CHAPTER 3

VECTORS

Select odd-numbered solutions, marked with a dagger (), appear in the Student Solutions Manual, available for purchase. Answers to all solutions below are underscored.
3-1. RGP = RGA + RAP

+ 5.9 y = 10.2 x | RGP | =

(10.2) 2 + (5.9) 2

= 11.8 km 5.9 = tan1 = 30N of E 10.2

3-2.

The two displacements are + cos 29 y ) OA = 240(sin 29 x + 209.9 y = 116.4 x + sin 29 y ) AB = 560(cos 29 x + 271.5 y = 489.8 x The resultant displacement vector is: + 481.4 y OB = OA + AB = 373.4 x | OB | = (373.4) 2 + (481.4) 2 = 609.2 m

481.4 = tan1 373.4 = 52.2 N of W

3-3. A reduced copy of the diagram is shown. In the actual diagram, 1 cm = 1 km. From the diagram, the line representing the resultant R is 11.2 cm long, so the length of R is 11.2 km. The angle is measured to be 27.5. Graphically we find R = 11.2 km @ 27.5 S of E. To do the problem trigonometrically, take x to point east and y to point north. Then

34

CHAPTER

r1 = 18.0 sin 60i + 18.0 cos 60j = 15.6i + 9.0 j km r2 = 9.5 cos 60i 9.5sin 60j = 4.75i 8.23 j km r3 = 12.0 sin 60i 12.0 cos 60j = 10.4i 6.0 j km Adding gives R = 9.95i 5.23j km. The magnitude is R = 9.952 + 5.232 = 11.2 km, and the 5.23 direction is = tan 1 = 27.7. In terms of compass directions, this is R = 11.2 km @ 9.95 27.7 S of E.

3-4.

We can combine the two vectors at 45 E of N to make a vector 5.8 km at 45 E of N (see diagram). Then
R2 = 5.82 + 4.52 2(5.8)(4.5) cos 85 R=

49 m 2 = 7.0 km

By the law of sines: sin sin 85 = 4.5 7.0

4.5 = sin1 sin 85 = 40 7.0

Therefore, the angle between R and N is (45 40) = 5. Thus, the resultant is magnitude 7.0 km, 5 E of N. 3-5.

35

CHAPTER The graph is drawn with a scale of 1 cm = 20 m. Measuring the distance from South Bay to Mosquito Rock, we get: r 0.6 cm i 3.0 cm j on the graph = 120 m i 600 m j. 120 = The distance between them is (120) 2 + (600) 2 = 612 m at an angle = tan 1 600 11.3 west of south. r1 = 2.5 km j, 1.5 km r2 = (1.5 km) sin 30 i + (1.5 km) cos 30 j = 0.75 km i + 1.30 km j 30 r = r1 + r2 = 0.75 km i + 3.80 km j. |r| = 0.752 + 3.802 = 3.87 km 3.80 = 0.75 2.5 km The angle of this vector with the x axis: = tan 1 78.8 north of east.

3-6.

3-7.

A reduced copy of the graphical solution is shown in the diagram. In the actual graph, the scale is 1.0 cm = 100 km, so the line for the first displacement is 4.8 cm long and the line for the second displacement is 3.7 cm long. The line for the total displacement is measured to be 4.4 cm long, corresponding to a magnitude of 440 km. The direction is measured to be 7.5 W of N. The total displacement is D = 440 km @ 7.5 W of N. Check analytically. Let r1 = 480 sin (40) km i + 480 km cos (40) j = 308.5 km i + 367.7 km j and r2 = 370 cos (10) km i + 370 km cos (10) j = 364.4 km i + 64.2 km j, where E corresponds to x and N corresponds to y. Then D = r1 + r2 = 55.9 km i + 431.9 km j. |D| = (55.9) 2 + 431.92 km = 436 km. To get the direction relative to the x direction, note that the resultant vector is in the third quadrant (negative x component, positive y component). The standard method of finding the direction will give an angle measured from E, the x axis. Using a calculator is used to find the inverse tangent will give a negative angle, so the correct angle (in the second quadrant) is found by adding 180 to the calculator result: 431.9 = 180 tan 1 = 97.4, which measured N of E. This is 7.4 W of N. The analytical 55.9 result is D = 436 km @ 7.4 W of N, which agrees almost exactly with the graphical result. Distance east = 14 cos 60 = 7 km Distance south = 14 sin 60 = 12.1 km

3-8.

36

CHAPTER 3-9.

The resultant displacement vector, R = (5 m). The given displacement vector, A = (2.2 m) sin 35 i + (2.2 m) cos 35 j = (1.26 m) i + (1.8 m)j. Let the other displacement vector be B = Bxi + Byj. Therefore, R = A + B = (1.26 m + Bx) i + (1.8 m + By) j = 5 mj. Comparing i and j components gives 1.26 m + Bx = 0 or Bx = 1.26 m 1.8 m + By = 5 or By = 3.2 m Thus, B = (1.26 m)i + (3.2 m) j. Graphs were drawn at actual size. Reduced copies are shown.

3-10.

A + B + C = 13.7 cm @ 8.0 E of N A + B C = 7.7 cm @ 14.0 E of N

3-11.

The easiest method is to write the vectors in component form, with j as N and i as E. Then R = 1.2 j + (sin 38 i cos 38 j )6.1 + (sin 59 i cos 59 j )2.9 + (sin 89 i + cos 89 j ) 4.0 + (sin 31 i cos 31 j )6.5 = 1.2 j + 3.76 i 4.81 j + 2.49 i 1.49 j + 4.00 i + 0.07 j + 3.35 i + 5.57 j = 13.6 i + 0.54 j This translates into a vector of length13.6 nmi at 88 E of N.

3-12.

(a) (b)

(b) (cont.) The radius of the earth is 1.49 1011 m, so using the Pythagorean theorem, we get for the displacement vector
d = (1.49 1011 ) 2 + (1.49 1011 ) 2 = 2.1 1011 m

37

CHAPTER 3-13. The straight-line distance is d2 = R2 + R2 2R2 cos 178 = R2 + R2 + 1.999 R2 = 3.999 R2 d = 2.000 R = 12,750 km Distance around the equator is
S=

2 178 R 360

S = 19,810 km

3-14.

By completely filling in all of the angles in the triangle, we find that it is an isosceles triangle, so that P P = AP.

3-15.

Position vector at 11h10m is 4.2 km at 33 E of N. Displacement vector from position at 10h30m to 11h10m is A2 = 9.52 + 4.22 2(9.5)(4.2) cos 27 = 36.8 km2 A = 6.07 km. sin /4.2 = sin 27/6.07 = sin1 (4.2/6.07 sin 27) The displacement vector then is A = 6.07 mi, 78.3 W of S. In another 20 min, it would have traveled a distance of 60 = 9.1 km. 6.07 40
Therefore, its position at 11h30m should be

B 2 = 9.52 + 9.102 2(9.5)(9.1) cos 18.3

= 8.90 km2

B = 3.0 km
sin = 9.10/3.0 sin 18.3 = 0.952 = 72.3 Thus, the position vector is 3.0 km, 12.3 W of N

38

CHAPTER 3-16.

If the bearing of each ship remains constant with respect to the other, the angles 1 and 2 are constant in the diagram where the two ships have been denoted by A and B. A, B shows their positions at a later instant. For 1, 2 constant, the separation between the ships will eventually go to zero, otherwise they will miss each other, assuming they are point masses.

3-17.

N: 12.0 cos 40 = 9.19 km W: 12.0 sin 40 = 7.71 km

3-18.

Ax = 5.0 cos 30 = 4.3 m Ay = 5.0 sin 30 = 2.5 m

3-19.

Place the x axis along the sloping line as shown. Then: x component = (4.0 m) sin(25) = 1.7 m.

x
25

4m
25

3-20.

By the Pythagorean theorem, the distance along the ground is:

D = 152 0.52 km 15 km x : 15.0 km cos 56 = 8.4 km. y : 15.0 km cos 35 = 12.3 km. z : 0.5 km = 500 m

39

CHAPTER 3-21. (a) (b)

A = 3i + 2j cm B = 1i + 3j cm A + B = 3i + 2j 1i + 3j cm = (2i + 5j cm)

3-22.

3-23.

Ax = 8.0 cos 52 = 4.9 units Ay = 8.0 sin 52 = 6.3 units Az = 8.0 cos 90 = 0 units x : 6.0 cos 45 = 4.2 units y : 6.0 cos 85 = 0.5 units Since the magnitude of the vector is 6.0 units, we know that A=
2 Ax2 + Ay + Az2 = 6.02. Thus Az =

6.02 4.22

0.52 = 4.2 units

Az can be either 4.2 units, so it is not uniquely determined. 3-24. 3-25. Magnitude = 32 + 22 + 12 = 14 units = 3.7 units (a) A + B = (5i 3j + k) + (2i + j 3k) = 3 i 2 j 2k (b) A B = (5i 3j + k) (2i + j 3k) = 7i 4 j + 4k (c) 2A 3B = 2(5i 3j + k) 3(2i + j 3k) = 16i 9j + 11k 3-26. r=6i8jm |r| = 62 + 82 = 10 m. The angle between r and +x is: = tan 1 3-27. 3-28. x = 14 cos(135) = 9.9 m y = 14 sin(135) = 9.9 m E = (2.5 + 1.0 + 1.5 + 0) i + (3.5 + 4.5 + 2.0 + 3.0) j + (0 + 2.5 + 3.0 + 1.5) k = 5.0 i + 13.0 j + 7.0 k F = (2.5 1.0 + 1.5 0) i + (3.5 4.5 + 2.0 3.0) j + (0 2.5 + 3.0 1.5) k = 3.0 i 2.0 j 1.0 k |E| = |F| = 3-29. = r 52 + 132 + 7 2 = 15.6 32 + (2) 2 + (1) 2 = 3.74 8 = 53.1 6

A 2i + 4 j + 4k 1 2 2 = = i+ j+ k 3 3 3 |A| 22 + 42 + 42

40

CHAPTER 3-30.

A = 2.0 i + 3.0 j + 1.0 k, B = 1.0 i + 2.0 j + Bz k, A + B = (2.0 1.0) i + (3.0 + 2.0) j + (1.0 + Bz) k
|A + B| = 12 + 52 + (1 + Bz ) 2 = 6.0 26 + (1 + Bz ) 2 = 36

1 + Bz = 10 Bz = 10 1, or, Bz = 10 1
3-31.
c1A + c2B = c1(2.0 i + 3.0 j) + c2(1.0 i + 5.0 j) = (2.0 c1 + 1.0c2)i + (3.0 c1 + 5.0c2)j c1A + c2B = C = 1.0 i + 3.0 j 2.0c1 + 1.0c2 = 1.0 (1) 3. 0c1 + 5.0c2 = 3.0 (2)

3-32.

9 8 Solve for c1, c2: (1) 3 (2) 2 : 7c2 = 9 c2 = , c1 = 7 7 Let the planes be denoted by A and B and i east and j west. A = 120 103(cos 20 i sin 20 j ) + 2500 k i sin 25 j ) + 3500 k B = 110 103(cos 25 A = 112.8 103 i 41.0 103 j + 2500 k B = 99.7 103 i 46.5 103 j + 3500 k The position of B relative to A is B A = 13.1 103 i 5.5 103 j + 103 k The displacement vector is: horizontal distance =
The bearing is 5.5 = 23 W of S = tan1 13.1 Altitude difference = 1000 m = 1 km

(13.1) 2 + (5.5) 2 103 m = 14.2 km

3-33.

Let the directions of i, j and k be as shown at the right, where GM is the Greenwich meridian. New York will have a position vector:

41

CHAPTER

) where R = radius of the earth. NY: R(0.728 i + 0.209 j + 0.653 k And for Cape Wrath:

CW: R(0.068i + 0.779j + 0.624k) The displacement vector is = [(0.068 0.728) i + (0.779 0.209) j + (0.624 0.653)k]R )R = (0.66 i + 0.570 j 0.029 k The magnitude is = (0.6582 + 0.5702 + 0.0292)1/2R = 0.873R = 5550 km 3-34. Magnitude = 5.02 + 3.02 + 1.02 = 35 = 5.9 units A 5.0 5.0 = 32 x-axis : cos x = x = x = cos1 A 5.9 5.9 Ay 3.0 3.0 = 60 y-axis : cos y = = y = cos1 A 5.9 5.9 A 1.0 1.0 = 80 z-axis : cos z = z = z = cos1 5.9 A 5.9

3-35.

32 + 62 + 22 = 49 = 7 units 1 The unit vector in this direction is ( 3i 6 j + 2k ) 7 Therefore the vector with magnitude 2 is 2 (unit vector) 6 12 4 = i j+ k 7 7 7 3i 6j+ 2k has magnitude

42

CHAPTER 3-36.

3A 2C = 4B. Then 3A 4B = 2C

C=

3-37. 3-38. 3-39.

3 A 2B 2 3 C = ( 6i 2 j ) 2 ( 4i 3j + 8k ) = 17i + 3j 16k 2 ( 5i + 2 j + k ) i ( 2i k ) = (5 2) + (2 0) + (1 [1]) = 9

The vectors A and B in Example 1 are perpendicular to each other, so the angle between them is 90. Because cos 90 = 0, A B = 0, regardless of their magnitudes.

A= B=

22 + 12 + 22 = 3 32 + 62 + 22 = 7

Dot product A B = (2)(3) + (1)(6) + (2)(2) = 8

3-40. 3-41. 3-42. 3-43.

A B = AB cos AiB 8 = 112 = cos1 = cos1 AB 73 A i B = ( Ax i + Ay j + Az k ) i ( Bx i + By j + Bz k ) = Ax Bx + Ay By + Az Bz

cos =

A i i 3 i1 + 4 i 0 + 2 i 0 = = 0.557 = cos 1 0.557 = 56.1 2 2 2 |A| 3 +4 +2 AiB = 4 + 6 + 2 = 4 A B = 1i 6 j + 11k A i B = | A || B | cos A B = | A || B | sin

If A B = A B, then A

B cos = |A| |B| sin cos = sin

3-44.

which gives: = 45 A = 50 sin 30 i + 50 cos 30 j = 25 i + 43.3 j B = 35 sin 70 i + 35 cos 70 j = 32.9 i + 12 j A B = (25)(12) i j (43.3)(32.9) j i = 1725 k (magnitude 1725 m 2 ; direction along the z -axis) B A = 1725 k (the same magnitude as A B; direction along the z axis)

3-45. 3-46. 3-47.

Take north to be j and east to be i. Then A B = (2180i ) ( 1790j) km 2 = 3.90 106 (i j) km 2 = 3.90 106 k km 2 See Eqs. (3.31) through (3.33). (2i 5 j + 3k ) (i + 0 j 2k ) = [(5)(2) (3)(0)]i + [(3)(1) (2)(2)]j + [(2)(0) (5)(1)]k = 10i 5 j + 3k

A = cos t i + sin t j dA = sin t i + cos t j dt dA = sin t cos t + sin t cos t = 0 A dt dA Since both A and are nonzero, they must be perpendicular to each other. dt

43

CHAPTER 3-48.

20

B
x
20 20 A 20 20

20 A

(a) (b) Define B to be the y axis as shown in (a). The x axis is shown perpendicular to B. The angle between A and B is 130 measured from the y axis, so A = 30sin130i + 30cos130j = 23.0i 19.3j. The component of A along B is 19.3 m. Next, define A to be the x axis as shown in (b). The y axis is shown perpendicular to A. Now the angle between A and B is 130 measured from the x axis, so B = 40cos130i + 40sin130j = 25.7i + 30.6j. The component of B along A is 25.7 m. A B = ( Ay Bz Az By )i + ( Az Bx Ax By ) j + ( Ax By Ay Bx )k

3-49.

A B = (5.0i 2.0 j + 3.0k ) ( Bx i + 3.0 j + Bz k ) = (2 Bz 9)i + (3Bx 5Bz ) j + (15 + 2 Bx )k A B = C = 2.0 j + C z k. (A B) x = Ay Bz Az By = C x 2 Bz 9 = 0 Bz = 4.5
( A B) y = Az Bx Ax Bz = C y 3Bx 5Bz = 2 Bx = = 1 (2 + 5Bz ) 3

1 [2 + 5 (4.5)] = 6.83. 3 ( A B) z = Ax By Ay Bx = C z 15 + 2 Bx = C z C z = 15 + 2(6.83) = 1.34 3-50.

A = Ax i + Ay j, B = Bx i + By j A i B = | A || B | cos = Ax Bx + Ay By A B = | A || B | sin = Ax By Ay Bx
(2) (1) tan = Ax By Ay Bx Ax Bx + Ay By
(1) (2)

3-51.

A = 2i j 4k
A= 22 + 12 + 42 = 21 1 unit vector is ( 2i j 4k ) = 0.44i 0.22 j 0.87k 21

3-52.

Let A = j + 2k and B = 3i j + k. Let the unit vector along A be u A = along B be u B = 3i j + k . 5

i + 2j and the unit vector 5

44

CHAPTER

A vector C pointing from 0 to the midpoint of the difference vector u A u B will bisect the angle between A and B, 1 1 C = u B + ( i1 i 2 ) = ( u1 + u 2 ) 2 2 =
1 3 1 1 1 2 + i+ j+ k 2 11 11 11 5 5
0 0

uB uB uA uA

C C

Auu A uB

Dividing C by its magnitude (|C| = 1/ 2 ) gives the required unit vector uC = 2C = ( 0.64i + 0.10 j + 0.81k ) 3-53. The displacement vector pointing from A to B is B A. The vector that points halfway between A and B is (B A)/2 from the tip of A, which makes its position vector at A + (B A)/2 = 1 1 1 (A + B)/2. Here, ( A + B ) = ( 4i + 2 j i + 3j + 2k ) = ( 3i + 5 j + 2k ) . Its magnitude 2 2 2 38 1 2 is 3 + 52 + 2 2 = . The unit vector that points in this direction is 2 2 1 ( 3i + 5 j + 2k ) = 0.49i + 0.81j + 0.32k. 38 Edges of the cube are parallel to the x-y-z axes. The diagonal of the unit cube is then AC = i + j + k whose magnitude is 12 + 12 + 12 = 3. Let AB be the unit vector in the

3-54.

x-direction. Then,
cos = = 3-55.
3-56.

) AC i AB 1 i i ( i+ j+k = = | AC || AB | 3 1i 3 3 = 54.7

cos 1

Since |A| 0, |B| 0, yet A i B = 0, we can conclude the angle between A and B is 90. So | A B | = | A || B | sin 90 = 4 6 = 24
(a) Right-hand-rule: fingers wrap from the first vector toward the second vector, the thumb points at the direction of the product. (b) A B = ( Ax i + Ay j + Az k ) ( Bx i + By j + Bz k ) = Ax Bx i i + Ay Bx j i + Az Bx k i + Ax By i j + Ay By j j + Az By k j + Ax Bz i k + Ay Bz j k + Az Bz k k = ( Ay Bz Az By )i + ( Az Bx Ax Bz ) j + ( Ax By Ay Bx )k

45

CHAPTER

(c) If A || B,

A B A B Az B = z, x = x, x = x Ay By Ay By Az Bz

Ax By Ay Bx = 0

Ax By Ay Bx = 0 Az Bx Ax Bz = 0 A B =0
3-57.

i j k Ay Az Ax Ay Ax Az Ax Ay Az = i j+ k By Bz Bx Bz Bx By Bx By Bz
3-58. 3-59. = (AyBz AzBy) i + (AzBx AxBz) j + (AxBy AyBx) k [(i j) i ] i = (k i ) i = j i = k [(i j) j] j = (k j) j = i j = k A = 2i 3 j + 2k. B = 3i + 4k. A B = (2i 3 j + 2k ) (3i + 0 j + 4k ) = ( Ay Bz Az By )i + ( Az Bx Ax Bz ) j + ( Ax By Ay Bx )k = [( 3)(4) (2)(0)]i + [(2)(3) (2)(4)]j + [(2)(0) (3)(3)]k = 12i 14 j 9k. 3-60. ) (2 ) (a) A (B + C) = (3 i 2 j + 2k i 3 j + 4k ) (2 ) (b) A (B + C) = (3 i 2 j + 2k i 3 j + 4k

= 3 2 2 = (8 + 6)i (12 4)j + (9 + 4) k = 2i 8 j 5k 2 3 4

Ax (c) A (B C) = Bx Cx
i j k

Ay By Cy

3 2 2 Az Bz = 0 0 4 = 3(12) + 2(8) + 2(0) = 20 2 3 0 Cz

(d) B C = 0 0 4 = 12 i +8 j 2 3 0

A (B C) = 3 2 2 = 16i + 24 j + 48k 12 8 0
3-61. The cross product of the two vectors will give a vector perpendicular to both.

( 4i + 3 j )

(i 3j + 2k ) = 4 3 0 = 6i 8j 9k 1 3 2 62 + 82 + 92 = 181 = 13.45

The magnitude of this vector is

46

CHAPTER

3-62.

The unit vector perpendicular to the two vectors is then 1 ( 6i 8 j 9k ) = 0.44i 0.59 j 0.67k 13.45 Volume of parallelopiped is equal to base area height = Base area A cos The base area = BC sin . Hence the base area = B C. The volume then is | A B | A cos . But B C points vertically upward and the angle between it and A is . So (B C) i A cos = |BC| A

V = |B C | A cos = | B C | (B C) i A = A i (B C) | B C | A
3-63. Pick B along the x-axis and C along the x-y plane. B = Bx i C = Cx i + C y i

A = Ax i + Ay i + Az k
Then,

i (B C) = Bx
Cx

j 0
Cy

k 0 = BxCy k 0 j Ay 0 k Az
Bx C y
= AyBxCy i AxBxCy j

i Therefore A (B C) = Ax 0

But B(A C) C(A B) = Bx i ( Ax C x + Ay C y ) (Cxi + Cyj)AxBx

= AxBxCx i + AyBxCy i AxBxCx i AxBxCy j = Ay Bx C y i Ax Bx C y j = A (B C)

3-64.

Let x and y be along magnetic east and north, respectively. (a) Coordinates based on magnetic north E comp: 5.0 sin 56 = 4.15 km N comp: 5.0 cos 56 = 2.80 km (b) Coordinates based on geographic north E comp: 5.0 sin 445 = 3.48 km N comp: 5.0 cos 445 = 3.59 km Note: We can also use the rotation angle 1155 E comp: 4.15 cos (1155) + 2.80 sin (1155) = 3.48 km N comp: 4.15 sin (1155) + 2.80 cos (1155) = 3.59 km

47

CHAPTER 3-65. If the axis of the original coordinate system is rotated so that it points in the direction of this vector, the only non-zero component will be the x component. This vector makes an angle tan1(3/6) = tan1(1/2) = 26.6 with the x-axis. Thus a rotation of 26.6 will do the job. The vector will have coordinates 3-66. magnitude = 62 + 32 i = 6.71i 902 + 702 = 114 km

3-67.

70 direction: = tan 1 = 37.9 west of north. 90 By the law of cosines: C 2 = A2 + B2 2AB cos 115 = 3502 + 1202 + 2(350)(120)(0.4226) = 172,400 m2 C = 415 m

3-68.

By the law of sines, the angle between A and C is given by sin sin 115 = 120 415 120 = sin1 sin 115 = 15.2 415 Therefore, the angle between C and north is 45 15.2 = 29.8 and the resultant has a magnitude of 415 m, at 29.8 W of N. (5 2 + 4)i + (0 + 1 + 2) j + (3 3 + 1)k 7 1 = i + j+ k rave = 3 3 3

3-69. 3-70.

59 7 1 2 +1 + = 3 3 3 Horizontal component = 2.0 sin(30) = 1.0 Vertical component = 2.0 cos(30) = 1.7 Magnitude = 2 cos(30) 250 = 433 km. The direction is
| rave | =

due south. 30

30 S

48

CHAPTER 3-71.

A = 6.2 cos 30i 6.2 sin 30j B = 9.6j Therefore, A + B = 6.2 cos 30i + ( 6.2 sin 30 9.6)j = 5.4i 12.7 j and A B = 6.2 cos 30i (6.2 sin 30 9.6)j = 5.4i + 6.5 j The displacement D = 4I + 5j + 3k m. | D | = (4) 2 + (5) 2 + (3) 2 m = 7.1 m.

3-72.

By trial and error, one discovers that the shortest path across the room starting at the origin is diagonally across the floor (4 m 5 m) and up the wall (3 m). The distance is

4 2 + 52 + 3 m =

9.4 m. If the lizard crawls only along the walls as the problem says, the shortest distance will be diagonally along the wall that is 4 m long and 3 m high then horizontally along the 5 m long wall. Now the distance is 3-73. 3-74.

42 + 32 + 5 m = 10 m.

22 + 12 + (4) 2 = 4.58 (a) A + B = i 6j (b) A B = 7 i + 2j (c) 3A B = 15i 2j A = 50 sin 30 i + 50 cos 30 j B = 35 sin 70 i + 35 cos 70 j A B = (50)(35) {sin 30 sin 70 cos 30 cos 70} = 1750 (0.47 0.30) = 304 m 2 The angle between A and B is 100. Therefore, the magnitude of A B is | A B | = (6.0)(8.0) sin 100 m = 47.3 m By the right-hand rule, the direction of A B is downward.

3-75.

3-76.

3-77.

3-78.

If is the angle between A and B, then the component of A along B is A cos . But cos = AiB AiB . B = 12 + 32 + 22 = 14 = 3.74. (A B)/(AB). Therefore A cos = A = B AB 15 = 4.0. A B = (3)(1) + (4)(3) + (0) (2) = 15. Then A cos = 3.74 AiB with A = 32 + 42 = 5. Thus, B cos Similarly, the component of B along A is A 15 = = 3.0. 5 (a) A + B = 5i + j k (b) A B = i + 3j k (c) A i B = 6 2 + 0 = 4 (d) A B = [(2)(0) ( 1)(1)]i + [(1)(3) (0)(2)]j + [(2)( 1) (2)(3)]k = i 3j 8k

49