Universidade Gama Filho

Module II- Vocabulary Marcelle Esteves marcellesarmet@yahoo.com.br

Let's face it - English is a crazy language. There is no egg in eggplant, nor ham in hamburger; neither apple nor pine in pineapple. English muffins weren't invented in England or French fries in France. Sweetmeats are candies while sweetbreads, which aren't sweet, are meat. We take English for granted. But if we explore its paradoxes, we find that quicksand can work slowly, boxing rings are square and a guinea pig is neither from Guinea nor is it a pig.

Learning involves the search for patterns, regularity and predictability Bruner 1960
And why is it that writers write but fingers don't fing, grocers don't groce and hammers don't ham? If the plural of tooth is teeth, why isn't the plural of booth, beeth? One goose, 2 geese. So one moose, 2 meese?

Doesn't it seem crazy that you can make amends but not one amend? If you have a bunch of odds and ends and get rid of all but one of them, what do you call it? if teachers taught, why didn't preachers praught? If a vegetarian eats vegetables, what does a humanitarian eat? ...

In what language do people recite at a play and play at a recital? Ship by truck and send cargo by ship? Have noses that run and feet that smell?

How can a slim chance and a fat chance be the same, while a wise man and a wise guy are opposites?

You have to marvel at the unique lunacy of a language in which your house can burn up as it burns down, in which you fill in a form by filling it out and in which, an alarm goes off by going on.

 English was invented by people, not computers, and it reflects the creativity of the human race, which, of course, is not a race at all. That is why, when the stars are out, they are visible, but when the lights are out, they are invisible.

The search for predictability

Egg in eggplant? Ham in hamburger? Apple in pineapple? English muffins not from England? French fries not from France? No Meat in sweetmeat?

Makes no sense
Quick in quicksand? Circles in boxing rings? Guinea pigs from Guinea? Fing as a verb? Groce as a verb? Ham as a verb? Booth beeth? Moose meese?

Acquisition or Learning?
Can you make an amend? Is there such a thing as an odd and end? Why isnt the past of preach praught? Do humanitarians eat humans? What do authoritarians eat? Can we recite at a recital? Can we play at a play?

Makes no sense
Do we ship something by ship? Do we send cargo by car? Do our noses smell? Do feet run? Is a fat chance the same as a slim chance? Can a wise man also be a wise guy?

Language note
Smelly feet flat foot- ingrown nail- athletes feet- bunion

Running/runny nose- flu cold- congestedsick- ill

Makes no sense
Can burn up be the same as burn down? Can you fill someone in and fill someone out? What can go off and go on? Can you see the lights when they are out? What about the stars

Intercultural Communication Knowledge

Our lives, our cultures, are composed of many overlapping stories. Novelist Chimamanda Adichie tells the story of how she found her authentic cultural voice -- and warns that if we hear only a single story about another person or country, we risk a critical misunderstanding. The single story creates stereotypes, and the problem with stereotypes is not that they are untrue, but that they are incomplete. They make one story become the only story.

http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/en/chimamand a_adichie_the_danger_of_a_single_story.html

Language and Culture

Language and Culture are both integral parts of human life. The study of the relationship between the two has intrigued scholars from different fields, and polarized them into different camps. Language determines thought and culture Language influences thought and Culture Culture influence peoples language Language and culture influence each other
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Hymes supports that speech is so fundamental an activity of a man, language so integral a part of his culture (1964:21)
Witherspoon (1980:2) adds that language and culture are highly interrelated and states that` cultures cannot be studied without attention to the native languages spoken within them, . Languages cannot be studied in isolation from the cultures in which they are spoken

Marcelle Esteves

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Literature
Our Day Out A play about deprived children from Liverpool. Written by Willy Russell and first aired on 28 December 1977.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d-YQE1whleo

Best Informed, best translated

Regionalisms/ Dialect Historical Background Cultural , Educational and Political Nuances Co notational Meaning (Idioms and figurative meanings) Symbolism

How to translate English idioms? Should there be an equivalent in the target language?

Idiom exercise
If you make a lot of money quickly, you make money hand over .. If you can go wherever and whenever you want, the world is your . If you spend your life savings to throw a big party or celebration, you push the ... If someone is so thin, he/she is nothing more than skin and .. If you face a problem head-on, you take the bull by the ..

Idiom answers
If you make a lot of money quickly, you make money hand over fist. If you can go wherever and whenever you want, the world is your oyster/playground. If you spend your life savings to throw a big party or celebration, you push the boat (out). If someone is so thin, he/she is nothing more than skin and bones. If you face a problem head-on, you take the bull by the horns.

Idiom Activity II
If someone makes a mess of something, he/she makes a pigs .. of it. If you refuse to do something, you wont do it for all the .. in China. If you look very angrily at someone without speaking, you look at them. If something is quite easy to understand, its as plain as 1If you change the rules to make things more difficult for a person, you move the ..

Idiom Activity II Answer Key

If someone makes a mess of something, he/she makes a pigs ear of it. If you refuse to do something, you wont do it for all the tea in China. If you look very angrily at someone without speaking, you look daggers at them. If something is quite easy to understand, its as plain as pie. If you change the rules to make things more difficult for a person, you move the goalposts.

Signs, Language and Culture

Look at the next slide and analyse how far these signs reflect the culture of the places where they were found.

Marcelle Esteves

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Signs and Messages

Mind the Gap Water Restriction CCTV Look Right/Left Please drive slowly ( baby Hedgehogs/wallabies) Be aware (Dingoes/ticks) No junk mail Cab stand Paper in/not in toilet

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Translation slip-ups

Scandinavian vacuum manufacturer Electrolux used the following in an American ad campaign: "Nothing sucks like an Electrolux."

 When General Motors introduced the Chevy Nova in South America, it was apparently unaware that "no va" means "it won't go." After the company figured out why it wasn't selling any cars, it renamed the car in its Spanish markets to the Caribe. Ford had a similar problem in Brazil when the Pinto flopped. The company found out that Pinto was Brazilian slang for "tiny male genitals". Ford pried all the nameplates off and substituted Corcel, which means horse.

 An American T-shirt maker in Miami printed shirts for the spanish market which promoted the Pope's visit. Instead of the desired "I Saw the Pope" in Spanish, the shirts proclaimed "I Saw the Potato.

http://www.freewebs.com/funnyenglish/tr anslation_mistakes.htm

Hale Keneth
When you lose a language, you lose a culture, intellectual wealth, a work of art. He sought to rescue languages that were dying out. He held that meaning were fluid to be captured and readily translated word-for-word from one language to another.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I8uUjtiaXqE (Dreaming in Different Tongues: Languages and the Way We Think) Extra Time

Languages and the Way We Think, What is not on the page, when you master the language but not how nice or rude you may sound(nuances of language) Language and identity, power of words, untranslatable words, third culture kids, language deficit and behaviour in schools, and changing personality or perception of changes when speaking another language. Every language contains in it the knowledge that was honed and developed by thousands of years by folks have been in the culture. It is a treasure-trove of cultural knowledge.

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Linguistic Diversity
Research has established that affording bilingual children the opportunity to continue to use their first language alongside English in school for as long as possible, and to use it in the context of cognitively demanding tasks, will support both the academic achievement of the child and the development of an additional language

Creating the learning culture DCSF document Excellence and Enjoyment: Learning and teaching bilingual pupils One way to encourage this is by explicitly celebrating linguistic diversity.

My journal
Zebra crossing

Marmite
Lollypop Man Off you go

Cheers
Top of the morning Mind your own business Spot on! Private school

Public school

Lost in Translation?
Numbers are used as words: 180 e.g. Hes done a 180 and agreed to come on the trip. 24/7 Twenty-four hours a day seven days a week. 3Ws 3Ws dot dictionary dot com dot br $64,000= The$ 64,000 dollar question is whether or not she will accept the proposal. 4x4 I have bought a 4x4 to drive to the farm at weekends.

0800(UK) = 800 (US) = ? Brazil 0898 (UK)= 900 (US)= ? Brazil

911(US)= 000(Australia)=999 UK

Cambridge Advanced Learners Dictionary.

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Proverbs and Expressions

Nothing defines a culture as distinctly as its language, and the element of language that best encapsulates a society's values and beliefs is its proverbs. ONE WORD TO THE WISE IS SUFFICIENT. Ao bom entendedor, meia palavra basta. ABSENCE MAKES THE HEART GROW FONDER. Longe dos olhos, perto do corao. CONSTANT DRIPPING WEARS AWAY THE STONE. gua mole em pedra dura, tanto bate at que fura.
Marcelle Esteves 36

BIRDS OF A FEATHER FLOCK TOGETHER. A MAN IS KNOWN BY THE COMPANY HE KEEPS.

Diga-me com quem andas que te direi quem s.

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TO MAKE A MOUNTAIN OUT OF A MOLEHILL [Fazer tempestade em copo d'gua.] e.g. It is nothing serious, you are making a mountain out of a molehill. LOVE IS BLIND. / BEAUTY IS IN THE EYE OF THE BEHOLDER. e.g. Quem ama o feio, bonito lhe parece. / O amor cego.

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Proverbs
No se meta onde no chamado Mind your own business. Curiosity: Such a common expression that today there is commercial accountancy software on the market aimed at small businesses entitled MYOB. This phrase; however, is way of asking people to stop interfering in matters that do not directly involve them. Be careful with its usage as it could be construed as rude.
http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/alittle-knowledge-is-a-dangerous-thing.html 39

Proverbs Activity
Cada um (louco) com sua mania. Different strokes for different folks. Person A: I saw Phil this afternoon washing his car in the rain. Person B: Oh well, different strokes for different folks.

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Deus ajuda quem cedo madruga The early bird catches the worm. Person A: What time did you go to the fishmonger this morning to buy the fish for the restaurant? Person B: Half past four. Person A: Four-thirty? You wouldnt see me out of bed at that time! Person B: Yeah, but the early bird catches the worm.
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A galinha do vizinho sempre mais gorda. The grass is always greener on the other side of the fence. Person A: Ive been offered a job at my friends company. They pay more there and the health insurance is much better. What do you think I should do? Person B: Sounds like a great opportunity, but just be careful, the grass is always greener on the other side of the fence.
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Em casa de ferreiro, o espeto de pau. Who is worse shod than the shoemaker's wife? A skilled or knowledgeable person commonly neglects to give his own family the benefit of his expertise.

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De pequenino que se torce o pepino. You cant teach an old dog new tricks. Person A: Did you enjoy the staff training session on the new computer system? Person B: Not really. I much prefer using pen and paper. I guess you just cant teach an old dog new tricks.

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Quando a esmola demais o santo desconfia. It is too good to be true. Person A: I got an email from a company telling me how I can earn more money from home working online than I can from my job. Person B: Yeah? Just be careful, though. Most of those sorts of offers are too good to be true. If a deal looks too good to be true, it most probably is.
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Gato escaldado tem medo de gua fria. A burnt child fears the fire. Once bitten, twice shy. (more common)

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 Um homem prevenido vale por dois. Forewarned is forearmed.

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 H males que vm para o bem. A blessing in disguise. Person A: How is your husband coping with being made redundant? Person B: Actually, he seems to be less stressed than when he was working and enjoying life more. In fact, I think his getting sacked was a blessing in disguise.
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 A justia tarda, mas no falha. Revenge is a dish best served cold.

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 Um dia da caa, outro do caador. Every dog has his day.

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 Quem no tem co, caa com gato. Make do with what you have. Person A: The shops are closed and I have a dozen people coming over for a dinner party. What am I going to do? Person B: Dont panic. Well just look in the pantry, see whats there and make do with what you have.
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 Nascido em bero de ouro. Born with a silver spoon in your mouth. Person A: Hows your new employee working out? Person B: Terrible! I dont think hes worked a day in his life. He was born with a silver spoon in his mouth.

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Quick Brain Gym

Manda-chuva Puxa-saco bigwig Apple polisher To go bananas bankrupt Bark up at the wrong tree Voltei a estaca zero ? Teachers used to get apples as gifts. Monkeys go crazy for them. Italian sharks? Racoons. Game?

fracassado
bem diferentes As different as chalk and cheese

Horse races
Colour/taste

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vGJSA8 -c5sQ

Quick Brain Gym

Manda-chuva Puxa-saco bigwig Apple polisher ? Teachers used to get apples as gifts. Monkeys go crazy for them. Italian sharks? Racoons.

Pirou, ficou doido

To go bananas

Faliu Pedindo a pessoa errada

bankrupt Bark up at the wrong tree

Voltei a estaca zero

fracassado Um de cada vez

back to square one

Also-ran

Game?
Horse races ?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vGJSA8 -c5sQ

Also-run
Origin: Horse race results on American papers. The top three results and an annex also-run Meaning: unimportant; people who did not succeed in life.

Alive and kicking

Country music is still alive and kicking in Brazil.

Origin Fresh fish in the UK? Babies in womb?

Bankrupt
He went bankrupt after only two years in his own business. She will be bankrupt soon if she does not get a job.

Shed some light, please.

O caf derramou o feijao estragou O banheiro esta ocupado O telefone so da ocupado 30 e tanto A pia esta pingando O cano esta vazando Estamos sem caf Fui dormir tarde Perdi a hora, acordei tarde

What is Regionalism?
Every major English speaking nation has its own peculiar take on the English language Broadly speaking, 3 major regions: Britain, North America and Oceania (Australia and New Zealand) Variations do exist within these areas but their are enough similarities to be able to still classify these dialects as part of the greater regional group.

How do they differ?

British English
Vicky Pollard

Trinidadian English
Sprangalang

American English
Red Green

Indian English
Outsourced

Scottish English
Freedom!

Caribbean English
Russell Peters

Australian English
Poida

Canadian English
Baba Brinkman

Dialects
Particular dialects and their associated accents have often been used for humorous effect also. Britain contains numerous distinct dialects within a surprisingly small area. A wonderful online resource for exploring the wealth of British dialects and accents:
http://sounds.bl.uk/maps/Accents-anddialects.html

British Expressions
Take a look at the following expressions and try and figure out what they mean and how they would be used:
Best of British
If you wish someone the best of British, you are wishing them good luck

 Drop a clanger Bobs you uncle

Full of beans
Her Majestys pleasure

 Drop a clanger
Asking a lady if she is pregnant, when it turns out she isnt, would probably classify as dropping a clanger.

Bobs you uncle

Simply a way to end a sentence with a similar meaning to and there you have it

Full of beans
Energetic and enthusiastic

Her Majestys pleasure

Spending time at HMs pleasure means spending time in prison

 Keep your pecker up

Not my cup of tea

Put a sock in it

Pear-shaped

 Keep your pecker up

Dont get disheartened, keep your chin up

Not my cup of tea

its not my beach

Put a sock in it
A way of telling someone to shut up

Pear-shaped
If everything is going pear-shaped, its all going wrong

 Spend a penny
Taking the biscuit

Throw a spanner in the works

On your bike

 Spend a penny
To go to the bathroom

Taking the biscuit

If something takes the biscuit, it really out-does everything else, similar to the US taking the cake

Throw a spanner in the works

to do something which ruins everything, for instance losing your drivers license before starting your new job as a taxi driver

On your bike
If someone says this to you, they are trying to indicate that they really think its time you left

 Argue the toss

To dispute a decision

Blow in the bag

To blow in the bag is to be tested by a policeman with a breathalyser unit for drink-driving

Budgie smugglers
Speedos made particularly famous by the current Leader of the Opposition

Come off the grass

Used when you dont believe someone and you want them to tell you a truthful version of events

 Not within cooee Mad as a cut snake

Death adder in your pocket

Fair crack of the whip

 Not within cooee

When you are a long way from achieving something I didnt get within cooee of finishing War and Peace

Mad as a cut snake

Very angry or upset

Death adder in your pocket

Someone very tight with their money would be said to have a death adder in their pocket

Fair crack of the whip

The sense of a fair go is very important to Australians and this is a common phrase relating to this ideal

 Knee high to a grasshopper Ninety to the dozen

Not the full quid

Rough end of the pineapple

 Knee high to a grasshopper

Very young (and therefore, small)

Ninety to the dozen

A person who speaks ninety to the dozen is someone who talks on and on, not really knowing when to stop

Not the full quid

Intellectually lacking

Rough end of the pineapple

To get a poor outcome from a deal, transaction or experience

 Spit the dummy Ill be stuffed

Youre not wrong

Not too bad

 Spit the dummy

To lose your temper

Ill be stuffed
To be amazed at something

Youre not wrong

Australian expressions often err on the side of understatement. To tell someone they are not wrong is actually to say that you wholeheartedly agree with them

Not too bad

More understatement this actually means pretty good

Exercise
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gj3e9XtR Gbs

American Coins
QUARTER $0.25 (George Washington) DIME $0.10 (Franklin D. Roosevelt) NICKEL $0.05 (Thomas Jefferson) PENNY $0.01 (Abraham Lincoln)

British Coins
Quid A grand tenner 5p Dosh Dough cash

Australian Coins

Abbreviations
IOU SUV BSE VAT ETA OT posh

Abbreviations
IOU- I owe You SUV- Sport-utility vehicle BSE- Mad Cow Disease (Bovine spongiforme ) VAT-( ICMS) Valued Added ETA- Estimate Time of Arrival OT- Overtime Posh- port out, starboard home)

Colloquial expressions
Sempre aparece um amigo que da um jeitinho. Ela esqueceu o meu, eu esqueci o dela. Pago na mesma moeda. Vamos ao que interessa?

Colloquial expressions
Sempre aparece um amigo que da um jeitinho. A friend always turns up to sort things out in a special way. Ela esqueceu o meu, eu esqueci o dela. Pago na mesma moeda. It was tit for tat. Vamos ao que interessa? Lets get down to the nitty-gritty?

Portmanteau words
Motel Brunch Bit (binary digit) Sitcom (situation Comey) Workaholic Guesstimate Can you think of an others?

Just as a curiosity
Swearwords/offensive in English tend to be associated to sex. E.g.Shmuck (-) imbecil Origin: shmock= penis How does that differ from other languages?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HSQmk6gGTcE

Body language
Paralinguistics are the aspects of spoken communication that do not involve words. These may add emphasis or shades of meaning to what people say. Some definitions limit this to verbal communication that is not words. Example Body language, gestures, facial expressions, tone and pitch of voice are all examples of paralinguistic features.
http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/secrets-of-body-language/ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ALWwK7Vz4gY&feature=related HSBC
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I4SwLKvQA_4

Types of walk

He is trudging. He must be: 1- tired 2- excited 3- lost He is stomping. He must be: 1- tired 2-) angry 3-) relaxed Swaggering (arrogant) Strolling (relaxed) Staggering ( drunk/wounded)

How many words related to the word EAT can you think of?

Answer
Starving, to feast on, to pig out on, to wolf down, nosh on, gnaw, nibble on, biting into, munching on, wash it down, to chew, to crunch, to swallow, to lick, to toss down, gobble, to bolt down, guzzle, stuff myself, overeat, diet, fast, sipping, picking, pecking at, booze, gulp down.

Piece of cake!
Check your reference material (416 Pieces) What is the word for : Um gomo da laranja Um dente de alho Um pedaco de carvao Uma pitada de sal Leite em caixa

Think
1- Ele acha normal convidar 20 parentes para assistir ao jogo sem me avisar. Think nothing of 2-Nunca pensei que ele fosse assim. Think better of somebody 3- Tenho que refletir nisso. Reflect upon

How many words can you relate to think?

I think therefore I exist!

Contemplate/consider/reason/sp eculate/ realize/rack ones brains/to cogitate/to ponder/to brood over/ to envisage/to fancy

TV SHOWs and movies

Psycho Hitchcock's classic Psycho in Portuguese is,O homem que matou a prpria me, which means, The man who killed his own mother. Weekend at Bernie's Weekend at Bernie's, in Portuguese is,Um morto muito louco, which means,A very crazy dead man

Verbs in the kitchen

Australia
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JIdSGFRr144

UK
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TZ1DUmcBkJo Ready Steady and Cook http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t5wyXMchQ4c Jamie Olivers health school
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5B6HDmeMRtI Gordon Ramsay

Better cut
You chop You slice. You dice. You carve.. You peel You snip You grate

Amassar?
You crunch You squeeze You mash you knead You roll out you spread

Register
Acertando na mosca! What you say and how you say it will in turn be governed by the situation and who you are talking to. Bygate (1987) used the term 'reciprocity conditions' to describe how these features affect language production. This consideration for the listener is reflected in the three maxims Robin Lakoff (1973) put forward:
Don't impose

Degrees of formality
Why being appropriated is important? Brown and Yule (1983) suggested that much language use aims at 'interaction', by which they mean using language to create, preserve and develop social relationships. If the speaker is not appropriate this aim will not be achieved. Rudeness, deliberate or not, causes social relationships to break down.

Formal and informal situations

There are accepted ways of behaving in every social situation we come across. In a formal situation the accepted way of behaving requires you to stay within quite narrowly defined boundaries. At other times the situations are informal and allow you more freedom with the ways you can behave.

International Etiquette
Formality applies not just to language and behaviours but to the whole range of social activity: Dressing, walking, eating, sitting.

Language in use
Listen to the queen speech and discuss what kind of language she uses.
http://www.royal.gov.uk/imagesandbroadcasts/thequeenschristmasbroadcasts/ahistoryofchristmasbroad casts.aspx

Language in Use
Now compare the previous speech with the one below:
http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x6rays_ali-g-animal-rights-talkshow_fun

Best informed, best translated.

Tips: To whom, for whom, what for? (purpose, audience) When, what (cultural background) Degree of formality

Formal
Notion View Transcribe Adhere to Require One However

Informal
Idea Look at Write down Follow Need You But

Formal
Resolved Swear Steal Pull Seek Loathe

Informal
Decided Promise Pinch Yank Find Hate

Formal
Persons Amelioration Narrate Dwell Prudent

Neutral
People Improvement Tell Live Careful

Playground language
Troll Safe Respect Quality Laters Chav Woz up Ace Bigwig Sham Ta Innit Sis bruv

More slangwords
Bling Hoodie Dissed Box Grub Shades Vexed A ruck Sup Beer goggles Buzzed up Earworm Ladmag Mojo Skanky moobs

New words tend to be informal

Internet produced: Netspeak Webzine Malware

Politically Correct?
http://www.independent.org/pdf/tir/tir_16_02_8_oneill.pdf

In order to minimize social and institutional offense in regards to race, class, gender, racial, sexual orientation, cultural, religious, ideological, disability and age-related contexts, certain vocabulary should be avoided as it may be perceived as being politically incorrect.

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Politically Incorrect
Elton John and Little Britain
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x0zUOzkHwAE

Understanding Culture
Politically Correct 1- How does this vary from region to region in Brazil? 2- How does that affect effective communication? 3- Should it be explicitly taught in an ESL environment? Not so much. Can you think of 5 words that are pejorative? Why do some words carry negative connotation? What are the implications for translators?

 Class
bum

Racial
nigger Paki

Gender
WORDS COMMONLY IDENTIFIED AS BEING OFFENSIVE

Use of his

Sexual orientation
queer poof

Religious
mick

Disability
spastic

The purpose of Politically Correct language:

It reduces the social acceptability of using offensive terms. It discourages the reflexive use of words that import a negative stereotype, thereby promoting conscious thinking about how to describe others fairly on their merits

Check these
http://www.independent.org/pdf/tir/tir_16_0 2_8_oneill.pdf http://exchanges.state.gov/englishteaching/fo rum/archives/docs/06-44-1-e.pdf

Double negatives: two negative words in the same sentence. For Standard English to apply one of the negative words must be changed.
I aint got no pencils I havent got any pencils

I dont want none of that

I dont want any of that.

Standard English
These are not written in Standard English, how should they be written? May I lend your scissors Ben?

May I borrow your scissors Ben?

I should of taken more care with the hammer.

I should have taken more care with the hammer.

Translating
1. Id like one of them cakes.

2. My uncle gave me this book whenever I was born. 3. It was thunder what we heard. 4. Mum learned me to ride a bike. 5. He never! 6. Its right hot!

Try and think of some of your own. Write the non-standard and standard versions.

Received Pronunciation (RP), also called the Queen's (or King's) English, Oxford English, or BBC English, is the accent of Standard English in England.

 Although there is nothing intrinsic about RP that marks it as superior to any other variety, sociolinguistic factors have given Received Pronunciation particular prestige throughout the world.

Spoken Language and Written Language

There are many differences between spoken and written English. In fact, speaking as we write may be considered stuffy, whereas writing as we speak may be considered uneducated. Spoken English and written English should be considered separately.

As far as register is concerned:

neutral

slang

colloquial

taboo

formal

specialist

literary

When using thesaurus

same denotation, different connotation same denotation, different register

identical in denotation, connotation and register

Persuasive speeches
These are famous speeches: I have a dream ( Martin Luther King) I am only a child ( MUN Conference) Freedom ( Nelson Mandela) Some Characteristics: Repetition, alliteration, rhyming words, puns,

How Haruli Murakami 1Q84 was translated into English

Refer to your worksheet and reflect on the questions:
1-According to this article, Gabriel Garcia Marquez allegedly tod Gregory Rabassa that his English translation of One Hundred Years of Solitude was better than the Spanish original. When translating, should one avoid this? What strategies were used for the purpose of this text? How effective were they?
2- Too many hands spoil the broth? Or Many hands, light work?

Interviews
I have interviewed 5 language teaching native speakers and have asked them to: 1- Briefly describe where they come from. 2- Share some language typically from their place of origin. 3- Read an extract of a play.

Wales The country of Wales is part of Great Britain, but a region with its own language, Welsh. The accent of the Welsh is distinct from the rest of Great Britain.

North American English

USA Canada

Very distinct from the English spoken in the UK Discrepancies go beyond the accents (of which the US has great diversity), as far as spelling.

Although the accent can sound similar to those found in the Northern states of the USA, Canadian English has retained far more in common with British English including spelling than the US.

Southern Hemisphere English

Australia New Zealand

Can be divided into three general categories: Broad (stronger accent, generally found in rural regions), General (most common, urban majority) and Cultivated (declining strong similarities to British BBC accent) .

Similar to Australian accent, although distinct differences can be discerned in the pronunciation of certain vowels.

Our Day Out By Willy Russell,

1977.

Carol rushes along the street wearing school uniform which doubles as a street outfit and her Sunday best

Snippet Part I http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d-YQE1whleo

Extract of the Book http://books.google.com.br/books?id=FOblbV3XBI4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=our+day+out+amazon&source=bl&ots=2lVnKtEsQC&sig=5vil3e82iT3IcRULFi iO6UnQ_Zg&hl=en&sa=X&ei=gh9mUO-jNo6y8QSs_IGYAw&ved=0CCsQ6wEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false

Briticisms and Britishisation of American English

Refer to the BBC text worksheet to answer the questions:

1- Write down a list of Briticisms on a vocabulary log. 2-What is your opinion about this phenomenon? 3- What is the best way to keep yourself up-todate with the new language?

Purposes in communication
1- How does the language adapt to it? 2- Is there a requirement for the degree of formality?

Persuasion
Language of Advertisement

PERSUASIVE WRITING e.g. leaflet, advertisement, argument Opening statement - state claim, eye catching phrase/Slogan Set out argument in logical steps or description of what & where Evidence to support argument examples/benefits Present tense Connectives so, therefore Adjectives, adverbs, exaggeration, alliteration, word play

The power of words in advertisement

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2l_WzEdUd0o

1- Have you heard of any variations of the reason why they have Decided to personalise the cans? 2- How effective was it in Brazil?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I1Lkyb6SU5U

1- What was the original idea? 2- How has it impacted on the sales of the products?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VaJjPRwExO8

1- What was the approach used by this Greenpeace advert? 2- How effective was it?

Anti-smoking Campaign
1- What are the persuasive devices used here? 2- What is the audience? 3- Comment on the use of image and how intertwined it is with the text.

Anti-smoking
1- What is the target audience for this commercial? 2- Comment on the language used to address the audience. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HYjbWHb bjjg

Involve your audience by speaking to them directly using personal pronouns and shared experiences.
ower of three
motive language hetorical questions ay again ndermine opposing views necdote irect address xaggeration

Questions to get your audience thinking they dont require an answer.

Destroy/criticise the opposing argument.

Including little stories to illustrate a point. Being over-thetop to get a point across.

Words, phrases and imagery that arouse an emotional response.

Including lists of three items/reasons in your writing. Repeating the same word, phrase or idea more than once for emphasis.

Poetry in advertisement
http://www.youtube.com/w atch?v=SDxLtKQZfIU http://www.youtube.com/w atch?v=DmvaAFsx0Ps http://www.youtube.com/w atch?v=vEeLh5ItQcY http://www.youtube.com/w atch?v=b_a-eXIoyYA http://www.youtube.com/w atch?v=bNHf0hvAq4c

The end

References
David Sheppard
http://teachinghouse.com/myteachinghouse-static/course-forms-NuPHEZUsomIchoSyCRu/LearnerEnglish.pdf

Jonhson, K. (2001) An Introduction to Foreign Language Learning and Teaching . Harlow : Longman Attempt to bridge the gap between theorists and practitioners. Bruner, J. (1986) Actual Minds, possible worlds. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.

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Made by Mike Gershon mikegershon@hotmail.com

The EAL Toolkit

English as an Additional Language

Sources: www.naldic.org.uk http://nationalstrategies.standards.dcsf.gov.uk/primary/publications/inclusion/bi_children/ Access and Engagement series (DfES 2002) http://www.naldic.org.uk/docs/resources/KeyDocs.cfm Jim Cummins, Language, Power and Pedagogy (Multilingual Matters, Clevedon, 2000) Neil Mercer, Words and minds: how we use language to think together (Routledge, Abingdon, 2000) My head Other peoples heads

References
http://www.glencoe.com/sec/teachingtoday/s ubject/vocab_acquisition.phtml http://203.72.145.166/TESOL/TQD_2008/VOL _25_4.PDF#page=93 http://www.readwritethink.org/professionaldevelopment/strategy-guides/supportingvocabulary-acquisition-english-30104.html http://coachdes.wordpress.com/2005/10/24/ english-use-and-usage/

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The Cognitive Neuroscience of Second Language Acquisition

Perspectives of critical/sensitive periods, maturational effects, individual differences, neural regions involved, and processing characteristics. The research methods used include functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and event related potentials (ERP). Core questions including: which brain areas are reliably activated in second language processing? Are they the same or different from those activated in first language acquisition and use? And what are the

Vocabulary Learning Strategies

There are many other strategies used to learn a vocabulary and the following links may give you food for thought.
http://www.glencoe.com/sec/teachingtoday/subject/vocab_acquisition.phtml

http://203.72.145.166/TESOL/TQD_2008/VOL_25_4.PDF#page=93
http://www.readwritethink.org/professional-development/strategy-guides/supporting-vocabularyacquisition-english-30104.html http://coachdes.wordpress.com/2005/10/24/english-use-and-usage/

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Useful Websites

Scholarship for Brazilian students overseas: http://scholarship-positions.com/scholarships-for-brazilian-students/2012/04/27/ International Schools around the world: https://www.iss.edu/ COBIS Council for British International Schools Mestrado e Pos- Graduacao http://bolsas.universia.com.br/br/index.jsp Fullbright and Capes The Guardian Educational Supplement (Tuesdays) Research opportunities, articles, job opportunities.
Seek teachersis leading educational consultancy for international teaching jobs. Working with nurseries through to universities we specialise in placements for qualified staff right through to middle and senior leadership included support staff. http://www.seekteachers.com/ Career onehttp://jobs.careerone.com.au/ Joyjobs http://www.joyjobs.com/ Searchassociates http://www.searchassociates.com/ Comprehensive list of websites

Jack Scholes: Ingles para curiosos

The origin, meaning and usage of words and idioms of daily English. Ingls para curiosos traz mais de 100 palavras e expresses do ingls cotidiano, com o significado de cada uma em portugus, alm de exemplos em ingls do seu uso em frases e a etimologia de cada um dos termos. Eu aprendi nesse livro, entre muitas outras coisas, que "dente canino" em ingls "eye tooth" porque esses dentes se situam logo abaixo dos olhos. Enquanto, em portugus, se diria "Eu daria o meu dedinho para conseguir um lugar na primeira fila", em ingls essa expresso seria "I'd give my eyeteeth for a front row seat". Ingls para curiosos tem 116 pginas extremamente fceis e agradveis de ler, escritas por Jack Scholes e publicadas pela Editora Papier.

We have illustrated that Keneth Hale, Master Linguist, states that When you lose a language, you lose a culture, intellectual wealth, a work of art. He sought to rescue languages that were dying out. He held that meaning were fluid to be captured and readily translated word-for-word from one language to another. A complete text about his language experience can be found in the website below:
http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HMD9lceD12kC&pg=PA18&lpg=PA18&dq=kenneth+hale+cae&source=bl&ots=IOro9nFUDj&sig=K 3XGbP9qQBAFm0HWZZmnQY3HCLA&hl=en&sa=X&ei=BhpwUKyZOova9ASWzIDoBw&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=kenneth%2 0hale%20cae&f=false

Tecla Sap
The tecla sap site is very interesting too. Have you come across it? I have attached here an interesting text on false cognates: http://www.teclasap.com.br/blog/2009/10/22/fal sos-cognatos-sob/ Entre outros ele, o host desse site, escreveu: Referncia: Dicionrio das Palavras que Enganam em Ingls de Ulisses Wehby de Carvalho Editora Campus/Elsevier, 2004.