
. .

; s_ ._
c

i
1 10

--..
-I

l.>

W-I, I. . ? :: I ., .

+-

1 I d .SB .. s .----------:--&qj$-T

,.... oil

6.

. :

? 0 _--.-_-~

I, -

,*

.r

,:*~,;,.;~;*

: ,: r I+ I

L,

9 x

-.

c .

P _

. I

&, .-

\.
c

C LEVEL. MATERlAL

OR 501L PROPER

y Fig. 1 . cl CT,. -- .s i

Location of the soil in the earths crust. . - L

Fig.2 * fl *

Layers of which the soil is com_posed.

__ ..O . j IL..

, w?; ,._ = .

Very coarse partioles of soil.

. . -, -.=-. 7 -

i,

I_

se-

. = *.

:-/ * Fig. 5 . Set of sieves for &anu)ar qnalysis. 7 _ __, * i .

Fig.

5-(&J~;$eving soil.

,I

P , -?.ep r -,.- a ; . . 4 i ,B _ . *, .,, .% I r * $h$a I(.. .~~; <

./-

IL Q * I

.I I

--:

-.--

Fig. 6

Siphoning test. .

. (

Fig. 6 (a)

Siphoning test.

f-

D _* ,

: c

! . /T------

. _c . *

I 1. d I
>

$67 \ i
I

testing the liquidlimit. -._. . I . i .

. E

, I
. .._.

jz

Fig. 7 (a) +..- ,.

Testing the $quic! Ikiit. ? 1I , F)

0 /

d ..-.-* . L _-. ,_ i
/ .

.-

.Fig, 8 c
.,/*

Testing the pla$iIimit. B .

Fig. 9

Compaction curve

w I f

.-

,. --* .-i. -_

, Y . -. . 3

.>

-= :---------- Fik. d

Fig. ;b (a)

Testing the plastic^ity of d .clay-t$ toi& . \I - __~ I ; ; .. .

* Fig. 11

Sediineirtation test: sKake the bottle vi.gordusl$.1 ._ I

. I

Fig. 11 (a)

i Sedimentation.test: Is left to seitle..

-\\ the material( .

7. .

Fig. 12

Forming a bail of siAforth< seraratibn ($aking) test. I; , 4~

, !.-..B

.x.,
Fig. I.2 (a) Were . ,

Shaking t~eYqll o.f sot1 horizontilly. .j\

*r

u-

halt df-sbil with the,fingers. g

. 1

\\

-Dry strenglrt~~pu~r~~ghe,baII soil between the fingers. a \\ . , .B

of -., II -. k.

u . n _. ./ : ..> 1 !$! . u_ .:.

i I \ J&i

L--.--.~ 7

-.

Fig. 15 , _1 D -, 4. 5. _I

Brightnesstest. . ,, . P. .$ .( ,,

. . P * :

? I

I-.-

.. . ..

-,

b s l I i I . . * . --L \

P 1 I; _ . . . ..

,.

1 _ ,.

Fig: 16 h
I

Basic components of the idealisoil: sand, silt and clay. I \

.. a .-. .:
.

L+

e clods of so?are pulverized from a shovel. i_ % I , 4J..: ,a .. v . . / . .

*_, . *?
..I

= _

i -

i :*

.I n ,, _

z * . 8. P x-,

..I

,.7.. =-. __ .i
---

_..

_l^.

..._ .~_ --:---.--

I ---

--

- ------

~~-~ ,.

, : 0

- t
,

:.

,*.*

0-

.I

:
. I a ., 3 . I

Fig: 1s
. ,/ ,$

sikving soil th<o&h a screerk

8 . s,..l... ,*. -*_

- .-.

Fig. 19

Storingthe . ; -. a

, ,

e n

soil in a proper$a&e. I~q~L . . I, I w > ,j_ ,,.

:j : ._ r

_ F/g: 20 Testrngthe tensile strengt6of 4 -: 1 soil-cement block.. +1 - . .? -. ~. ._ -. -a

a f -,. .-

Fig. 2 1 Sound, test., _ ; _,_ - %

-y<.-,

..

a h

S ,_- c-

Fig. 22C.,pHard~eg5 test. *~. I. c ;/ ;/y +i .-

Fig. 2,3 ihe block. should have &arp,?%&n e&es. I _*

. i _

.I. *

r
D .I.

*Fig: 24
1

seed .

block.

., ,,

Fig. 24 (a)

Disinte . .

.-

, -. ? ~ .-

, P -

- . I_ 1 _I
., . . _

- L - -~

.~-

. 0

.y

_c_

r.

--Fig. 25. *Preparation,a;ea.

-,*

Fig. $6 z

Adding cam&t j35the soil: s -. ._ .-

-I

* .

.-: _

.A

._-.

i,

u *
:

, .

.,,3+*-+&;I:.I,-; * -.+
0 ., _ _ I ,: ; . ,c , ,y

, @s

s_

1
. ,

IT.-Fig. 2&(a)
I : -x. +. ,. *.

Mixing Gil-and cement.

.x1

F.i.g.26 (b)
*

.-.;

..$,.
s , .

_
-.

.,

d-.
I

MechaniLal soil&?ment mixer. . : * .,-,. , -?-1 .-.-.

..ry 29 . Fig.
9. s!,

The rightamouk of water: the mixtyre.cii be pu$d ap&t?without di$tegrating. >

Fig.

29 (a)

il
The right am&k .a3 of wafer; dribping test. ._ C? . .-,

.-

. _,
L >:

-:

,: n

_.

.! :

>.:

;L :i,, ._ :y,j[ ( _* 1 , : , ;:!I.> ,z.. ,_,,I ~ :,,

,e. _

: *

:I - _ .I ,, -_ ,sl * *

,;.s, . I ,,,

. L

I (-- : Fig,-29 (b) .The rig!i &m&nt of water:. material disintegrated after .. mbeingdropped. a 4

.L

o ~_ --_ _e

I:

pi~~,,~i,~:~r~~r: ;. T.>T ,;, , .: . . . . r ; 9s j,,~ 7 j,. ,( __ !,Z;. -,:-;. *. : ., L ., i ,I,,*. >. 0 :, .&,_ _,, ,, i! _ . . ,,I. m :;- .: .>: -.. ;. _ -, 8 -__I ,, t . ., .._ ..:.. $ ;...I:.+ I:--.:
,,-

;, _ ~ :, 1 /, *p -1 ;. _ . 1 r. 1. : 1 , ;,I / ~ I
i \ i \ I

I..--:

.r::y :: /

*.

.-I ,

-; _

.>.

p-

--

.;::~

.?-.

,w;

7,

I-.. .i -. i . I L * _ , -I. D

_o i

1:

--

.~

.a(

,__ (I ; : ~i?-~
8

_. ..
l :_

1 .;

t.*

-.
:!

,I

+y.,.

!
-,\\

_\

,-,

.,

., .., -\-/ ,:
$\,,,,,

,
.I. .

i,
E&. 32 Rammers for,&mpactiQg

*
.,
I /!
: 1

/
II )

Fig+ 33

One-piece mould.

.1 .1 I j v,* .I ! _ ./ . , {,J I,.,, ff . 6 MM Q RODS,SERYING AS YINGES : .

, .

Fig. 38 *.

Placing a @ate in the fnoulder.

Fig. 38 (a)

Removing the block, togetheb, / ! , with the plate.

.&-

Figs. 39 and 3g (a) Drying and curing the blocks. Ne&y-made blocks are kept under cover. Stacked blocksi

, n 0

.d

7 I x
. .. . . 1

..

/ I

I
e

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-f

:I I ( / )

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,/

ii 7 c-1 \ _ : .-j

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Fig. 41

Compression testfor block;.

Fig. 41 (a)

Compress/on iest for bl-ocks.

7 0 -. . 0 / .

,.

Fig,42 . Wetting-and-drying ,

1 test: blocks being dried. .* I ., *

8. <1

.*

. Wetting-and-drying

test

I,

Fig. 42 (a) blocks b;i$g brushed.

P \

- //. . +- i ..-/-7

/L -/ ?.
,

-1 +~

.<.-

$.

-_

Fig. 43

Freezing and thawingfest: /,\

fr&zing. ..i* .:.

. 3 Fig. 43(aj
!

Resul<s of the freezing and thawing test.

~ \

,\

.a

Fig. 4;,

Shrinkage test: I \ . i

Fig. 45

Equipment! for the erosi& test. T

,i 0 '* \, / _-

-.

Fig..45 (a) Effect of the ero$on test on blocks.

- ..-. _. . 1 -.

. =

/ _ \ 1, -c -\I,.

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33 I* .: - . : . e . I= . .

1 0 -i .1 &s a

a-c.,.

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-,:.

rri . . 1
.

I , . . .

Fig. 46.

Continuity of:foundations

and lintels:

Fig. 47

Stepped foundatio&

x-

,.'

B Fig. 49

'.

Fig!,48 Hardwood piles ior fdundations at muddy *O ^ 2:11-J -:*--

_ Fig. 50

Ramme

ment foundations.
?

Fig 52 - ~ :

5 ! Siiutieringfor.upper _ , i -5

foundations. : , ,_ :: 1. \,,

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-\

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Trowel.

Fig. 55

\.- .@, i, 11 e Damp course of bituminou: felt. D . :j -

x I

, .

,.z -:1 b. . _ ./

I.

56

Buildirin a wallof soil-cement blocks.

.. I

Fig. 57 r&ibn using soil-cemeht blocks with the aid-of a gauge. ,.

a 3 * --/ ,, -, 3 ,: .. .J - ,..__ / -.r .._a_ . -I i 0 --. -_ , 1:. _ r r; .,_,, .:a-:a--, <-4 r n

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Layjr+g soII-cementpocKs wlrn a . _ .. bloch, fitter. . . -: L .

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Fig. & (a) / 0 a ,.._ , s F .. -.

1 J 1 Bonding of.walls of sdil-cement blookslaid in courses of headers an$ double stretchersr ; 0:: . : <

li

Fig. 6.0
..-

T-junction:

blocksltiid as stretchers. i \
c , * . .. . .

Fig. 60 (a).

Junction. of twq walls ofidifferent thicknesses.

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r I ? *;4 ,. :: 1, i T ,,a

1. ,~i/$GO (b) -G * \. -31 .% * c Attificial joining (tiith metal rr&%j gf t&o -A, .#alls- of different thicknesses: L1 . 1 0 \~. I
.

T .

.-

0. 6 .e
/ \

\;: __; y.; j * I\, _- ( ., , ; ; :.

- Sp@ial T-j&t .: .., . . ,, I ._? m - ,I . .. .,

usihgc -,, -.d i c

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a...

,A

_,

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Vertical Ahforcement -.

-_

--

,.

Fig. 65 (a) *.. :j

U-blocks used fora beam. L

Fig. 67

Wooden lintel. :

i 4 5

k . w , b-v A -., a, E&a m-eta1 reinforcer&nts tbr wails tif s&l~cement. 1 : r?!oLks are highly de&t-able in active seismic Fig. 68. Lintel prefabricated in Us-blsc.ks. v : , , .*..-. h . 0

regions.

r-

y/ ! /

*. Fig. 69 c I .n .f

Prefabricated .

lintel se;in a wall. , I. , .z ,, :/_ * I - ,a

Fig. s9 (a)

SeaAs of monolithic walling ire bonded r( and are tongukd a and.groo\ied.i *I , . ,: / . *8 . I\ : I .r.,

:. jjl -m-.2= _= _ -_;~

-_. . -. : . (

Fig. .zB, Three types of.khutb&ig 0. g . ,. : *-: s_,

l

.i ?
, .

- I

.-- -:~ -for monobthic walling. *.

L,.

1 j. :. iI ,;, .y ,.> J.., 2 \: I 1, !li ;- I, ., , c!.,<; r; ,,.., _, ,., 11 , : (., ri.,^r _, ,. ,, ,_ ._: .I J

, . 7 i,

P ,.Fig. 70 (a) Shu+t~rin~ for m&o;ichic I-(Argenti-ne.Pot-tlenb .- q hxtitute)..:, o *. .. .: * 7. r : p u .s $ 2. 05 I ~ \ ; . t; . o -1,. , :, =1 I I -_. ._ . : L _. _ . . / i _a., ; c i. . ..i.,. .,, , ..,,,.a
. _

.,

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(.

.;.,

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a:

35

D d

Fig. 71

Wall jutiqtion, using special blocks. ~~

W Fig.,42 /

Bolts fried in moriolithic walling. .*

onto the wall.

iikht material =.

\ \
,

Fig. 7h /\

aof timbersresting

on I-inlel:

o .

.!

I---- J

.Z.% .

Fig. 77

Ca\fity block to house a dowel. . +, .

/ . *

;
I c e

! ,, ;I. ,,

, : /

-a

. ._ ^ ), a, :*

.,:;. .;I y ,,y-...; II: j . .:r 1 ,j ,51 J _

,I,.

;.I 7 ; ~ 5. :, * _* *,

Fig. 78 yariol(s types ofd&els. c/ .a . *-

,3,-

C?mpadtii$

the layer of soil-cement.

Fig.,79 (a)

Sqil-cetnent roofing with covering of .._ . Dltuminous paint and small gravel. i

. ,

. . ' ,~ , ' L ..I , ~ 1 ~ ' ' ,

..

cement roofing reinfo[ced with led wire. * n 1 4

3 D ) \ :

; .-

s .

j b ~. 1, *g ,, .-

* i

Fig. 82 _ . I .* _

Method of securing the a soil-cement wall. /_. >, ,/ T.

Method of- securing the roof truss to a soil-cement wall. \ . .L.

,Fig. 82 (c)

Method of securing the roof truss to .-a soil-cemeht hall.

.. ,.., : ; . ~ -

,
?. 6 . 0 I e ,.+ :, .. \ %L \ -:,, . .f, . ( ._ _r I ;> * , I 2. > * . L ? .

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I 3
c 9

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F

&!I.. .,-...;:s.~+.; .. ..I ...._. . .: : :..: ......;.;;,

Fig. 83 . * Pla& bolted to the wall beam. r . .

; -.> -_
7.

_.~.

Fig-. 84-1Wsing the !scraper to make\B s&l-cement floor.. \ 1,

,.

:, Fig. ,84 ((a)- Smoothing the surface of a soil-cement 4 floor with a trowel. * *.

. .,^ . . 1.

Fig. 85

Cross-section of a floor made with soil-cement tiles.

.
Laying,floor tiles.
/
t D

Fig. 86 I
,

=.F ,I 1 / I

.i ?
5:

? :1Fig.a87 $pplyi$ cement slurry to th 5,/A .-. tile floor. .. -%Z

Fig. 88

Spraying? wall with water befbre painting.

Fig. 8.9

Painting a-wall;,x, c5 , .f

--

. .. 8

*vi

rf

Fig. 90 _;*

Point of reference and guide strip for plastering awall. v . .: .. m 9 ). . * / i & :,-

Fig. 91 -- i -.-

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NATIONS PURLldATI~NS s,.- U&et! Nations bub&ations may be obt&ea from b&kst$es and distributora t&-oughout the world. .Consult your books&e, or. &it2 tp: U$.ed Natio+,~Sales .* . . 5 S&ion, New York or Geneva. -. :. Ye: \I ti&IES i,J I:,. . _: Lea publications des Nations Unies sont en vente dans les lib&&s, &es &e&e: d&o#aireg dw monde entier. Informez-vous aupr&s de votre lib&ire yti idre&ez-vous B : Nations U&s, Section des denta, New York ou Gen&ve, . d I < I. .COMMENT SE PROCUI&RLES PUBLiCATIONS DES NATidpJS *I,

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UNITED

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OPrAHEI3q4~EIOB~EAZIHEflHhIX

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ZEv.wtiii~ Opi-*~~mqmi 06%+i~em~.rx Haqufi MOXBO K~IZHTL~ KHHXKALIX -&a: SHAE%)( H$-emma~ BO +x paRom+x ~ri$a. H~%nwre cnpae~e ir6 ~s~aax B Mara3HHe HIlH nulpre no anpecy : OprLiiHn3gWR >06z~JJHHeHEib1X )h . : smmeM$-=ycHo~ HawR; C~K~HR no nponawe y~g~a~a~~4,IIsbw-Ffoprc WH memesa. y -4 _ -._ . COMO CONSECUIRPUBL$C-A&N& DE LAS NACIONES UNIDA: p~ , * & publica&onCg de las N&one; Unidas estin en ventaen libreiias y casas dist& buidoms en tod& partes ,del mundo. Consulte a su iibrero o diqjase a: Nacio&s ! . Unidas,. Seccioh de Ve@as, Npeva Y&k o Gitlebra. .-

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* United Nations publication Sales No. E.64.1V.6 STjSOA/54