BED11103; Introduction To Electronic Diode Application RECTIFIER

Chapter 2. Page 1

Diodes are used in circuits called rectifiers that convert ac voltage into dc voltage. Rectifiers in all dc power supplies that operate from an ac voltage source. In this section, you will study the most basic type of rectifier, the half-wave rectifier.

After completing this section, you should be able to; Explain and analyze the operation of half-wave rectifiers Describe a basic dc power supply and half-wave rectification Determine the average value of a half-wave rectified voltage Discuss the effect of barrier potential on a half-wave rectifier output Define peak inverse voltage (PIV)

Describe the transformer-coupled half-wave rectifier.

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BED11103; Introduction To Electronic Diode Application The Basic DC Power Supply

Chapter 2. Page 2

1. The dc power supply converts the standard 240V, 60 Hz ac available at wall outlets into a constant dc voltage. 2. The dc voltage is used to power all types of electronic circuits; television receivers, stereo systems, VCRs, CD players, and most lab. equipments. 3. Basic block diagrams for a rectifier and complete power supply are shown in Figure below.

4. The rectifier converts the ac input voltage to a pulsating dc voltage, which is half-wave rectified as shown in part (a). 5. A block diagram for a complete power supply is shown in part (b). 6. The filter eliminates the fluctuations in the rectified voltage and produces a relatively smooth dc voltage. 7. The regulator is a circuit that maintains a constant dc voltage for variations in the input line voltage or in the load. 8. The load is a circuit or device for which the power supply is producing the dc voltage and load current.

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BED11103; Introduction To Electronic Diode Application The Half-Wave Rectifier

Chapter 2. Page 3

1. A diode is connected to an ac source and to a load resistor, RL, forming a half-wave rectifier. 2. During one cycle of the input voltage, when the sinusoidal input voltage (Vin) goes positive, the diode is forward-biased and conducts current through the load resistor, as shown in part (a).

3. The

current

produces

an output voltage across the load RL, which has the same shape as the positive half-cycle of the input voltage. 4. When the input voltage goes negative during the second half of its cycle, the diode is reversebiased. 5. There is no current, so the voltage across the load resistor is 0 V, as shown in Figure (b).

6. The result is

only

the positive half-cycles of the ac input voltage appear across the load. Since the output does not change polarity, it is a pulsating dc voltage with a frequency of 60 Hz, as shown in part (c).

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BED11103; Introduction To Electronic Diode Application Average Value of the Half-Wave Output Voltage

Chapter 2. Page 4

The average value of the half-wave rectified output voltage is the value you would measure on a dc voltmeter. This equation shows that VAVG is approximately 31.8% of VP for a half-wave rectified voltage.

VAVG

VP

EXAMPLE What is the average value of the half-wave rectified voltage in Figure below?

Ans: 31.83V

Effect of the Barrier Potential on the Half-Wave Rectifier Output During the practical, diode model is used with the barrier potential of 0.7 V taken into account. This results in a half-wave output with a peak value that is 0.7 V less than the peak value of the input, as shown in Figure 1.

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BED11103; Introduction To Electronic Diode Application

Chapter 2. Page 5
Vp(out) Vp(in) 0.7v

Figure 1: The effect of the barrier potential on the half-wave rectified output voltage is to reduce the peak value of the input by about 0.7 V.

Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV) The peak inverse voltage (PIV) equals the peak value of the input voltage. PIV, occurs at the peak of each negative alternation of the input voltage when the diode is reverse-biased.

PIV = VP(in)

FIGURE 2

The PIV occurs at the peak of each half-cycle of the input voltage when the diode is reverse-biased. In

this circuit, the PIV occurs at the peak of each negative half-cycle.

Half-Wave Rectifier with Transformer-Coupled Input Voltage Transformer coupling provides two advantages; First, it allows the source voltage to be stepped up or stepped down as needed. Second, the ac source is electrically isolated from the rectifier, thus preventing a shock hazard in the secondary circuit.

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BED11103; Introduction To Electronic Diode Application

Chapter 2. Page 6

Basic ac circuits recall that the secondary voltage of a transformer equals the turns ratio, n, times the primary voltage. We will define the turns ratio as the ratio of secondary turns, Nsec, to the primary turns, Npri : n =
N sec Npri

Vsec = nVpri

EXAMPLE: Determine the peak value of the output voltage in the circuit if the turns ratio is 0.5.

Ans: 78V, 77.3V

FULL-WAVE RECTIFIERS In this section, you will use what you learned about half-wave rectification and expand it to full-wave rectifiers. After completing this section, you should be able to Explain and analyze the operation of full-wave rectifiers Discuss how full-wave rectification differs from half-wave rectification Determine the average value of a full-wave rectified voltage Describe the operation of a center-tapped full-wave rectifier Explain how the transformer turns ratio affects the rectified output voltage

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BED11103; Introduction To Electronic Diode Application

Chapter 2. Page 7

A full-wave rectifier allows unidirectional (one-way) current through the load during the entire 360 of the input cycle, whereas a half-wave rectifier allows current through the load only during one-half of the cycle.

The average value, which is the value measured on a dc voltmeter. VAVG is approximately 63.7% of Vp, for a full-wave rectified voltage. EXAMPLE: Find the average value of the full-wave rectified voltage.

VAVG

2VP

Ans: 9.55V

The Center-Tapped Full-Wave Rectifier The Center-Tapped Full-Wave Rectifier 1. A center-tapped rectifier is a type of full-wave rectifier that uses two diodes connected to the secondary of a center-tapped transformer.

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BED11103; Introduction To Electronic Diode Application

Chapter 2. Page 8

2. The input voltage is coupled through the transformer to the center-tapped secondary. 3. Half of the total secondary voltage appears between the center tap and each end of the secondary winding as shown. 4. For a positive half-cycle of the input voltage, the polarities of the secondary voltages are as shown in Figure (a). This condition forward-biases diode D1 and reverse-biases diode D2. The current path is through D1 and the load resistor R1 as indicated.

5. For a negative half-cycle of the input voltage, the voltage polarities on the secondary are as shown in Figure (b). This condition reverse-biases D1 and forward-biases D2. The current path is through D1 and R1, as indicated. Because the output current during both the positive and negative portions of the input cycle is in the same direction through the load, the output volt- age developed across the load resistor is a full-wave rectified do voltage, as shown.

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BED11103; Introduction To Electronic Diode Application Effect of the Turns Ratio on the Output Voltage

Chapter 2. Page 9

1. If the transformer's turns ratio is 1, the peak value of the rectified output voltage equals half the peak value of the primary input voltage.

FIGURE: Center-tapped full-wave rectifier with a transformer turns ratio of 1. Vp(pri) is the peak value of the primary voltage.

2. In order to obtain an output voltage with a peak equal to the input peak (less the diode drop), a step-up transformer with a turns ratio of n = 2 must be used, as shown.

FIGURE : Center-tapped full-wave rectifier with a transformer turns ratio of 2.

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BED11103; Introduction To Electronic Chapter 2. Page 10 Diode Application In any case, the output voltage of a center-tapped full-wave rectifier is always one-half of the total secondary voltage less the diode drop, no matter what the turns ratio.

Vout =

V sec - 0.7v 2

The Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier 1. The bridge rectifier uses four diodes connected as shown. When the input cycle is positive as in part (a), diodes D1 and D2 are forward-biased and conduct current in the direction shown.

2. A voltage is developed across R, that looks like the positive half of the input cycle. During this
time, diodes D3 and D4 are reverse-biased.

3. When the input cycle is negative as in Figure (b), diodes D3 and D, are forward- bias and conduct current in the same direction through RL as during the positive half-cycle.

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BED11103; Introduction To Electronic Chapter 2. Page 11 Diode Application 4. During the negative half-cycle, D1 and D2 are reverse-biased. A full-wave rectified output voltage appears across RL as a result of this action.

Bridge Output Voltage A bridge rectifier with a transformer-coupled input is shown in Figure a (below). During the positive half-cycle of the total secondary voltage, diodes D1 and D2 are forward-biased. The same is true when D3 and D4 are forward-biased during the negative half-cycle.

Vp(out) = Vp (sec)

1. As you can see in Figure b (below), two diodes are always in series with the load resistor during both the positive and negative half-cycles. 2. If these diode drops are taken into account, the output voltage is,

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BED11103; Introduction To Electronic Diode Application

Chapter 2. Page 12

Vp(out) = Vp (sec) 1.4v

THE DIODE DATA SHEET A manufacturer's data sheet gives detailed information on a device. After completing this section, you should be able to Interpret and use a diode data sheet Identify maximum voltage and current ratings Determine the electrical characteristics of a diode Analyze graphical data Select an appropriate diode for a given set of specifications

These are the absolute maximum values under which the diode can be operated without damage to the device.

An explanation of the parameters from Table 1 follows. VRRM The maximum peaks reverse voltage that can be applied repetitively across the diode. Notice that in this case, it is 50 V for the I N4001 and I kV for the 1N4007. This is the same as PIV rating. VR VRSM The maximum reverse do voltage that can be applied across the diode. The maximum peak value of non repetitive reverse voltage that can be applied across the diode. Io IFSM The maximum average value of a 60 Hz rectified forward current. The maximum peak value of non repetitive (one cycle) forward surge current.

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BED11103; Introduction To Electronic Diode Application TA Ambient temperature (temperature of surrounding air). Tj Tstg The operating junction temperature. The storage junction temperature.

Chapter 2. Page 13

Table 1: Maximum rating

RATING Peak repetitive reverse voltage VRRM SYMBOL 1N4001 1N4002 1N4003 1N4004 1N4005 1N4006 1N4007 UNIT

Working peak reverse voltage

VRWM

50

100

200

400

600

800

1000

DC Blocking voltage Non repetitive peak reverse voltage

VR

VRSM

60

120

240

480

720

1000

1200

rms reverse voltage Average rectified forward current (singlephase,resistive load, 60Hz, TA=75C) Non repetitive peak surge current ( surge applied at rated load condition ) Operating and store junction temperature range

VR(rms)

35

70

140

280

420

560

700

Io

1.0

IFSM

30 (for 1 cycle )

Tj, Tstg

-65 to +175

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BED11103; Introduction To Electronic Diode Application ZENER DIODES

Chapter 2. Page 14

The Zener diode model to be employed for the on state will be shown in Figure 1a. For the off state as defined by a voltage less than VZ but greater than 0V with the polarity indicated in Figure 1b, the Zener equivalent is the open circuit.

FIGURE 1 off states.

Zener diode

equivalents for the (a) on and (b)

Vi and R Fixed 1. In figure 2, the applied dc voltage is fixed, as is the load resistor. The analysis will be divide in to 2 steps; Step 1: Determine the state of the zener diode by removing it from the network and calculating the voltage across the resulting open circuit.

FIGURE 2

(a) Basic Zener regulator and (b) Determining the state of the Zener diode

V = VL =

RLVi R RL

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BED11103; Introduction To Electronic Diode Application 2. If V VZ the Zener diode is on. ( Refer Figure 1a). 3. If V < VZ the Zener diode is off. ( Refer Figure 1b).

Chapter 2. Page 15

Step 2: substitute the appropriate equivalent circuit and solve for the desired unknowns.

4. For the Figure 2(a), the on state will equivalent to network Figure 3.

VL = Vz

5. The Zener diode current must be determined using KCL.

IZ = IR - IL

Where,

IL =

VL RL

and

IR =

VR R

Vi VL R

6. The power dissipated by the Zener diode is determined by;

PZ = VZ IZ

7. Zener diodes are most frequently used in regulator networks or as a reference voltage. Figure 2 (a ) is a simple regulator design to maintain a fixed voltage across the load RL.

~end.

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