Electrical Power System Fundamentals for Non-Electrical Engineers

The Engineering Institute of Technology (EIT) and IDC Technologies
Electrical Power System Fundamentals for Non-Electrical Engineers

by Steve Mackay
www.eit.edu.au
Every two weeks we present a 35 to 45 minute interactive course Practical, useful with Q & A throughout PID loop Tuning / Arc Flash Protection, Functional Safety, Troubleshooting conveyors presented so far Upcoming: Go to http://www.eit.edu.au/freecourses You get the recording and slides
EIT Micro-Course Series
Electrical Troubleshooting and much much more..
www.eit.edu.au
Overall Presentation
The focus of this session is the building blocks of electrical engineering, the fundamentals of electrical design and integrating electrical engineering know-how into the other disciplines within an organisation.
www.eit.edu.au
Objectives
The basics Design rules Selection, installation and commissioning of electrical systems
www.eit.edu.au
Topics
1. Generation, Transmission & Distribution 2. Transformers 3. Earthing/grounding 4. Power Quality 5. Protection
www.eit.edu.au
1.0Electrical Power Generation, Transmission & Distribution
www.eit.edu.au
Energy Conversion
Process of transforming one form of energy into another In physics and engineering, energy transformation is often referred to as energy conversion Energy of fossil fuels, solar radiation, or nuclear fuels can be converted into other energy forms Such as electrical, propulsive, or heating that are more useful to us.
www.eit.edu.au
Electrical Energy
Electrical energy is undoubtedly the primary source of energy consumption in any modern household. Most electrical energy is supplied by commercial power plants. The most common sources of power plants are: Fuel energy Hydro-potential energy Nuclear energy
www.eit.edu.au
Turbine
Rotary engine that extracts energy from a fluid flow Has a number of blades, like a windmill Blades rotate when a liquid or gas (steam) is forced through it under pressure. The rotating turbine is connected to a generator which produces alternating current electricity
www.eit.edu.au
Electrical Generator
Device that converts kinetic energy to electrical energy, using electromagnetic induction. Reverse conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy is done by a motor The source of mechanical energy may be A turbine steam engine, Water falling through a turbine or waterwheel, An internal combustion engine, Or any other source of mechanical energy. www.eit.edu.au
(contd)
The generators are the key to getting electricity These are very large containing magnets and wires Power lines are connected to the generator to carry electricity.
www.eit.edu.au
www.loc.gov www.terragalleria.com
A metal shaft connected to a turbine is being turned by falling water or steam. As the turbine rotates, the shaft coupled to the generator also rotates Therefore the generator components also rotate and produces electricity.
(contd)
www.eit.edu.au
Coal-Fired Power Plant
www.eit.edu.au
www.tva.gov
Combustion Turbine Power Plant
www.eit.edu.au
www.tva.gov
Hydroelectric Power Plant

Hydro-electric power plants convert the kinetic energy contained in falling water into electricity. There are two types: Hydroelectric dam Pump-storage plant
www.eit.edu.au
Nuclear Power Plant
(contd)
www.eit.edu.au
www.snapshot-net.eu
Modern Power Station Overview
www.eit.edu.au
Alternative Energy Sources

Renewable energy sources are the alternative sources to generate electricity Solar energy Geothermal energy Biomass energy Ocean energy Wind energy
www.eit.edu.au
Generated electricity at power plant is sent out over a power grid through transmission lines. Transmission Transporting high-voltage electricity using a giant network of cables (the National Grid) Power transmission is between power station and substation. Transmission is carried out by bare overhead conductors strung between tall steel towers.
www.eit.edu.au
Transmission of Electric Power
When electricity leaves the power station, it is transformed upwards to 400,000 volts (400kV) Transmission takes place at very high voltages to minimise losses. Super Grid is a giant network of overhead lines and underground cables It transports the electricity to substations and then distributed.
Transmission
(contd)
www.eit.edu.au
10
Transmission Losses
Lightning strokes cause huge current flow, therefore produces I2R losses. Tree limbs falling across the power lines cause short circuits. Due to the interference of the communication cables losses occur. Accumulation of ice on the conductors in cold countries cause damage to the conductors. Environmental conditions also effect the transmission efficiency. www.eit.edu.au
Distribution of Power
Taking electricity to homes, industries and schools in towns and cities in different areas. Then supplied to homes at 230V,50Hz or 110V, 60Hz by local distribution Power is transformed down from the ultra high transmission voltages to lower voltages by series of substations When higher voltages (132kV) are used, this area of supply is called 'Sub-Transmission.
www.eit.edu.au
11
Distribution
(contd)
Typical distribution voltages vary from 34,500/19,920 volts to 4,160/2400 volts. The end point of this supply is a "Zone" Sub-station Here the electricity is transformed down to 11kV or 22kV for distribution to the immediate vicinity of customers. Power is carried through overhead wires or through underground cables.
www.eit.edu.au
Distribution
(contd)
For supply to residential consumers -- the voltage has to be transformed down again to 415/240 volts This occurs at local sub-stations which are located close to customers. Padmount Transformers are transformers which supply small voltages at this local sub-station. From here power is carried directly to the customer's premises
www.eit.edu.au
12
Distribution
(contd)
www.eit.edu.au
Distribution
(contd)
www.eit.edu.au
www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/electric_power/illustrated_glossary/substation.html#Distribution
13
AC Power
AC power flow has the three components: Real power (P) It is in phase with the applied voltage (V) Also known as the active component. Measured in watts (W) Reactive power (Q) It is not in phase with the applied voltage (V) Also known as Idle or wattless power Measured in reactive volt-amperes (VAr)
www.eit.edu.au
Power Factor
It is the ratio of the real power to the apparent power.
An ideal power factor is unity or 1.
www.eit.edu.au
14
Power Factor
(Contd)
Fig.1
Fig.2
Fig.3 www.eit.edu.au
2.0 Transformers
www.eit.edu.au
15
Transformers
A transformer efficiently raises or lowers AC voltages It cannot increase power so that if the voltage is raised, the current is proportionally lowered and vice versa For an Ideal Transformer
The voltage ratio is equal to the turns ratio Power In is equal to Power Out
www.eit.edu.au
Transformers
Internal losses reduce the power Out
Vs Vp
=
Ns Np
Pp = Vp Ip = Vs Is = Ps
www.eit.edu.au
16
Large power transformers
www.eit.edu.au
Distribution Boards
Serve as the point at which electricity is distributed within a building. Usually consists of breakers or fuses .
www.eit.edu.au
17
3.0 Earthing/Grounding
www.eit.edu.au
Need for Earthing

The primary goal of earthing system is SAFETY. Secondary goals are effective lightning protection, diminishing electromagnetic coupling (EMC), and the protection against electromagnetic pulses (EMP).
www.eit.edu.au
18
Need for Earthing

Earthing reduce the risks of fires and personnel injuries. To provide a low impedance route for high frequency leakage currents.
www.eit.edu.au
Electric shock (Direct and indirect)

An electric shock occurs when electric current passes through human body Two categories of electric shocks are: Direct contact shock Indirect contact shock
www.eit.edu.au
19
Direct contact shock

A direct contact shock occurs when conductors that are meant to be live such as bare wire or terminals are touched.
www.eit.edu.au
Indirect contact shock

Indirect contact shock is touching an exposed conductive part that has become live under fault conditions.
www.eit.edu.au
20
Effects of electrical shock

The effects depend upon the following: The amount of current The path of the current The length of time the body remains in contact with the circuit The frequency of the current
www.eit.edu.au

Muscular contractions freeze the body when the amount of current flowing through the body reaches a level at which person cannot let go increases length of exposure current flow causes blisters, reduces surface resistance to current flow, increases current flow, causes severe injury or death
www.eit.edu.au
21

Extensor muscles fling the body Jerk reaction results in falls, cuts, bruises, bone fractures, and even death
www.eit.edu.au
Touch and Step voltage
www.eit.edu.au
22
Protection From the Hazards of Ground-Potential Gradients
www.eit.edu.au
The use of insulated equipment can protect employees handling grounded equipment, and conductors. Restricting employees from areas where hazardous step or touch potentials could arise can protect employees not directly involved in the operation being performed
Protection From the Hazards of Ground-Potential Gradients
www.eit.edu.au
23
There are two main types of earth conductor, "bonding" conductors and earth electrodes. Bonding and Protective Conductors are two types: Circuit Protective Conductor (CPC) Bonding Conductors
Earth conductors and Electrodes
www.eit.edu.au
Bonding Conductors
These ensure that exposed conductive parts remain at the same potential during electrical fault conditions. The two forms of bonding conductor are: Main equipotential bonding conductors Supplementary bonding conductors
www.eit.edu.au
24
Bonding Conductors The conductor size is capable of dealing with anticipated fault current. If a fault develops, the whole of the fault current may flow through via the earth conductor through to the "in ground" electrode system. Once there, it will normally be split up between the various electrodes.
www.eit.edu.au
Earth Electrodes Direct contact with the ground provides a means of releasing or collecting any earth leakage currents. Earthed systems requires to carry quite a large fault current for a short period of time and, It has a cross-sectional area large enough to carry fault current safely.
www.eit.edu.au
25
Electrodes must have adequate mechanical and electrical properties. To meet demand for long period of time. During which actual testing or inspection is difficult. The material should have good electrical conductivity and should not corrode in a wide range of soil conditions.
www.eit.edu.au
Materials used include copper, galvanized steel, stainless steel and cast iron. Copper is generally the preferred material Aluminium is sometimes used for ground bonding. The corrosive product - an oxide layer is non-conductive. Corrosive product reduce the effectiveness of the earthing. www.eit.edu.au
26
4.0 Power Quality
www.eit.edu.au
Power Quality
It is defined with respect to three primary components Continuity Quality Efficiency
www.eit.edu.au
27
Causes of Power Quality Problems

Voltage fluctuations (flicker) Voltage dips and interruptions Voltage Imbalance (unbalance) Power frequency variations Harmonics
www.eit.edu.au
Voltage Variations
Short duration (sag, swell) Long duration Undervoltage Overvoltage Voltage Imbalance Voltage Fluctuations.
www.eit.edu.au
28
Short Duration Voltage Variations

Voltage Sags (dips):
Decrease between 0.1 and 0.9 p.u. in rms voltage or current at the power frequency for duration from 0.5 cycles to 1 min. Local and remote faults.
Causes:
www.eit.edu.au
(contd)
Impacts: Dropouts of sensitive customer equipment such as Computer crashes Bulbs glow dim Fan speed reduces Effect on motor speed Poor video quality of televisions etc.
www.eit.edu.au
29
Voltage Swells (surges):

Increase to between 1.1 and 1.8 p.u in the rms voltage or current at the power frequency for durations from 0.5 cycle to 1 min. Causes: Single-line-to-ground faults. Equipment over voltage.
www.eit.edu.au
(contd)
Impacts: Electronic equipments such as television, computers will mis-operate Small fuses in electronic equipment will blow off Bulbs of low power rating will blow off Failure of MOVs forced into conduction etc.
www.eit.edu.au
30
Long Duration Voltage variations

Overvoltage:
Increase in the rms ac voltage greater than 110 percent at the power frequency for a duration longer than 1 min. Causes: Load switching off Capacitor switching on System voltage regulation.
www.eit.edu.au
(contd)
Impacts: Electronic devices will burn Refrigerator will blow off Winding of motors of fan mixers and grinders will burn Over heating of equipment Bulbs will blow off Fuses will blow off Causes short circuits which will result sparks in the circuit etc.
www.eit.edu.au
31
Under Voltage (Brown out)

Decrease in the rms ac voltage to less than 90 percent at the power frequency for a duration longer than 1 min. Causes: Load switching on Capacitor switching off System voltage regulation.
www.eit.edu.au
(contd)
Impacts: Video on the TV will not appear but one can still hear the audio Mixers and grinders may not start Computer crashes Filament bulbs will glow dim but fluorescent bulbs may not glow. Mis-operation of refrigerators etc.
www.eit.edu.au
32
Variation of frequency
The deviation of the power system fundamental frequency from its specified nominal value (e.g. 50 or 60 Hz).
www.eit.edu.au
www.ackadia.com/computer/images/ups_power_sag.gif
(contd)
Causes: Poor speed regulations of local generation Faults on the bulk power system Large block of load being disconnected Disconnecting a large source of generation.
www.eit.edu.au
33
(contd)
Impacts: Equipment Failure Black outs Transformers will blow off Motor windings will burn due to over heating. Motors in mixers, grinders, fans will burn.
www.eit.edu.au
Interruptions
Momentary Interruption: 1/2 - 3secs
Temporary Interruption: 3 - 60 secs Long-Term interruption (outage): >1 min

www.eit.edu.au
34
Causes:
(contd)
Temporary faults. Lightning stroke. Tree limbs falling across conductors. Impacts: Operation interruption. Production losses. Revenue losses.
www.eit.edu.au
Surge
An unexpected increase in voltage i.e. a increase of 110% of normal voltage for more than three nanoseconds is considered a surge.
www.eit.edu.au
www.ackadia.com/computer/images/ups_power_sag.gif
35
Surge Protector
A device that shields electronic devices from surges in electrical power, or transient voltage, that flow from the power supply.
www.eit.edu.au
A transient disturbance caused due to switching on/off of reactive load.

www.eit.edu.au
Switching Surges
Load switching Oscillatory switching Capacitor switching Multiple re-strike switching Power system switching Arcing faults Fault clearing Power system recovery.
36
Lightning Surges
A high voltage transient in an electric circuit due to lightning.
www.eit.edu.au
www.leonardo-energy.org
(contd)
Lightning surges in electrical systems can in general be classified according to their origin as follows:
Direct flashes to overhead lines Induced over voltages on overhead lines Over voltages caused by coupling from other systems.
www.eit.edu.au
37
Effects of Surges
Electronic devices may operate erratically. Equipment could lock up or produced garbled results. Electronic devices may operate at decreased efficiencies. Integrated circuits may fail immediately or fail prematurely. Most of the time, the failure is attributed to "age of the equipment".
www.eit.edu.au
(contd)
Motors will run at high temperatures resulting in motor vibration, noise, excessive heat, winding insulation is lost. Degrade the contacting surfaces of switches, disconnects, and circuit breakers. Electrical and electronic appliances will blow
www.eit.edu.au
38
Lightning Arrestors
A device that protects from lightning surges.
Lightning arrestors www.eit.edu.au
5.0 Protection of Electrical Systems
www.eit.edu.au
39
Incipient faults
A fault that takes a long time to develop into a breakdown of insulation caused by: Partial discharge currents Normally become solid faults in time.
Breakdown of Insulation
www.eit.edu.au
Immediate, complete breakdown of insulation causing: High fault currents / energy Danger to personnel High stressing of all network equipment due to heating and electromechanical forces and possibility of combustion Dips on the network voltage affecting other parties www.eit.edu.au Faults spreading to other phases
Solid fault
40
Protection is also needed to avoid Electric shocks Electrical burns Arc blast injuries Fire
Need for protection
www.eit.edu.au
THANK YOU FOR ATTENDING

If you are interested in further training please visit;
Two-day practical workshops available to the public: www.idc-online.com/course_schedule/ On-site customised workshops: www.idc-online.com/training/ Technical Manuals: www.idc-online.com/products/ Conferences: www.idc-online.com/cons/
IDC Technologies
Practical online Certificate, Advanced Diploma and Graduate Certificate programs: www.eit.edu.au
The Engineering Institute of Technologies
www.eit.edu.au
41
If you are interested in further training in the area

Electrical Power System Fundamentals for Non-Electrical Engineers UK Manchester 3 & 4 November Birmingham 7 & 8 November London 10 & 11 November http://www.idconline.com/training_courses/electrical_engineering/?code=EN& South Africa Johannesburg 8 & 9 September www.idc-online.com/training_courses/electrical_engineering/?code=EN Canada Toronto 28 & 29 November Calgary 1 & 2 December http://www.idconline.com/training_courses/electrical_engineering/?code=EN New Zealand Auckland 5 & 6 December www.idc-online.com/training_courses/electrical_engineering/?code=EN
www.eit.edu.au
42

Electrical Power System Fundamentals for Non-Electrical Engineers

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Electrical Power System Fundamentals for Non-Electrical Engineers

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

The Engineering Institute of Technology (EIT) and IDC Technologies