Chemical Engineering Design

Step 1:
Pout = 13.4 kPa, Tsat = 51.67C from steam tables.
Evaporator 3 with x = 0.7092
BPR3 = 1.78(0.7092) + 6.22(0.7092)2 = 4.39C
T3 = 51.67 + 4.39 = 56.06C

Step 2:
Overall and a solids balance to calculate total amount vaporized (V1 + V2 + V3) and L3,
F = 29,828.75 = L3 + (V1 + V2 + V3)
FxF = (29,828.75)(0.0332) = L3(0.7092) + (V1 + V2 + V3)(0)
L3 = 1,396.38 kg/h
Total vaporized = (V1 + V2 + V3) = 29,828.75 1,396.38 = 28,432.37 kg/h
Assuming equal amount vaporized in each effect, V1 = V2 = V3 = 9,477.46 kg/h
Making total material balance on effects 1, 2 and 3 and solving,
(1) F = 29, 828.75 = V1 + L1 = 9,477.46 + L1,
(2) L1 = 20,351.29 = V2 + L2 = 9,477.46 + L2,
(3) L2 = 10,873.83 = V3 + L3 = 9,477.46 + L3,

L1 = 20,351.29 kg/h
L2 = 10,873.83 kg/h
L3 = 1,396.37 kg/h

Making a solids balance on effects 1, 2 and 3 and solving,

(1) 29, 828.75(0.0332) = L1x1 = 20,351.29(x1),
(2) 20,351.29(0.0487) = L2x2 = 10,873.83(x2),
(3) 10,873.83(0.0911) = L3x3 = 1,396.37(x3),

Step 3: BPR in each effect

(1) 1.78(0.0487) + 6.22(0.0487)2 = 0.10 C
(2) 1.78(0.0911) + 6.22(0.0911)2 = 0.21 C
(3) 1.78(0.7092) + 6.22(0.7092)2 = 4.39 C

= 121.1 51.67 0.10 0.21 4.39 = 64.72 C

x1 = 0.0487
x2 = 0.0911
x3 = 0.7092

=12.16

2 = 19.12

3 = 33.44

Actual boiling point in each effect

(1) T1 = TS1 -

= 121.1 12.16 = 108.94

TS1 = 121.1 (condensing satd steam temperature to effect 1)

(2) T2 = T1 BPR1 -

2=

108.94 0.10 19.12 = 89.72

TS2 = T1 BPR1 = 108.94 0.10 = 108.84 (condensing satd steam temperature to effect 2)

(3) T3 = T2 BPR2 -

3=

89.72 0.21 33.44 = 56.07

TS3 = T2 BPR2 = 89.72 0.21 = 89.51 (condensing satd steam temperature to effect 3)

Step 4: Heat capacity, cp = 4.19 2.35x

F: cp = 4.19 2.35(0.0332) = 4.112
L1 : cp = 4.19 2.35(0.0487) = 4.076
L2 : cp = 4.19 2.35(0.0487) = 3.976
L3 : cp = 4.19 2.35(0.0487) = 2.523

Values of enthalpy H of various vapor streams (Datum temp: 0)

Effect 1:
T1 = 108.94, TS2 = 108.84, BPR1 = 0.10, TS1 = 121.1
H1 = HS2 (satn enthalpy at TS2) + 1.884(0.10) = 2689.7 + 0.1884 = 2689.9
S1

= HS1 (vapor satn enthalpy) hS1(liquid enthalpy at TS1) = 2707.8 508.39 = 2199.4

Effect 2:
T2 = 89.72, TS3 = 89.51, BPR2 = 0.21
H2 = HS3 + 1.884(0.21) = 2659.3 + 0.3956 = 2659.7
S2

= H1 hS2 = 2689.9 456.39 = 2233.51

Effect 3:
T3 = 56.07, TS4 =51.67, BPR3 = 4.39

H3 = HS4 + 1.884(4.39) = 2595.0 + 8.2708 = 2603.3

S3

= H2 hS3 = 2659.7 374.86 = 2284.8

Heat Balance on each effect:

(1) F cp (Tf 0) + S

S1 =

L1cp(T1 0) + V1H1

V1 = 29,828.75 L1
(29,828.75)(4.111)(28.0 0) + S

S1 =

L1(4.076)(108.94 0) + (29,828.75 L1)(H1)

3,433,527.76 + (2199.4)(S) = (444.04)(L1) + (80,236,354.63) (2689.9)(L1)

2199.4S + 2245.86L1 = 76,802,826.87
(2) L1cp(T1 0) + V1

S2 =

L2cp(T2 0) + V2H2

V2 = L1 L2
L1 (4.076)(108.94 0) + (29,828.75 L1)

S2 =

L2(3.976)(89.72 0) + (L1 L2)(H2)

(444.04)(L1) + 66,622,811.41 (2233.51)(L1) = (356.73)(L2) + (2659.7)(L1) (2659.7)(L2)

-4449.17L1 + 2302.97L2 = -66,622,811.41
(3) L2cp(T2 0) + V2

S3 =

L3cp(T3 0) + V3H3

V3 = L2 - 1,396.37
L3 = 1,396.37
L2 (3.976)(89.72 0) + ( L1 L2)

S3 =

L3(2.523)(56.07 0) + (L2 - 1,396.37)(H3)

(356.73)(L2) + (2284.8)(L1) (2284.8)(L2) = 197,536.94 + (2603.3)(L2) (3,635,170.02)

2284.8L1 4631.37L2 = -3,437,633.08

Solving last two equations simultaneously for L1 and L2 and substituting into the first equation,
L1 = 20,625.21
S = 13,859.00

L2 = 10,917.31
V1 = 9,203.54

L3= 1,396.37
V2 = 9,707.9

Step 5:
S1

= 2199.4

S2

= 2233.51

S3

= 2284.8

Solving for the values of area and q in each effect,

q1 = S

S1 =

8.467 x106 W

V3 = 9,520.94

q2 = V1

S2 =

5.71 x106 W

q3 = V2

S3 =

6.161x106 W

= 222.96 m2
= 150.30 m2
= 162.18 m2

(4) F cp (Tf 0) + S

S1 =

L1cp(T1 0) + V1H1

V1 = 29,828.75 L1
(29,828.75)(4.112)(28.0 0) + S

S1 =

L1(4.077)(105.91 0) + (29,828.75 L1)(H1)

3,433,362.96 + (2199.4)(S) = (431.80)(L1) + (80,096,189.33) (2685.20)(L1)

2199.4S + 2253.4L1 = 76,662,826.37
(5) L1cp(T1 0) + V1

S2 =

L2cp(T2 0) + V2H2

V2 = L1 L2
L1 (4.077)(105.91 0) + (29,828.75 L1)

S2 =

L2(3.977)(89.71 0) + (L1 L2)(H2)

(431.80)(L1) + 66,860,248.26 (2241.47)(L1) = (356.78)(L2) + (2659.6)(L1) (2659.6)(L2)

-4469.27L1 + 2302.82L2 = -66,860,248.26
(6) L2cp(T2 0) + V2

S3 =

L3cp(T3 0) + V3H3

V3 = L2 - 1,396.37
L3 = 1,396.37
L2 (3.977)(89.71 0) + ( L1 L2)

S3 =

L3(2.523)(51.11 0) + (L2 - 1,396.37)(H3)

(356.78)(L2) + (2284.5)(L1) (2284.5)(L2) = 180,062.65 + (2608.1)(L2) (3,641,872.60)

2284.5L1 4535.82L2 = -3,461,809.95
Solving last two equations simultaneously for L1 and L2 and substituting into the first equation,
L1 = 20,733.98
S = 13,613.20

L2 = 11,206.04
V1 = 9,094.77

L3= 1,396.37
V2 = 9,527.94

V3 = 9,809.67

S1

= 2199.4

S2

= 2241.47

S3

= 2284.5

Solving for the values of area and q in each effect,

q1 = S

S1 =

8.317 x106 W

q2 = V1

S2 =

5.663 x106 W

q3 = V2

S3 =

6.046x106 W

= 175.32 m2
= 177.01 m2
= 175.15 m2
175.83 m2
Steam economy =

Average ratio of heat transfer area and volume capacity 4.9 5.9
Choosing 5.9 arbitrarily:

29.8 m3
Volume capacity with 30% safety factor:
(

)(

Density = 1003.14 kg/m3

Volumetric flow rate
1st effect:

2nd effect:

m3

3rd

effect:

Outlet:

Residence time
1st effect:

2nd effect:

3rd effect:

Total residence time in evaporator = 1.30 + 1.87 + 3.47 = 6.65h

Mechanical Engineering Design

Tubular designs: 2.in (51mm) OD tube, 30ft (9m) long
Material: Stainless Steel 316