Henderson On Aeneid 1

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VERGIL'S AENEID,
BOOK
EDITED
I.
WITH INTRODUCTORY
AND
NOTICES, NOTES,
COMPLETE VOCABULARY,
rOR THE UBB OP
CLASSES READING FOR SECOND CLASS CERTIFICATES AND FOR UNIVERSITY MATRICULATION.
BY
JOHN HENDERSON,
BEAD MASTER,
ST.
M. A.
CATHAAtNES COIXEOUTB INSTITnTB.
NEW
EDITION.
TORONTO:
THE
COPP,
9
CLARK COMPANY
FRONT STREET WEST.
(LIMITED),
Entered according to Act of the Parliament of Canada,

eight hundred and ninety-one, by
in the
year one thousand
The
Copp, Clark Company (Ldiited), Toronto,
Ontario, in the Office of the Minister of Agriculture.
PREFACE
edition is designed to meet the wants of stn lents reading Second Class Certiticates and University Pass Matriculation. The notes have been purposely made copious and fulL When it is remembered that Vergil is usually put into the hands of a school boy at a very early period of the course, and that the Aeneid is really a difficult book for a junior pupU, no apology need be offered for the assistance
for
The present
given in this edition. Latin
The
object of the notes
is
principally to explain
edition of Harkness's
the grammatical difficulties that occur.
The
liitest
In regard to Orthography, though some forms not usually met with in ordinary
Edition of 1881)
is
Grammar (Standard
referred to.
have been introduced, the readings of Bibbeck have not, as a whole, been adopted. The pupil would be puzzled if we were to read e.g. omnis (ace. pi.) in one line, and omnes in the next, for the same case. The letter j throughout has also been retained. Pupils will never learn to appreciate VergU, if teachers bother them with nice
editions
questions of Latin orthography,

dispute.
which,
in
many
cases,
are
still
in
The
editions of Conington,
Kennedy and Greenough have been
con-
sulted in preparing the notes of the edition.

St.
Catharines,
May
28th, 1886.
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.

In this edition the notes have been considerably enlarged and in
cases entirely re-written.
many
Some
sliglit
typographical errors, which in-
advertently crept into the First Edition, have been corrected.
St.
Cathakinrs, Oct. 24th,
1890.
Digitized by the Internet Archive

in
2009 with funding from
Ontario Council of University Libraries
http://www.archive.org/details/vergilsaeneidOOvirg
LIFE OF VERGIL.
Publius Vergilius Maro^

October, B.C. 70, in
tlie lirst
w.is
born on the fifteenth of
Birth.
consulship of
M.
Licinius Crassus
and Cn. Pompeius, at Andes, (now P'utola), a small village near Mantua. Since the full franchise was not given to this part of Gaul (GaUia Transpadana) till some years afterwards^, the poet, like many of his predecessors and contemporaries in literature, was not a Roman, but an Italian
provincial.'
The parents
obscure birth.
of
Vergil,
like
those of
Horace, were of His
parents.
Some
authorities say that the poet's father
he was a brickmaker, while others was the servant of a travelling merchant, Magius, whose daughter, Magia Polla, he afterwards married. Whatever may have been his occupation, certain it is, that he was at the time of the poet's birth, the steward, factor, or The childhood of possessor of an estate near Mantua. Vergil was passed amid the hills and woods that fringed the verdant banks of the Mincius, and the early association of the poet with the lovely scenery in the neighborhood of his native town may account for the exquisite touches of pastoral life which is so well depicted in the Eclogues and the
was a
potter, others, that
again assert that he
Georgics.
'
Every
Roman
citizen
had
re<:fularly
three
names
denoting-
the individual, the
Publius Vergilim Maro, Pubhus is tliepraenomen, marking the vdividwd; Vergil iusis the nomen, denoting the rjens or clan while M'iro is the cofinomen, or family name. Sometimes an agnomen was added for honorgens or clan, and the/dmilia.
Thus
in
arj' distinction,
as Africamis to Scipio,
;
Numidicv^
to Metellus.
till
The
original form of
the
2
name was VergUius

B.C. 49.
Virgilius
was not common
the middle ages.
'
Furius Bibaculus was

:
bom
at
Cremona
;
Varro, at Atax
Asinius Pollio,
;
among
the Marsi
Aemilius Macer, at Verona

Sallust, at
Cornelius Callus, at
Venusia
Quinctilius Varro, at
Cictro, at
Arpinum
men
of the time Tibullus,
Cremona; Catullus, at at Umbria; Amitemuni Livy, at Patavium. Of the distinguished Caesar, and Lucretius alone were bom at Rome.
;
Forum Julii Verona; Pr pertius,
florace, at
LIFK OK VIORGJI.
His
stîdies
\\v
Vergil began his studies at Cremona, where,
we
are told,
beffin
65 B.C.
assumed the toga
virilis
on the same
itself
Lucretius died.
The town
Varro.
day on which had already been noted,
having been the birthplace of Furius Bibaculus, and of the

critic, Quinctilius
VerfHl goen
to
After a brief stay at Cremona, and svibsequently at Mediohniuni

Vergil, after the
of rhetoricians
torician,
Rome,
B.C. SS.
In the capital, {Mihm), the poet went to Rome. fashion of the day, attended the lectures
and philosophers.
teacher of
the
Under Epidius, the rheMarc Antony and afterwards of
Octavius, and under the Epicurean philosopher, Siron, the
poet became acquainted with the outlines of rhetoric and

philosophy.
for the bar,
It is quite probable that his father
intended him
in-
but a weak voice and a diffident manner were

the
superable barriers in
public speaking.
way
of
obtaining distinction in
Vergil soon gave up rhetoric, and, in fact,
renounced poetry for the more congenial study of philosophy. Under Siron, he seems to have made considerable progress in Epicurean philosophy, and the love he retained for this branch
of learning is
plainly
observable
in
many
of
his
extant
writings.*
he welcomes the exchange

useful studies
In a minor poem, generally supposed to be genuine, of poetry and rhetoric for more
with you, empty coloured flagons of the rhetoricians, words swollen, but not with the dews of Greece ; and, away with you, Stilo, Tagitius and Varro, you, nation of pedants, soaking with fat you, empty cymbals of the classroom. Farewell, too, Sabinus, frientl of all my friends now, farewell, all my beautiful companions, we are setting our sails for a haven of bliss, going to hear the learned words of the great .Siri>n, and we mean to redeem our life from all Farewell, too, sweet Muses ; for, to tell the distraction. trutK, I have found how sweet you were: and yet, I pray you look on my pages again, but with modesty and at rare
"
Away
intervals."*
Gees to Naples.
After a short stay at Rome, Vergil probaVjly went to Naples, where we are told, Parthenius, another Epicurean, was his
1^
'st^ructor.
;:
The
IV., -219;
great
Aeu:
Epic of
I.,
Lucretius,
added to
tiie
743; VI., 724; Geoig: II 475-492.
6CaUlepta: VII.
Di Rtrum Naiura.
LIFE OF VEHGIL.
teachings of his instructors gave, no doubt, his mind a strong bent towards the doctrines of Epicurus. It is probable that the ^ poet returned to his father's farm before the outbreak of Returns the war between Pompey and Caesar, B. C. 49. It is also likelj' honu.
.
that he remained there

42),
till
after the battle of Philippi (B.C.
and that he employed his time in gaining by observation materials which he afterwards employed in his great didactic poem, the Georgics. Unlike Horace, Vergil sympathized with the party of Caesar. The formation of the Second Triumvirate threw the Koman world into the broils of a civil
war.
In the division of the provinces, the Gauls (except
fell to Antony. The lands of eighteen were given up to reward the legions of the unscrupulous Antony, and among the lands were those of Cremona. The district around this city failing to satisfy the greedy rapacit}' of the legionaries of the Triumvir, the farms of the neighbouring Mantua were seized, and among the lands con-
Gallia Narbonensis)
cities
fiscated
were those of the poet's father,
C. Asiuius Pollio, y^j^^"^
the prefect of GaUia
Transpadaiia, unable to restrain the
lawlessness of the soldiers of Antony, sent Vergil to
Rome
Regains hix
with a recommendation to Augustus to allow the poet to It is quite probable that conretain his paternal estate.
genial tastes
aud a recMUiition
oi the genius or
.,
f.
IT
-y
Vergil may/arjn.
have influenced Pollio to take this course. At the close of the same year (41 B.C.), however, war broke out anew between Octavius and L. Antonius. Pollio, was deposed from Another oflBce, and Alfenus Varus appointed in his stead. division of lands followed, and the poet is said to have been deprived of his estate the second time.'' His friends Gallus, (^,^^^(,5^^^ /''' Pollio, and Farus, however, interposed and saved his farm. By them he was introduced to Maecenas, the patron of afterwards the prime minister of Augustus. literary men This "year marks the beginning of the rising fortunes of theS.C.W.
With his friend and patron, P ollio, as Consul, Vergil /ori!M7ie poet. became the honoured member of a literary coterie which Vergil.
graced the table of Maecenas.
o/
The intimacy that Vergil enjoyed at court, is shewn by his being one of those who went to Brundisium along with Maecenas, when the latter
was negotiating a treaty between Augustus and Antony.*

7
log-ues I. and I.\. Horace: Satires I., 5 and

:
10.
8
His
residences.
LIFE OF VERGIIi.
Through the munitnccnt kindness of his patrons he wjia He had a magnificent house raised to luxury and affluence. in Rome on the Esquiline near the residences of Horace and Maecenas, estates in Sicily, and in Campania, near Naples. The mild climate and clear skies of Southern Italy suited his delicate constitution, and till his death, his Campanian residence was his favorite abode.* From the date of his early
need be said of his life except that he devoted himself to study and to the completion of his immortal works. In the year B.C. 19, he went to Greece, possibly with a view to restore his health, and to At Athens he give a finish to his great work, the Aeneid. Vergil met Augustus who had just returned from Samos. returned to Italy in company with the Emperor, but died at Brundisium three days after he landed, 2'2nd September, He was buried near Naples, on the road leading to 19 B.C. His epitaph, said to have been dictated Puteoli (PuzzuoH). by. himself in his last moment, was as follows ;
Eclogues
till
his death, little
Deith.
Epitaph.
70
Mantua me genuit; Calabri rapuere;

I
1
tenet
nunc
Parthenope.
is
Cecini pascua, rura, duces.^"
Vergil
generally described as of tall stature, delicate
frame, homely features, and dark complexion, abstinent in
the use of food, shy, and fond of retirement.

to have
lines thus
Horace
is
said
had Vergil in his mind's eye when he wrote^^ the rendered by Conington
:
"The man
is
passionate, perhaps misplaced
In social circles of fastidious taste
His ill-trimmed beard, his dress of uncouth His shoes ill -fitting, may provoke a smile
; ;
stj'le,
But he's the soul of virtue but he's kind, But that coarse body hides a mighty mind."
He was
the
so pure and chaste that the Neapolitans gave 'him

of
name
Parthenias, or the maiden. ^'^
He
is
said to
traits
have been shy and even awkward in society, and these

Geo. IV., 563.
Illo
Vergilium ine tempore dulcis alebat Parthenope, studiis florentcm ignobilis oti.
last line
">Some have taken the

Aeneid.
to refer to the Eclogrues, the Georgics,
and the
HHor.
Sat.
I. 3,
29-31.
1 irapfie^-os,
a maiden.
WORKS OF VEKGIL.
even the polished society of the Capital never succeeded in He was (listmstful of his own powers, w hich
his hig h ideas of literary excellence led
eradicating.
him
to.uudejcjrate.
In the midst
ous
of
an
;
irreligious age,
he had the stronges t
religious sentiment
;
in the midst of vice,
he remained virtuthe writings of
and
wliile
licentiousness
disfigures
many
of his brother poets, the pages of Vergil
everywhere
inculcate the highest truths of morality
and
virtue.
n.
WORKS.
Vergil is said to have attempted in his youth an epic Early poem^' on the wars of Rome, but the difficulty of the task His earlier poems, soon led him to abandon his design.
Culex, Moretum, Ciris, Copa and those that pass under the name Caialepta, though they give little proof of great ability, still show the careful attention the poet bestowed on metre and diction. The writings that first established the reputauorks.
tion of Vergil were the Edorjaes,^* pastoral poems, ten ia.Eclogues.
number, written between 43 B.C. -37 B.C. This class of poetry was as yet unknoAvn
in Italy,
though
it rpj^ôcritus
had
already reached its perfection in the
hand
of the Sicilian anap^stoml
Theocritus, whose influei||e
may be
traced in
many
writers
from the days
of Vergil to those of
Tennyson.
the Sicilian exhibits a true picture of joys and sorrows, character, sentiment and habits of the rural
swains, the piny woods of fertile
The IdyP* of the shepherd's life. The
with feeding
Sicily, the upland lawns sky of his native island are delineated so true to nature, that the homely bard not only won the ear of the most critical period of Greek literature, but has left his undying impress on all subsequent As Kingsley has said, " Theocritus is one of pastoral poetry.
flocks, the
sea and
the poets
who
will never die.

;
He
sees
men and
things in his
own
I
light way, truly

3.
and he describes them simply, hon-
EclofTue VI.,
>*
PovKo\fto, to attend rattle).
These were called by the generic term Bucolica (fiovKoXiKa, scil, iroi.ij/u.aTa, from The terra Eclogue is from the Greek iKXoyri, a choice
coUectvm, and
larger number.
that the poems under that name were a collection from a Spenser wrote the word Mglogue and followed the derivation of Petrarch, aiîiv Aoyoi, " tales o/ goatx" or " laled of goatherdg."
16 eiSuAAo',
may mean
little
picture.
10
WORKS OF VKKGtL.
estly, and with careless touches of pathos and humor, while he floods his whole scene Avith that gorgeous Sicilian air like one of Titian's pictures, and all this is told in a language and
metre which shapes itself almost unconsciously, wave after wave, into the most luscious joy."
Theocritus
Vergil's Eclogues, on the other hand, can hardly be said to
'cmnmu-^ be true pictures of pastoral life. His shepherds and shepherdesses belong to the island of Sicily lather than to the
district of
Mantua.
Often, too, he
dress a mere pretext for discussing
makes the shepherd's some political event, or for

Varro, or Gallus.
paying some compliment to

too
artificial.
Pollio,
His
life is
characters are too conventional, his representation of
In the
Roman
Eclogue
we
miss that individu-
alizing the
character which so strongly marks the
Greek
Their
^
Idyl.
StiU the earlier poems of Vergil have beauties.

style,
art.
:
melodious diction, their soft and easy flowing admired by Horace, no mean judge of the poet's
Division of
Eclojues.
were
Dunlop divides the Eclogues into two
classes
1 )
those in
which, by a sort of allegory, some events or characters of the time are drawn under the image of pastoral life as in 1,
4, 6,
10
(2)
those in which shepherds and rural scenes are
really depicted, as in 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9.
(1)
Others divide them:

2,
those copied from Theocritus, a#l,

4, 6, 10.
3,
5,
7, 8, 9
(2)
those more original, as

TheGeorgics
four books, was written (between B.C. 37-B.C. 3U^*j at the request of Maecenas^^ to whom the poem was dedicated. In this didactic Epic, Vergil copies
The
Georgics,'^'' in
largely from
Hesiod, Nicander, and Aratus.^"
While the
his
Eclogues have justly been regarded as inferior to the Idyls of Greek original, Theocritus, the Georgics, on the other
hand, have been accouuteil superior to any other poem on the

1
'7
Sat.
1.
10, 45.
Gcorgica,yeiopyLKa, from yea.=yri, the earth
and
epyov,
a work.
alluded to in the Georgics are: the death of Julius 8 The chief historical events civil wars ended by the battle of PhilipiJi, 42 B.C. the Caesar, 44 B.C. (B. 1, 456);
(B. 1, 490);
the wars waged (34 B.C.) in Parthia under Antony and those on the (B. 1, 509); the battle of Actium and the submission of the East B.C. 30 (B. 2, 172; 3, 27.32; 4, 5C2): the irraption of the Daci on the Danube,
Rhine under Agrippa

30 (B.
2, 497).
B.C
'0
See the opening lines of Georgics,

Hesiod's Wurks
I.
and
IV.
Oeorrjics.
*>
and Days ;
Aratus's
Phuenomena ; Nicander'a
WORKS OF VEKGiL.
same subject that has ever appeared.
the apt
11
The harmonious ami Peutieso/

* (êorgtcs.
graceful language, the pleasing descriptions of rural scenes,
charming episodes, all combine to lend au which in any other hands would have intolerably dull. Tiie time was ripe for such a poem. been Agriculture had h> en the chief employment and the honored occupation of the Romans from the early days of the The long-continued wars had, however, desolated City. Italy, ^^ and Vergil with sorrow laments, "the plough hath not its meed of honor, the fields lie neglected, and the the crooked pruning hooks are tillers are off to the war forged into stiff swods. "^^ Even after war had ceased, the soldier, too long accustomed to cr.jnps and the excitement of a
and
interest to a subject,
military
life,
cared
little
about the prosaic
life of
a farmer.
To
recall the
peaceful habits of rural industry, the poem,
which Addison pronounces " the most complete, elaborate and finished piece of all antiquity," was written. The first Cnntmts o/ *'"'^'**book trtats of tillage, the second of orchards, the third of the care of horses and cattle, and the fourth of bees. The two most successful imitations in English of this poem are Philips's Yet, no one can read Pastorals, and Thompson's Seadons. the English imitations without being struck with tlieir inferiority to the
poem
of Vergil.
The Aeneid,^ in twelve books, written between 29 B.C. Aeneid. and 19 B.C., recounts the story of the escape of Aeneas from bnrni"g Troy, his wanderings over the deep in search of a home which the fates had promised, his final settlement in Italy as the founder of the Roman Empire destined in after No doubt, Vergil, borrowed largely ages to rule the world. ^*'"5''"' frun the Greek and Roman writers who preceded him. The charged '^ uith Romans were original in no department of literature, except plagiarism.
,
.
Civil wars, almost continuous,

1,
had raged
in Italy froi;i 49-31 B.C.
Georg.
507:
non
Et curvae rvjidum fakes
**The
first
ulliig
aratro
Di'jnus honos, nqualent abductis arva colonis,

conjlaittur in ensem.
is in a letter of Vergil to Augustus was on an expedition against the Caiitai)ri ins. De Aenea rjuidetn rrwo, simeheiculejam. diijmim auribug haherem luig libenter tnitterem: sed tanta inrfioa'a rex >r, ut jiaene vitiis mentix tanlvm opu:iinrjressustnihi
notice of the Aeneid that
we have
written probably B.C. 26,
when the
latter
videar,
cum
prarserlim,, ut xcio, alia
qitoque ntudiu,
ad id
oyius iniUtoque potiora
impreliar.
Macrub. Sat.
1, 2:, 12.
12
WOUKS OF VEKGIU
perhaps in the departments of History ami Jiirisiirinlence. Vergil can hardly be called a borrower any more than the rest
of his
countrymen
in other spheres of letters.
The
religion,
the philosophy, the very political life of the Romans, were all of composite structure, and poetry could scan^cly avoid
the eclecticism that everywhere prevailed.
The
object of
Vergil was to produce a national epic, by showing the vari-
ous steps of the growth of the Empire, and in doing
this,
he had
to give prominence to the influence of
Greek
litera-
ture as an important element in moulding

V.'yfril
Roman
thought.
Vergil had been severely censured^* for his deficiency in

^jjg
clUicised.
power
of
invention, for his intermixture of
Greek and
Latin traditions, for his anachronisms, for his mode of representing the character of Aeneas, and for the sameness of
These are the main charges brought by his detractors, and granting the full indictment brought against the poem, Vergil still has the proud claim No doubt his of being one of the greatest of epic poets. power of invention is less than Homer's, no doubt he did intermingle the traditions of Gieece and those of Rome, (for this, as we have remarked, could hardly be otherwise in his
the indiviilual
chiii iicturs.
no doubt he did commit the heinous crime of anachronism, but he sins in this along with Shiikespeare and Milton, and there is no doubt that this hero Aeneas is cold-blooded These defects, however, are far more and uninteresting. than counterbalanced by his many excellencies. "There is in Vergil a great tenderness of feeling, something better and more charming than mere Roman virtue or morality. That he excels in pathos, as Homer in sublimity, is an old This pathos is given opinion, and it is surely the right one. at times by a single epithet, liy a slight touch, with graceful this tenderness is more striking art by an indirect allusion stern lioman character and wth the contrasted with the as The poet never becomes stately majesty of the verse. he hardly ever ofiends againt good affected or sentimental taste he knows where to stop ; he is excellent in his silence
age),
; ;
Wordsworth says, is a master of language, but no one can really be a master of language unless he be also a master of thought of which language is the expression.
as well as in his speech
;
Vergil, as
^*
Especially by the
Emperor Cali^la, Markland, and
Niebuljr.
WORKS OF VEKGIL.
Cnitwell thus defends Vergil in regard to the main charge:
Vertil
13
"The Aeneid was meant

poem, carrying on the
to be, above all things, a national
lines of thought, the style of speech,

;
which national progress had chosen and it was not meant to eclipse, so much as to do honor to, early literature. Thus those bards who, like Ennins and Naevius, had done good service to ]\ome by singing, however rudely, her history, find their imagines ranged in the gallery of the Aeneid. Thus they meet with the flamens and pontiffs, who drew up the witli the antiquarians and pious scholars, ritual formularies who had sought to find a meaning in the immemorial names, whether of place or custom or person with the magistrates, novelists and philosophers, who had striven to ennoble and enlighten Roman virtue, with the Greek singers and sages, for they, too, had helped to rear the towering fabric of Roman All these meet together in the Aeneid, as in greatness. solemn conclave, to review their joint work, to acknowledge its final completion, and to predict its impending downfall. This is beyond question the explanation of the wholesale appropnation of others' thoughts and language, which would
;
otherwise be sheer plagiarism."
The object that Vergil had in writing the Aeneid is variously Object Spence, Holdsworth and Warton say that stated by writers. the poem was written with a political object to reconcile the This view is also held Romans to the new order of things. that the poem had as much a political by Pope, who says object as Dryden's Absalom and Achitophel; that its primary object was to praise Augustus, and the secondary one was to flatter the Romans by dwelling on the splendor of their "Augustus is e^^dently typified under the character origin. both are of Aeneas, both are cautious and wise in counsel
;
of
free
from the perturbations of passion ; they were cold, unfeeling, and uninteresting ; their wisdom and policy were worldly-minded and calculating. Augustus was conscious and the that he was acting a part, as his last words show the sentiment and conduct of between Aeneas, whencontrast ever the warm impulses of affection might be supposed to have sway, likewise created an impression of insincerity. The characteristic virtue which adorns the hero of the Aeneid
;
as the epithet
filial
pi?/*,
so constantly ajjplicd to
virtue
piety,
and there was no
him shows, was which Augustus more

14
LIFE OP VBROIL.
ostentatiously put forward than dutiful affection to Julius Caesar
who
adopted him."
Browne.
III.
PRINCIPAL ROMAN EPIC WRITERS.

[The Student shovld consult Smith's Ci'S'tdml Dictionary for on account o/ the
subjoined poets.]
Namb.
LIFE OF VERGIL.
15
CHRONOLOGY,
Date.
LlFB OF VKRGIL.
&c., (Continued.)
LmsRART Chronology.
of Lucretius, aet.
Civn. Chronologt.
55
Vergil assumes the Death toffa virilis at Cre44.
Caesar's
first
invasion of
Britain.
mona.
54
Verffil
begins the study of philoso phy.
Caesar's second invasion of

Britain.
49
Caesar dictator. the franchise Transpadani.
Confers
on
the
Death
48
Battle of Pharsalia.
of
Pompey.
44
Caesar assassinated.
Earliest date of logues.
43
Ec
Second Triumvirate.
Kclogue II. probably written.

42
Eclogues
III.
and V
Horace
b II nits
serves
as
t'l-
Philippi fought.
written.
tniUium at
Phil-
ippL
41
Vergil's estate confiscated.
Eclogue
ten.
IX.
writ-
40
Vergil's estate stored.
reI.,
Consulship of Polio. Treaty of Brundisium.
Writes Eclogues
IV.,
VIII.,
and
perhaps VI.
37
Vergil wrote
Eclogue X. Georgics begun.
Death
of Sallust.
Battle of Actium.
Aeneid begun.
Augustus? writes to Vefgil concerning the Aeneid.
23
Death
Death
of Vergil at Bniiidiîinn.
of Marcellua
'^
19
16
METRE OF THK AENEID.

V.
METRE.
The dactylic hexameter,
The Aeneid
^j^
.
is
written in the heroic metre of the
Romans
^j^^
dactylic hexameter.
This was the most ancient as
among the Greeks It was cultivated at an early period, far and Romans. beyond the beginnings of authentic history, as we find it in its most perfect shape in the poems of Homer and Hesiod, and the responses of the Delphic oracle. Ennius is said to
well as the most dignified form of verse
have discarded the rude Saturnian metre of his predecessors, and to have introduced the hexameter among the Romans. Vergil is generally considered as the model of this kind of
verse
among the
the
first
Latins.
The
feet,
fifth is
dactylic hexameter consists, as its
name
implies of six
;
four of which
may be
:
dactyls or spondees
the
usually dactyl, and the sixth invariably a spondee.

is
The following
the scheme
\j \J
yj kJ
Ifo. Of dactyls
For the comparative number of dactyls and spondees in and ^j^g gj.g^ Jq^j. places no definite rule can be given. Generally speaking, the line is more smooth when the arrangement is varied to avoid monotony. A succession of dactyls may be
(1)
used for various reasons,

Intdnu\erU pdli,
\
e.g.,
quick motion, cp. B.
I.
90.
et creb\ris
mtcat\ lgmbiis\ aether,
where the quick flashes of lightning and the instant peals of thunder fall in quick succession.
SoinB. I. 150: Jdmque Jac\es
et\
sdxa vo\ldnt furdr\ drma mln\lstrat:

of
where the quick succession
brands and stones follow.
On
the other hand a succession of spondees

effort
:
may
be em-
ployed to describe a laboured
cp. B. I. 118.
Adpdr\ent rd\ri ndnt\es
in\
gurgUe\ vdsto.
Here the slow spondees mark the struggling motions of the crew amid the waves.
So
also
a dignified gait
I.
may
be
imitated
by
successive
spondees: B.
46.
Ast
ego\
quae dllvum ince\do re\glna Jdv\tsquS.
METRE OF THE AENEID.

(2)
Rarely the
fifth foot is
:
line is called a
spondaic^ line
a spondee, in which case the Spondaic '**** e.g., B. I. 617.
Tune
(3)
ille\
Aene\ds quem\ Dardani\o An\chisaff.
When
the last syllable of a word remains over, after Word

is
the completion of a foot, that syllable

syllable, in
it
called a caesural
off,
""^*"^'^
consequence of
its
being separated, or cut
as
were, from the rest of the word in scaning the verse. The term caesura^ is also applied to a pause or stress of the The voice, which naturally rests on the caesural syllable. melody of the verse depends in a great measure on the position of the caesura.
Verse
'**'*"''''
The
chief verse caesuras in the dactylic
hexameter are
(a)
PenthemimeraV" Caesura at the end

:
of the first syllable Penthemi-
of the third foot
B.
I.
621.
"^^ra.
Auodll\o Be\lt'; genl\tdr turn] Belus d\plmdm.

(b)
'
Hephthemivieral^ Caesura,
:
at the
end
of
the
first ffephthe-
syllable of the fourth foot
B.
I.
441.
mitneral Caesura.
JjUcGs in\ urhe fu\it medi\d" lae]tlssimus\ umbrae.

(c) r'Ao
.
Trochaic'^, after the trochee of the third foot
B.
I. Trochaic
Caesura
Lu8trd\bunt conv\exa," pdl\us dum\ stderd\ pdscet.

(d)
Bucolic^ Caesura,
at
the end of the dactyl of the

is
Bttcolic
^''*"''-
fourth foot
B.
I.
when
this foot
a dactyl and ends the word
154.
Sic cunct\us pelag\l cecl dU\ frdgor\" aethera] postquam.\

It
may
be observed, generally, that a verse
may have
one,
two or three caesuras ; that verse, however, is best divided in which the sense pause and the caesural pause coincide as
in
each case given above.

Vergil
In
**
we have
28 spondaic lines: 17 of these end in a quadrisyllable, 9 in a
trisyllable, 2 in a mouosylalile.
Called by the Greeks

iriVre,
to/htj,
o cutting.
l^^pos,
From
caesura.
five;
V'. ^V;
part, or /oof.
hence the fi/th-hal//oot
This
is
also
caUsd the strong or masculine caesura.
wProm
caesura.
firra,
seven; rim, half; êpos, a part oi foot; hence the seventh-half-foot
Also called the weak or feminine caesura,
So called
caesura
is
because often employed by Vergnl

in the
in his pastoral ot Bucolic poetry.
Thi
common
poems
of Theocritua.
18
Last word in the line.
(4)

The
jjart
last
word
in a dactylic hexametei' line is for the
most
a dissyllable,'^ or a trisyllable.
A quadrisyllable is
rarely allowed, except in the case of a proper name.

times, but rarely, a monosyllable
line,
is
and generally
:
in the case of
Someemployed at the end of a est, and then usually with
an
elision
B.
I.
105.
Dat
l(ttus\;
insequiHur cumul'o" prae\ruptu8 a\quae md7is.\

tgt\
Expldr\dre lab\or-" mihi\ jiissa cap\essSri\ fas
Ac
Metrical
figure*.
velu\ti mdg\n<} in popul\d"
cum\ saepe c5\drla
e8t\
(6)
Metrical figures
Elision occurs
Elision.
(a)
thong, or with the letter,

following
h.
when a word ending in a vowel or diph-m preceded by a vowel and the

di^jhthoug, or the letter
word begins with a vowel,

such
is
When
is
the case the last syllable of the word so

bj'
ending with a vowel, diphthong, or the letter -m preceded

a vowel
elided, i.e., struck out together,
e.g.
and
in scansion is
not regarded as a part of the verse,

(1) B. I.
95
Quis dn\te ora pa\t7-um Tro\jae suh\ motnlhus]

(2)
dltis.
B.
I.
210
prae,dae dccing\uni daplb\usque /u\turi8.\
:
Illi \se
(3) B. I.
180
Aenelas scd2)u\lum intSri\d cdnsc\endit,

(4) B. I.
St\
dinnim.
213
MlttiCe\; forsan
(5) B. I.
et\
haec
6\ll7n me7nin\isse
juv\dbU.
246
Itmare\ prdruptum\
In
(1)
et p'^lag\6
prhnit\ arvd son\&nti.

i.e., left
the vowel
-e in
ante
is
elided,
out in scan-
sion before the vowel o- in the next
word
is
ora.
In
gunt.
(2)
the diphthong -ae in praedae

the -um
elided before accin-
In
(3)
is
elided before the interea.
In
In
"
Leaviiijf
:
(4) et is (5)
not
in
aflFected in
scansion
by the h
in haec.
-um
proruptum
is
elided before
first
e- in et.
out the three unfinished hnes in the

323 trisyllabic
;
hook
of the -Aeneid
we have 420
dissyllabic
8 nionosyllabic
2 quadrisyllabic endings.

(b) Tlie non-elision of a final
initial
19
vowel or diphthong before a,nBiatus.

called a hiatus, e.g.,
vowel, h or diphthong
16
:
is
B.
I..
Foslhubt\td 'colu\isse Sa\7nd, htc\ illius \drin&.
B.
I.
617
Tunc
ille
\Aene\ds quern \Darda}ti\o An\ch.u'ae.\
The
first
hiatus
may
be explained that in the case of a

is
proper noun, and a sense pause, the hiatus

the second example considerable license
case of a proper noun.
admissible.
In
is
admitted in the
is defined as the union of two vowels in be properly pronounced separately as which should sound (c)
Synaeresis
Synaeregis.
-ei
in Oilf^
-eu in Ilioneus
-ei
in deinde.
This figure
is
also
called Synize.sis.
e.g. B. I.
120
Jd
B.
I.
,1
fdli\dam Ilion
ei
ndv\em,
jdm
\fortis A\chaiae.
195:
VinS, hon\us quae, \deinde cdd\ls oner\drdt Ac\estes.
It Synapheia. (d) Synapheia is the principle of continuous scansion. sometimes happens that a final vowel, diphthong, or -m preceded by a vowel at the end of a line is elided before the initial vowel, diphthong, or h at the beginning of the next
line
e.g. B. I.
332
J(lcte\mur doct\ds t\gnari
homt\numque
I8\cdru7n\que
Errdmus,
So
also, B. I.
448
\llm,ina,\
Aered\ cUi gradi\hus sur\gehdnt
nexde\que
Acre
tr&bes,
final
In these lines the

the initial vowel
vowel in -que
is
struck out before

line.
in the first
word
of the succeeding
There are altogether

'
twenty-one hypermetrical
lines
Vergil.
(e) Ictus is
in Hypetmt'^'^^ IvMf.
elevatif)n of the voice (apaic).
the beat of the foot which corresponds with the jctm. This naturally falls on the lirst
syllable of the foot,
and we, therefore,
find eases (jocnrriiig in
20
STORY OP THE AENElD.

which a syllaWu uaturally short
its
is
luiigfcheued,
simply from
occupying the natural position of a long syllable.

B.
I.
(1)
308
Qui
(2)
tene\ant,
nam m\cuUd
\et
vi\det, hdinin\esnS /er\an&.
B.
I.
478
Per
(3)'
terrain
ver\sd pul\vls ln\scrihitur \hdstd.\
B,
I.
651
Pergama
(4)
\r.um pete\ret m\conce.ss\dsque hymen\aeos,

:
B.
I.
668
LUora
\jacte\tur,
odl\ls Ju\ndni8 in\i(iuae,
VI.
THE STORY OF THE AENEID.

Ancestors of Aeneas.
^
Aeneas was the sou of Anchises and Venus, and thus connected with the royal family of Troy. In the earlier stages of the war he did not take any part, and not till his flocks were driven from Mount Ida by Achilles did he lead
'
his followers against the Greeks.
When
city,
the Greeks, after
a siege of
ten years, took the
according to Vergil,
LeavesTroy.
Aeneas carries off on his shoulder the aged Anchises, takes the young Ascanius by the hand while Creusa follows His wife Creusa in the behind, and escapes to Mount Ida.
confusion of the siege
to
is
lost in the darkness.
He
appears
Wandei-ing of Aeneas,
Lands
at
have remained on Ida till the second year of the war, when, with a fleet of twenty vessels and a number of followers, he set sail from Troy in quest of lands destined by He flrst lands in Thrace, and begins to build a ^j^g fates.
city,
Thrace.
but Next he
is
deterred
by the ghost
of the
sails
to Delos, then to Crete,
murdered Polydorus. where the Penates
At
the
Strophades.
appear to Aeneas, and declare his destined home to be in Again he sets sail Italy, the native land of Dardanus. storm the by a to Strophades, i.eueadia, and driven and is
n rr ^ t. Chaonia where he nnds Heleuus, a seer, son of Priam, and k'ng of that country, who tells Aeneas to sail round Sicily. The ships of Aeneas land in the country of the Cyclops Polyphemus, near Aetna, when Achemenides, whom Ulysses had
.
>
-x
<
At
Sicily
left
behind in the cave of the Cyclops, advises them to the land of Polyphemus. Guidsd by Achemenides, from flee Aeneas passes Scylla and Charybdis and lands at Drepanum,
STORY OF THE AENEID.

where Anchises dies. He then starts out for Italy, but stress weather drives him on the coast of Africa, near Karthage. Juno aware that Rome one day would conquer her beloved Karthage had an unrelenting hatred against Aeneas, and instigated Aeolus to let loose the winds and wreck the Trojan Neptune, however, interferes in time and calms the fleet. The Trojans had a sheltered harbor for the troubled waves. seven remaining ships and soon they land. They afterwards discover that they are on the coast of Africa. Jupiter had meanwhile despatched Mercury to prepare Dido to give a kind welcome to the shipwrecked followers of Aeneas. Sur. rounded by a cloud, and invisible to all, Aeneas and Achates go to explore the country. They see the towers ami walls of the youthful city and are surprised to find their missing comUnder the guise of rades holding audience with the queen. Ascanius, Cupid is sent by Venus to kindle love in the breast Dido is married to Aeneas. Other fortunes the of Dido.
of
21
M Karthage
fates
had
is
with Aeneas.
order
Italy.
Mercury is sent to remonstrate In spite of the love and entreaties of Dido, the given to sail, and once more the Trojans steer for
in store for him.
Dido, through grief for her fickle lover, mounts the Dido kUUs funeral pile and stabs herself, and then her attendants burn her ^^^^^V-
body.
He
arrives a second time at
nine days celebrates the funeral

father, Anchises.
Drepanum and then for games in honor of his dead Arrives at While the games were in progress, some of Sidly a
despairing of ever having a settled home,
fire,
the Trojan
women
fire the ships.
Jupiter sends rain and puts out the
but
Aeneas leaves in Sicily all the elderly people and all weary of roaming where they found Segesta. The rest sail for Italy and land at Cumae. Then he meets the Sibyl, under whose guidance he descended Segesta. to the lower world aud learns the full details of his future Latinus, king of the land on which Aeneas landed, had life. Lavinia, wJiose hand is sought for by Turnus, daughter a
not
till
after four ships are destroyed.
king of the Rutuli. The Latins summon allies from all sides to repel the foreigners, while Aeneas obtains the aid of Evander
^r^rs in
^<^2/-
and seeks the assistance

absent,
of
the Trojan
camp
Turnus, and the Latins.
While he was attacked without success by Aeneas returns and displays his
the Etrurians.
is
prowess in battle. He slays Mezentius, the Etruscan, and Turnus, and afterwards marries Lavinia.
2J
CONTENTS OF THE FIKST BOOK OF AENEID.

vn.
THE CONTENTS OF THE FIRST BOOK.

The invoca-
The poet invokes the Muse

Aeneas
o'er the ileep,
to sing of the wanrlerings of
twno/the
and
his sufferings while attempting to
lay the foundations of imperial
Rome.
The
trials of
the hero
are ascribed to the unrelenting rage of cruel Juno. The reasons

"
Karthage, a city of Africa, was founded of yore by settlers
hatrcT^^
against the
'
from Tyre.
cherished
This
city, rich in
all
wealth and proud in war, was

other places.
She, however,
by Juno before
M-33.
was apprehensive of its destruction because she had heard that a remnant of the Trojans were sailing o'er the sea, whose
descendants were destined in after days to overthrow her
beloved Karthage.
The
slight offered to her
beauty in the
decision of Paris, son of Priam, the late king of Troy, and the
honors
bui'ning hate,
heaped on Ganymede tended to foster her and she accordingly determii "Hi to keep the Trojans away from Italy.
lately
Juno's proÂôlusSlt-SO.
The Trojans had
left
the port of
Drepanum
in Sicily,
where
Anchises, the father of Aeneas had died, and were dashing
through the foaming brine with brazen keel.

Aeolus, the god of winds, and instigates
to
Juno comes to
to send a storm
him
overwhelm the Trojans

as a wife.
lets loose
in the deep.
In case he carries
out her purpose, she promises the fairest of aU her nymphs

l.'êiopeia,
The storm
80-12$.
Aeolus
the winds, and in an instant the East,

fury. '
breaks forth: South,
and South- West winds lash the waves into

.
. .
Then
follow the shrieks of the sailors, the creaking of cables, the
darkening
all
clouds which veil the
sky and brood
o'er the
deep, the peals of thunder, the gleaming lightning.
While
things threatened instant death, Aeneas wishes that he

at
had died
Troy before
his father's eyes.
One
ship
commanded by the
are disabled.
trusty Orontes
went
that
down and
the rest
Neptune
ttorm:
12k-156.
Meanwhile Neptune, the lord of the main, felt that a storm had been let loose, and great was his wrath, as he knew well j^}^Q wiles of his sister Juno and her wrath against the Trojans. He summons to him the winds, and upbraids their king for his presumption in allowing them to have free scope. The sea is calmed by the soothing words of the lord of the sea.
CONTENTS OF THE FIRST BOOK OF AENEID.
23
The toil-worn crew of Aeneas make for the nearest shores, The weary and turn to the coasts of Africa. There is a bay, protected f^".'**. by an island, affording a safe shelter from every wind, and in 179. this Aeneas takes refuge, with seven ships saved out of twenty. The weary Trojans land. Achates strikes a spark from the flint and tries to start a fire. The corn damaged by the waves is brought out of the vessels, and bruised to make a meal for the shipwrecked Trojans.
Aeneas, in the meantime, mounted a
cliff
in hopes of seeing Aeneas
some
vessel
of the tempest-tossed ships that

is
he had missed.
Seizing a
.
No ôck-e%ie
shoots
in sight.
He
'
espies,
however, three stags, each iol-de'r:
lowed by a herd
of
of deer,
on the shore.
bow and divides the

"""'^*'\.
arrows from his trusty henchman Achates, he lays low seven

the deer.
equally
among
the
He
returns to the harbor and divides the surviving

ships
number
among the
one to each.
He
also dis- g^sf*'
wine which kind Acestes had given to the Trojans as they were leaving Sicily. With words of cheer he bids his comrades bear up under their hardships. Tliey then prepare the meal and enjoy their repast, after which
tributes the
they talk for a long time of the fate of their lost comrades.
Juppiter, meanwhile,
was gazing on the realms
of Africa Venus com-
when Venus, with tearful eyes reminds "the father and men" of the promises that he had uttered as
of gods
^^'"'"f, ^f
to the the promise.i
Juppiter bids her spare her fears, and of the destiny of the Trojans. decrees her the of the fates are immutable and If!"^ "/ "^ assuring that Trojans that she shall yet behold the Trojan Aeneas wage a great 22S-250.
subdue hostile tribes, build walls, reign in Latium, and subdue the Kutuli. lulus (also called Ascanius), son of Aeneas, shall reign in Lanuvium and shall fortify Alba Longa, After a period of three hundred years. Ilia, a priestess, shall bear to Mars twin son, Romulus and Remus, and these shall found an empire to which shall be set, "no bounds of Even cruel Juno shall join in realm, no term of years." as "lords of the world." As years Romans the cherishing roll on Greece shall be subdued, and Honor and Vesta shall rule the world and the dread Gates of War shall be closed
war
in
Italy,
for ever.
Mercury
is
sent from heaven to inspire in Dido, the queen Mercury
is
of Karthage, a friendly feeling towards the Trojans
who
shipwrecked on her shore.
are \aHh^30^
$97-
24
Aenea*
vuets his

-Ail nig'it
long after the meal Aeneas broods o'er his

lot of his
own
mother
S05-SSU.
woes and the
comrades.
,
,
As
soon as day dawns ho

,
determines to go forth and explore the shores to which he had come in his wanderings. After safely mooring his fleet
under the shelter of a rock, he sallies forth with trusty Achates. In the midst of a wood he meets his mother, who was dressed like a Spartan huntress. Venus enquires whether Aeneas had seen any of her sisters wandering there. After telling Venus that he had seen no one, he hints that her look is more than human, and that she is evidently of divine race
:
he begs her lighten their sorrows, and had come.
tell to
what land they
Venm
tells
"^
mdo^s'^^
wrongs:
and then unfolds the story how the queen, who was from Tyre, had a ^^ IDiilo's wiongs husband Sychaeus, and a brother Pygmalion in wickedness far beyond other men how the savage Pygmalion killed the unwary Sychaeus at the altarj how the young Dido collected some companions, sailed away to the west and come to the spot on which the rising city of Karthage was now being built.
Venus
tells
him he
:
is
in Africa
Aeneas
If
tells
Aeneas
tells his
is
tale,
wanderings.
ships remain.
name and his race. Italy is the goal of his With twenty ships he embarked on the sea, the
mother-goddess guiding his course, but only seven battered
he thought out twelve swans, with joyous She points ôst, will be safe. ^ hii]ipy owcn and reveals notes circling in the air, so the twelve ships with full sail are At the end of either entering or have entered the harbor. Ss7-Ul7' his mother, recognizes who he shrouded prophecy them her in a cloud, so that no one might see them, though they might see all. She takes Aeneas and Achates veiled in this cloud
Keniis
She announces
'
to
him that
.
his comrades,
.
whom
.
draws a
to Karthage.
Description
?^?l*//f''*^*'
Aeneas, from the

buildings, where
hill
o'erlooking Karthage,
admires the
Numidian huts. Eagerly the Karthaginians ply their work, some building walls, some chosing sites for houses, and marking others a citadel
lately stood rude
;
out the boundaries with a furrow ; others digging a harbor, and others still laying the foundations for a high theatre.
Among
Aeneas amines
temple:
iSO-iiO. exthe
the throng he mingles

is
still
unseen.
In the midst of the city
a sacred grove, where Dido was

of
in honor lJîl(\illcr "<* xo a temple
Juno.
While Aeneas was
'
25
waiting for the arrival of the queen, he examines with scruti- walls of a
nizing gaze each object in the great temple.
Here he
sees iî./^s,
depicted the scenes of the Trojan war, the crested Achilles pursuing in flight the Trojans, the snow white tents of
Rhesus, the flight of Troilus, the procession of Trojan

dess, the
women
:
going to the temple of Minerva to propitiate the dread god-
dragging of Hector round the walls of Troy
all
these scenes and
many more were
witnessed by Aeneas.
courtiers, enters the
Th''
Meanwhile the queen, attended by her

temple.
queen
With all the graceful dignity of Diana, when enten leads the dance, Dido enters the temple and takes her seat as ^^^ temple queen and judge of her subjects. Aeneas sees, also amid
slie <,g
the throng attending the queen, Antheus, Sergestus, and the

valiant Cloanthus, and other Trojans supposed to be lost.
Ilioneus teUs Dido that they are a shipwrecked
remnant
of Hioiieus, tht
the Trojans on their
way
to Italy.
He
also hints at the pro-
^*^f
y*"
bable loss of Aeneas.
Dido assures them
of her assistance jaiiâA;.
and protection, and promises them that she

Sicily, if
will
send them to
520-578.
they desire it, or allow them to settle at Karthage. As for Aeneas, she promised to send trusty men to see whether he had been cast on shore, or not.
The cloud which had enshrouded the forms of Aeneas and T}m mist Achates now parts and immediately Aeneas shone forth in f^l%]^^ beauty amid the clear light, declaring himself. With grateful heart he prays for a blessing on Dido for her kindness to his
comrades.
Dido welcomes Aeneas to her palace, which was furnished Dido welwith princely splendor for the approaching banquet. She eis-sis.
also proclaims a public festival.
Aeneas sends Achates to the
fleet to
bring lulus (also called Aeneas
ABcanius) to the city. Gifts also were to be brought from fuh^^*^ 61^-656. the ships as presents for the queen.
The wily goddess Venus, meanwhile causes Cupid to be y^mis subtransformed in form and mien into Ascanius, and accompany Cupid for the faithftd Achates with presents to the queen. 657696^'
Tyrians, amid the joyous halls, recline on Amid the the embroidered couches. The' gifts of Aeneas are admired fe(ut
The Trojans and

all.
rr,
Cupid embraces Aeneas and then Dido, and both ^'^^"^ '?' spwes the ,1 1 ii T7the Trojan leader and the Jiarthaginian queen are mspired queen with ^' *^^^-^^^' with mutual flame.
by
26
The
liba-
CONTENTS OF THE FIKST BOOK OF AENEiD.

After the
'^''^^^'n
first
part of the banquet, the tables are with-
êationo/îie
ffoils.-sonf)
ao<l
golden goblets crowned with wine are set before
the guests.
The queen prays
tliat
this
day mav be long
723-756.
remembered by the iynaus. A libation is then poured on the table and the cup is handed to the courtiers of the queen to drink. The long-haired loijas sings songs taught him of yore by great Atlas. At the request of the queen Aeneas is asked to tell the story of the Fall of Troy, which occupies Books II. and III. of the Aeneid.
'
iS-a-.
AM^^
p.
VERGILI MARONIS AENEIDOS

LIBER
I.
Anna virumque
Litora,
cano, Trojae qui primus ab oris
Italiam, fato profugus,
Lavinaque venit
terris jactatus et alto
multum
ille et
Vi superum, saevae
memorem
Junonis ob iram,")
Multa quoque
et bello passus,
dum
conderet urbem,
Jlu^v^^
Latinum Albanique patres atque altae moenia Romae. Musa, mihi causas memora, quo numine laeso, Quidve dolens, regina deum tot volvere casus Insignem pietate virum, tot adire labores Tantaene animis caelestibus irae? Impulerit. Urbs antiqua fuit, Tyrii te nuer e coloni,
Inferretque deos Latio, genus un3e
10
Karthago, Italiam contra Tiberinaque longe

Ostia, dives opu^m studiisque asperrima belli
;
Quam
magis omnibus unam Hie illius arma, Posthabita coluisse Samo. Hie currus fuit hoc regnum dea gentibus esse, Si qua fata siau.nt, jam turn tenditque fovetque. Progeniem sed enim I'rojano a sanguine duci Audierat, Tyrias olim quae ve rtere t arces
Juno
fertur terris
15
20
Hinc populum late regem belloque superbum Venturum excidio Libyae sic volvere Parcas. ^~" Id metuens veterisque memor Saturnia belli, Prima quodjad TrolaTn pro) carls 'gesse rat Afgrs
:
Necdihi;.!
etiam causae irarum saevique dolores
'^5

28
p.
VERGILl MAKONIS AENEIDOS LIB. L

;
Excideiant aniino manet alta mente repostum Judicium Paridis spretaeque injuria foimae, Et genus invisum et rapti Ganymedis honores His accensa super jactatos ae quo re toto Troas, reliquias Danauin atque immitis Ach[lli,
;
30
Arcebat longe Latio, multosque per annos Errabant, acti fatis, maria omnia circum. i--
Tantae niolis erat Romanam condere gentem. Vix e conspectu Siculae telluiris in altum Vela dabant laeti, et spumas sails acre ruebant, Quum Juno, acternum servans sub pectore volnus,
35
Haec secum " AJene incepto desistere victam, Nee posse Italia Teucrorum avertere regem ?
:
Quippe vetor
fatis.
Pallasne exurere classem
^ Argivum atque
ipsos potuit submergere ponto,
40
Unius ob noxam, et furias AJacis Oilei ? Ipsa, Jovis r^pidum jaculata e nubibus ignem,
Disjecitque rates evertitque aequora ventis.
Ilium exspirantem transfi.xo pectore flammas Turbine corripuit scopuloque infixit acuto Ast ego, quae divum incedo regina, Jovisque Et sorior et conjunx, una cum gente tot annos
;
45
'
'-
Bella gero.
Et quisquam numen Junonis adorat
Praeterea, aut supplex aris imponet
honorem
.'"
7-
Talia flammato secum dea corde volutans 'imborum in patriam, loca feta furentibus austris,
50
Aeoliam
venit.
Hie vasto rex Aeolus antro
Luctantes ventos tempestatesque sonoras Imperio premit ac vinclis et carcere frenat.

I Hi indignantes
magno cum murmure mentis

;
55
Circum
claustra frernunt
celsa sedet
.^
eolus arce
;
Speptra tenens,'mollitque animos et temperat iras '^'*lNi'iaciaf*, maria ac terras caelumque profundum
Quippe ferant rapidi secum verrantque per am^s.' Sed pater omnipotens speluncis abdidit atris, Hoc metuens, molemque et montes insuper altos
Imposuit, regemque dedit, qui foedere certo Et premere et laxas scirct dare jussus habenas.
60
p.
VERGIL! MARONIS AENEIDOS LIB.

:
I.
29|
Ad qucm
Juno supplex his vocibus usa est "Aeole, namque tibi divum pater atque honiinum rex Et mulcere dedit fluctus et tollere vento, Gens inimica mihi Tyrrhenum navigat aequor,
tuin
65
Ilium in Italiam portans victosque Penates
Incute vim ventis submersasque obrue piippes, Aut age diversos et disjice corpora ponto. Sunt mihi bis septem praestanti corpore Nymphae, Quarum quae forma pulcherrima lêiopeia, Conubto jungam stabih propriamque dicabo, Omnes lit tecum mentis pro tahbus annos
'
7^
Exigat
pulchra faciat te prole parentem." -^ Aeolus haec contra " Tuus, o regina, quid optes
et
: ;
75
Explorare labor
mihi jussa capessere
fas est.
Concilias, tu das e pulis
Tu mihi, quodcumque hoc regni, tu sceptra Jovemque accumbere divum, Nimborumque facis tempestatumque potcntem." ^x^
/
80
Haec
ubi- dicta,
:
cavum conversa cuspide montem

ac venti, velut agmine facto,
Impulit in latus
Qua
data^ porta, ruunt et terras turbine perflant.
Incubuere mari, totumque a sedibus imis
Una Eurusque Notusque
ruunt creberque procellis
85
Afiicus, et vastos volvunt ad litora fluctus.
Insequitur clamorque virum stridorque rudentum,
Eripiunt subito nubes caelumque diemque
Teucrorum ex
Intonuere
oculis
poli, et
ponto nox incubat atra. crebris micat ignibus aether,

;
<>h
90""
Praesentemque viris intentant omnia mortem. *f Extemplo Aeneapsolvuntur frigore membra Ingemit, et duplices tendens ad sidera,palmas
Talia voce refert
:
"O
!
tcrque quaterque bcali,

altis
Ouis ante ora patrum Trojae sub moenibus

Contigit oppetere
95
O Uanaum
fortissimo gentis
Tydide
occumbcre campis Non potuisse tuaque animam banc efifundeie dextra, Saevus ubi Aeacidae telo jacet Hcclor, ubi ingens
!
mene
IliaciS
Sarpedon, ubi tot Simo'is corr-pta sub undis Scuta virum galeasque et fortia corpora volvit."
100
&
:
p.
VERGILI MARONIS AENEIDOS LIB.
I.
Talia jactanti stridcns Aquilone procella
Velum adv^rsa
ferity
;
fluctusque ad sidera
tollit.
Franguntiir remi
turn prora avertit et undis

^,
Dat latus insequitur cumulo praeruptus aquae mons. Hi summo in fluctu pendent his unda dehiscens
;
105
Terrain inter fluctus aperit
furit
aestus arenis.
Tres Notus abreptas in saxa latentia torquet Saxa vocant Itali mediis quae in fluctibus Aras Dorsum immane mari summo tres Eurus ab alto
;
lie
In brevia et Syrtes urget, miserabile visu,

Illiditque vadis atque
aggere cingit arenae.
Unam, quae
In
Lycios fidumque vehebat Oronten,

excutitur pronusque magister
;
Ipsius ante oculos ingens a vertice pontus
puppim
ferit
115
Volvitur in caput
ast illam ter fluctus ibidem
Torquet agens circum, et rapidus vorat aequore vortex. Adparent rari nantes in gurgite vasto, Arma virum, tabulaeque, et Troia gaza per undas.
Ilionei navem, jam fortis Achatae, Et qua vectus Abas, et qua jjiandaevus Aletes, laxis laterum compagibus omnes Vicit hiemps Accipiunt inimicum imbrem rimisque fatiscunt. Interea magno misceri murmure pontum, Emissamque hiemem sensit Neptunus et imis Stagna refusa vadis, graviter commotus et alto
Jam validam
120
125
Prospiciens,
summa placidum
caput extulit unda.
Disjectam Aeneae toto videt aequore classem, Fluctibus oppressos Troas caelique ruina
:
Nee latuere doli fratrem Junonis et irae Eurum ad se Zephyrumque vocat, deKinc
;
130
talia fatur
?
:
"Tantane vos generis tenuit Jam caelum terramque meo

Miscere
fiducia vestri
sine nujnine, Venti,
et tantas audetis tollere
moles
?
:
Quos ego
sed motos praestat
Post mihi non simili Maturate fugam, regique haec dicite vestro
componere fluctus poena commissa luetis. -v

;
135
Non
imperium pelagi saevumque tridcntem, Sed mihi sorte datum. Tenet ille immania saxa,
illi
t>.
t.
31
140
Vestras, Eiire,
domos
ilia
se jactet in aula
Aeolus, et clause ventorum carcere regnet." Sic ait, et dicto citius tumida aequora placat, Collectasque fvgat nubes, solemque reducit.
Cymothoe simul
et Triton
:
adnixus acuto
Icvat ipse tridenti
Detrudunt naves scopulo
145
Et vastas aperit Syrtes et temperat aequor, Atque rotis summas levibus perlabitur undas.
/'Ac veluti
/
magno
in
populo
quum
saepe coorta est

;
Seditio, saevitque animis ignobile volgus
Jamque
Turn
\^
faces et saxa volant (fu^r
arma
ministrat)
150
pietate
gravem ac mentis
silent, arrectisque
si
forte
virum quern
^7 ^r^J^-ov^S^
"^
Conspexere,
auribus adstant
Ille regit dictis
ji aninios, et pector
mu lcet
Sic cunctus pelagi cecidit fragor, aequora
postquam
155
Prospiciens genitor, caeloque invectus aperto

\Flectit equos curruque volans dat lora secundo.
Defessi Aeneadae, quae proxima litora, cursu
Contendunt petere,
Est
in secessu
et
Libyae vertuntur ad oras^

:
portum Efficit objectu laterum, quibus omnis ab alto Frangitur inque sinus scindit sese unda reductos. Hinc atque hinc vastae rupes geminique minantur In caelum scopuli, quorum sub vertice late Aequora tuta silent tum silvis scaena coruscis Desuper horrentique atrum Ihemus imminet umbra
longo locus
insula
:
160
165
Fronte sub adversa scopulis pendentibus antrum, Intus aquae dulces vivoque sedilia saxo,
.p
j/i
t^l
Nympharum domus
hie fessas(non vincula naves
Ulla tenent, unco non alligat ancoia morsu.
Hue septem Aeneas collectis /Ex numero subit ac magno

;
navibus omni
telluris
\/,}J~%X
t^
170
amore
Kgressi optata potiuntur Troes arena,
l^^''*
Kt sale tabentesjirtus in litore ponunt. NAc primum silici scintillamexcudit Achates
Suscepitque ignemToITTsTatque arida circum Nutrimenta dedit, rapuitque in fomite flammam.
175
Turn Cererem c orrupt aqi undis Cerealiaque arma
32
Expediunt
p.

rcrum, frugesque receptas
I.
fessi
Et tojjere parant flammis et frangere saxo. Aeneas scopQlum interea conscendit, et omnem Prospectum late pelago petit, Anthea si quern Jactatum vento videat Phrygiasque bircmes, Aut Capyn, aut celsis in puppibus arma Caici.
.
i8c
Navem
in
conspectu nuUam, tres

;
litore
cervos
185
Prospicit errantes
hos tota armenta sequuntur
tergo, et
Constitit
longum per valles pascitur agmen. hie, arcumque manu celeresque sagittas
alta ferentes
Corripuit, fidus quae tela gerebat Achates,
Ductoresque ipsos primum, capita
Comibus
arborcis, sternit, turn volgus^ et

telis
omnem
an
;
IQC
Miscet agens
nemora
inter frondea turb
Nee
prius absistit,
aequet. Corpora fundat Hinc portum petit, et socios partitur in omnes. Vina bonus quae deinde cadis onerarat Acestes Litore Trinacrio dederatque abeuntibus heros, Dividit, et dictis maerentia pectora mulcet
:
quam septem ingentia victor humi, et numerum cum navibus
'
.
195
"
O
et
socii-jf-neque
enim
ignari
sumus ante malorum
L^*''
2co
passi/graviora, dabit deus his quoque finem.
Vos
Scyllaeam rabiem penitusque sonantes

revocate animos,
Accestis scopulos, vos et Cyclopea saxa
Experti
Mittite
;
maestumque timorem
forsan et haec oHjti meminisse juvabit
Per varios casus, per tot discrimina rerum, Tendimus in Latium, sedes ubi fata quietas
205
Ostendunt
illic
fas
regna resurgere Trojae.
Durate, et vosmet rebus servate secundis."

Talia voce refert, curisque ingentibus aeger
Spem
Illi
voltu simulat, premit altum corde dolorem.

:
se praedae accingunt dapibusque futuris
210
Tergora deripiunt costis et viscera nudant

Pars in frusta secant veribusque trementia figunt
Litore aena locant
flammasque ministrant. Turn victu revocant vires, fusique per herbam

alii,
Implentur veteris Bacchi pinguisque ferinae.
215
p.
1.
3?
Fostquam exenipta fames epulis mensaeque remotae, Amissos longo socios sei mone requirunt,
Spemque metumque
inter dubii, seu vivere credant,
Sive extrema pati nee
jam exaudire
vocatos.
Praecipue pius Aeneas, nunt'.Ofbntl(^\
220
Nunc Amyci casum gemit et crudelia secum Fata Lyci, fortemque Gyan fortemque Cloanthum. Et jam finis erat quum Juppiter aethere summo
;
Despiciens mare velivolum terrasque jacentes

Litoraque
et latos populos, sic vertice caeli
2J5
Constitit, et
Libyae
tales
defixit
lumina regnis.
Atque ilium
jactantem pectore curas
Tristior et lacrimis oculos suffusa nitentes Adloquitur Venus " O, qui res hominumque
:
deumque
230
Aeternis regis imperils et fulmine terres,
Quid mens Aeneas in te committere tantum, Quid Troes potuere, quîbus tot funera pa^sis, Cunctus ob Italiam terrarum clauditur orbis ?
Certe hinc
Romanes
olim, volventibus annis,
Hinc fore ductores revocato a sanguine Teucri, Qui mare, qui terras omni dicione tenerent,
Pollicitus
235
quae te, genitor, sententia vertit ? Hoc equidem occasum Trojae tristesque ruinas
;
Solabar, fatis contraria fata rependens
Nunc eadem
Antenor
fortuna viros tot casibus actos
240
?
Insequitur. :-jQuem das finem, rex
magne, laborum
~^-
potuit, mediis elapsus Achivis,
niyricos penetrare sinus atque intima tutus
Regna Liburnomm, et fontem superare Timavi, Unde per ora novem vasto cum murmure montis ^lt mare proruptum et pelago premit arva sonanti. Hie tamen ille urbem Patavi sedesque locavit T.eucrorum, et genti nomen dedit, armaque fixit
Troia
;
24.5
nunc placida compostus pace
quiescit
Nos, tua progenies, caeli quibus annuls arcem, Navibus, infandum amlssis, unius ob iram yi/
!
.
250
Prodim ur, atque Italis longe disjungimur oris. Hie pfetatis honos ? Sic nos in sceptra reponis
3
?"

"M
Olli
p.
VEHGILI MAUON'IS AENEIDOS LIE
I.
subridens
hominum
sator atque
deorum
255
:
Voltu, quo caelum tempestatesque serenat,
Oscula libavit natae, dcliinc talia fatur " Parce metu, Cytheiea manent immota tuorum
:
Fata
tibi
cernes
urbem
;
et
promissa Lavini
><
Moenia, sublimemque feres ad sidera caeli
Magnanimum Aenean
Tlic
tibi
(fabor enim,
Longius et Bellum ingens geret Italia, populosque feroces Xontundet, moresque viris et moenia ponet, Tertia dum Latio regnantem viderit aestas,
neque'me sententia vertit. quando haec te cura rcmoidct, volvens fatorum arcana movebo)
260
265
Ternaque transierint Rutulis hiberna subactis. At puer Ascanius, cui nunc cognomen lyip
'
Additur
Ilus erat, dum res
stetit Ilia
regno
Triginta
magnos volvendis mensibus orbes Imperio explebit, regnumque ab sede Lavini Transferet, et longam muUa vi muniet Alba n. Hie jam ter centum totos regnabitur annos
Gente sub Hectorea, donee regina sacerdos Marte gravis geminam partu dabit Ilia prolenv ^' Inde lupae fulvo nutricis tegmine laetus Romulus excipiet gentem, et Mavortia condet Moenia, Romanosque suo de nomine dicet. His ego nee metas rerum nee tempora pono Imperium sine fine dedi. Quin aspera Juno, Quae mare nunc terrasque metu caelumque fatigat,
:
,-
270
i'
275
280
Consilia in melius referet,
mecumque
fovebit
Romanos, rerum dominos, gentemque togatam.

Sic placitum.
Veniet
lustris
labentibus aetas,
Quum domus
Assaraci Phthiam clarasque Mycenas
Servitio premet, ac victis dominabitur Argis.
285
Nascetur pulchra Trojanus origine Caesar, Imperium Oceano, famam qui terminet astris,
Julius, a
magno demissum nomen

;
lulo.
Hunc
tu olim caelo, spoliis Orientis
onustum,
29c.'
Accipies secura
vocabitur hie quoque votis.

;
Aspera turn
posifis mitescent saecula bellis
P.
VEUGILI MARONIS AENEIDOS
LIB.
I.
35
Cana
Fides, et Vesta,
:
Kemo cum
:
fratic Quirinus
Jura dabunt dirae ferro et compagibus artis Furor impius intus, Claudentur Belli portae Saeva sedens super arma, et centum vinctus aenis Post tergum nodis, freniet horridus ore cruento."
*>-
295
Haec ait, et Maia genitum demittit ab alto, Ut terrae, utque novae patcant'Karrnaginis arces Hospitio Teucris, ne fati nescia Dido Finibus arceret. ^ Vol at ille per aerajnagnum
no
'
Remigio alarum, ac Libyae citus adstitit oris. Et jam jussa facit, ponuntque ferocia Poeni Corda volente deo. In primis regina quietum Accipit in Teucros animum mentemque bcnignam. ~^ At pius Aeneas, per noctem plurima volvens, Ut primum lux alma data est, exire locosque
Explorare novos, quas vento accesserit oras,
305
Qui teneant, nam inculta vid^, homjnesne fci'aene, Quaerere constituit, sociisque exacta'refcrre. ,-Classem in'cbnvexo nemorum sub rupe cavata
Arboribus clausam circum atque horrentibus unibris ipse uno graditur coniitatus Achate, Occulit
:
310
;'Bina
*
manu
lato crispans hastilia ferro.

tulit
Cui mater media sese
obvia
silva,
Virginis os habitumque gerens, et virginis
arma
^15
Spartanae, vel qualis equos Threissa fatigat /iîjrtvtw Harpalyce, volucremque fuga praevortitur Eiirum.
Namque
umeris de more habilem suspenderat arcum
Venatrix, dederatque
comam
dififundere ventis,
Nuda genu, nodoque sinus collecta fluentes. Ac prior, " Heus," inquit, "juvenes, monstratc mearum Vidistis si quam hie errantem forte sororum,
Succinctam pharetra, et maculosae tegmine lyncis, Aut spumantis apri cursum clamore prementem."
Sic
320
Venus
te
et
Veneris contra
sic filius orsus
325
voltus
''Nulla tuarum audita rjyhi, neque visa sororum,
O quam
Mortalis,
memorem, Virgo.'' namque baud tibi nee vox hqminem sonat. O dea certe
;
An Phoebi
soror.''
an
Nympharum
sanguinis una
V.uA
I.
36
7.
p.
>
'^
...
Icves,
,.''
in oris
;
Sis
fclix, n'ostniinîie
quaecumque, laboiein,
330
Et quo sub caclo tandem, quibus orbis

Jactemur, doceas
:
igJnai^hominulTique locoruinque
Erramus, vcnto hue et vastis fluctibus acti Multa tibi ante aras nostra cade^hostia dextra." __^ Turn Venus " Hand equidem tali me dignor honore
:
335
Virginibus Tyriis
mos
est gestare pharetram,
Purpureoque alte suras vincire cothurno. Punica regna vides, Tynos et A generis urbem Sed fines Libyci, genus intractabile bello. Imperium DidoJTyria regit urbe nrofecta,
340
Germanum
Ambages
^
;
fugiens.
Longa
est injuria, longac
Sed
summa
sequar fastigia rerum^
Huic conjunx Sychaeus erat, djiîssimus a.rvhâjy\^ Phoenicum, et magno miserae dilectus amore,
Cui pater intactam dederat, primisque jugarat
345
Ominibus.
Sed regna Tyri germanus habebat

medius venit
furor.
at{ri
Pygmalion, scelere ante alios in\manior omnes.
Quos
inter
Ille
Sychaeum-ariMbre,
ImpfiJ^ ante aras, atque
cêcus
Clam ferro incautum superat, securus amorum- Germanae factumque diu celavit, et aegram,
;
350
Multa malus simulans, vana spe lusit amantem. Ipsa sed in somnis inhumati venit imago
Conjugis, Ora modis attollens pallida miris,
Crudeles aras trajectaque pectora ferro
355
retexit.
Nudavit, caecumque domus scelus omnc"
Turn celerare fugam patriaque excedere suadet, Auxiliumque viae veferes tellure recludit Thesauros, ignotum argenti pondus et auri. lis commota fugam Dido sociosque parabat Conveniunt, quibus aut odium crudele tyranni Aut metus acer erat naves, quae forte paratae,
I :
360
Corripiunt, onerantque auro
portantur avari
fict,i.^
Pygmalionis opes pelago

1
dux femina
)evenere locos, ubi nunc ingentia cernis <-
_'
365
Moenia surgent^mque novae Karthaginis arcem, Mercatique solum, facti de nomine Byrsam,
p.
VEHGILI MAIIONIS AEiNKIDOS Lin.
I.
3^
'
Taurine quantum possent circumdare tergo. Sed vos qui tandem? quibus aut venistis ab
oris,
..
Quove
"
tenetis iter ?"
Quaerenti talibus
ille
;^^
..
370
Susjjirans
imoque trahens a pectore vocem Pea, si prima repetens ab o: igine pergam,
Et vacet annales nostrorum audire laboriiriT;' Ante diem clause componat Vesper Olympo. Nos Tjôja "antiqua, si veStraS for^ per aures
Trojae
/
375
.,
nomen
irt,
diversa
pei"
aeqtiora vectos
Foi^^jua
."pum pius
Libycis tenrpestas appulit ods.-0/\
,0^ /^'
Aencasiraplos qifi^cx'Foste Penates
Classe veho me.cimi, fanm sup^r aethera,notus^

Italiam quaero patriam et genus ab Jove
summo.
'
380
>
"<f
,
Bis denis Phiygium conscendi navibus aequor, Matre dea monstrante viam, data fata secutus. Vix septem convulse undis Euroque supersunt. Ipse ignotus,'i%ens, Libyae deserta peragro,
^,
''Europa atque Asia pulsus."

(^
Nee
plura querentem
;
385
(
^
Passa Venus liiedio sic interfata dolore est y "Quiquis es, baud, credo, invisus caelestibus auras / Vitales carpis, Tyriam qui adveneris uruem.
Perge modo, atque hinc
te
reginae ad limina prefer,
-Namque
tibi
reduces socios classemque relatam
390
,.
.;
Nuntio, et in tutum versis aquilonibusjictam, ^Ni frustra augurium vani docuere parente".\
Aspice bis senos,
lapta\iês
agpine cycnos,
A^'X-'^
'^^
'
Aetheria qiros lapsa plaga Jovis aleâperto
"^
'
Turbabat caelo
nunc
terras orahie~lbngo
;
30^^
Aut capere aut captas jam dcspectarc videntur
Ut reduces
illi
ludunt stridentibus
alis,
Et coctu cinxere polum, cantusque dedere, Haud aliter puppesque tuae pubesque tuorum Aut portum tenet aut pleno subit ostia velo. Perge modo et, qua te ducit via, dirigc gressiim."
^
^00
''
-^^
Dixit, et avertens rosea cervice refulsit,
Ambrosiaeque comae divinum

Spiravere, pedes vestis defluxit
vertice
odorem
ô<(y<j
ad imos,
ubi
Et vera inccssupatuit iWa
IIIp
matrcm
38
Adgnovit,
tali
I*.
VERGIU MARONIS AENKIDOS

:
LIB.
I.
uiL;icntem est voce secutus

toties, crudelis tu
"Quid natum
quoque,
falsis
Ludis imaginibus? cur dextiae jungere dextram Ncn datiir, ac veras audire et reddere voces ?" '^
---Talibus incusat,
gressumque ad moenia Icndit

gradientes acre saepsit,
410
/At Venus obscuro

/
Et multo nebulae circun\deaûdit amictu,

Cernere ne quis eos, neu quis contingere posset, Molirive moram, aut veniendi poscere causas.
Ipsa
Paphum
sublimis abit, sodesque revisit

illi,
415
t
^
Laeta suas, ubi templum
centumque Sabaeo
Ture calent
arae, sertisque recentibus halant.
Corripuere viam interea, qua semita monstrat. Jamque ascendcbant collem, qui plurimus urbi
Imminet, adversasque aspcctat desiiper arces.' Miratur molem Aeneas, hiagalia quondam,
Miratur portas strepitumque et strata viarum. pars ducere muros, /Instant ardentes Tyrii .Molirique arcem et manibus subvolvere saxa,
:
420
-'Pars optare locuni tecto et concludere sulco.
425
Jura magistratusque jegunt, sanctumque sentatum. ^|>' Hie portus alii efFodlu'nt liic alta theatris
;
Fundamenta
locant
a,lii,
immanesque columnas
430
Rupibus excidunt, scaenis decora alta futuris. Qualis apes aestate nova per florea rura
Exercet sub sole labor,
Educunt
fetus, aut
quum gentis adultos quum liquentia mella

c^^^
Stipant et dulci distendunt nectare cellas, Aut onera accipiunt venientum, aut agmine facto
Ignavum
fucos pecus a pracsepibus arcent

.
435
^j^ -\Kerve^pus_redolent ue thy Wb

i
fr a grantia
mel la
"
!
"O
fortunati,
quorum jam moenia surgunt

suspicit urbis.
Aeneas
ait, et fastigia
Infert se saeptus nebula, mirabile dictu.
Per medios miscetque viris, neque cernitur u]H. 7 Lucus in urbe fuit media, laetissimus umbrae /Quo primum jactati undis et turbine Pocni
[Effodere loco^rgnum, quod regia Juno
'
440
;
p.
VERGILI MARON'IS AENEIDOS LIB.

;
I.
39
/ Monstra'-at, caput aciis equi sic nam fore bello \ Egregiam et facilem victu per saecula gentem. '" liic templum Junoni ingens Sidonia Dido Condebat, donis opulentum et numine divae,
Aerea'cui gradibus suiTgebantllimina, ;nexa^(jue
445
Acre
trabes, foribus ca-do stridebat aenis.
i^-'\
Hoc
primu''a in luco nova res oblata
timorem
450
,
Leniit, hie
primum Aeneas
sperare salutem
Ausus,
et afflictis
melius confidere rebus.
Namque
Reginam
sub inênti lustrat

opperiens,
dum
singula temple,
sit urbi,
dum, quae fortuna
Artificumque ijianus inter se operumque laborem

Miratur, videt Iliacas ex ordine pugnas
455
Bellaque jam fama totum vulgata per orbem,

Atridas Priamumque et saevum ambobus Acbillem. " Quis jam locus," inquit, "Achate, Constitit, et lacrimans
:
Quae
regio in terris nostri

!
non plena
laboris
460
En Priamus
sunt hie etiam sua praemia laudi
Sunt lacrimae rerum, et mentem mortalia tangunt. Solve metus feret haec aliquam tibi fama salutem."
;
Sic
ait,
atque
animum
pictura pasci|. inani,

f^ûmine voltum.
,
^"^^
^liy^
461;
'
n
Jy
"^
I
Multa gemens, largoque umectat

ifc.'c^
+ u
^"''Hiis
yioeDaf, uijloellanteiPergama ciicnim
Hac iuêraat Graii!^êmefetTr^j|ia j^ventus J^'^-'-^ Hac PnrygeS, instaret curru criST?rtus Achilles. Nec procul hmc Khesi niveis tentona velis Adgnoscit lacrimans, primo quae prodita somno
lydides multa vastabat caede cruentus,
/ I q ^^f'V'-^Ôv^.
470
Ardentesque
avertit equos in castra, priusquam Pabula gustassent Trojae Xanthumque bibissent.
\ ^v^
->-,
Parte alia fugiens amissis Trottus q,rmis,

Infelix
puer atque impar
cong;, res5ti's Achilli,
teuAxA AAA
47
Fertur equis, curruque jjasretreûpinus inani,

"Lora tcnens tamenj^h^krjfcrvixque
-^
.
^r^^.
n /\jA
comaeque trahuntur ^
Per terram,
f.
et
versa puTvis inscribitur hasta.
Crin?i5?rsniades pa^sis
liuêa ad templiiuyjoi^.-fcquae Palladis ibant."' peplumque ferebant ;

;
480
Suppiiciter tristes et tunsae pectora palmis
'^
40
p.
VKUGILI MAROXIS AENEIDOS
1,115.
I.
fixos oculos êjsa tenebat. Diva ^.Ter ciicum Iliacos rg^Dtaverat Hectora muros,
ô
^^"^^^
Exanimumque auro corpus vendebat
Achilles.
inio,
V~Tum
vero ingentem gemitum dat pectore ab
4S5
Ut spolia, ut currus, utque ipsum corpus a;nici 'fendentemque manus Priamum conspexit iner ncs. Se quoque principibus permixtum adgnovit Achivis,
Êoasque acies et nigri Memnonis arma#< Ducit Amazonidam lunatis agmina peltis
Penthesilea furens mediisque in millibus ardct,
490
Aurea subnectens exsertae cingula

Bellatrix,
mammae
'^
audetque viris concurrere virgo. Dardanio Aeneae miranda videntur, dum Haec Dum stupet, obtutuque haeret defixus in uno,
Incessit
'
"
495
Regina ad templum forma pulcherrima Dido,
magna juveniim
stipante caterva.
Qualis in Eurotae ripis aut per juga Cynthi Exercet Diana chores, quam mille secutae Hinc atque hinc glomerantur Oreades ilia pharctram Fert humero, gradiensque deas supereminet omncs Latonae taciturn pertemptant gaudia pectus ^
;
500
^-
^^
""**
Talis erat Dido, talem se laeta ferebat
\S
'^^^âeptararmis,
M
solioqire alte
subnixa resedit.
Jura dabat legesque viris, operumque laborem \Partibus aequab it justis, aut sorte trahebat,-
Qaum
subito Aeneas concursu accedere
magno
510
Anthea Sergestumque videt fortemque Cloanthum, Teucrorumque alios, ater quos aequore turbo ~ '
Dispulerat penitusque alias avexerat orSs.
Laetitiaque metuque
I
.
Obstipuit simul ipse, simul perculsus Achates

;
avidi conjungere dextras
Ardebant
'
sed res animos incognita turbat.
515
Dissimulant, et nube cava speculantur amicti^
Quae
fortuna
viris,
:
classem quo
litore linqunnt,
Quid veniant
cunctis
et
nam
lecti
navibus ibant
Orantes veniam,
templum clamoie peteb.mt.

p.
I.
41
Postquam
introgressi et
coram data copia
fandi^
;
/\
520
Maximus
"
Ilioneus placido sic pectore coepit
regina,
novam
cui condere Juppiter uil;cin-,
Justitiaque dedit gentes frenare superbas.
Troes
te miseri, ventis
:
maria omnia
vecti^^
-
Oramus
prohibe infandos a'havibus igncs,

et
525
Parce pio generi,
propius res aspice nostras^
NonVios aut ferro Libycos populate, Penates ~ VenimQs, aut raptas ad litoia v^rtere praedas.
Non ea
vis aii'mo,
nee tanta superbia
victis
Est locus, Hespeiiam Graii cognomine dicunt,
530
;
Terra antiqua, potens armis atque ubere glacbae

/Oenotri coluere viri
(
italiam dixisse
nunc fama' minores ducis de nomine gentem.

;
:
Hue
cursus
fuit
(.
m vada
xûum subito adsurgens

caeca
tulit,
fluctu
nimbosus Orion
535
penitusque procacibus austris
y*
Perque undas, superante salo, perque invia saxa hue pauci vestris adnavimus oris. Quod genus hoc hominum ? quaeve hunc tam barbara morem hospitio prohibemur arenae Permittit patria Bella cient, primaque vetant consistere terra. Si genus humanum et mortalia temnitis arma, ^t spcrate deos memores fandi atque nefandi. Rex eiat Aeneas nobis, quo justior alter Mec pietate fuit, nee bello major et armis
Dispulit
:
.''
540
545
Quern
si I'ata
virurn servant,
v^scitur kiira
Aetheria, neque adhuc cfudehbus occubat umbiis,
Non metus
Paeniteat
:
officio
nee
te certasse
priorem
sunt et Siculis regionibus urbes,

"T
Armaque, Trojanoque a' sanguine clarus Acesles. v^/V VQuassatam ventis liceat subducere classem, Et silvis aptare trabes, et stringere remos
:
55
<\
I
Si datur Italiam, sociis et rcge recepto,
Tendere, ut Italiam
Latiumque petamus Sin absumpta salus, et tc, pater optime Teucrum, Pontus habet Libyae, nee spes jam restat luli
lacti
:
555
\At freta Sicaniae saltern sedesque paratas,
42
1'.
VKROIIJ MARONIS AENKIDOS Uli
I.
Unde hue
advecti,
regemque petamus Acestem."

;
Talibus Ilioneus
cuncti sinuil ore fremebant
Dardanidae.
560
:
Turn breviter Dido, voltiim demissa, profatur "Sol vile .corde metum, Teiicri, secludite curas. Res dura et regni novitas me talia cogunt
Moliri, et late fines custode tueri.
Qiiis
genus Aeneadum, quis Trojae nesciat urbem?

?
565
Virtutesque, virosque, et tanti incendia belli
Non
obtusa adeo gestamus pectora Foeni,
Ncc tam aversus equos Tyria Sol jungit ab urbe. Seu vos Hesperiam magnam Saturniaque arva Sive Erycis fines regemque optatis Acestem,
Auxilio tutos dimittam, opibusque juvabo.
Voltis et his
rsjjj
57o
\ZA^
?
;
mecum Urbem quam statuo
pariter considere regnis
vestra est
subducite na\es
Tros Tyriusque mihi nullo discrimine agetur. Atque utinam rex ipse Noto compulsus eodem
Afforet
575
Aeneas
equidem per
litora certos
Dimittam, et Libyae lustrare extrema jubelôy Si quibus ejectus silvis aut urbibus errat."
^
:
His animum arrecti dictis et fortis Achates Et pater Aeneas jamdudum erumpere nubem Ardebant prior r enean compellat Achates q!^' Nate D^, quae nunc animo scntentia surgit
;
580
?
uC^ Omnia
^*'****
tuta vides, classem, sociosque receptos.
tin us abest,
medio
:
in fluctu
quem vidimus
ipsi
Submersum
Vix ea
dictis
respondent cetera matris."

circumfusa repente
585
fatus erat,
quum
Scindit se nubes et in aethera purgat apertum.

1
RestititAeneas. clarûe in luce
I'efulsit,
Osnumerosquet)^
similis
namque
ipsa
decoram
590
Caesariem nato genitrix lumenque juventae Purpureum et laetos oculis afiflarat honores Quale manus addunt ebori decus aut ubi flavo Argentiim Pariusve lapis circumdatur auro.
:
Tum
sic
reginam alloquitur cunctisque
repent?
p.
VERGILI MARONIS AKNKIDOS

:
LIB.
I.
43
595
Improvisus
ait
" Coram, quern quaeritis, adsum
Troius Aeneas, Libycis ereptus ab undis. sola infandos Trojae miserata labores (Jj
I
Quae nos reliquias >anaum, terraeque marisque Omnibus exhaustos jam casibus, omnium egenos Urbe domo socias. Grates persolvere dignas Non opis est nostrae, Dido nee quicquid ubique est Gentis iJardaniae, magnum quae sparsa per orbem ~^ Di tibi, si qua pios respectant numina, si quid Usquam justitiae est et mens sibi conscia recti, Praemia digna ferant. Quae te tam laeta tulerunt
;
600
605
Saecula
In freta
qui tanti talem genuere parentes

fluvii current,
dum
Lustrabunt convexa, polus
dum montibus umbrae dum sidera pascet,

610
Semper honos nomenque tuum laudesque manebunt, Quae me cumque vocant terrae. Sic fatus amicum
Ilionea petit dextra laevaque Serestum
:
Post
alios,
fortemque Gyan fortemque Cloanthum.
Ubstipuit primo aspectu Sidonia Dido,
Casu dd'nde viri tanto"; et sic ore loquuta est "Quis te, nate Dea, per tanta pericula casus Insequitur? quae vis immanibus adplicat oris ?" Tune ille Aeneas, quem Dardanio Anchisae Alma Venus Phrygii genuit Simoentis ad undam ? "Atque equidem Teucrum memini Sidona venire, Finibus expulsum patriis, nova regna petentem
:
615
-
620
Auxilio Beli.
Genitor tum Belus

et victor
opimam
Vastabat Cyprum
dicione tenebat.
Tempore jam ex illo casus mihi cognitus urbis Trojan.ie nomenque tuum regesque Pelasgi.
Ipse hostis Teucros insigni laude ferebat,
625
Seque ortum antiqua Teucrorum a stirpe volebat. Quare agite, o tectis, juvenes, succedite nostris. Me quoque per multos similis fortuna labores Jactatam hac demum voluit consistere terra.
Non
Sic
ignara mali, miscris succurrere disco."
630
mcmorat, simul Aenean
in regia (hicit
44
p.
VERGILl MAKON'IS AEXKIDOS LIB.
I.
Tecta, simul divum tcmplis indicit honorem.
Nee minus
inteiea sociis
ad
litora mittit
Vil|[inti tauros,
magnorum
horrentia centum
Terga suimi, pingues

'
c^tum cum
matribus agnos,
,
635
Munera laetitiamque dii. At donius interior rcgali spIendidjiJuxu

InstiÛ.ur njfi<îisque pai'ahf dpnvivia teclis
:
Arte
labor.'ttae vestes
ostroque superbo
Ingens argcntum mensis caelataque
auro
640
Kortia facta patiLim, series longissima rerum
Per
tot-diicta virds antiqiir^
ab origine
gentis.
Aeneas, neque enim patrius consistere mentem Passus amor, rapidum ad naves prafinittit Achatcm,
Ascanio
ferat hacc, ips^nique
ad moenia ducat
645
Omnis in Ascanio 'cari^tat cura parentis. Munera praeterea, Iliacis erepta ruinis,
Ferrejubet, pallam signis auroque rigentem, Et circumtcxtum croceo vclamen acantho, Omatus Aigivae Helenae, quos ilia Mycenis,
650
Pergama quum
peteret inconcessosque
Hymenaeos,
;
Extulerat, matris Lecae mirabile
donum
Praeterea sceptrum, llione quod gesserat olim,
Maxima
nataruin Priami, colloque monile

et
duplicem gemmis auroque coronam. Haec celerans iter ad naves tendebat Achates. ">- At Cythere_a nova artes, novajpectore v6rsat Consilia ut facicm mutatus et era Cupido
Baccatum,
655
"
Ascanio veniat donisque furentem Pro Incendat Yeginanij atque ossibus implicet i;.,ncm. Quippe domiirn tiiTiet3mbiguam Tyripsque l.ilingues.
dulci
660
Urit atrox Juno, et sub noctem cura re"cursa'.
Ergo
his aligerum dictis adfatur

vires,
Amorem
"Nate, meae
Nate, patris
mea
niagna potentia solus,
summi
qui tela Typhoia temnis,*'"'J_
1'
665
Ad
te confugio, et
.-'
supplex tua numina posco.
Frater ut
eneas pelago tuus omnia circum
Litora jactetur, odiis Junonis iniquae,
p.
VERGILI MARONIS AKNEIDOS

saepe dolore.
LIB.
1.
45
NoUl
tibi
et nostro doluisti
Nunc Phoenissa
Vocibus
Hospilia
:
tenet Dido, blandisque moratui^
670
et vereor,
;
quo se funonia yertant

cessabit cardine reruni.
dolis, et
baud tanto
Quocirca capere ante
cingere flamma
Reginam
meditor, ne quo se numine mutet,
a ''^Sed magno A^neae mecum teneatur amore. ,Qua facere idj)ossi., riostram nunc accipe menteni.
<j
675
Rl^gius accitu cari genitoris ad
Sidoniam puer
ire parat,
urbem mea maxima

alti.
cura,
Dona
ferens, pelago et
flammis restantia Trojae. Cythera
Hui>c ego sbpiturh somno super
680
'Aut super Idaliiim sacrata sede recondam,
Ne qua scire dolos rriediusve occurrere possit. Tu faciem illius noctem non amplius unam
Wi**îâne dolo, et notos pueri inclue voltus
:
Ut,
gremio accipiet laetisssima Dido Regales inter mensas laticemque Lyaeum, Quum dablt amplexus atque oscula dulcia figet, Occultum inspires ignem fallasque veneno."
te
quum
685
Paret
Amor
dictis carae genit^cis, et alas

luli.
'
Exuit, et gressu gaudens incedit

.
6go
altos
r~^t
yenu,s' Asganio placidam per
membra quietem
v'^^^ririgat, et fotum gremio, dea

ttr-^
tollit in
Idaliae lucos, ubi mollis
amarcus ilium
Floribus et dulci aspirans complectitur umbra, ^"
Jamque
Regia
ibat dicto parens, et
portabat Tyriis^
dona Cupido duce laetus Achate.

"^^^
'"'
'i
695
Quum
venit, aulaeis Jariise regina superbis
Aurea composuit sponda, mediamquetocavit. Jam pater Aeneas et jam Trojana juventus/
Conveniunt, stratoque super discumbitur ostro.
"
700
Dant famuli manibus lymphas, Cereremque

Expediunt, tonsisque ferunt mantelia
vilis.
canistris
i
Quinquaginta intus famulae, quibus ordine longam Cura penum struere, et flammis adolere Penates Centum aliae, totidemque pares aetate ministri,
;
705
46
p.
VERUILI MAKONIS AKNEIDOS

onereiit, et pocula pDuant.
LIB.
Qui dapibus inensas
^
r
Necnon
ct Tyrii
per limina laeta frequcnles
discumb.re pictis.'^ \ Mirantur dona Aeneae, mirantur lulum V^X Flagrantesque dei voUUjS simulataqiie verba Pallamque et pictum croceo velainen acantho.
Convenere,
toris jussi
^
^
710
N f^
Praecipue
Expleri
infelix, pesti
devota futurae,
mentem
nequit ardescitqiie tuendo
Phoenissa, et pariter puero donisque movetur.
lUe ubi complexu Aeneae colloque pependit
715
Et
magnum
falsi
implevit genitoris
amorem,
Reginam
ocfculis, haec pectore toto gremio fovet, inscia Dido, Haeret.et interdum Insidat quantus miserae deus.x At memor ille ^
petit.
Haec
P
^
^
jf
Matris Acidaliae paulatim abolere Sychaeum

Incipit, et vivo tentat praevertere
amore
y ^^y iSj V
"
720
Jampridem resraes animos desuetaque corda. Postquam prima quies epulis, mensaeque rciuotae, Crateras magnos statuunt et vina coronant. Fit strepitus tectis vocemque per ampla volutant ^
Atria: dependent lychni laque; ribdf aureis,
Incensi, et
.
72^
noctem flammis funalia vmcuni. Hie Regina gravî gemmis auroque poposcit Implevitque mero pateram, quam Belus et omnes A V>e\o soliti. Turn facta silentia tectis " Juppiter, hospitibus nam te dare jura loquuntur,
:
'
7^^
$f^
Hunc laetum
Esse
velis
Tyriisque diem Trbjaque profectis
nostrosque hujus raeminisse minores.

et
Adsit laetitiae Bacchus dator,
bona Juno
Et
vos, o coetum, Tyrii, celebrate faventes"
735
;
Dixit, et ifîmensam laticum libavit
honorem
Primaque libato summo tenus Turn Bitiae dedit increpitans Spumantem pateram et pleno
Post
alii
attigit ore.
ille
impiger hausit
:
se proluit auro
proceres.
Cithara crinitus lopas
740
Personal aurata, docuit quern maxinius Atlas. Hie canit errantem lunam solisque labores ;
p.
VKRGILI >tAKOXIS AENEIDOS

et
LIB.
I.
47
;
unde imber et ignes Arcturum pluviasque Hyadas geminosque Triones Quid tantum Oceano properent se tinguere soles "*" Hibemi, vel quae tardis mora noctibus obstet. Ingemuiant plausu -Tyrii Troesque sequuntur. î(^[ c-w Necnon ei varlp nocterri sermone trahebat Infelix Dido longumque bibebat amorem, Multa super Priamo rogitans, super liectore jTiulta ^ /'*""'-' ^"^ Nunc, miibus Aurorae yenisset films armis 'T^'~ Nunc, qtiales'Diomedis equi nunc, quantus Achilles. ^*^/ "Immo, age, et a prima die hospes origine nobis
iToniinum genus,
Unde
pecudes
745
CUO^^-''-*-
"
750
liisidias," inquit,
'"
"
;
Erroresque tuos
nam
Danauniâsusque tuorum, te jam seprima portat
755
Oinnibus errantem
terris et fluctibus aestas."
DESCENT OF THE ROMAN JULIAN FAMILY FROM
THE TROJANS.
Scamander
Teucer
Juppitcr=Electra
Dardanus
Batea
Ilus
Erichthonius
Tros
Ilua
Assaracus
I
Laomedon
Priam
I
Capys
Anchises = Venus
Hector
Aeneas
Ascanius or Inlus
48
NOTES.
1
Arma vimmque
Vergil cano: "I sing of arms and the man." observes the custom of epic poets by announcing his subject at the outset : cp. the opening lines of the Iliad, Odyssey and Paradise Lost arma may be used here to show the contrast between the subject of the Aeneid and that the Georgics (cp. the opening line of Georgic I. ), in which the theme, viz., the occupations of rustic life, is announced. Distinvirum, referring to the deeds of Aeneas. " who of old from the coasts of guish cano and cano qui littora Troy came, an exile of fate, to Italy and the shore of Lavinium." primus Heyne and Wagner, finding a difficulty in reconciling the usual meaning of this with the statement of Antenor's previous settlement, mentioned v. 242, make primus olini, "of old." Gallia Cisalpina was not formally included in Italia Propria till 42 B.C., and possibly was not considered by Vergil as a part of Italy Proper. Distinguish org aK-y, the land or district on the sea; ljûs = pr/y/iiv, the land covered by the breakers of the sea ; ripa = TxPV, the bank of a river.
.
ItaUam=ad
Italiam Vergil, with many other poets, sometimes omits prepositions after verbs of motion cp. Aen. I, 365, devenere locos ; " But ere we could arrive the spot Shaks. Julius Caesar I, 2 proposed. "/a<o may be taken (i) with profwjus as above, abl. of instr. or (2) with venit, abl. manner. In what compound words
: :
is
.short? H. 594.5; A. & G. 354, d. Lavinaque others read Lavliiiaque. In scansion, if the latter reading is adopted, i is ^-* consonantal, i. e. pronounced y.
pro
3-5
Ille
Latio: "hard driven on land and on the deep by the violence of heaven, for cruel Juno's unforgetful anger, and hard bestead in war also, ere he might found a city and carry his gods into Latium." ille : cp. Homeric 6 ys, not the subject of jactatus {est), but in alto apposition with qui. ten-is local ablatives H. 425, note 3; A. & G. 258, {. svperum=zsuperorum, scil. deorum. multa
passus, like jactatus, a participle, lit. "much, too, having suffered in war also." dum conderet "in his attempts to build :" H. 519, II., 2 : A. & G. 328. The idea of purpose is implied. Latio in
Latium
6
in prose.
Unde = a
quo, scil., ortum est: "from whom (sprung)." Some think that the three stages of the growth of Rome are referred to, viz., the original settlement at Lavinium, the transference of power to Alba Longa, and the final selection of Rome as the seat of empire. The Latins dwelt in the broad plain between the Sabine mountains
and the sea, and traced their descent to King Latinus.

4
The word
49

50
vercil's Aiy.
b.
i.
flat
cp. latus, nTârvq, Eng. Latini means the dwellers of the plain for the loss of the initial mute, cp. laiix, jrAdf ; lavo, nXvvECv. ; Vergil is incorrect in saying that the Latins were descended from Aeneas, as they existed before his advent cp. Livy, i. i. Their chief town was Lavinium (now Pratica).
: :
Alhani patres
the head of a confederacy of thirty destruction by Tullus Hostilius, the leading citizens were transferred to Rome, and became incorporated in the common state. Many of the noble families of Rome, notably the Alba Longa occupied a Julii, traced their descent to the AIl)ans. vi.penia (rt. MUN, site prolâbly near the convent of PalazzuoJo. to defend ; cp. a-fxiiv-eiv), the walls for defensive purposes ; {7min-rus, also rt. mun), a wall of any kind ; varip s (rt. PAR, to separate), the partition walls of a house ; mactrig a garden wall. Rome at first occupied the altae Bomae, "of stately Rome." Afterwards the Capitol'me, Aventine, Esquiline, Coelian, Palatine. Also the Pincian, Viminal, and Qu'irinnl hills were included. Vatican, and Jau'iculan- hills, on the Ktruscan side, were brought within the boundaries of the city under Aurelius.
:
Alba Longa was

After
its
Latin towns.
mums
Musa :
"T
Vergil, following the example of Homer, invokes the muse and whole plot to the gods. C'dlliopfi was the muse of epic poetry. quo numine lae.'io there are several ways of taking these words ; (i) some supply, impulsus fuerit, "by what offended deity was he (Aeneas) constrained;" (2) numine vol untate, "what
refers the
:
{yi_y^^
'"
i '
purpose (of Juno) being thwarted;" (^) quo = qua de cau^ta, "for what reason, her (i.e. Juno's) will being thwarted ; " (4) ob quam laesionem numinis, " on account of what affront to her purpose;" The last is (5) "for what offencs to the majesty of heaven." The first is objectionable because Juno has been probably correct.
mentioned as the offended

9
:
deity.
"or in what vexation;" lit. "resenting what." For Quidve dolens tot volvere casus: case of quid: H. 371, ill. ; A. & G. 237 b. " to run the round of so many misfortunes." For poetic use of infinitive see H. 535, IV. A. & G. 331, g.
;
10
/
.
the hero of the Aeneid is distinguished by the Insignem pietate epithet piits, which means that .hehad filial affeciion as well as religious reverence. He rescues his father from burning Troy (Aen. adire, "to face." also the gods (Aen. 2, 717). For case 2, 723) A. & G. 228, a. of labores see H. 386.3
:
11
Ivipulerit
& G. 334. animis, or (2) local ablative. irae, the plural, denotes the various manifestations of her pa.ssions : H. 130, 2 ; A. & G. 65, c.
:
indirect question
dative,
taken
(i)
H. 529, I. H. 387, A. & G. 231

:
A.
12
Urbsantiqua: said with reference to Vergil's own time. Karthage was founded probably about 853 B.C. Tyrii coloni: "settlers from Tyre ;" the Tyrians founded also Tunes and Utica, near Karthage.
NOTES.
51
13
Italiam
longe: longc may be taken (i) as modifying; the whole phrase,

against
Italy and the Tiber's moulhs afar;" or (2) longe "the far distant Tiber's mouths." Italiam contra: what H. 636, VI. What direction is Karthage from Rome?
"over
figure ?
distaiitia,
14
Dives opum: compare df't'es ; d&cYn\e ojnim. What adjectives govern sludiis: H. 424; A. the genitive? H. 399, i. 3 ; A. & G. 2i8, c. & G. 253: abl. of respect "in its passion for ;" see note on irae Vergil here, no doubt, alludes to the experience for plural, vs. II. of the Romans in the Punic Wars.
:
15
Quam coluisse
the Romans identified the Syrian Astarte (the Ashtaunam, "especially;" unus gives to roth of the Bible) with Juno. superlatives, or to words implying a superlative force {inagis quam omnes terras), an emphatic meaning; cp. (f; e'tg apLaroq "especially the best."
: : ;
16
Pfy'habita
hi
preference to Samos," lit., " Samos being regard:" H. 431, A. & G. 255. Herodotus (3.50) In scanning mentions a famous temple of Here (Jitno) at Samos.
Same: "in
in less
notice that the hiatus in Samo is relieved by the caesural This especially occurs when a long vowel is in the arsis of pause. the foot H. 708, 11. cp. v. 617.
this line,
:
17
Currus
Juno is rarely represented as a war goddess, though we have instances: cp. Horn. II. 720-3. hocfovetque: "the 5, goddess even now strives, and fondly hopes that this would be the seat of empire for the nations, if in any way the fates permit." hoc is attracted to the gender of the predicate H. 445, 4 ; A. & G.
:
some
195. 342.
sinant:
:
subj.
ot intermediate clause;
H.
529,
II.
A.
&
G.
jam t :m = etiam
turn
" even then,"
at that early period.
18
Snl enim (cp. alia yap), ellipsis for sed {metuit Karthagini) enim, Sec, "yet (she feared for Karthage) for she had heard a race was dud: H. 523, I. ; A. & G. 336, issuing Irom the blood of Troy."
present as
now
:
in the act of being accomplished.
20
Tyrias-arces
" which should hereafter overthrow her vrian tc^wers ." v."rteret destruction of T^ jiith n gR (146 B.C.) is i-eferred to. H. 491, i., A. G. 286. oUvi may everteret: subj. o't^^frnTpose refer to either the past or future ; here it refers to latter : properly "at that time." (fr. ollus, ille),
The
&
21
Hinc=a, qua progenii'. late rrgem = (by enallage]^ late regnanteTn H. 441.3, A. & G. 188, d: cp. the Homeric evpvKpsiuv. belloque superbum " tyrannous in war."
22
Excidio Libyae : "to destroy Libya ;" for the two datives see H. 390 Some read exscidio, but excidio is not for ezscidlo, A. & G. 233. cp. the forms ecfero, ecfari, ecfodio, but for ec-scidio (ec, scindo) volvere Parcas, scil. axtdlerat there is found in old writers. The Parcae (rt. PAR, "to reference here to the thread of destiny.
: :

52
g.
l.
Vergil's aek.
allot:" cp. pars, portlo, t'-To/j-oi') were ihe goddesses of Miili and three in munher, Nona, Dccuma, Morta, and so the death ari)iters of luinian destiny. They were identified with the Greek MoZ/jat {ueipo/iai, to allot), Clot ho, Lachesis, and Atropos, whose Ciotho colum retiiiet, Lachesis duties are included in the foil, line cp. Milton's Lycidas net, et Atropos occat
:
: :
" Comes the
And
l'.\
slits
blind Fury with the abhorred shears. the thin-spun life."
- Metuen s
"fearful of that ;" metuare . to dread with anxiety of some future evil ; tiiiiej^, to fear an impending danger ; vereri , a respect-veteris belli ful fear of some superior being ; formidare, to dread. Salurnia, soil. Jilia, or dea, according to the war against Troy. Here (Juno) was the daughter of Kronos the Greek thcogony.
:
identified
The Romans, however, by the Romans with Saturn. represent no relationship between Juno and Saturn.
:
24
-Ad Trojam
apud,
(i)=-aduersMS, " against," or (2)= here the town is put for the inhabitants=Here, or Juno, was worshipped Argivis, and this for Graecis. specially at Argos, one of the chief cities of Argolis. prima, " before all others," or some say, "long ago " cp. primus, v. 2.
ad may be taken
Argis
:
"at."
25
NecJum animo
"nor had the springs of her anger nor the bitterness : of her vexation yet gone out of her mind;" etiam = et jam. the motives of wrath ; the plural irae refer to causae irarum excidethe many manifestations of the passion; see note v. II. rant "had faded ;" distinguish in meaning excido, excldo.
:
:
26
Animo
463,
f.
in prose ex
;
:
animo
205,
H. 412.2; A. & G.
d.
I.
A.
&
G.
alta
243, repv.itum=al/e
;
b.
(171)
manet: H. mente re-
positum
"laid away in her mind ;" H. 425, N. 3

figure ?
:
A.
&
G. 258,
What
27
Paris was judge in the contest of Juno, Venus, Judicium Paridis see Tennyson's Oenone. and Minerva for the golden apple " and the insult offered to her slighted spretaeque formae M. 549, N 2 ; A. & G. 292 a. beauty ;" for obj. gen.
28
Genus invisam referring to the birth of Dardanus, the son of Jupiter and lilectra and founder of the Trojan line. (See genealogical tree,
:
p. 48.)
rapti, scil.,
ad caelum.
29
His
super: "fired with this, too," i.e. by what has been said in the super =i?isuper, "beforegoing lines: II. 416; A. & G. 245. aequore why sides," i.e. in addition to her anxiety for Karthage. H. 425, 11. 2 ; A. & G. 258, f. is the preposition in omitted?
:
30
Seliquias
131
;
G. A.
Danaum what words are used in the plural only? H. & G. j6. Danau7n the subj. gen. H. 396, H,; A. & 214. What words have um for oruin in gen. pi. ? H. 52.3 & Q. 40, e. Vergil calls the Greeks Danai, Graii, Arîvi,
:
A.
Pclasiji,' Archivi.
Achilli
decline

NOTES.

53
'SlLatio
H. 414, N.
i ;
A.
&
G. 258,
a.
still
32 33 34
Errahant: " (had wandered and) were 2; A. & G. 277, b.

Tantae
wandering
A.
;"
H. 469,
II.
erat
"so
vast a
work
it
was ; " H. 402
&
G. 214, d,
&215.
Vergil,
ill
following the usual method of epic poets, plunges the reader medias res (Horace A. P. 148), the earlier adventures being left The Trojans have now left for the hero to tell in Books II. & III.
The natural order for a connected the port of Drepanum in Sicily. narrative would have been Books II., III., v. 315, then Book I. "did they merrily set their sails seaward." laeti in altum
35
laeti, because they expected soon to end Vela dabant, scil., vends. observe the alliteration, "the their wanderings. spumas salis foam of the salt sea ;" sal ; cp. aAf 77. acre, the bronze keels of the ruebant=eruebant. vessel = a?eis carinis.
:
36
Quum Juno secum,
"when Juno, nursing the unscil., loquitur: dying wound in her heart, thus communes with herself." sub pectore, "in her heart," lit. "beneath her breast." The heart was the seat of intellect according to the Romans ; the lower organs cp. Burns' Tam O'Shanter, were the seat of passions. servans " nursing her wrath to keep it warm."
:
37
Mene
victam:
"What! am
to desist
inf.
:
baffled?"
The
539, III.; A.
&
accusative with incepto G. 274.
from my purpose, as one denotes indignation here : H. H. 413, N. 3 ; A. & G. 243, a.
38
Nee
regem:
" and
am
aside from Italy?"
Italia:
not able to turn the leader of the Trojans H. 414; A. & G. 258, a.
S9Quippe [=qui-pe)
epithet of
"because forsooth," ironical ; cp. 6t]kov. Pallas, Athene (Minerva), from (l) tvclIIslv, to brandish, ox (2) ndX^M^, a maiden. Ne^nonne: H. 351, i. ; A. & G. 210, a.
:
Argivum
40
see note on
:
v. 30.
Ipsos=avTovg
abi. either of
"the crew themselves," opposed to the ships. instrument or of place.
-ponto
41
Ob noxam
etfurias : either "on account of the guilt and frenzy," or ob noxam furiosam "on account of the guilty deeds (by enallarie) Ajax is said to have committed in frenzy." With Oilei, sci\.,Jilii offered violence to Cassandra, priestess of Minerva, daughter of For another account see Ajax (Proper Names). Scan this I'riam.
line.
42
Ipsa: " she with her own hand."

deities
who
Pallas and Jupiter were the only are represented as wielding the thunderbolt.
44
Pectore: abl. separation: H. 414, N. i ; A. & G. 243, b. turbine: abl. of means: H. 420, A & G. 248. scoû/o : local abl. or dat. H. 425, N. 3 : A. & G. 260, a.
.

54
46

vi:iuiiL's
ai:n.
b.
i.
Ast
cjero : " but I who walk with stately tread, the q-.iecn of the gods, I, the sister and wife of Jove, with a single jieople so many The language of aH: archaic form of at. years wage wars." Note the majestic gait of Juno is epic poetry alTectcd archaisms. imitated by the spondaic character of the verse.
47
Et soror el conjunx : maiyi)fjTT]v alox^v H. 379, A. & G. 256.
te
Horn.
II.
i6, 432.
annos
48
Gero: " have been (and still am) waging :" H. 467.2, A. & G. 276, H. 457 A. & C. 105 h. quisquam implying a negative a. adorat others Distinguish quisquam, uUus and qaivis, quilibet. H. 485, A. & G. 268. read adoret
: ;
49
Practereaposihac: "hereafter."
:
aris:
f.
II. 386,
A.
&
G. 22S.
50 Corde
51
H. 425, N.
A.
&
G. 258
We
lines a lively personification of the winds. The winds place big with blustering blasts." Aquilo E., mentioned in the Aeneid are: N., Boreas; N.E Eiirus; S., Notas or Auster ; S.W., Africus ; W., Zephyrus ; N.W., Corns or Caurus ; N.N.W., /a^yx. Distinguish in mean-
have in the following
JjQca
austris:
loci.
in-
"a
ing loca,
52
Distinguish
beautiful
its
antrum: a cave or grotto, as a tense v^nit, venit. object with reference to its romantic appearance and specus, a gap with a longish opening ; cooling temperature spelunca, a cavity in a merely physical relation, with reference to
:
darkness or dreadfulness.
53
We have
ImjX'.rio
here a fine example of imitative harmony (onomatopoeia), the hissing sounds of the winds being well represented by the suc" the struggling winds and sounding storms." ce'jsive s's
:
54
" restrains beneath his sway and curbs them with The picture of the winds may have prison house." been suggested by the Indi C'ircenses, at which chariot racing was one of the chief features. Imperio H. 420 ; A. & G. 248. vinclis what et car cere =vinclis in carcere, or some sa.y = vinclis carceris
:
frenat
fetters in his
figure ?
55
Illifremunt "they chaffing, while the great rock roars responsive, Note the alliteration. magna cum. rage round the prison bars." murmure, a substitute for the ablative absolute.
:
57
Sceptra tenens = aKT]7tTovxoi: "sceptre in iras: "rage:" cp. v. 25, note. sions."
hand."
animoa:
"pas-
58
Ni
pres.
archaic form of nisi : see ast, v. ^?,.faciatferant verrant : the A. & G. 307, h.^rquippc, for impf. gives greater vividness Note, W;r(e< is intransitive, "sweep." "doubtless," ironical.
:
61
Molem
et
montes^^molem montium (by hendiadys)

:
"a mass
of woun-
tains." ?wa/*er
"on
the top of them."

62
NOTES.
55
Regemque
habeas: "and gave them such a king as knew, v/hea bidden (by Jove), by a fixed law either to tighten or to loosen the reins." quisciret, forsubj.: H. 497, I ; A. & G. 317. premere, scil., habenas or ventos.dare laxasâxare. jussus, sell., a
Jove.
65
Namque
in prose usually etenim, introduces a self-evident reason, : "seeing that." Here the particle assigns the reason of her coming "I have come to you, for, as you know," &c. divum to him rex Horn. II. 1.544 Trar^p avdpuv re deuv re.
:
65
Miilcere tollere=ut midceas tollas H. 535, iv.; A. & G. 331. g. vento must be taken with both mulcere and tollere. The ancients seem to have thought that some winds calmed, while other winds raised the sea.
67
Aequor
a kind of cognate accusative
H. 371.
II.
N. ; A.
&
G. 238:
cp. livai odov.
68
Ilium
Penates
the meaning seems to be that the conquered Trojans
and establish their religion. Ihe Penates are said to be victos, as their old home Ilium was destroyed. Penates, Roman household gods, of which each family had its own. These were worshipped with Vesta, the goddess of the hearth.
will in Italy perpetuate their race
Each city also had its Penates. Those of Lanuvium, the chief city Afterwards they of Latium, were brought by Aeneas from Troy. The root of pe nates is from pa, or, pat, were transferred to Rome. "to nourish:" cp. naTJjp, Koai.g (^=-6TLg), r5e(T-7rdr-;/f cp. pater, Eng. father. The word may therefore mean pasco, panis, penus the images of " the original founders" of the clan or gens.
;
69
Incute ventis : " rouse thy winds to fury ;" lit. "strike strength into the winds," as if by a blow of his sceptre. submersas "so that they will be sunken," a proleptic use of the participle (cp. v. 29)= obrue et submerge puppes : cp. Shales. King John, " Heat me those irons hot."
:
70
Diversos, scil., viros, scil., naves.
"the crew
far apart."
Others read diversas,
71
Corpore: abl.
Deiopea.
tive giwte
specifica tion
H. 419.
11.;
A.
&
G. 251.
72
If this
be the correct reading, Deiopea

is
attraction, i.e., the antecedent

:
is a case of inverted attracted into the case of the rela-
cp. vs. 573.
Others
:
Tea.d
Deiopeam.
73
Jungam, scil., tibi. conubio to get over the difficulty of scansion, consonant, i.e.=y. some take this word as a trisyllable, making propriam^perpetuam "and grant her to thee as your wife for
ever:" cp. Eel. 7.31.
75
Palchra prole
with facial
as, abl,
taken either means.
(i)
with pareniem, abL quality, or (2)

56
6
explorare:
optes

vkrgil's akn.
b.
i.
Tuus
"thine
'.
is
diooiest."
suhj. of
whnt thou task to determine dependent question: H. 529; A. &

the
G. 33477
Ta
realm this
note the emphasis : " '.tis thou who gavest me whatever " the sceptre and wliich I have." sceptra Jovemqxve the favor of Jove," or hy h&nAxniys sceptra Jovis, "the sceptre derived from Jove." All kingly power came from Jove.
:
tu tu
is
79
Epulis
decline this word. accumbere H. 535, IV.; A. & G. 331, g. Vergil here ascribes to the gods a custom prevalent among the Romans of his own day. The Greeks sat at meals as we do.
:
:
80
81
Potentem: "lord," see note on Penates 399.3; A. & G., 218.
vs.
68.
nimborum
H.
cavum latus "with spear-point turned that way, Dicta, scil. sunt. Note the allUeration. iJi.-,the hollow hill he struck on the side."
:
tinguish in
meaning latus and
latus.
82
Velut agmine facto', in.; A. &G., 248.
"as
in
banded array,"
abl.
manner: H.
419,
83
Data
For
terra perjlant "they blow a blast across the world." (est). case of terras, see H. 372., A. & G., 237, d.
: :
84
Incubuere mari
action of perfect, see
" they swooped down upon the sea :" H. 471, 11.; A. & G. 279 cp,
:
for
momentary
erreaKTiTpav.
85
Ruunt
86
scription.
the change of tense is supposed to give vividness to the de" the gusty south-west wind." creber proccUis Africus Africus cp. y-i'i>, as blowing from Libya ; called by the Italians
:
:
:
still
Africa, or Gherbino.
:
EtflncfMS
the successive spondees well described the measured
mo-
tion of the
heavy surges.
87
Insequitur
rudentum: "then follow both the shrieks of the crew and the creaking of the cordage. "^rjVwj/i what words of the 2nd deck have the gen. pi. in um instead of orum? H. 52.3 ; A. & G. md<ntes were the light hanging gear of a ship (roTreia), 40, a, while funes (axoivia), were the strong ropes to which the anchors were attached, and by which the ship was fastened to the land.
: :
88
Eripiuut
" suddenly the clouds blot from the eyes of the oculis dies, "light," probably the original 'irojans both sky and light." meaning of the word ; cp. div., " bright:" cp. 6lFog, At F6q (gen. of Zeif, god of the air), Juppiter (=DivpAter), Diana [ Div-ana,
:
the bright one), "the
moon."
Morris well translates
:
89
Incubat
"broods over."
" Night on the ocean
lies,
Pole thunders unto pole, and still with wild fire glare the skies. And all things, hold the face of death before the seamen's eyes."

atra
of
:

NOTES.
Of
"sable." Distinguish ater, denoting black as a negative opposed to aLbiia, white ; nUjer, black, as being itself a color, and indeed the darkest, opposed to candidus.
ail color,
90
Intonuere poll: "it thundered from po'e to pole;" lit. " the poles thundered" polus, (ndAog), the Latin term for Trd/lof is vertex, the end or axis on which, according to the ancient notions, the heavens "and the heaven gleams with frequent turned {verti). et aether aethe.r, the bright upper sky above the clouds (ald^p) flashes." Here the distinction is, however, unaer, the lower air [a/jp). observed.
91
Praesenlemque
stant death."
mortem
"and
all
things threaten the crew with in-
intentant, note the force of the frequentative.
92
Extemplo
from tempidum, dim. of tempus) "at once." ( = ea; tempulo, frigore, "with a chilling fear."
93
Duplices: not
"clasped," as this was not the attribute of prayer the Greeks and Romans, who extended the palms of their hands to the supposed dwelling place of the deity addressed, but "both": cp. the use of dLnlovq for a/j.(pu, 6vu Aeschylus, Prom. Vinctus, 971, liTjSk fiot din'Xag bSovg, UpoftTjdev, npoajidTirig. So also duplex, said for umbo, uterque, of things in pairs Aen. 7, 140 duplices parentes. palma, "the open hand": cp. 'Kakdjirj, "the blade of an oar :" root, pal, to spread ; ;7aô?% "I wander," and pando, " I spread :" for d passing into I : cp. odor, olere ; dingtia, lingua ; SaKpv, lacrima.
among
94
Refert^dicit.
hidden 95
in his heart
The meaning may be he brings bach cp. Hom. Od. 5,309, et sqq.
:
to light thoughts
Quis contigit "whose happy lot it was." quis=quibus. accidit, of good or bad events it happens unexpectedly, said contigit, it happens, said of fortunate events evenit, it happens, said of events ante ora ; considered a happy lot, because expected, good or bad.
: :
their fathers
would see
their noble deeds.
96
Oppetere,
scil., mortem, to die, as a moral act, in so far as a man, if he does not seek death, at any rate awaits it with firmness: obire mortem, to die, as a physical act, by which one ends all suffering.
97
Tydide = Diomedes, who met Aeneas in single combat II. 5,297. "alas! that I could not have fallen on the Trojan dextra Tnene plains and gasped out this life beneath thy right hand " For the occumbere, scil., mortem, or morte, or case of me, see note, v 37. obviam morti. campis, local abl. =itt campis.
99
perhaps " terrible in battle :" cp. Homer's deivbg (laxvv. Saevus Aeneas himself is called saevus in Aen. 12, 107. Aeacides: Achilles is meant, who was son of Peleus, grandson of Aeacus.
:

58 Some
n.
i.
vehgil's aen.
render jacet by " fell," a Iii>t()ric present, because we learn from II. 1 6, 667, that the body of Sarpedou was conveyed to Lycia by Sleep and IJeath.
100
Simo'is
decline.
Name
"as he
A.
the other rivers in the Tread.

utters these
102
Talia jaclanti
ir., 4,
words :" dat. of reference : stridens procella either G. 235. ; 384, squall howling from the north," (Aquilone ^= ab Aquilone), or, squall howling with the north wind," abl. of accompaniment.
:
note 4
&
H.
"a
"a
Avertit, 105 Dat,

104
soil.,
e=aw6r<i<r (middle
:
force),
" swings round."
" the prow exposes the side (of the ship) to the insequitur mons : " close (on the ship) in a mass comes on a precipitous mountain billow." insequitur, sell., navem. cumulo, abl. manner, with insequitur.
soil.,
prora
waves."
106
Hi,
properly =i;jrj, "the crew," hut hy S!/necdoche=hae naves. his "to those the yawning billow discloses ground amid the Distinguish unda, a wave, arising from the ordinary waves." motion of water ; Jluctus, a wave, caused by some external force, as storms.
aperit
107
Furit arenis
"the seething
of instrument. together."
Conington translates
arenis : abl. flood rages with sand." " sand and surf are raving :
108
Abreptas torquet^=abripuit
latentia,
et torquet: "has caught and whirls." " hidden" by the overflowing sea in stormy weather ; in a calm they were visible.
is saxa quae medili in fiuctibus {exstantia) " rocks which (standing out) in the midst of the billows the Italians call Altars." The saxa referred to are probably Of these, the insula the rocks just outside the bay of Karthage. Aegimuri is the chief. Some say the Karthaginians priests used to offer sacrifices there to avert shipwrecks on the rocks, hence the Others say the Skerki rocks are alluded to, situated in term Ara. the shallow between Tunis and Sicily.
109
Saxa aras.
The order
:
Jtali vocant
Aras
110
Dorsum summo
:
"a vast reef rising to the surface of the main." dorsum, properly "a back" of an animal cp. x^P^C, properly a low, rugged rock rising like a hog's back on the surface of the local abl. Ab alto " from the high seas." ma7-i waves.
: : :
Ill
In brevia
"on the shoals of the et Syrteii=in hrevia (loca) Syrthim Syrtes." The Syrtes (so called from dragging in the ships j invb Tov avpeiv rag vyag, or from the Arabian word Sert, meaning a desert,) were two gulfs in Northern Africa, the Syrtis Major {Gulf II. 547 of Sidra), the Syrtis Minor (O'ulf of Khabs). visu
:
A.
&
G. 30 J,

NOTES.
"
59
114
Ipsius, scil., Aejieae. Ipse like avrSc is often used as a superior, as ipse dixit, said of Pythaof a leader, master, &c.: cp. avroQ hpa goras by his disciples. a vertice^=KaT' aKpr/g, " vertically," Scan
:
this line.
115
puppim.
What words have the accusative in imôr em ? H. 62 ; A. " the pilot is dashed away and G. 56, b. excutitur caput headlong is rolled forward." excutio, often used " to throw out" of a ship, chariot, or from a horse. pronus, cp. Trpijvfjq opposed to
&
supirius=^vTVTiog.
magister,
it
i.e.,
navis guhernator.
116
A^,
old form of at, and like the Greek drop, it joins a previous tRbught to a new and different one : " whils t on the spot thrice
(scil.,
the billow whirls
illam, or navein^^r'wing
it
round and
round."
WJEt vortex:
deep."
local abl.
"and the swift eddy engulfs it (i.e., navem) in the rapidus, root rap: cp. dpTT-dô) (by metathesis). aequore,
Oy\\% The
sailors.
spondees describe well the labored movements of the struggling rari "scattered here and there.
:
\\%Arma vndas. The
shields
gazaOrjaavpdg, a prince's wealth.

120
for a while in the waves, or the p'cture
and spears may be referred to as floating may be merely mo;nentary.
Scan
this
line.
Tell
what metrical
figure is in
it
H. 608,
iii.
Decline Achates.
121
Qua=in qua 122 Hiemps. The p

:
local abl.
is
:
nounce
s after vi
merely euphonic, because it is cp. sumpsi. laxis^'atiscunt;
difficult to pro-
"through the
:
loosened fastenings of the sides, all (the .ships) draw in the unwelcome water and gape with (many) seams." imber properly rain water: here;=//ia?-e cp. Virg. Georg. 4. 115. riviis, abl. manner.
:
124
Interea:
refers to a matter of some duration interim: loathing merely momentary interea, includes the time occupied from the winds swooping down on the sea (v. 84) up to the present. We may translate, " while this was going on, Neptune greatly moved felt that the deep was disturbed with dreadful din." What figure
: :
in this line ?
125 Et-r-vastis
waters were forced up (to the surface) Servius takes stagna to mean the still waters at the bottom of the deep. vadis, al)l. of separation : H. coinmotun: "moved" in heart, though 414, N., I ; A. & G. 243. of serene countenance (/ilacidam caput.). a/fo pros2nnens may mean (l) " looking forth from the deep sea," where his palace was ;
:
"and
that the
still
from
their lowest depths."
abl. sep.
(2)
the space over
"looking forth which the view
is
o'er the deep," the abl. representing taken : cp. v. 81 : (more correctly

60
vekgil's aen.
b.
i.
his resârd for the
jrrospkere takes an ace. in tliis construction, as in main," the dat.: H. 385, II., I ;
abl. of sep.
:
v.
155)
(3)
"
ir c.
A.
&
G. 227,
127 Urula
128
H. 414, N.
i ;
A.
&
G. 243.
Tolo
aequore
:
see note, vs. 29.
129
Caeli ruina
is
"by the wieck of lieaven." The violent storm of rain considered as the downfall of the sky itself.
:
130
Latuere^fratrem
"were unknown
to her brother :" with lateo
and
ace, cp. use oi /iavOdvu.

131
Scan
this line
and
:
tell
what metrical
figure
is in it
H.
608, in.
132
"has such confidence in your origin possessed Tantane vestri you ?" The winds were the sons of Aurora and the Titan Astraeos, so that they were on the one side of divine origin and on the other they were descended from a rival of the gods.
133 134
Numine
"consent ;" from nno, "to nod."

:
"such mighty billows." Tantas mohs audeo ? What others of the same class ?
ego, scil., ulciscar.
What kind
H.
of a verb
is
135 Quos
136
What
figure?
637,
xi.
3;
A.
&
G.
page 299.
Post^^postea
"hereafter." Non may be taken (i) either with with luetis ; the former is preferable: "you shall pay Commissa lucre another penalty for a second sin." cp.
: :
simili, (2) or
me
138
irenpayfxiva Aveiv.
Non datum
of ocean
trident."
empire,"
"not to him, but to me was allotted the stern trident literally "the empire of ocean and the stern saevum: "stern," as the sceptre is the badge of
:
authority.
139 Sorte
Juppiter, Neptune, and Pluto are said to have received their realms by allotment, a notion probably suggested by the Roman mode of assigning the provinces at the beginning of the year.
:
140
Vedras: referring to the whole winds, though directly addressed to Aeolus: "let Aeolus glory in his palace," literally ill" Eurus. " give himself airs."
141
Et
regnet : the winds."

citius
:
"and
let
him
:
reign
when he has
closed the prison of
car cere
abl. abs.
\i2Dicto
" ere the words were spoken :" H. 417, N. 5 ; A. & G. distinguish in meaning pldcare, placere ; j)erul^re, h.placat 247, pendert ; albare, albere j /ugare, fugere ; jacire, jacere ; sedare,
:
aldere.

NOTES.
1 ;
HlAdnixus,
1
sell.,
nnvihus
"pushing against the ships."
+5
Scopulo
Vergil does not seem to distinguish abl. of separation. cupulas, a high pointed cliff, affording a wide lookout (rt. scep ;
:
cp. CTKOTre/lof)
saxam, a huge rock of whatever form
cp.
nsTpa
rapes, a jagged cliff ; catites, a small rock levat, scil. naves. invisible to the sailors.
down
in
the water and
146
" he makes his way through." Syrtis see note, vs. 1 12. Aperit temperat: distinguish the meaning of this verb with (i) dat., (2)
:
:
ace.
H.
385,
II.,
I.
147
Levibus
The adj. is best taken : distinguish in meaning levis, levis. "and gently in his car he ^=lecUer, an adv., n\odiy\ng perlabltur votis: part for whole [mjnech glides o'er the top of the waves."
:
doche)-=carru.
148-150
arises,
as when oft in a throng of people striie multitude rage in their minds, and now brands and stones art fl.ying ; madness lends arms." One of the best known This simile reverses the order observed by of Vergil's similes. Homer. In 11. 2, 144, Homer compares the din of the assembly to Vergil here compares the sea pacified by Neptune that of the sea. " Man reminds to a violent mob swayed by some respected orator. the more pictorial poet of nature ; nature reminds the more philoinar/no in jiopulo lit. " in a vast throng." sophic poet of man." gnomic perfect H. 472.5, A. & G. 270, c. coorta est
velati
:
Ac
"even
and the
fierce
149
Seditio
derived from se, itio, "a going apart," i.e. "a riot :" for d animis : probably a locative ; cp. epenthetic : cp. redeo, prodeo. animi discrucior, animi aeger.
:
150
J^mque
implies the idea of a gradual pronimc, definitely the present. -faces et saxa were tlie arms of a Roman mob, as the carrying of arms was forbidden within the city.
:
gression
" and up to
at length
"
jam
;
a certain time
151-152
Turn, correlative with cum ; v. 148 "then if, perchance, they one revered for goodness and service, they are silent and stand by with attentive ear." pktate (jractm nc vieritis. Some quern: when is quis = aUquis? H. say thit Cicero is meant. 455. X; A. & G. 105, A.forlf, "perchance," takes the indie, so also foraan ; forlasse has once the indie, in Vergil, otherwise the subj. ; forsitnn has regidarly the the subj.
:
catcii sight of
152
Conspexere thought of
:
individuals composing the throng [vulgus) are hence the plural. The perfect is used to express momentary action. adstant " they stand by." Note force of orf.
the
l5iCunctusfra(jor
prospiciens
:
"
all
the uproar of the sea
is
at
once hushed."
vs. 126.
Decline pc/agus.
Di>tingui-.h in
"looking o'er
meaning the calm deep."
cecldit recidit.
aequora
See note

6'2
Vergil's
:
aen.
b.
i.
155
Ge,nilor^=NeptHnns pater seems to have been a general epithet of a river or sea deity; cp. pater Tiherlmis (Livy, 2.10); pater Oceanua (Virg. Georg., 4.382) pater Portiinus (Virg. Aen., 5.241). So also Homer calls Ocean 6euv yeDeaiv. It was one of the dogmas of the Ionic School of Philosoi^hers that water was the primary element of all things a doctrine evidently held by Vergil. aperto: "cleared" of clouds, i.e. "serene."
;
156
" and he lets his gliding chariot fly with Ctirruque secundo loosened rein," literally "he flying gives reins to his gliding chariot." cufru^=currui. secundo: i.e. "following" his steeds, hence "gliding."
:
157
Aeneadae
"followers of Aeneas;" so the Athenians are called Oecropidae, Thesidae, from their original leaders. quae litora : " the nearest shores ;" the relative here supplies the place of our article. cursu^rajikle, abl. of manner; cp. dpdjK^z^Taxv.
: :
158
literally " turn themselves." Vertuntur = vertunt se The passive endings in Latin arose out of the reflexive forms of the active by adding to the verbal stem with the tach vowel the ace. of the reflexive pronoun which was for all persons -se e final was afterwards dropped, and the remaining form sometimes clianges s to r
vertor^=verto-se ; vei'teris=vertesi-se A. & G. Ill, N. I.
vertitur:r=verteti-se
H. 465
159
Est
tion to
probably an imaginary place. Some refer the descripKartliago [Cartar/rna) in Spain ; others to Neapolis. " in a deep receding bay." Conington finely in secessu longo
locAis
:
Kova
renders these lines
Deep
bay an island makes haven by its jutting sides, Wherein ench wave from Ocean breaks, And, parting, into hollows glides. High o'er the cove vast rocks extend, A beetling cliff at either end Beneath their summits far and wide,
in a
In sheltered silence sleeps the
tide.
While quivering
forests
crown the scene
A
160
Objectu latcrum
:
theatre of glancing green.
"by
:
the shelter of
its
sides."
which
161
;"
abl. instr.
H. 420; A.
&
G. 248.
s, "against q uibu '* -'-
" and wave parts into the deep hollows of the Inque reductos bay." sinus, properly "a bosom," then "a gulf." Cp. the change of meaning of kSTltto^, Romaic y6A(pog, Eng. gulf. sciiidit
:
sese=: scinditur.
162
Hinc
scopuU "on this side and on that huge rocks and twin cliffs rt. MIN, "to tower threateningly towards heaven." minantur minae, properly the gable ends of a house. jut :" cp. mo)is
: : : :
IQ'iiLate
"
iar
and wide."

silent;
NOTES.
fi3
164
Aequora
sea,
"
the calm sea
lies
safe
and
still,"
lit.
"the calm
scaena: cp. cktjvi], the background of the Roman theatre, the circular form of the bay (sinus) having suggested the idea of the Distinguish sllva, a wood in a pit [cavea). silvis: abl. quality. nemus, a pleageneral sense, with reference to the timber=:5i/l7/ sant place, a grove = i'o//(5f.
" woods."
futa may, however, mean safe (from the winds), is still." safe for ships." turn coruscis : " then a background of waving
166
Fronte
"beneath the brow (of the cliff) facing (the entrance of the harbour) is a cavern (formed) of hanging rocks." with antrum supply est. scopidis, abl. of description.
antrum:
dulces
167
Aquae
"
salt
" springs of
fresh
water
:
water springs."
vivo saxo
;" opposed to aquae amarae, " of native (i.e. unhewn) rock,"
abl. of description.
168
Nonulla=^nulla.
dowed with
weary bark."
life
:
The calmness
fessas
:
the raging of the sea.

cp.
of the harbour is contrasted with the ships are spoken of as if enJuliet

:
Shaks.
Komeo and
"thy
sea-sick
169
Unco
morsu: "with its crooked bite." Vergil here is guilty of anachronism. Anchors were not in use in the Homeric ships, which had large stones (ewai, sleepers) to steady them.
170
Septem: the original number was 2o in all (vs. 381). The seven were made up oi three Jrovi the reef (vs. 108), three from the sand bank (vs. 110), and his own. --collectis "mustered." navibus abl. of accompaniment, or abl. abs.
: :
171
Subit : "enters." amore^desiderio: absent or wanting.
"longing," for
something
172
Egressi, scil., ex navibus: "having disembarked;" cp. EKâivu, arena: what other case does potior often used with /c vz/of omitted.
govern? H. 410,
173
v. 3
A.
&
G. 223,
a.
Et
ponunt
:
" and they
stretch
on the shores
root as
their limbs
drenched
with brine
yj^r-Silici
:"
tah-es, tah-esco
flint ;"
same
:
r?//c-w
by
laliialism.
" from
for dat
H. 385.4
A.
&
G. 229,
c.
"and nursed the fire amid the leaves :" H. 420 ; 115 Siiscepitquefoliis "and besides he placed around (the A. & G. 248. atque dedit dedit may be by tviesis=: fire, i.e., ignem) dry chips ;" or circum circumdedit, scil., igni. The original meaning of dare (cf. with root DA, de in Ti-OTi-jj.i) is "to place."
:
n6 Rapuitqueflammam.
Servius says rap^dt 1= raptim fecit, "and quickly he started a blaze among the touchwood " Heyne makes

64

Vergil's
akn.
I3.

l.
rapuU=raplim
excrpit, proliably meaning tliat the fire started by rubbing together the dry pieces of wood and then quickly placing the fire around the tinder.
177 Cererem corruptam

vs. 215.
" the corn damaged ;" note the metonymy : so : " the vessels of Ceres," may refer to the Cerealia arnia hundmill (saxa), kneading trough, etc.
:
178
Ecpediunti "they fetch," out of the ships. fessi rerum, either "weary with the world," or rerum =^ eruiii adi!erm7~um, "weary with their misfortunes:" H. 399-3; A. & G. 218, c. receptun : "recovered" from the sea,
180
Scopalutn,
SPEC-cT/ce-,
properly, "a look-out j" by metathesis.
cp.
aK6Keh)g,
Lat.
Specula,
181
Pelago, see
in vision
:
note on alto, vs. 126 ; the abl. of the space moved over "o'er the deep." Antheavideat lit. "if he can see any Antheus," i.e., "if he can anywhere see Antheus " It may also be taken, " in the hojie that he may see some tempest-tossed (hark of Antheus." For Anthea quem^Ânthei quam (iiavem): cp. .^n. 2.31 1 ; jam proximus ardtt (Jcalegoii=jam proxima ardet domus Ucalegontis. For mood oiindeat: H. 529, u. i A. & G. Vergil is guilty of an anachronism here, as no 334, f.biremes such ships existed in the Homeric era.
:
183
Arma,
shine
:
shields arranged
cp. .^n. 8. 92.
on the stem which would
flash in
the sun-
184
185
Some have raised the question whether deer are found

Arm^nta
: :
in Africa.
properly, "ploughing cattle," i.e., "oxen," but often to horses (JEn. 3. 540) ; to apes applied to other kinds of animals (Pliny 7, 2) ; to sea monsters (Georg. 4. 395). jumeutum (=jug-
mentum)
186
"draft cattle."
Hie
distinguish in
meaning
hlc, hic,
190
Sternit
"he lays low." vulgus, said of beasts, cp. Georg. 3, 469 et turbam "and driving with his shafts the valgus incantam. whole herd (of deer), he disperses them amid the leafy woods."
:
192
Prius quam, denotes

aeqiiet
:
" nor
stays he
purpose: hence the subj. \n fundat. prlus till he stretches on the sod seven great victims
: :
and thus has a number equal to that of the ships." priu-i quam H. 520, 2 ; A. & G. 327, a. humi what other words are used in the locative ? H. 426, 2 ; A. & G. 258, d.
194
195
Partitur,
sci'.,
irraedam.
Vina
cadis onerarat, by hypallage=i)ino cados onerarat. Scan this line, and tell what metrical figure in it. join with keros.
dividit.
deinde
bonus,

NOTES.
65
196
Trinacria.
called hy the Greelcs BpiraKpia^ TpivaKpia, three promontories (rpcig a/cpa/i, and by the Romans Triqiietra. The promontories are I'elorus (Fuj o), Pachynum {Passara), Lilybaeuro {Bona, or Marsala).
Sicily
\\n<:
TpivaKpig,
from
its
198
Neqiie malorum: either " for we are not ii^norant of our former misfortunes," taking ante malontm^ruv vplv Kanuv or, " for we have not been formerly ignorant of misfortune," taking ante sumus
;
=7ra/\ai ea/uiv.
199
graviora "O ye who have suffered heavier woes."

:
200
Sci/llaeam rahiein (by eiiaUage)^Sci/Uain rabid a "the raging Scylla :" cp. Herculeus labor, (ih] 'HpaKh/eiT/. penitus sonantes "resounding through their caverns," or "deep sounding." The reference is to Charybdis. The onomatopoeia well imitates the hissing sound of the seething whirlpool.
20\ A ccestli^=accessistis "you drew near." For similar cases of syncope,

:
extinxem, extinxti, traxe, vixet H. 235.3 ; A. & G. 128, b. Cyclopea saxa, referring to the cave of Polyphemus. The usual quantity is Cyclopeus, not Vyclopeus cp. Aen. 3.569.
in Vergil
;
cp.
203
Forsan
juvabit "this, too, sometime we shall haply remember with delight;" eliptical for fors sit an ; lit., "the chance maybe whether," i.e., "perhaps," H. 485 ; A. & G. 311, a. See note on olim, here = aliquando in prose see note, vs. 20. forte, vs. 151.
:
204
Discrimina rerum=^res periculosas.

ing point
;
discrimen
properly, the turnKpivu.
root KRI,
scil., iter:
"to decide" or "to separate;" cerno
205 206
Tendimus,
"we
pursue our course."

:
" 'tis heaven's Ostendunt : "promise." fas est, will."/as " to declare": cp. fari, (prj/ii ; fatum, (pvju^. FA,
root
207 208
Durate=TXvTe
"bear up."
rebiis
dat.,
H.
384,
11.;
A.
& G.
225.
Distinguish
in
meaning
voces, vdces
refert, refert.
Morris rendei"s
this passage:
So spake his voice, but his sick heart did mighty trouble rack. As, glad of countenance, he thrust the heavy anguish back.
209
Spent simulat vuliu

instr.
"hope in his look he feigns." vuUu: abl. Distinguish simulare, to feign what you are not dissimulare, not to shew what you actually are. premit dolorcm: "he holds hidden deep in his heart his grief." corde : local abl.
:
210
Se accingunt
The
"busy themselves." lit, "gird themselves," i.e., toga of the Romans, hanging loose, had to be tucked up for an active task. Hence, succinctiis, accinctus, "active."
:

66
Jll
b.
Vergil's aen.
-Vergil was well versed in the ceremunial rites of the Roman religion. The minuteness of the description is paralleled by Horn. II., 1.458costis: abl. separation. vUcera, properly, the great internal 473.
organs, as the heart, liver, &c., but also applied to the flesh in general, or to anything beneath the skin.
212
Pars
secantfigunt
:
veribus
figunt.
abl.
instr.
what figure? H. 438.6 ; A. & G. 205, c. trementia, scil., Jig unt~ transviscera.
213
" the bronze pots." Vergil is here guilty of an Aena, scil., vasa anachronism. Homer's heroes knowing nothing of boiled meat. The hot water may have been for the bath taken before the meal
:
began.
214
Victu
vires: "stretched."
:
"with food thjy
repair
their
strength."
fusi,
215 Bacchi^vini
see note vs. 177 : H. 409, v. i A. & G. 248, C. R. see note vs. 158 ; H. 465 ; A. & G. ill. N. i.ferinae, scil., carnis: "venison:" cp. agnina, "lamb;" hovina, "beef;" vituUna, "veal." /era is etymologically the same as Gr. 6r]p, German thier, Eng. deer, which was once a generic term, as is each of its Aryan equivalents.
imj)lentur=:se implent
;'
216
Postquam epulis " after hunger was appeased by the feast." Decline fames and ejmlum. For tense of exemta est H. 471, 4 A. & G. 324. Vergil is thinking of the customs of his own day, when
:
:
the tables were brought in and taken out. shipwrecked Trojans had any tables at all.
It is
not likely that the
217
Amissos requirunt " they talk with lingering regret of their lost comrades in many words." requiro, to ask about something
:
needed.
218
in the Spent inter: anastrophe. dubii, "wavering." seu sive pre-Augustan period we find sive xive, seu seu, but after that crtdant : fl. 486, 11.; time we generally find seu sive, siveseu. A. & G. 334, b.
219
Extrema pati " to have suffered their final doom," a euphemism "and that they no longer hear when for moH. nee vocatos The reference is to the conclamatio, i.e. calling the dead called." by name, and also shouting vale, or have.
220
221
Orontei
decline this word.
Secwm
"by
:
himself," not in sight of his comrades.
222
223
Aethere
Finis
:
abl. separation
H. 413
A.
&
G. 243.
the end of the day, or of the feast.

NOTES.
67
i24
" hioking down upon." Oiheri reTiA dix/nciens, "l(ji>kDcspiciens ing abroad." veiivolutn : " alive with flittinjj sails."
:
225
Sic
const kit
:
"even
so took he his stand on

Sr/.
apeak
of heaven
;"
cp. use of
'226
Homeric
Kal, kqI
Regnis
" on the realms "

:
(dat. or abl.).
227
Tales euros
" such
:
cares
''
as
became
the ruler of the world.
228
Tristior=subtrlstis "sadder than was her wont :" & G. 93, a. oculos H. 378 ; A. & G. 240, c.
:
H. 441,
i ;
A.
230- -Fulmine the lightning that strikes the earih Kcpawog gleam of the lightning=:dCT-pa/r7.
:
-.
fulgur, the
231
Quid
orhls : " what sin so heinous could my Aeneas have committed against thee, what sin, the Trojnns, to v. hom, after suffering so many hardships, the whole orld is closed on account of Italy:" cunctus, for co-jtiiictus ox co-vinclu<. ob Italiam: to prevent their coming to Italy.
234
/erê
distinguish cn-to, a parti :Ie of afTiiTnation joined with scio, : "surely," " certainly," and ci'vti', which moMlies a statement, "at least," joined to any verb Join with pollicitu.i, soil., es. hi}ic-
hitic
either a repetition, (2) or, there are two clauses : /wrac Romanos fore, hiiic durtores fore a samjutne Teucri. volveniibus annli : cp. Homer's TTEpi-'/Muevuv iviavruv.
is
(i)
236
Qui
tenerent:
:
"shall hold," imperf. subj. of virtual oblique nanai

;
tion
H. 493
A.
&
G. 286.
237 PoUicitus,
238
scil., es.
Hoc
" by
this," abl. of
means
referring to the promise mentioned
befoio.
239
" balancing fates by opposing fates ;" strictly Fafls^rejyendens contraria is an inverted epithet =co<rarJi^-. fatis the downfall of Troy is compensated by the hope of reaching Italy.
: :
240
242
Tot
ados
" harassed by so many woes."
^fedits Adiiris: "escaping from the midst of the Greeks." Sophocles represents Antenor as having escaped by collusion from Troy, the Greeks having s]iaied hi% life as he conco ted a jlan to deliver Troy into their hands. Some say he survived the fallen city, and founded there a new kingdom ; others, that he scitkd iruLibya.
243
Penetrare: "coasted along."

68
245 Per ora norcm
Vergil's
aev.

b.
i.
the '1 iinavus rises nlioiit n mile from its mouth at Between the four.lain of the river the hend of the Adriatic sea. and ilie outlet are several subtcrrancui ch.mnels, throut;h which the sail water of the sea is forced back by a storm, breaking out at the fountain through seven holes or crevices in the rock, and overflowing the channel of the river.
:
246
It
proruptuiyi
(l)
"the sea comes
bursting:
up;"
a dashing sea ;" (3) " it sea ;" pru7-uptum, a supine in this last. pehnjo, "surge." natural explanation.
Timavus)
rolls as
rolls to
(2) "it (the break upon the

is
The
first
the most
247
Tamen
VI.
;
"in
spite of all his dangers.'"'

f.
urhem Patavi: H. 396,
In Vergil's day Patavium (now Padua) was the fourth city of the empire in wealth, ranking next to Rome, The Veneti, or Heneti, are said to Alexandria, and Gades {Cadiz). have come from P.aphlagonia to Italy ; others say they were Kelts.
A.
&
G. 214,
248
Fixit
i.e.,
hung them up
in the
temple as a token of his wars being
over.
249
Nunc qtiiescit: " now

ponius
:
reposing, he rests in peaceful sleep."
com-
Some say that compostus referring to his toils being over. refers to Antenor's death ; cp. eKTitHvaicomponere, to stretch out a body for burial.
250
Nos,
i.e., Venus and her son Aeneas. adnuo : cp. Karavevu, to nod the head down, to give assent ; deniio dvavcvu, to nod the head caeli arcein : Aeneas was worshipped as one of the up, to dissent. Aen. 12, 794: Livy, 1.12. JL)ei indigetes
:
251
Infandum
unius
:
" Oh, horror unspeakable

of Juno.
:"
H. 381, A. & G. 240, d.
i.e.
252
25.3
Prodimur
"
are forsaken " by Juppiter,
Hie, agreeing with the predicate AoKOs to piety:" H. 445.4, A. & G. 195, d.
:
"is
this
the reward
shown
254 OUi =îUi

255
H.
:
force of sub
186, in., i. ; A. & G. 100, d. cp. that of vtto\\\ VTroyeTidv.

to
Subride.ns: with the
The majestic spondees give dignity the look of Jove. 256 Scan and name the metrical figure in see note, 131. A. & G. 68, ytherea: adjective fem., 257 ^fe/u -metui H. 116
this line
it
:
vs.
iv.
from Cythera see note on Lavini, next line. Venus was so called because she was worshipped at the island of Cythera (now Cervjo). Her worship was probably a remnant of the old Phoenician worship of Astarte, who was afterwards identified with Venus and Juno.
;
"

69
NOTES.
258
Tibij
236.
ethical dative,
"according
(adj.).
to
your wish
:"
H. 389
urbem
vs.
et
moenia(hy hendiadys)
here; in
2: Ldvina
urbls moenia. Lavlni Such variations in quantity are
A.
&
G.
frequent in the case of proper names.
259
Sublimem
Hie
"on
:
high
cp.
:"
H. 443
A.
&
G. 191,
fiEyalrjrup.
260
261
Maqnanimum
siihactis
iates,
Homeric
fteyddvfiog,
" this one according to your wish for I shall declare : this anxiety torments thee, since and, unrolling the the mysteries of destiny at greater lengtli, I will bring them to light this one, I say, shall carry on a great war in Italy, and shall crush the warlike tribes, and shall give laws to the people, and shall build
towns,
until the third summer sees him reigning in Latium and tibi : three winters are passed after the subjugation of the Rutnli." quando = quandoquldem this meaning occurs see note, vs. 258. only in poetry and in post-Angustan prose cp. ote for on in Greek. volveiis: the metaphor is taken irom the unrolling of a book: cf vuliimen, properly an unrolling, hence a volume-. mores rdxâ Ouvai. moenia ponere cp. v6/xovg The two ideas were inseparable in the Roman mind, as the building of a city implied There is no real zeugma, as the the esiablishment of laws. difference in sense exists only in the English translation. viderit H. 519, II. ; A. & G. 328. Butidis subactis either (i) an abl. absol H. 384 4, IV., 3 ; A. & G. 235. or (2) dat. of reference hiberna, scil., castra tren hieinen lit. " winter camps," i.e. ternn winters. Note the use ot the distributive instead of the cardinal numeral with a noun having a pi. form only.
:
37
At:
the idea is "though the reign of Aeneas shall be short, still," &c.: see note, vs. 116. lulo : H. 387, N. i ; A. & G. 231 b.
:
26SStetit
III.;
for tense
H.
519,
i.
A.
&
G. 276,
e,
N.
regno
A.
& G.
H. 419,
248.
266 Maqnos orbes referring to the annual cycle in contradistinction to volvendis = volrcntibus, from the deponent the monthly revolution. H. 465, N. I reflexive volvor A. & G. 296. The gerundive has been the force of^ the present participle. meu.iibus abl. absol., or abl. inst., or manner.
;
:
270
Imperio
reign.
either
= wiperanrfo,
cp.
abl.
of
manner; or
dat.
"for
his
271
Longam Albam
Od.
II.,
Livy
l,
2.
For inversion
of
names
cp.
Hor.
2.3.
272
llic:
oi"
at
Alha.
jam:
the received date of the
"henceforth." ter centum: fall of Tioy, this would put
according
llie
to
Unme aluut 850 IJ.C, iuhleavl oi T^^ \>.G. dyna-ly shall last:" H. 301, i ; A. & G. 146, c.
founilalion
g,,ab'itur,
"the

70
2^:^

vekgm/s akn.
b.
I.
Hectorea:
lidae, A-ssaroriilne, Cecrojndae,
its greatest liero cp. Rornuor periiaps lliere is a rderence to regina sacerdos : it is difficult the warlike spirit of the Romans. 'i'he referto say which of these substantives is used adjeclively. ence is to Rhea Silvia, daughter of Numitor.
the race takes
its
nan e from
214:Pnrln: H. 419,
328.
-///((,
i.e.
:
Trojan
line
A. &. G. 248. rfa6(7: H. 519, li.: A. & G. of the family of IUh, one of the loiinciers of the Rhea Silvia is generally given as her name.
ill.;
275
Lupae Inetus " gay in the tawny hide him:" H. 416 A. & G. 245.
:
;
of the she-wolf that nursed
276
Exripiet
by succession ;" cp. eKdixsoHai. ^âvortia Mamers] was the patron deity of Rome, and universally vvorshi]:>ped by the Italian people. The word is from MAR, MAL, "to grind" or "crush." He is identified with Tlior Miolnir, i.e., Thor, the smasher, of Norse mythology.
:
"
shall receive
Mars
(old form
^faror<<
278
Metas rtrum, "limit of empire:" the meaning

have a universal and an eternal empire.
is
that
Rome
shall
279
Quin^qui
Distiniûish the meanings of ne : "nay even." used with the indie, the ûbj., and the imper.
^wm when
281
"shall Consilia referet ing refert, rGfert.

:
amend her
plans."
Distinguish in mean-
282
Togalam: The Romans had

teristic
the toga, or "gown," as their characdress ; as the Gaiils had the hrarcne, or " trews ;" the Greeks the pallium, or "cloak." Hence (jmis togatu=Romani gens hraccata Galli gens pallinta^=Graeci. As the toga was tlie civil gown I'm contradistinction to sagtnn, the military cloak) Vergil may refer here to the civil greatness of the Romans as he may refer to their military piowess as lords of tl e world (re7-uin dominos).
;
283
îc
placitum, scil., mihi est=sic mihi placet "such is my pleasure :' H. 301. 1 ; A. & G. 146, N. Ivstris lahentihus "as the yenrs glide by," ahl. abs. cp. volvendis iii('nsihu-<. -lustrum, properly the period between two successive purifications (Lli, " to wash ") cp. Greek "kovu. After the ccnxor had completeJ. his enumeration of the people [census) which was done every five years, an expiatory sacrifice (lustrum) was held.
:
284
Domus
Assaraci: "the line of Troy." The family of Aeneas is meant, being descended from -Assaracus (see table, p. 25). Phthia: a district of Thessaly, in which was situated Laiîssa, a town, where Achilles and Neoptolemus were bom. Mi/cenas: the royal city of Agamemnon, near Argos. A reference is made here to the subjugation of Greece in 146 B.C.

NOTES.
285
Viciis
71
Argis : "shall lord it over conquered Arjôs." Only in late In the best writers it writers doiiiinor governs a dative or genitive. For dat. H. 385, I. ; is construed in aliquem, or in aliqtca re.
:
A. & G.
286
Origine
:
227.
abl.
Decline Argis.
origin: H. 419, II.; A. & G. 51. Caeaar, i.e., His proper name was C. Octavius Tluninus, Init l>y the Julius Caesar, he was made hii heir, and conwill of his uncle, sequently took the name, C. Julius Caesar, adding Oc'aiHdiiiis, his own gentile name. Augiisliis (revered) was bestowed on him by the Senate and the people, 27 B.C.
Aiigti-''tti-<i.
287
subj. of purpose: H. 497, Qui termiiiet Oceano abl. means.

: :
I.;
A.
&
G.
317.
288
Caelo poetic=^cZ caelum in prose. Augustus in his lifetime was Hor. Od. 3.5.3. Orientis onustam. worshipped as a drity The reference is probably to the restoration of the standards taken from These were restored, Crassus at the battle of Carrhae, B.C. 53. Others think the poet refers to the return of Augustus B.C. 20. after the battle of Actium, B.C. 31.
: :
290 292
Hie quoque
i.e.,
Caesar, as well as Aeneas.
Cana: "untarnished."
golden age
is
The Romans
as Pudi/r, Furtunn, &c., to the rank of deities.
often exalted abstract qualities, The return of the
here prophesied.
293
Jura
impose laws." dirae portae "the gates of welded iron bars shall be closed." fcrro ei compagibus=/errati'i compagihus, by hcndiadys. The reference is to the closing of the temple of Janus, either in B.C. 29 or B.C. 25.
dahiait
:
"
shall
war grim with
closely
294
Impius: "unholy," as the cause of the civil wars of the Romans. These three lines are said to describe a picture by Apelles representing War fettered with chains, or a statue of Mars exhibitingj the god bound with chains and seated on a pile of arms.
295
Centum vinctits, .scil., inanus, implied in post iergum "his hands bound behind his back with countless fetters of brass." centum,
:
often used for an indefinitely great number.
297
Maia genitum
H. 415, li. ; A. & G. 244, Juppiter and Maia, the daughter of Atlas.
: :
a.
Mercury was son o'
'iîUt pateant
299
H. 498,
:
i.;
A.
&
G. 331.
HospUio Teucris
both datives after pateant.
300
The historic present may Arceret: H. 497, 11.; A. & G., 317. take in form a present subj. (pateant), or an imperfect in respect of sense (arceret) : H. 495, li.; A. & G. 287, e.

72
30\ -7emir;io Ag. 52

I!.
I.
VKKOlIi's AEN.
Ae=;chylus, l,y the onrage oT his wirgs :" cp. TTTEpijuv epETfjo'taiv epeaaduevoc. The wings of the cap {petasiis) of Mercury and of liis saiulals (talaria) are aptly compared oWs "and qui: kly he alighted on to a ship's banks of oars. atciiiis predicate adj. with the force of an the coasts of Libya." adverb. -o?'iS local abl. cp. Milloii, Far. Lost, 5, 266
;
alarum: "
" Down
thither prone in nij;ht
He
.'peeds,
Sails
and through ilic vast ethereal sky. between worlds and woiids, etc."
ii02
-FacU pojuott
note the simultaneous order and result.

tit'Xovroq
:
303
Vnlrtite deo^=6eov
bf'iiii/iiain
:
" since the god willed
it."
in priniis
does the queen entertain a peacefid disposition and friendly mind toward the Trojans." Dido is represented as receiving these feelings from .Mercury. Distinguish aiiiniwi :=(h>/!6c, the soul as seat of the feelings; me7is=^p^v, the mind as the thinking faculty.
of
all
"most
305 306
307
VolvDis,
Voilo:
sell., in
animo
" revolving
light."'
in his
mind."
constituit.
Lux alma
" the kindly

stress of
exire,
governed by
:
"by
:
weather."
:
oras
explanatory of /occs
"to
in
what shores he has been borne by the wind :" gcjverned by ad H. 3S6. 3 A. & G. 170, a. i. The subj. is used acce.s.ser'd indirect questions H. 529.1 ; A. & G. 334:
in
309
Exacta
either (i) "the result of his enquiries;" exigere, is some: times used in the sense of, " to enquire:" so examenêxa<j-men, TreTrpayfieva "the beam of a balance," or (2) "the report of what he did :" "and to l)ring back the results of his enquiries to
his
comrades."
310
in convexo
vemorum : " within a vault of woods," i.e., " within tlie vaulted wnods, " the overhanging cliffs were formed into a cave by tlie action of the waves.
311
Clasae.m
V.
clausam occtdit=classem clausit

:
et
occulit
see
note
69.
312
Coiiidntiis:
b.
for deponents used passively: H. 231. 2 ; A. & G. 135, Achate this ablatixe of agent is rare, except with the pan. comdatus H. 415, I., 1 ; A. & G. 248.
:
313Bina: "a
quality
:
H. 419,
sese
:
pair:" H. 1742.4); A. II.: A. & G. 251.

-.
&
G. 95, d.ferm: ~~~
abK of.
314
Cui
" to meet him his mother crossed his tuUt ohvia H. 391. 1 H. 391. i ; A. & G. 228, b. ohvia, poetic A. & G. 191. media silva local abL H. 443 for ohviam H. 425.1 ; A. & G. 254.
maler
way." c'/j
NOTES.
73
i]50s habitumqne
"
the lool< and dress."
316
Fê^
Harpalyce: a condensed mode of saying, vel {talis virglnis) qualis Threissa Harpalyce {est quum) fatigat equos "or (of such a maiden) as the Thracian Harpalyce (is when) she out-tires the " presses sore." The Spartans were steeds." Others lake fatigat the Thracians were famous hunters. noted for their scanty drvss ;
: :
:
317
" oustrips the East wind :" for the case H. Praevertitur Eurum Some editors read Heiirum but (i) it A. & G. 170, a, i. 386.3 is no proof of .swiftness to outstrip a river in speed (2) the river Hebrus is not a swilt slrtrani. So others propose to read Eurum.
: ; : ;
318
Umeris:
dat. or abl. de more, scil., venatricum "after the man" the huntress had slung a ner of liuntresses." hahilnnvenatrii: light bow." The l)ow and sometimes the arrows were carried in the bow case {yupvrog) and slung over the shoulder.
:
:
319
Diffundere = ut difundereiif: H. 533,
11.,
A.
& G.
331, g.
:
320
Genu: H. 378; A. & G.

flowing folds collected
in
240,
c.
a knot
:"
H. 378
-nodoqueJluentes "with her A. & G. 241. i, c ;
321
Monstrate
" point out where she

is
is."
322
323
Quam
when
quis used for aliqids?

cp. Eur. Ale.
H. 455.1
:
A.
&
G. 105,
d.
Maculosae
lyncis
579
/iaTiiai
te XvyKeg.
324
Aiit prementem : "or with a shout closely following the track of the foaming boar," opposed to erraiitem, scU., per silvas : "sauntering (through the woods)."
325
Sic Venus,
scil.,
loquitur.
orsus,
sil., est,
from ordior.
S2QMihi
H.
388.
A.
&
is
G. 232,
after a perf pass,
and
a. The dat. of agent is often used the regular construction after the gerundive.
^27Memore7n
32S
subjunctive of doubt
H. 484, V.
A.
&
:
G. 268.
Hominem = humanum
A.
sonat: a kind of cognate ace.
&
H. 371,
11.,
N.
G. 237,
soror, 216.
e.
329
Phoebi
A.
:
i.e.,
Diana.
sanguinis:
partitive genitive:
&G.
H
:
397*
3306'w
331
H. 483
A.
&
guish in meaning l^ves,
" iHopitlous." Zewes G. 267./e/Zx leves. quaecunique, scil., ts.
distin-
Tandem: cp.if/Ta: "pray."

74
vekgil's akn.
u.
i.
eqîhltnn. H35 -Venus, scil., loquitur. "'tis true, I consider myself worthy of no such honour :" H. 421, N. 2 A. & G. 245, a. She refers to the honour of being addressed as a goddess or nymph.
:
337 Purpurea
l)y
cotkurno the purple bushinwz.% hunters, horsemen, and actors.

:
worn high and generally
338
Punka
moenia
also
Pociiica
connected
of
For the dropping

:
with Phoenix : cp. munire the h, see Papillon's Comparative
Philology
p. 82.
339
Libyci. The original Karthaginian settlers did not throw o(T the yoke of the Libyan tribes till about the age of Camliyses of Persia, i.e., 530 B.C. (jeiius in apposition with the noun implied in Libyci.
:
340
Iviperium regit 341 Longa injuria

A.
" holds the sway," not "
rules over the
domain."
" tedious would be the

,
lit.
tale of
wrong
:"
H. 476,
&
G. 311,
:
c,
342
Ambages
"
details ;"
:
" round about ways
se(i7-erum I shall relate in se(]uar=^perseqnar. story. " suvima fastigia=:capita. Conington renders : " long. And dark the story of her wrong ;
" but
" ins and outs." order the main points of the

:"
To
thread each tangle time would

tale."
fail.
So learn the summits of the
343 Scan
this line
in these
two
also line 348. Is there lines ? ditis.sim ns agri
3 ; A. & G. 218, c. but a commercial people, some propose to read auri for agri. Vergil, however, is describing -Sychae'is, as he would describe a Roman of his day whoê chief wealth consisted in land.
any word varying in quantity " richest in land ;" H. 399, As the Karthaginians were noi an agricultural,
:
344
Et amore:
"and beloveil with (wife):" for the case of miserae note, V. 326.
:
great
affection
I
;
by the
H. 388,
A.
&
G. 232,
hapless a.: see
345
Intactam:
Ominibiis
:
" a maiden
in the
:"
had united her
first rites
:
often applied to wedlock
Priml'ique - ominibus : "and cp. a5<K-(5c. of wedlock." jungo: as êvyvv/j.c is cp. conjuux, abcv^.
346
the consultation of the omens was regarded of great importance before the celebration of the marriage rites. Here ominibus Tyri local genitive. is put for marriage rite.s.
347
Scelere:
alii
H. 424; A. omnes
:
&
G. 253.
ante
alius omnes= major
quam
348
Qiwsfuror
"in the midst between them a feud came."
NOTES.
349
hnpius:
rin<j
"unnatural," because violnting
all
natural claims, refer-
to his disregard for his sister or (or the place, as well as to his
treachery.
350
Securos amorum: " regardless of his sister's love G. 218. Distinguish in meaning and derivation
:
;"
H.
599, 3
A.
&
secU7-ts, sScuris.
352 ~Malu.s=male, by enallage

355
" wickedly."
Sed ipsa
&c." mati
:
the idea : ipsa : *' of
'twas in vain that he deceived her, for, accord ;" cp. avT6r=avT6/uaTOC. iuhu" unburied ;" this may account for the unrest of the shade.
is
:
" but
its
own
356
Nudavit
" he revealed the cruel altars and shewed his a zeugma " the crime done to dotims scelus heart pierced with the sword." What kind of genitive ? the family."
: : :
357
Celerareui
414, N.,
I ;
celertl
H.
243,
535, iv.; A.
a.
&
G. 331, g.
patria
-.
H.
A.
& G.
35S 359
Auxilium
viafi in
apposition to thesauros.
Ignotum pondus
rest
"untold mass;" kept
secret
and apart from the
of his wealth.
360
Fugamparahat
companions."
" Dido began to prepare for flight and With socios, j)arabat=comparabat.
:
to collect
362
3G5
Pelago
abl. of
space
moved over
A.
:
&
G. 258,
g.
Devenere
:
locos, i.e,
devenere
:
venire cp. KaTayeiv, to to conscewlere, vs. 381
ad locos " they reached a spot." decome from the higli seas to land opposed
:
cp. avdyeiv.
367
Construe:
mercatique (sunt tanlum) soli quantum. Sec: "and they bought (us much) land as they were able to Surround with an ox hide." The Phoenicim name for a fort is Bursa (Hebrew, Bosra). It is probable that the confusion of the Phoenician Bursa with the Greek jivpca "a hide," gave rise to the story, according to which the Phoenicians cut up the hide into thongs and so surrounded possent a considerable portion of ground. virtual oblique narration implying the terms of agreement H. 528, I.; A. & G. 341, c.
: :
369
Qui,
soil., estis.
370
Quaerenti
vocem : "at her question he sighing and drawing his voice deep from his breast answered in these words :" with ille, scil., respondit. With quaerenti, scil., illi, i.e., Dido.
371
Sipergam
" if going back, I were to tell thee the story in full from the very beginning." Willi repetens or pergam, .scil., /amain.. For .subjunctive H. 509 A. & G. 307, b.
: :

76
S'Jii Varcl,
scil.,
:
VKKGIl/s AKN.
B.
I.
"you had time." nnnnles p'-operly the antibi were " yenr books " recounting the events of each year, and were kept by the chief officers at Rome hence, the story of
:
nalt's iibri
events, generally.
374
Avti'
Ohj inpo
lay the
"ere
:
(I
had finished
my
tale),
*he evening sta'
closing (the qate ot ) heaven." antc= vesper: cp. ante fineiii annal'iuiii "behold the end of my tale." rcot ra.s, "to dvvell," as the abode of the ea-epog, i.e., Fto-tfmg 701 xt. Oli/mpu-s, a high mountain (no%v Eliinbo) in cp. I'.ng. sun Thessaiy, the dwelling place of the gods according; to Homer, afterwards often in the poets used a.s a conventional term for heavzn.
would
day
to sleep,
ZlbTroia
i.
e.,
H. 412, join with vecloi^ has been heard ol by you.

:
li.;
A.
&
G. 258, a.~psr aures
376
Diversa either (i) "various," or from each other.

:
(2)
"distant,"
i.e.,
far separated
377
" by its own chance Fort^ sua as a substantive. here used

:
:" i.e.,
by mere accident
fora, only
378
Sum notua
this vainglorious
common among
raptos ex hoste
:
the ancients
method of announcing one's self was cp. Od. 9, 19 elfi' OSvcevg Aaepri:
d6r]g, Of TzacL 66/x>loi
'AvdpuTOiat /je?iU, Kai jiev k/ôq ovpavbv " rescued from the midst of the foe."
Ikei.
380
Quaero summo
"I am seeking Italy and my race (descended) With genus, scil., ortum. Dardanus, the from Jove on high." founder of the Trojan line, son of Jupiter and Electra, originally came from Italy. Aeneas seeks Italy to re-establish his line in its
:
ancient seat.
381
Bis
deriis
the distributive, rather than the cardinal,
is
used because
conscendi: ten are reckoned each time : H. 174, 2 ; A. & G. 95, c. " I climbed": the sea seems to rise as it recedes from the shore : or simply, " I embarked :" cp. note on vs. 365 : cp. Moiris (Life and Death of Jason): " And swiftly Argo climbed each changing hill, And ran through rippling valleys of the sea :" cp. avayeiv.
382
Monstrante
Ipse,
i.e.,
by a
star
Aeneas was led

:
to Italy,
Aen.:
2,
8ci.
383
tants, far
"unknown" to the inhabiopposed to the ships. ifjnotus from friends, as he was well known by report vs. 379.
:
384
385
The
reference to the three continents gives dignity to the story.

:
" beginning Plura qwrentem 6 A. & G. 276, b. H. 467,

;
:
to
complain further
:" conative part
387
" not an object ol hntrt-d, I wenn, to the power above Iluud rtrjiin you breathe the vital air inasmuch as you have come to the Tyrian

NOTES.
77
is,
it
city." Join haud w'lih invisus. will that you have reached here.
The meaning
is
by heaven's
J88
Qui culveneris
320,
e.
:
urbein, i.e.,
"seeing that you have come ad urbem.
:"
H. 517
A.
&
G.
389
"only go on." Perge modo meaning modo, mddo.
Conjugate pergo.
Distinguish in
390
Namque
" for I announce to thee the return of thy comnuntio the recovery of thy fleet." Make reduces predicative with and rades
:
esse understood.
)istinguish in
meaning rSduces, reduces.
391
Et
392
actam " and borne into a safe (place) by the shifting winds." Ni=nvii. frustra "in vain," disappointed hope of the subject:
: :
nequidquam
refers to the nullity in which (avis, a bird, root GAR the thing "to chatter :" hence ytjpveiv, garire) properly an omen from the notes of birds, but often used for an omen from any source auspiciinn {avis, a bird and spec to see) omens from the flight, or from an inspection "deceivers," i.e. impostors, vani of the entrails of birds.
:
^
"to no purpose," augurium has ended.
393
Venus here gives tidings of the missing
ships from the omen of the There are twelve swans as there were swans, her favorite birds. Some of those swans already settle on the twelve missing ships. land (terras capers\ others are on the point of settling on the land already occupied (captos despeciare): so the ships either now occupy the haven [portum tenet) or are entering it {-subit) with full sail. laetantes agmine : " in jubilant order : literally," joyful in line."
394
Aetheria caelo " which the bird of Jove, swooping from the height H. 427, 11.; A. & G. of heaven, scattered in a clear sky." plaga Distinguish in mea.mng jjldga, jjUlga. Jovis ales=aquila. 243, c.
:
:
aperto
caelo
abl. place
cp.
di' ipTjfiov
alOepog.
396
^,p^
Aut videntur
the ground,
"they seem
in a long array either to
be choosing
or to be gazing
downwards on the ground already
(jam) chosen by them."
397
3^
Ut dedere " even as these returning sport with whirring pinions and gird the sky with their circling flock, and give fonh their song." The swans were first scattered by the bird of Jove (as the ships have been by the storm) they have now united, and with whizzing wings and song they descend to earth. It appears that these worils should alis distinguish ala, a wing penna, naturally come after caelo. plui m, ihe smaller and the larger and harder feathers of the wing
:
softer feathers of the body.
ciiixere
completed action.
described.
cantus
dedere: the perfects express the absence oT fear, perfect security, is
399
Tuorwm for tua,
for the
sake of variety.

78
400
veugil's aen.
b.
i.
Suhit ostia
"are niakin<j an entrance :" II. .^86. 3 Note the verb agrees with the nearest nominative.
:
A.
&
G. 228,
a.
401
Perge modo
" only go on."

;
402
Averten-t:
i.e., lier
re/ulsit:
A. & G. "as she turned away:" H. 549. 1 " she flashed forth with the beauty of her
rosea, 292. rosy neck,"
rosy neck shone forth to view.
403
Ainhro-siae comae:
cp. afijSpoaini ;i:aira, Horn. II., r.529 : "immortal locks." In Homer ainbru.sia is commonly applied to the food of the gods, but it is also used for ointment and perfume.
in vs.
404
Veslis
320 she was dressed as a huntress.
She now appears
in the flowing robes characteristic of a goddess.
405
Et dea
" and by her gait she revealed the true goddess." incessus and incedo ar^ff ''ten applied to the dignified gait of the gods :
:
cp. vs. 46.
Scan
this line.
406
Adgnovit
distinguish in
meaning
adgnosco, cognosco, ignosco.
407
Tolies
exaggeration, as Venus had appeared only once to Aeneas tu quoque i.e., you as well as Jano.faltiis before: B. 2, 589.
:
:
imaginibus
" by empty phantoms,"

:
i.e.,
by assuming disguises.
words,"
i.e.,
409
Audire voces
out disguise.
"
to hear
and reply
in real
words with-
410
Talibus,
G. 189,
scil.,
verbis or vocibus
inczisat
:
"in
.such
words
:"
H.
441.
A.
&
b.
(in,
causa),
"he
chides her."
411
Acre:
&
aer (cp. a-i/p), the misty air near the earth, "a cloud," distinguished from aether (cp. aldr^p), the bright air above the clouds.
412
Circum fudit=circur)}fudit
G. 225
d.
What
:
by tmesis for const. other construction may be used ?

: : :
H.
384,2
A.
413
415
Molirive moram
Paphum
Venus.
altars
:
" or
in
:
to plan a delay."
Paphos,
subli'inis
Cyprus, was a noted seat of the worship of

aloft in air."
"
416
Templum
(where) a hundred breathe with the fragrance of garlands ever fresh." Cp. Paradise Lost, IV., 162 : " Sabaean odors from tlie spicy shore of Arabic the blest." In Hom. Od., 8.362, we learn that " laughter-loving Aphrodite " had one altar in Paphos.
{esl)
illi.
centumque
lialant:
"and
smoke with Sabaean frankincense and
Here via and i\8 Corripuere viam: "they hastened on their way." generally via is "a highway;" semiia semita are not distinguished (e, "aside," and meare, " to go ") "a by-path."
;
NOTES.
79
its
4X9 Qui imminet "which hangs M- 453-5 A. &. G. 200, d.

: ;
with
mighty mass over the
ciiy :"
420
Adversasque arces
towers."
tain
" and looks down from above on the opposing may mean that the towers rise up to meet the mounwhich gazes down upon them, or that they are over a valley
:
This
and so advcrsas.
421
Molem
to Aeneas, the city is a heap, a mass, of buildings, for he " once a cluster of magalia quondam gazes from a distance. mcKjalia is said Phoenician word applied to "huts." huts." to be a In some places it means " the suburbs " of Karthage.
: :
422
"and the hum" of the thronged streets. strata Strepitumque viarum " the paved streets :" cp. opaca viarum H. 397, N., 4 ; A. & G. 216, b.
: : :
423
Instant muros
" the eager Tyrians are ' . at work ; some to trace instant, scil., operi. the walls:" H. 533, i., i ; A. & G. 271 pars in app. to Tyrii, dacere muros cp. E?MvvEtv toIxov.
:
.
424
Moliri:
"to
build," with the idea of the magnitude [moles) of the
structure.
425
Pars optare
purposes.
out with a furrow." for single dwellings.
" some choose a site for their dwellings and mark it The plough does not seem to have been used The poet in tectum means the portion of the
that chosen for military
city selected for habitation, in opposition to
426
Jura senaium,:
among
" they appoint laws and choose magistrates and a
Vergil is here thinking of the custom prevalent the Romans in the establishment of colonies. There is a zeugma in legunt : i.e., the construction is jura constituunt magistratusque legunt.
reverend senate."
427
Theatris
B.C.
others read theatre. There is an anachronism here. No : theatre was built even at Athens till 500 B.C., and no permanent theatre was raised at Rome till B.C. 58 ; no one of stone till 55
429
Eupibus excidunt
G. 258,
a.
Distinguish
"quarry from the rock :" H. 414, N., I ; A. in meaning decora, decora, decora.
: :
&
430
Qualis labor
the full construction is : (talis est) labor (eorum) " (such) qualis exercet apes nova aestate sub sok per fiorea rura toil (is theirs) as engages the bees in early summer 'neath the sunshine throughout the flowery fields." The hive, awakened from its torpor by the warm sunshine of spring, displays unusual activity.
:
431
Cumifetus
race."
Distinguish
" when they lead out the full-grown young of in meaning educo, educo.
their

80
432
vekgil's aen.
b.
i.
Distinguish in derivation
:
llqiieiitia, liniientia.
4S3Stipant
"pack
:"
cp. areipu.
4M^Venkntumvenientium: H. facto: "in martial array."
Agmiru 2, A. & G. 87, d i(jnarum {in, gnavii-', (/imrus, con nected with uosco), "unskilful," i.e., " \a./.y."praesepidm: givt the different nominatives of this word.
158,
i'îeFervet opus Ger. dorren
" hotly goes on the work

:
:"
with ferveo
cf.
depfu
Eng.
drij.
438
SuHjncit
hill.
:
" looks up A.
;
to :"
he has now reached the bottom of the
439 Dicû
440
Vlris
H. 547 H.
& G.
303.
385, 3
visible to
anyone
:"
A. & G. 24S, a, R. neque uUi H. 388, 3 A. & G. 232, b.

;
:
"nor
is
he
441
Laethsimus umbrae
&G.
218,
:
" most luxuriant
in foliage :"
H.
399,
III.;
A.
c.
442
Quo loco
A oris
nam
:
primum signum
444,
inverted attraction : H. 445, 8 ; A. & G. 200, b. "the first sign," i.e., of rest from their toils.
:
sic, scil.,
"spirited," a token of their hold and active disposition. "for thus had she pointed out." monstrarat
:
445
Facikm
victu:
may mean
either (i)
"rich in provision," or
:
For the supine H. 547, A & G. 303. The horse points to warlike prowess and wealth, probably because the cavalry were supplied by the nobility, an formed an important The horse was an emblem of part of the Karthaginian army. Athens also.
(2)
"easy of maintenance."
44:5Sidonia
= Phoenissa
:
Sidon was the parent city of Tyre and, for
many
447
years, the chief city of Phoenicia.
Donis divae
Jerea
lit,:
a zeugma, "rich with gifts and favored by the presence of the goddess." The two notions are, however, closely connected.
448
limina:
" rose on
scil.,
trahes,
steps :"
"of which the brazen threshold crowned the steps :" H. 425, N. 3 A. & G. 268, f nexaeque " and its door posts plated with gradihus surgebrwt
;
:
Trahes are the door posts. ?iexcw, brass (crowned the steps)." Others read vixae (from nitor) aere=aeratae, plated with brass. and take Irabes to mean the roof or the architrave and translate : "its roof was supported on brazen pillars," or "its architrave was supported on jambs of brass."
449_In
reading this
line,
sound of the creaking doors./a?-i&i
note the frequency of r and a to express the aenis "the hinge creaked
:

NOTES.
on doors of bronze. "/ores
description of the
gratiii^'
: :
81
cp. dvpa Eng. door. Cp. Milton's noise of the opening of Hell's gates :
On
Th' infern
il
With impetuous
Harsh
thiuider.
a sudden, open fly recoil, and ja ring sound iloors and on their hinges grate
:
452 Atisus,
45.S
scil.,
not for in
adjlictia rebus.
;
est:
what verbs are semi-deponent
-?T/)iw
dative:
Luslrat
five years (lustrum),
originally applied to the priest puri/i/ivi/ tlie people every then used in the general meaning, "surveys ;"
H. 467, 4
4') I
A.
&
G. 276,
:
e.
Z)ra, join
with mlratur "while he was wondering." H. 529 ; A. & G. 334. dent question
:
sit:
depen-
454
Ariificiimque
miratur
rival (inter se)
"and was admiring the handicraft of the workmen and their toilsome labors." What figure in
:
manus ? what
458
in ojjerum
lahorcm
Ex ordine
cp. iÊirjg
"
in detail :"
join
this
wtth pxKjnas.
The
question has been raised by Heyne, whether the poet meant to represent these battles as depicted in sculpture or in painting. The latter morle of representation would be more consistent with the The poet ascribes here to the Phoenicustom of Vergil's own age. cians the practice of the Greeks and Romans of his own time.
457 /am
45J
" by
:
this time."
Saevum
in refraining
from the war and

;"
in killing Hector.
460
461
Nostrilahoris
"of our sorrows
H. 399, 3; A. &(i., 218,
a.
En
favorite
The ransom of the body of Hector by Priam was a subject among ancient artists (vs. 484) su7it laudi "here, too, has worth Us own reward :" H. 449, 2 ; A. & G. 196, c.
Priamus.
462
Sunt rerumi
&
G. 217.
" (here)
there are tears for

--^
woes;" H.
396,
iii.
A.
463
Feretsalntem
fama,
sil.
" the fame of
this will
bring the sure deliverance."
Trojae.
4G4
Inani
unknown
466
because the persons represented are at the time of the Trojan war,
:
now
lost.
Painting was
Namque juventus
citadel here the
"for he saw, how warring round the Trojan Greeks fled, (how) the men of 'I'roy pressed in their see for themood of fugerent uti = quo modo rear." H. 529 A. & G. 334. Per(jama circum anastrophe, With Pergama cp. etymologically ~ipyoq "a citadel :" German hurg, "a town ;" berg. " a hii! ; " Eng. -burgh -bury : cf. ^din-bury, Edmunds-fewr^.
: :

82
467
Vergil's aen.
b.
i.
Hoc,
scil.,
parte
:
"
in this quarter."
468 Cunit
iiistaret
with criatatus
" pursued them with his car :" curru cf. Homeric Kopv8aio2x)c, ImrdKOfiog.
abl.
of means:
469 ^trew veils: "with canvas white as snow:" an anachronism, as The the Homeric tents (K?.iaiai) were planks thatclied with grass. Rhesus came from story of Rhesus is told by Homer (II. 10.474). Thrace, as an allay of Priam, with the oracular promise that should his steeds drink of the waters of the Xanthus, Troy would be imRhesus pitched his tent near the shore, was slain by pregnable. Diomede and Ulysses, his horses were captured, and thus the fate of Troy was foreshadowed.
470
Prima somno
either abl. (i) of time
"
in their first sleep,"
i.e.
in
their deepest sleep, or (2) of instrument to him by their first sleep."
after
prodita
"betrayed
472
Ardentesqiie equo : " and he turned aside his fiery steeds." One MS. reads albentes, a reading sanctioned by Horn. II. 10.437, in T^vKdrepoL x'lôvog, in which the steeds of Rhesus are said to be 6eieiv 6" avi/ioiaiv Ojxoioi: so Virgil 12.84. castra, scil., Oraeca.
:
473
Gustassent
hibisxent
the subjunctive in virtual oblique

:
narration,
and indicating the purpose of Diomede

474
H.
520,
11.
A.
&
G. 327.
TroUus
the death of Troilus is mentioned (II. 24.25) as occurring Vergil may have derived before the time of the action of the Iliad. the story from other sources.
:
A15AchUli:
476
decline this word.
Curruque
227,
e.
inani
" and
lying
curru may be either
abl. or
on his back clung to the empty car." dat.=currui H. 385.4, 4 A. & G.

: ;
477
Huic
terram
;
' : '
ground."
huic:
H.
both his neck and locks are trailed along the 384.4, N., 2 ; A. & G. 235, a.
478
479
Hasta
the spear of Troilus.
Noil aequae=iniquae
TzaWka^,
" unjust,"
i.e.
unpropitious.
Pallndis
;
horn.
(i) iraTJiEiv, to brandish, i.e. the
"brandisher" of the spear
or (2)
"a
maiden."
:
4g0
Crinibus passis
passis from pando. the sacred shawl embroidered with figures representing mythological subjects was carried as an offering to Athene (Minerva) by the Athenian matrons in the public procession at the Panathenaea. Homer also represents a similar custom prevailing in
:
" with dishevelled locks."
peplum
{TTSir-log),
Troy
(II.
6.90).

Suppliritfir
N.,
;
NOTES.
83
pectora
:
481
their breasts :"
"in suppliant H. 378 A.

;
guise." -tunsae
&
G. 11
1.,
N.
for the tense
"healing H. 550,
I A. & G. 290, were signs of grief.
b.
iJealing the breasts
and tearing the hair
482 483
Aversa
"averting her face

:
:"
Rnptaverat
walls
Homer says that Hector was thrice chased round the and dragged to the tomb of Patroclus. Vergil here follows probably some Cyclic poet or Tragedian.
:
485
Exanimum
"lifeless."
What
adjectives
:
are heteroclitic?
Some
"thus made lifeless," as Vergil take exaiiiinum=ita exanhnatum seems to have represented He-tor as being dragged while still alive cp. Aen. 2.273 ''ôph- Ajax 1030 at the car of Achilles Cic. Tusc. 1.44.
:
'
4S5 Ingentem
emphatic: "then truly deep was the groan he utters from the depths of his breast." dat historical present.
:
:
486
Currus
i e. of Achilles. or of Priam.
It
may, however, mean the car of Hector,
487
Inermes: Eoan acics

of the
A'tdioTTig,
"unarmed,"
:
i.e.
suppliant.
iii.,
4S,%Principihas
abl.:
H. 419,
i.i);
A.
&
G. 248,
a,
R.
489
the Indian Aethiopians.

in
The
legends of
in
Memnon and
'ITuag /uKpd,
Amazons appear
post-Homeric poems, and other Cyclic poems.

:
4Q0Lunatis
istic:
peltis
"armed with moon-shaped

II.;
shields :" abl. character-
H. 419,
A.
&
G. 251.
she glows in the midst of
491
Medmgueardet:
thousands."
"and with courage

" having a golden
for case of
492
Aurea
mammae:
:"
exposed breast
mammae
girdle buckled on 'neath her H. 386 ; A. & G. 228.

:
4Q^Bellatrix
virgo : note contrasted position: "a female warrior and she dares to fight with men, a maid though she be:" cp. Homer's
'A//aCovaf avriaveipag.
494
Haec
" while these wondrous sights were seen by the Aeneae Greek dat.=a6 Aenea or " while these Trojan Aeneas things seemed wondrous to the Trojan Aeneas."
videntwr
:
;"
Aô Obtutuque
uno
struction of
dnm: H.
" and remained fixed in one (long) gaze :" for con519, I.; A. & G. 276, e.
:
496
Forma
abl. of respect
424, iv.
i ;
A.
&
G. 253.

84
497
b.
i.
Vergil's aen.
fnrr.txit
cnUroa:
fiti/iator,
magna expresses tlio diiîiity of her walk cp. vs. 46. "a great crowd of youihs tluonging about her:" cp. "an altendunt."
: :
498
Qualis clioros
a condensed construction for (talii erat Dido) qua/is {enl) Diami [quiun) exercet choros in Eurotae ripis ant par juija Cyutlil Didra here; elsewhere Diana. exircet choros: " leads the d.ince."
499
Quam
governed by secutae.
:
500
Oreades
ilia
hunicro
fvom Oreas, " a mountain {6pog, "a mountain ") nymph." cf. loxâcpa, as an Homeric epithet of Diana.
:
501
Gradiensque omnes
: "and as she steps alony; she o'ertops all tlie H. 372 ; A. & G. 237, a. (other) goddesses :" for ace. dt'as
:
502
Pe7-tevi plant
Ferebat
:
"pervade."
Latona takes dehght
in the glory of lier
daughter, Diana.
503
"joyously she advanced."

:
504
Liiilansûturis "intent on her work and on the (glory of her) A. & G. 228. realms yet to be:" for dat. H. 3S6
:
505
Temples, Furibus testudine local ablatives. Greeks, had generally three distinct parts
:
:
(vestlbiilum,
Tzpovaoq)
(2)
the inner court
" treasury {t/icsannis, OTjoavpog). Hy foribiui is the ceila, or inner court, which here was a vaulted roof (testudo) resembling a tortoise shell.
among the the outer court (celln, vaog) (3) the meant ihe duoru-ci/ of
at
lea--t
(l)
506
Armis^=nb
"and supported from fiolioqiie rcsedit firmatvi viris. beneath l)y a lofty throne, she took her seat." solium (rt. SKD, to alte alto, limiting solio, rather than sit), a high chair of slate.
:
resedit.
507
Jura
is
lerjesque
leijes
judge;
just
jura dare was said of a cf. d'uiijv, v6w)vq ridevai. Distinguish .1/, what dare was said of a lawgiver. and right in itself or what from any cause is binding (jamjo)
:
:
upon
508
us and-/e.c, the written (lego) statute or order.
Operumqve
the
trahcbat
work or divided
manner.
or
" she adjusted into equal shares the toil of by lot." partUms abl. of instrument or either for sortem unius cujusque trahebat, sorte traliebat
:
it
nomina vniuscujusque
sorte trahebat.
509
Concursu magno either (l) abl. of accompaniment=CM7n concursu magno, or (2) abl. of place=in concursu magno.
:
510 -Add son

tive
in Spectator, 273, iwint- out
the fact that Vergil
is
defec-
in characterization.
Gyas, Mnesiliûs, Sergastus, and Cioaii-
NOTliS.
thus
are

85
all
of tliem
men
of
tlie
same stamp and character
for-
lemque Gynn, furtemque Cloanthum.

512
Podtus
averterat.
"far away." avexerat other readi 'ys are advexcral, For ace. oras H. 372 A. >t G. 237, d.
:
:
513 514
Perculsus
"was
struck duml)."
Otliers read percussws.
Avidi
lage.
ardebant=avideardebant
"they eagerly long," by enal-
516
Dissimulant, sell., Icietitiam metumque : "they repress their joy and Distinguish fear:" some supply .seaf/c.sse : "hide their presence." dlisimido, to conceal an emotion which does exist ; siniulo, to " an<l aitiicti exhibit an emotion which does not e.xist. et shrouded in a hollow cloud they see from a distance." amicti lit.,
" wrapped around

517
" (ainb
jacio).
Quae
viris, scil., sit:
dependent question: H. 529; A.
&
G. 334.
518 519
Navibus=:ex navibus.
Orantes veniam " to pray for the grace (of the queen):" the pres. part here=ôra<uri A. & G. expressing a purpose: H. S49.3
:
292.
520
521
Coramfandi
Max'nnus,
"of speaking openly
to you," with the queen.
scil., aetate et digiiitale. Ilioneus well befits his age.
The calmness of
the aged
522
Novamurbem
the v/o\<l
Karthago mtans "new town," probably
being contrasted with the parent city of Tyre.
523
"and with the restraint of justice to curb Justitiaque superbas the haughty triijes." juatitia, from rt. YUG=JUG: "that whicli binds states or communities together or that which restrains :" cp. genlcs: the African peoples. jungo, jus, relligio.
:
524
vecti: "by the winds borne over all the seas." Ventis H. 371, 11.; A. & 0^257. of the space moved over
:
maria:
ace.
525 526
Infandos = appTiToq
Pr-'.pius:
"unspeakable,"
i.e.,
horrible.
either (i)
"more
closely," or (2)
"more
propitiously
"=
praesentiuit.
527
Popidare = ad populandum: a Graecism. The so also in ca-;e of vertere. a purpose in Greek

:
infin. often
expresses
!i'29Av>mo:
aitiiiu).
either
(l)
dat.,
after
e-it
omitted,
or (2) local abl.
=1

86
^>:]0
'^HV
VlCliOlLS AEN.
B.
I.
~ Hcsp(-7-iam
The term Hesperia, meaning tlie cp. fia:vjna. " weslern land," was applied to Italy by the Greeks, and to Sp.iin by the Italians. S] ain was called also ultima /Icfiperia. "EoTrepoc, from root WAS or VAS, "to dwell;" vesper, faarv; i.e. Feawep'jg Eng. went probably the abode of the sun at night.
:
:
.")
I'i
Oeuotri probably Oenotria, the poetic name for Italia, meant vineVergil makes Italiis king of the Oenoiri, while Thucyland (olmg). The Latin Varro (R. K. 2.12) dides makes him king of the Siculi. as being rich in oxen. derives /t<i!in from traôf, vitidus, " an o.\ " The prob.ibilities are that Rail, Vituli and Siculi are varieties of the same word.
:
534
HicJuit
" this (i.e., to this land) was our course." The This is the first of simpler reading liuc is given by some editors. According to accounts the fifty-eight lines left unfinished by Virgil. Augustus gave instructions to Varius and I'ucca, the literary testators of the poet, to publish the Aeneid with the lines unfinished.
:
535 Cm
Orion: "when suddenly arising o'er the billows the stormy Oi\on." ^Jiuctii may be either a dat. or an ahl. Orion in Latin : 'Qpluv in Greek. Orion rises about midsummer and sets early in
November.
"and afar by wanton win Is 536 -TuHt, scil., nos. penilusque dispulit and whelming brine o'er waves and trackless reefs scattered us." The sibilants well express the whizzing of the wind.
:
537
Superante salo either (l) " the briny deep overpowering us," or " the briny deep roaiing high."
:
(2)
538
Hue
oris
:
shores.
: "only a scanty remnant of us have drifted hither to your pauci has a negative meaning. oris H. 380.4 ; A. & G.
:
225, b.
539
Barbara
hospitality
ancients, and rudeness to strangers able by the vengeance of heaven.
was regarded as a sacred duty among the was a mark of barbarity punish-
540
Hospitio
to
arenas
i.e.
strand,"
we
are debarred the shelter even : are not allowed even to land, a right which
"we
is
of the given
shipwrecked men.
terra:
541
Prima
A.
"on
the brink of the shore:" local abl. II. 425
11.
&
G. 254.
543
At nefnndi
"yet expect that gods are mindful of right and wrong." Fiimli ne/andi are u?ed as genitives of the indeclinable /as ne/as. Operate exspectate in prose.
544
Emt
supposed second to none."

:
Iliuneus
Aeneas dead.
quo
alter
"in
justice
NOTES,
87
;
545
Pietate hello
Si
armis
i.e. if
ablatives of respect
is still alive.
H. 424; A.
&
G. 253.
546
547
aetheria
he
What
verbs govern the abl.?
Occubat: "lies low." G. 254.
umhris
local
abl.:
H.
425,
11.,
A.
&
548
Non
paenileat : "nor are you officio the first to vie in an act of kindness." paeniteat has nearly the force of a future,
metus,
scil.,
est
nobis.
vi'ere
likely to regret that
you
551
Quassatam
fleet
dassem: sell., nobis : "may we be allowed to land our shattered by the winds." With subducere naves : cp. aveTiHEiv rag vavg, opposed to deducere naves na-deTiKELv Tag vavg.
:
552
Et~ remos
for oars."
" and
silvis
:
to
shape forest trees into beams and

local abl.
stringere:
to strip
strip them them of leaves
and twigs.
553 Itatiam tendere,

way
554
555
to Italy."
i.e.
ad Italiam
iter
tenderet
"to pursue our
Ut, depends on
Sin
:
liceat (nobis)
si, vs.
deducere dassem.
opposed
to
:
553,
;
"but
if."
Teucrumi
e.
for the
form
of
genitive plural
H. 52.3
A. & G. 40,
556
557
Jam: "any
Freta
longer."
distinguish in meaning : freta, frtta. : StcHmae : elsewhere, sedesque paratas Sicdntae. "and abodes already built," i.e. the cities built by Acestes who was in Sicily as opposed to those they expected to build for themselves.
559
Talibm, soil., verbis dixit. ore fremebant; "murmured their applause:" cp. ETvevipr/fiyGav: literally "murmured applause with (one) mouth."
561
ViUtum
ace. of specification
H. 378
A.
:
&
G. 240,
c.
562
Solvite corde metumsolvite corda fear." secludite : " dismiss."
metu
"free your hearts from
563
Regni
moliri
novitas=regmtm novum: "to take such a course,"

:
"my
i.e.
youthful
realm."
ialia
to prevent the Trojans
from
landing.
565
Aeneadum
H. 40.3
their
A.
&
G. 36, d
a complimentary reference to
their chief.
566
507
Virtutes
Obtunaa
"
manly deeds."
"dulled," by their
own
calamities.

88
568
VliKGlL's AEN. D.
I.
aVoH
the meanings seems to be that we are not so far pule of civilization as to be ignorant of the manly deeds of the heroes in the Trojan war.
(am-
itrbe
removed from
llie
569
Sat urn id arva
Italy was often called Satm-nia, land of Saturnus," the sower (from satus, sero),
:
scil.,
tciTa,
" the
570
Eri/cis fines
" the realm of Eryx." Eryx a mountain (now, St. Here Gniliano) of western Sicily, noted for a temple of Venus. dwelt Acestes.
:
71
.)7'2
AuxUio
tufos, scil., viros
"(men) guarded by an escort."
VoUis regnis
comma.
The
est
;
Some remove the interrogation mari<, and place a sense would then require si before viillis.
573
Urhemavd^cLV
445.9; A.
&
inverted attraction =w>-6s, suhducUt G. 200, b.
quam statuo, vestra est H. "draw up on shore;" cp.

:
vavq
opposed
to
deducere naves,
to
launch ships
cp.
Kade?.Keiv vavg.
574
A(jetur : t\\.\\tv [i)=dirigtnr, "shall be governed," or (2) be regarded t/ceiMr," or (3) "shall be dealt with."
"shall
575
Ulinam
A.
afforet
what
is
the force in the tense here?
H. 483,
I.;
&
G. 267.
viros
:
576
Equhlem: "truly." cerlos, scil., men," oi=cretos, "picked men."

Lustrare
Si
:
"tried men," or "trusty
577 578
"to scour
:
;" see
note
vs.
283.
;"
errat
:
"
to see
The suhj G. 534, f H. 529, 11. i in prose
&
whether he wanders about would be ihe more A. & G. 334, b. ;
H.
common
529, II., I ; A, construction
579
Animiun
"roused in spirits :" H. 378 A. & G. 240, arrecti Janidiidamardehant: 11. 469.2 ; A. & G. 277, b.
:
c.
582
Sententia
" purpose."
Orontes, vs. 113.
:
584
Unus
i.
e.,
586 -Circuvifusa
587
Scindit par<jat,
"encircling."
apertum
scil., se
" parts and melts into the open sky." from the scindit se.
:
With
588 I?estiiit; "stood

589 O.s'
II
forth."
que
honores
inei-osqiie
ace. specification
:
"for
his
H. 378 A. & G. 240, c. najnmother herself had given her son gracelul
:
:

NOTES.
89
flowing locks and the ruddy glow of youth and inspired his eyes with a joyous lustre." Tiicre is a zewjDia in adjiarat. caesaries, long flowing hair (from caedo, as Kovpd from neipu). purpureum does not necessarily mean merely "purple," but embraces all colors
from
scarlet to
dark violet inclusive

decus
(est)
so also Tropcpvpeoq.
el/ori "such is H. 445.9; A. & G.
. :
592 Quale200,
decits
-.
{tale)
quale
his beauty as
b.
the craftsmen give to ivory:"
593
Parius
lapis, i.e., marble.
594 Cunctis, join with improvisua
"unexpectedly to
all."
595
Coram: "before
paralleled
jiivTOL oS"
you." The sudden announcement of Aeneas is by the declaration of Ulysses Od. 24, 321 ksIvoq
:
:
avrbg
iyo), irdrepj oti
cv /xeTaAXgg.
op.
597
Miserata
ipeiv,
and misereor,
:
distinguish miseror, to express pity in wordsto feel pity in the heart cp. eTieeIv,
:
oUre-
598
.
Quae
in
" thou who dost welcome us as partners in your city, orbeni your home, a remnant escaped from the Greeks, now worn out by all our troubles by land and sea, in need of all things 'tis not in our power to pay you worthy thanks, O Dido, nor can all the race of Troy scattered everywhere throughout the world." Danaum
:
see
vs.
30.
tibi.
tecum or
603
urbe doiyio grates ojns
local
:
ablatives.
With
socias,
scil.,
decline.
Sinumina:
"if any deities regard the benevolent." When is quis H. 455 i A. & G. 105, d. si quid est : "if Distinguish in meaning usquam justice in any place avails aught."
used for aliquis ?
and unquam.
Another readmg
is
justitiae.
605 Laeta:
607
,
"blessed."
Du7n
current : distinguish dum with the indicative and with subA. & G. 276, e: Note v. 314 rfam junctive H. 467-4> 513- 1 "while the shadows shall course along the slopes of the convexa mountains." montibus dat. of reference H. 384.4, i and 3 j &G. 235.
:
: :
iO^Dum pascet
according to the ancient philosophers (cp. Lucr. r, 231) the perpetual fire of the stars was maintained by the aether refined from exhalations of the earth.
:
610
Quaecumque=quaecujnque, tmesis:
page 298.
H.
636, V. 3
A.
&
G.
611
In scanning
this line, notice that e in Ilionea is
long
H. 577.5
A.
&Ci. 347- 5-

90
612
Post=postea.
Vergil's aen
b.
i.
alios,
scU.,
dextra petit
" he grasps the
right
hand of others,"
613
Primo:
Ccuiu
adverbial.
614
tanto "at so great misfortune ;" distinguish casus, a natural agent not the consequence of human calculation or known causes : fors, a kind of mythological being sporting with and thwarting
:
human
615
affairs.
immanibus Vis: not "power," but "violence:" cp. pia. " savage shores :" H. 385.4.1 A. & G. 225, b.
;
oris:
6)7
Vergil here
that
African tribes. Scan thi^ line. Note often left unelided {hiatwi), it is in the case of proper names : cp. vs. 16 : so also Aen. in. 14 ; III. What kind of a line is this? H. 608, 11.; A. & G. 667, et saepe.
refers to the wild
final
when
the vowel
is
359.
e.
t/fe= Greek
"fostering."
kKlvog,
"
that celebrated :" cp. vs. 379, 565.
618 -4^wa
619
Sidona: H. 380, li.; A. & G. 258, b. Teucer, after the Trojan war, was expelled from Salamis by his father Telamon, and soui^ht a home at Cyprus, where he built a second Salamis. lie is here
represented as stopping at Sidon to make terms with Belus, who was at that time master of Cyprus. venire: H. 537, I.; A. & G. Here venire is used for venisse. 288, b.
623
dicione
"under
his
sway
:" i.e.
sub dicione or in dicione.
623
624
Jam:
"even."
casus: "downfall."
Pelasgi : " the Greek," according to Glad.stone, the Pelasgi were a pre-Hellenic race, and formed the base of the Greek army in the Trojan war.
Ipse hostis
:
625
/erebat "he, though an enemy."
"used
to extol."
626
Se volebat and vellet

:
" would have

in
it
that
he was spring
:"
meaning.
distinguibh volebat
&2nTectls
628
029
H. 385.4.1); A.
&
G. 225, b.
Per multos
labores join with jactatam.
sirnilis
soil.
tuae fortunae.
-Demum
" at length," not till now : denigue, opposed to primum, "finally," " in short ;" tandem: "at last,'" after many efforts or disappointments: postreTno ; "last," in order of time.
:
632
Divuin
konorem " she proclaims in the temples of th gods a saciilice." i(/Jc/^ a technical word for ordering a religious observCaes. I>. G. 7.90 supplicatio indicitur. ance
:
NOTES.
91
nee minus, adds a Greek dative.
:
633
Nee
viimts interea
o'"teii
to the force of interea.
60ciis=ad socios
horrentibus
used in transitions
:
little
634
Mafjnorum
suum=magnos
:
centum
tergis
sues
by
synecdoche.
635 637
Munera
At
:
dei
"
the gifts
and cheer of the god,"
i.e.
Bacchus.
see note vs. ii6,
638
Splendkla, proleptically used (sic) inMruitur [ui) splendlta [hU). The atrium in a Roman house occupied the centre and was generally used for a dining- loom. The use of the present tense gives animation to the description.
639
Artesuperho
"skilfully wrought were the coverlets and of bright purple. ostro : properly the blood of the sea snail, which supplied the oncients with their rich, purple dyes.
:
640
" embossed:" i.e. on the goblets, vases, &c., were carved Caelata the deeds of their fathers.
:
641
Series gentis "a. very long, unbroken chain of feats continued by so many heroes from the early origin of the race :" a reference to Vergil had here in view the Ronxan the deeds of the Tyrians. customs prevalent in his own time.
:
643
Neque enim
his
menttm:
in hsLSte,"
"for neither did
his love as a father suffer
mind
:
to rest."
644
rapidum
"
)om with praemittit, although grammatically
connected with Achatem.
645
Ferat=referat : subjunctive of oblique narration: corresponding Jer in direct narrative.
to
6465^1!: "centres."
648
Ferrejubet,
dress.
scil., Achntem.^pallam, properly a long, seamless garment worn by women over the tunica, corresponding to our gown or
siijnis
:"
of gold
rigentem^signis aureis ligentem a hendiadijs.
"staff with figures
649
Cireumtexlum acantho "and a veil fringed vnth a border of yellow acanthus." velamen veils were considered a very important portion of a Roman lady's dress, and were of costly material and exquisite workmanship. Acantho abl. ofdescription the acathus (rt. AK, "sharp"), a thorny shrub, now called bear's foot.
:
: :
Q50 Mycenis
abl.:
in 2,577 as
H 4.12, 11.; A. & G. 258, a. Helen is mentioned coming from Mycenae, whereas she really came from

92

VERttll/s A IN.
Sparta, the royal city of Menelaus.
n
I.
Vergil eonfounds the
city of
Agamemnon
651
with that ol Menelaus.
Pergama
is called Perga mvs {n^pyafjog i]), av.d con)iected etymologically with irvpydg, a tower: German bury, a town berg, a hill Eng. burg, bury as 'Edin-burg ; Edmunds-/;M/'y. Inconcessoa Hipnenaeosi "unlawful wedlock :" scan this line H. 608, v.; A. & G. 359, f.
:
the citadel of
Troy
Perijavia
(ntpyaua
ra),
653
Sceptrum
: i.e. juhet Achn/em ut ferat sceptram. Ilione ried to Polymnestor, the treacherous king of Thrace.
was mar-
&5i Maxima,
monile
23S'
:
scil.,
natu: give the other degrees of comparison. " necklace :" for the dative H. 384, II., 1.3); A.
:
CoHo
&
G.
655
DupVtcem
rings,
coronam probably a crown formed by a circlet of two Others say of one ring, and one of gems and one of gold. translate, "a crown of blended gems and gold."
:
656
Haec celerans=vt kaec

these orders :"
celeriler
;
H. 549.3
A.
&
exsequafur G. 290. a.
"to execute promptly
657
At:
see
vs.
ii6.âciem
ora:
H. 378; A.
&
G. 240,
cfades
(from /acio, the natural niai-e of the face, i.e., the countenance as expressing emotion by the mouth or by the eyes.
659
Donisque
iynem "and by gifts influence the queen to frenzy, anvl insinuate love's fire into her heart." fuientem proleptic use of vs. 70. the adjective
: : : :
660
Ossibus
feeling.
H. 386
A.
&
G. 228.
ossibus, often used for the seat of
661
Qui/ipe
see note,
literally,
vs.
39.
ambiguam domum
*'
:
the treacherous
house:"
"going round about" (amb., ago). bUinguea "double tongued," saying one thing and thinking another, referring
:
to the proverbial treachery of the Karthaginians.
662
Ui-it, scil.,
"at the
returns."
"harasses her with anxiety." mb noctem earn cura approach of night:" cp. imb vvktu. recursat "oft
:
664
Meae
solus:
;
i.e.
(qui es) solus
meae
vires,
mea magna potentia
H. 369.2
665
Patris
A.
&
:
G. 241,
a.
"who dost despise the sovereign father's bolts that temnls struck Typhoeus." The giant Typhoeus was slain by the lightning of Juppiter. Tlie poet here represents the undying power of love.
:
666- -iVumJTWZ
"divine aid."

NOTES.
QQ~^J<\(iter
"ill
est
:
93
Cupid an' Aeneas were sons ofVenu'?.- Ut = qiio modo what way:' jiitroducing an indirect question. nota = notum by a Graecism.
this line
:
668 Scan
670
671
H. 608, v.; A.
&
G. 359,
f.
Tenet,
scil.,
eum: "
detains him."
Vereor hospitia: "I am anxious how Juno's welcome dependent question H. 529 ; A. & G. 334.
:
may end
:"
672
Hand
-rerinn,
at
inactive
affairs :"
scil., Juno, from Junonia "Juno shall not be. such a crisis," literally "at such a turning point of H. 429 ; A. & G. 259, a.
:
673
Qiiocircn
" wherefore I purpose to anticipate her by craft meditor and to surround her with (such a) flame (of love)." The Romans borrowed many of their metaphors 'rom military affairs
:
074
Ne mutet
"that she may not be changed by any influence," i.e., any power but mine, or "by the influence (of Juno) in any way." see note, vs. 1 58. e mutet mutetur
:
676 Qa,
677 679
scil.,
ratione.
at the
accipe
"hear:"
cp. da, "tell."
AccUu
Pelago
343.
"
summons
:"
H. 416
A.
&
G. 253.
iv.
restantia:
"remaining from:"
H. 414,
I;
A.
&
G.
a.
680
Sopitum
are
"slumbering sound in sleep:" such pleonasms somno common. Note the alliteration. Decline Cythera.
681
Sacrata
sede
"
in
a consecrated spot
:"
either grove or temple.
682
Mediusve occurrere: "or
to interpose to prevent it."
Here medius
= obviam.
683
Tu dolo: " do you

for case o( 2
;
:
A.
&
H. 379 noctem G. 247, c.

:
counterfeit his looks for one night, no more:" A. & G. 256. avipliusi H. 417, iv. ;
685 686
Laetissima
"
at the height of her joy."
Laticemque Lyaevm
Lyaeum
poison.
cp. Ava'iog
"the cups of Bacchus." latex, poetic word. cp. Liber: " the one who frees {Xv-) men
:
from cares."
688
FaUasque veneno,
scil.,
earn:
"and may
beguile her with (love's)
689
Distinguish in meaning
/)are<, p&ret.

94
"
VERGILS AEN.
11.
1.
690 Exiiil
691
lie
doffs." P<
of lulus
:"
for inces.su:
/"/(' "and glaJ'y l.o walks with the step see note on incedo: vs. 46.
:
At:
cp.
vs.
116.
Ascanio
inric/at:
"sheds
:
like
dew calm
sleep
o'er the
limbs of Ascanius. " Ascanio dative of reference ; H. Inriijdt may refer to the dews of night, or 384.4 ; A. & G. 235, a more probably to perspiration : cp. Shaks. J. C. IL, I : "enjoy the honey-heavy dew of slumber."
:
692
693
Folum gremio
" her
fondling in her lap."
Ubi umbra
with
soil.,
its
" where the soft majoram, breathing forth fragrance blossoms and sweet shade envelopes him." With adspirans, odorem.
: :
696
Dvxe
Achate
a.
:
"glad
in
having Achates as a guide
:"
H. 431
A.
&
697-
G. 25s,
-Cum locavit
" by the time he arrives, the queen had already beneath the lich curtains taken her place on a golden couch, and hat! stationed herself in tlie centre." The historic present tenê for cum If venerat were read, then we should have had comvenerat. posuerat. aulaeis may mean (i) " in a curtain," or (2) " neath a curtain (=sub aulaeis), or (3) "with a curtain,' i.e., contributing to the ease of her position.
'
608
Aurea
in scansion
Icctus.
Medius
3
12
.'

NOTES.
95
703
Quibus
store,
" whose care it was lo furnish in turn the lastinj;; and to worship the Penates." ordine=V fif-pei, referring to penum, and Penates are connected the division of the labour.
Penates:
PA or PAT: cp. nivoiiai, nsvrjg, Trevia, TrSvog. adolere Penates may mean no more than to keep up the fire for cooking. With adolere: cp. "magnify" in our ecclesiastical
etymolot,'ically root
writings.
706 707
Qiii
onerent
subjunctive of purpose.
Nee non
et : the negatives cancel each other, giving an affirmative sense: " moreover, too." liminia atria: synecdoche.
708
708
Toris
pictis=ad coenam convenire jussi.
Flagrantesque verba; "the glowing looks of the god and his feigned words." The poet here transfers the looks and words of
lovers to those of the
god of
love.
1 12 --Infelix
join
with
Phoenissa.
pesti futuiaex
"doomed
ofmentem
to
her
coming
713
ruin."
Expleri mentem A. & G. 240 c.

Ille
"
to satisfy her soul ;" for case
H. 378:
715
pependit
" when he hung on the
Aeneas:"
tinguish in
7ir>
abl. separation:
H.
:
meaning pendere
IV., pendere.
578,
embrace and neck of A. & G. 324. Dis;
Etavwrem: "and
tended father."
gratified
to the full the affection of his pre-
717
Haec
" she hangs on him with her eyes, she (hangs on him) haeret with her whole soul:" cp. Tennyson's Locksley Hall: "and her eyes on all my motives with a mute observance hung."
:
719
Insidat
deits
" how dread a god

:
is
lying in wait for her :"
i.e.
is
plotting against her
with
inside7-e cp. i'nsidiae.
720
Paulatim
"
spring, near
Acidallae referring to the Acidalian little by little." Orchomenos, in Boeotia, the haunt of the Graces.
:
721
Et
with a living affection to pre-occupy a and a heart long unaccustomed (to Others praevertere : explained by some^praeoccupare. love)." resides: decline.rfftszieto, scil., like it to mean, " to surprise." amori.
:
corda
soul long since
" and he dead
tries
to
love,
123 Postguam- epulis

in
soil., est
ox fuU.
Latin are heterogeneous?
Decline epulis. remotae, scil., sunt.
What words The tables

96
were
b.
i.
::
vekgil's aen.
began and were removed was over lience such phrase-; as mennam apponere, or opponere, and menmm auferre or removere.
literally broiii;lil in before ih' feast
:
after
it
721
Crnteras
VI.,
"they place the large mixers;" cp. Horn. Tl. sta/inint " thev crown the vina coronant 526: Kpnrfjpa an'/aac&ac. wine," may ineaii (l) as in Homer's Kpr/r^pag iireaTiipavro norolo " tliey fill to llie brim the mixers with wine," or {2) " they deck the bowls ol wine " with ivy or myrtle wreaths, as was certainly done
:
in later times.
72.')
/-'(V
"a hum arises throughout the halls." tectisîn tfctis 425.2, IV., 3; A. & G. 254, a.. vocemque atria: "and through the long halls they cause their words to re-echo." atria It was the atrium was the principal room in a Roman house. used as the reception room, and also as the place wliere the images derived hom nter, "black," i.e. blackof ancestors were placed entd by the smoke ol the hearth {focn ): cp. jieXadpov, from fifkaQ.
tcclis
:
II.
72G
Lychni
Night came on before they had finished their cp. ^vxvog. the small interstices (tocM-s) formed by the laquearibits meal. fret-work of the cross beams of the ceiling were decorated with H. 608, ill.; A. & G. 347, c. Scan this line guilding.
: : :
727--Funalia
728
729
a torch
made of stout
cords (furies) and covered with wa.x.
Hie: "hereupon." Mero

:
distinguish
in
vinum, simply, "wine:" temetum,
meaning merum, "pure, unmixed wine;" "a heady wine."
730
"sprang from Belus," or = ea; tempore Beli scil., orti soliti, scil, sunt vino implere. the time of Belus." It was customary to pour out a sm.ill quantity of wine with the usual prayer to the gods as the preliminaries of a feast.
Belo,
:
"from
731
ffos/ntibvsjura
as the guardian
" define the
rights of strangers ;" or "protect the
" rights of strangers
was worshipped gods of guests among the Greeks and Romans.

'Zevg êivioq (Juppitvr ho.spitalis)
733
Velis:
" may
it
be thy
hiijus, scil., diei.
rainores,
will :" distinguish

scil.,
in
meaning
veliH,
veUs.
natu
give the other degrees o(
comparison.
7.34
dator cp. Hesiod (Works and Days, 614) 6o)pa AutvvLaetitiae l/ojia Juno: Juno was the tutelary deity of cov TTolvy^'&eog.
:
:
Karthage.
735
" attend in throngs the gathering." coetum = Cueliim celeh-ate coitum {cum, e<t).fnveiues: " speaking words ofôod omen," or "keeping silence." Mspetial care was taken during an offering to
NOTES.
9?
the cjods or during any vc'i;;ion=; rile tliat no inaiT^picious or frivolous Hence the adinouilioii of the priests wortls should be uUcied. which we find at the beginning of a ceremony fautte limjuls animisque, ore favete, fave Unguis: cp. v<j)7//xelTe ; ev(p7/fio^ nag k<JTu
:
^wf,
736
ardfia avyiiXeiaag,
Laticem
honorem
"an
offering
of wine:" the
mensa being
re-
garded as the altar of Juppiter hospitalis.
735
Primaque
first in
ore:
e.
"and
tips
made, with the

rank.
she the first, when the libation had be>-n of her lips touched it." prima, as being the
:
Libato
Madvig, 429. A. & G. 260,

738
Dedit,
scil.,
impersonal, H. 431, iv., 2 ; A. & G. 255, b. ienus: for construction of tenus : H. 434, IV., 4,
deep:"
"with a challenge to drink poculum. in crepitans the Saxon, drinc hael.ilk pnferain: '"he quickly drained the foaming bowl." There is some humour in contrasting the act oif Butes with that of Dido.
:
cp.
739 740
Et
auro
" and
swilled himself with the full cup of gold."
crinitus: bards in Proceres, scil., simmantcm pateram hauseriini. imitation of Apollo are often represented with long hair: cp.
'An6?iAc,)i> aKEpaoKO/xrig.
741
Personat,
feasts
scil.,
and Romans,
with
atria: "causes the halls to reecho." The Greek as well as mediaeval nations, often enlivened their the songs of minstrels.
:
742
Errantem limam some say eclipses
the revolutions of the moon. lahorrs: such a theme was common among ancient Physical philosophy was a fruitful theme of the old Orphic bards. Cp. Lucretius and writers, as well as among the Roman poets. Vergil's Eclogues, passim.
i.e.,
:
744
Arcturum: 'ApicTovpog='ApKToFpov: "the watcher (Fop:
cp. Eng. ward, wary) of the bear (apicrog)." This refers to the Lesser Bear (Ursa Minor), cMed a.\so A ixtophy lax. Arcturus is often limited to the brightest star in the Lesser Bear ( Ursa Minor), called Bootes Hyadas the Hyades were seven stars at the head of (ox-driver). the Bull (Taurus), the rising of which (May, 7-21) was attended by showers of rain (vecv, "to rain"). geminosque Triones: two pair of stars, one at the end of the Greater Bear ( Ursa Major), and the other at the end of the Lesser Bear (Ursa Minor). The word trio=strio ; root sTAR, "to scatter;" hence, "the scatterers of light :" cp. Sanscrit trio=staras, " the showers of light ;" cp. Eng. Varro (L. L. 7, 73) says trio=bos star: Ger. stern: Lat. sterula. and connects it with tero cp. septentriones " the north ;" properly the "seven stars" of the Great Bear.
: :
r45
Qnid
7
properent
dependent question
H. 529
A.
&
G. 334.

98
746
:

Vergil's aen.
to jrroperent.
n.
i.
Tardia opposed 747Ingeminant plaiLsu:

their applause."
"applaud repeatedly:"
lit.
"redouble with
748
Nee non
et
see note, vs. 707.
749
Longumqueamorem:
468
;
"and kept drinking in a long draught ol love :" note the force of the imperfects in traheiat and bihebat : H.
A.
&
G. 277.
:
750
Multa
A.
muha
G. 344.
5c\\.,
&
note the emphatic position of these words This shows her desire to prolong the feast.
H. 561
751
Nunc,
rogitat.
quihusar7rns
: :
dep. quest.:
H.
"529
A.
&
G. 334.
AuroraeJilius
soil, essent
Memnon.
;
152 Quales,
753
H. 529
A.
&
G. 334.
quantus,
soil., esset.
Immo
"nay, come then :" often used to connect, or add emgive examples of irregudie phasis to what has been said before.
age
:
lar imperatives.
754
Tuorum
refers
who had perished at Troy : tuos septima : some writers, Weidner the case of Aeneas. amongst the number, conclude that Vergil died before he finally Vergil in Aen. V., 626, also settled the chronology of the Aeneid. says that seven years had passed since the fall of Troy, although a year must have elapsed between the time of the reception of Dido and the celebration of the games.
:
referring to the Trojans
to
INDEX OF PROPER NAMES.

ABBREVIATIONS.
Adj.
= adjective
N. =noun; n. =neuter;^Z. =plural;
sinr/.
=sinj:ular.
A.
Ab-as, -antis
Acest-es, ae t-^
;
m.: Abas: a Trojan, one of the companions of Aeneas.

Accstcs: m.: a Icing of Sicily,
who
hospitably entertained Aeneas and
his followers.
He was
the son of the river-god Crimisus and of a Trojan
woman
Egesta, or Sergesta.
Achates, ae
m.: Achates
the faithful friend and trusty
henchman
of Aeneas.
Achill-es, -is and i m.: son of Peleus and Thetis, and the most valiant of the Greek chieftains engaged in the siege of Troj'. His quarrel with Agamemnon caused his withdrawal from the war. The Greeks were in consequence of this withdrav al plunged into misfortunes and defeated in battle. The death of Patroclus, who fell by the hand of Hector, roused Achilles into action. He took the field and slew
;
Hector.
Homer
represents
him
as being slain in battle at the Scaean gate
latter
traditions, however,
make him
to have
been killed treacherously by
Paris.
Achiv-us,
-a,
-una;
adj.: Grecian.
ACidali-US, -a, -um adj.: of or belonging Venus and the Graces used to bathe.
;
to Acidalia, a fountain in Boeotia,
where
Aeacid-es, -ae
m.: a descendant of Aeacus,

pi.
e.g., Achilles.
Aenead-ae, -arum
m.
followers of Aeneas,
i.e.,
Trojans, or Romans, as
being descendants of the Trojans.
Aene-as, -ae
fall
a Trojan prince, son of Anchises and Venus. After the and his followers set out for Italy, where he arrived :ifter many wanderings. He married Lavinia, daughter of king Latinus and succeeded to the power of that monarch.
; :
m.: Aeneas
of the city, he
Aeoli-a, -ae
f.
Aeolia
the country ruled by Aeolus, the king of the winds.
The
insulae Aeolian or Vulcanuie, north of Sicily, comprise his domain.
A6l-us,
Afric-US,
-i;
m.: Aeolus: the god of the inds.

;
-i
m.: the south-west wind.
99
100
^C
Vergil's
a::x.
i.
Agenor,
calls
Karthage the city

;
-oris; m.: son of Ncprunc .-.u^X Mbya, king of Phoenicia. Vergil of Agonor, .since Did.) was descended from him.
m.: Ajax
:
(P..
1.338)
^^
Aj-ax. -acis
son of Oilcus, king of the Locrians.
He
is
described as of
small stature, biit of great skill in hurling the spear, and, next to Achilles, the
most swift-footed of the Greeks. Homer represents him as having been wrecked, on his return from Troy on the " Whirling Rocks." Ajax escaped and boiisted that he could escape without the aid of the gods. For his impiety Ajax was Vergil represents Ajax as being especially hated by swallowed up by the sea. Minerva, because on the night of the capture of Troy he insulted Cassandra, the priestess, in the temple of the goddess, whitlier she had fJed for refuge.
Alb-a, -ae
f.:
Kome
Alban-us,
It
Alba Longa, the most amient city in Latiura. and the parent city of was destroyed by Tullus Hostilius, and never rebuilt.
-a,
-um;
m.
:
adj.: of, or
belonging to ^Z6a.
Alet-es, -ae
Aletcs
;
one of the companions of Aeneas.
Amazon-es, -um
the
t.:
the Thermoiion, in Pontus.
a fabled race of female warriors w^ho dwelt on the banks of They came to the aid of the Trojans in the war under
command
-i
;
of their
queen, Penthesilea.
:
Amycus,
m.: Amycus a companion of Aeneas. m.: son of Capys, and father of Aeneas. -ae Anchis-es. Troy, and accompanied Aeneas, but died on Aeneas' first
;
He
survived the
fall of
arrival in Sicily.
Anten-or, -oris; Antenor:

of the
ni.:
a Trojan: according to Homer, one of the wisest
Trojan elders.
Before the taking of the city he was sent to
Agamemnon
to
negotiate a peace, and concerted a plan of delivering the city into the hands of the His subsequent history is Greeks. On the capture of the city he was spared.
variously related.
Some say that he founded a new kingdom at Troy others that or Cyrene others, that he went with the Heneti to Thrace, and Libya to went he thence to Italy, where he founded Patavium.
;
;
Anthe-us,
-i;
m.: Anthexis: a follower of Aeneas.
Aquil-o, -onis
Arctvu'us,
m.: the N.E. wind
called ôpea^
by the Greeks.
called also
-i; m.: Arcturtis: a constellation near the Great Bear; Bootes, or Arctophylax.
Arg-i, -orutn.
ni.
A rgos
;
one
of the chief
towns in Argolis,
in the Peloponnesus.
Argiv
VIS, -a,
-um
;
adj
Aryive
:
of,
or belonging to Argos.
Ascanl
us, -i m.: Ascanius Troy and taken to Italy.

;
son of Aeneas and Creiisa, rescued by his father from
Ssia, -ae
f.:
Asia
-i
;
one
of the continents.
/C
Assarac-uS,
Assaracus
;
m.: a Trojan prince, son of Tros and father of Capys.

:
5.thama-s, -ntis
m.
At?Mmas
a follower of Aeneas.
INDEX OF PllOPKR NAMES.

Atla-s, -ntis
;
101
m.: Atlas
;
a Titan
who upheld
:
the heaven and stars.
Atrid-ae,
-arum
m.. the Atridae
descendants of Atreus, applied to
Agamemnon
and Menelaus.
Auror-a, -ae
t.: A urora : goddess of the dawTi, and WTfe of Tithonus. ; usually represented iu a chariot di-awn by four horses.
She
is
B.
Bacch-us,
-i
m.: Bacchus
son of Juppiter and Seniele, and god of wine.
Bellum,
Bel-US,
-i
-i
n.:
War
Belus
personified.
m.
;
king of Tyre and Sidon,

:
aut' 'ather of Dido.
Biti-as, -ae
in.:
Bitias
a Tyrian companion of Dido.

first built was called, in the Phoenician which was corrupted by the Greeks into
Byrs-a, -ae
f.:
Byrsa
the port of Karthage

i.e.,
language, Betzura or Bosra,
citadel,
Byrsa Oupo-a), i.e., a hide, and hence probably arose the story. formed the citadel of Karthage.
Afterwards
it
O
Caesar,
CaiC-US,
-8,ris
ni.
;
m.: Caesar
Caictts
a surname given to the Julian family at Rome.

,
-i
Capy-3, -OS
(ace.
Capyn); m.: Capys: a follower of Aeneaa.

belonging to Ceres.
Cereal -is,
-e
adj.: of, or
Cl6anth-us,
Cupid-o,
-i;
m.: Cloanthus: a follower of Aeneas.

m.: Cupid
-inis
son of Venus and god of Love.

is
Cycl6pe-us,
-a,
-um
(the regular quantity
Cyclopeus)
Cyclopean : adj.
of,
or
belonging to the Cyclopes.
Cymotho-e,
-es
Cymothoe
a sea nymph.
Cyntli-us,
Diana.
-i;
m.: CyiUhus: a mountain in Delos, the natal place of Apollo and
Cypr-US,
-i
f.:
Phoenicians.
or Cypria.
l
a large island in the Mediterranean sea colonized by the was noted for the worship of Venus, who was often called Cypris The chief towns were Paphos, Citium and Salamis.
Cyprits
It
:
Cyther-a, -orum;
point of Laconia.
Cythera (now Ccrigo), an island off the south-western was colonized by the Phoenicians, who early introduced the Hence the goddess is often called Cytheris or Ci-theroa. worship of Venus. AccoiiUng to some traditions she arose from the foam of the sea near the island.
n., pi.:
It
Cythere-us,
-a,
-um
adj.:
Cytherean
of,
or belonging to Cythera.
102
veugil's aen. u.'ti-'^^'^'^
Dd.nS,-i,
-orum ; m., pi. Danai: a name given to the Greeks, as descendants Danaus, sen of Belus and twin brother of Aegyptus.
:
ot
Dard.S,nid-ae,
Trojans.
-arum;
m.,
pi.:
Dai-danidae: the descendants of Dardanua;
i.3^
Dard&ni-us,-
a,
-um
:
adj.:
Dardanian
:
of,
or belonging to Dardania or Troy.
V Deiope-a, -ae
diiion that he
f. Dciopca a sea nymph, whom Juno promised to Aeolus on oonwould aid her in destroyhig the fleet of Aeneas.
Av Dia.n-a, -ae f.: Diana daughter of Jupi)iter and Latoiia, goddess of the chase, the mooj., and archery. From root uiv, " bright :"=tZuna, "bright one."
; :
""
Did-o, -us and -onis Dido also called Elissa, the reputed founder of Carthage. She was the daughter of Bohis, or Antenor, and sister of Pygjaalion, who suoceeded to the crown of his father. Dido nKu-ried Acerbas, or Sychaeus, a priest ol Hercules and a man of great wealth. In consequence of the murder of her husband by Pygmalion, she sailed from Tyre, ami finally landed at Karthage. She purchased from the simple natives as much land as she could cover with an oxhide. Cutting the hide into strips she surrounded the spot on which she subse:
quently built Bursa (pvpaa, a hide), the citadel of Karthage. Vergil represents Dido as fa'ling in love with Aeneas, although an interval of fully three hundred years elapsed between the taking of Troy (1184 B.C.) and the foundinij of Karthage
(853 B.C.).
Diomed-es,
-is
m.: Diomede
who fought
direction did
;
at Troy.
He was
son of Tydeus, and one of the bravest of the Greeks the especial fav.i.ite of Minerva, and under her
many feats of bravery. He engaged in single combat Hector and Aeneas wounded ilars, Venus, and Aeneas ; with Ulysses, carried off the horses of Rhesus and the Palladium.
K
E6-US,
^"-
-a,
-um
;
adj.: of, or belonging to the East,
Eastern (^(is=ew9, " the dawn "\

of Sicily; near it stood
Er-yx, -ycis
m.:
Eryx: a mountain and town on the west
Egesta, or Segesta, the city of Arestes.
Europ-a, -ae
y,
f-
Euro2M
a division of the Eastern world.

,
Eurot-as, -ao
m.; Eurotas the chief river of Laconia (now Basilipvlamo), flowing through a narrow ard fruitfid vale into the Laconian Gull.
;
Eur-US,
-i; ni.:
Eur us: theS.E. wind
(eSpo;).
F.
Fides,
-ei
t.:
Faith personified.
/'ttri/
FCiror, -oiis; m.:
personified.
INDEX OF PROPER NAM liS.

G.
103
V
'
G3,nyined-es, -la ; m.: Ganymede : son of Tros, and the most beautiful He was carried off by the gods to act as cup-bearer.
Grail-,
of mortals.
-orum;
m., pL: the Greek: originally a
name
gîven to the people in the
N.W.
of Epirus.
With
this tribe the
applied the terra Graii, or Graeci, to

their country Hellas.
became acquainted, hence they a people who called themselves Hellenes and
first
Romans
Gy-as, -ae (aoo. Gyan)
m.: Gyas
a follower
of
Aeneas.
H.
yC HarpS,iyc-e,
-es f.: Harpahjee daughter of Harpalycus, king of Thrace, noted her swiftness of foot and for her skill in martial exercises.
;
:
for
y
Vs,
Hebr-ua,
-i ;
m.: Hebrus
;
a river of Thrace,
:
now the
Maritza.
Hect-or, -oris
leaders.
test
m.
Hector
son of Priam and Hecuba, the bravest of the Trojan

the Greeks, and
when Achilles withdrew from the conhe drove the Greeks before him and burned their ships. The death of Patroolus aroused AchiUes to action. The two heroes met, and Hector fell. The conqueror, according to Vergil, attached the dead body of Hector to his chariot and dragged it thrice round the walls cf Troy but according to Homer he dragged it
He
long- baffled
away
dus.
to the
Greek fleet, then, for the space of twelve days, to the tomb The body was at last ransomed by Priam.
-a,
of Patro-
Hect6r6-U3,
Helen-a, -ae
-um
adj.:
Hectorean
of,
or belonging to Hector.
f.: Helena: daughter of Juppiter and Leda, and wife of Tyndarus, from whom she is called Tyndaris. She was the most beautiful woman of her time, and her hand was sought for by the most illustrious princes of Greece. She was Paris, son of Priam, king of Troy, was married to Menelaus, king of Sparta. In consequence of an kindly entertained by Menelaus, at the Spartan court. elopement with Helen, Paris brought on the war against Troy. Menelaus after the war forgave her infidelity, and canied her back with him to Greece.
;
Hesperi-a, -ae
Hj-ad-es,
f.:
Italy
literally,
the land to the west
i.e.,
west of Greece.
f., pi.: a group of stars at the head of the constellation of the Bull They were the fabled daughters of Atlas, mourning the death of their brother Hyas {vtiv, " to rain ").
:
-um
(Taurui).
Hyraenae-us,
-i
m.:
Hymen
the god of marriage.

I.
idftli-a,
-ae
f.;
Idali-um,
-i
n.t
the favorite abode of Venus.
Idalia, ICalium a grove and height of Cyprus, There was also a town in the island, sacred to
:
Venus.
i\ Ili-ft,
-ae mother
;
f.:
of
Ilia another name tor Rhea Remus and Romulus.

:
Silva, a vestal,
who became by Mars
the
104
riI3,C-US, -a,
vekgil's aen. b.
i.
-um
;
Ilian
adj.: of, or
belonging to Ilium, or Troy.
Iliad 63,
-um
pi.:
women
of Troy
the Trojan
women.
of Polymnestor,
Uion-e, -es;
Thrace.
i.:
eldest daughter of
King Priam, aud wife
king
of
[lioneus,
lli-um,
-i
;
-ei
n.:
m.: a follower of Aeneas.
Ilium: another name

;
for
Tmja.
Tli-us, -a,
-um
Ilian
:
of,
or belonging to Ilium.
:
[llyrlc-us, -a,
-um
Illyrian
of,
or belonging to Illyria, a district north of Epirus,
along the Adriutio.

il-US,
-i;
m.: Ilus
;
a rame given to
(1)
the fabled founder of Troy; see geneological
table, p. 4S)
(-')
lulus, or Ascanius originally.
top-as, -ae
rtalia; ac,
Ital-us, -a,
a bard who sung at the entertainment given to Aeneaa.

Italy.
f.:
-um
adj. Italian.
Iul-U3,
-i
m- lyius
another
name
of Ascanius, son of
Aenea&
J.
JuU-US,
/x
-a,
-um
:
adj.:
Julian
:
the
nomen
of the Julian family.
Jun-O, -onis
f.-
Juno
the wife and sister of Jove, and daughter of Satumus. (For i>joui;io
:
She
aided the Greeks agaiiist Troy.
not
(iiu:
"to shine").
Junoni-US,
-a,
-um
adj. of, or belonging to Juno.
Juppiter, Jovis: m.: Juppiter: king

:
of gods, son of
Satumus and Rhea.

;
(For
light-
" father of light.") He represents the sky Djovis pater nine and physical phenomena generally proceed from him.
hence thunder,
TC'T
f.: Karthage: one of the most celebrated cities of the ancient founded about 853 B.C. It embraced the chief citadel (Byrsa), the port cCothon), and tlie suburbs (Magalia). It. was involved in long and tedious wars with the Romans for the supremacy of the ancient world. It was finally destroyed 146 B.C. It was rebuilt under Julius and Augustus under the uame ol Cvîa
Ihag-O, -inis;
;
world
Karthago.
The ruins are near
El-Mariia.
^x
LCltin lis, -1 ; m.: Latinus : son of Faunus, and king of the aborigines of Italy. He kindly received Aeneas, and gave the Trojan leader his daughter Lavinia in marriage. After bis death Aeneas succeeded to the throne of Lalium.
INDEX OF PKOPEK NAMES.

Lati-um,
hilla
-i
;
105
n.:
Latium: a broad
district
south of the Tiber, and between the Alban

its flat
and the
sea.
Probably called from
character
latiis, cp. TrAariis,
Eng.
JUU.
Latdn-i, -ae
f.:
Latona
the mother of Apollo and Diana.

city of
Italy,
Lavini-um,
-i
n.:
;
Lavinium: a
founded by Aeneas in honor
of
Lavinia, his wife
now
;
Pratica.
:
Lavim-vis,
-a,
f.:
-am
Lavinian
:
of,
or belonging to Lavinium.
of Castor
Led-a, -ae;
Leda
;
mother
of
Helen and
:
and Pollux.
of Illyria,
Libum-i, -orum
Liby-a, -ae
f.
m., pL: the Libunii
a nation
inhabiting
modern
Austrian Croatia.
; :
Libya
;
district of
of,
Northern Africa.
Lobyc-us,
-a, -a,
-um
;
Libyan
or belonging to Libya.
:
LJae-us,
Liber
:
-um an epithet of Bacchus quia libcrat eiUeni a ciwis.

i, :
from Auaios, from
\vei.v,
" to free
" cp.
Lj^Ci-US,- a, -Tim; Lycian
of,
or belonging to Lycia.
""^Lyc-uSi-i
m.: Lgcus: a comrade of Aeneas.
jL^
M.
\ Mai-a, -ae:
f.:
Naia: daughter
;
of Atlas
the eldest of the Pleiades, and the most
beautiful of the seven stars
the mother of Mercury.

;
Mars,
of
-tis
m.:
Mam
-vim
;
:
the god of wars
son of Juppiter and Juno
the patron deity
Rome.
-a,
;
Mavorti-U3,
Mavoiiian
:
of,
or belonging to Mars, or Mavors.

;
Memnon,
came
to
onis m. Memnon a king of Ethiopia son of Tithonus and Aurora Tioy with a body of soldiers to aid Priam distinguished himself for his bravery was slain by Achilles.
;
Mercvlri-U3,
-i
m.: Mercury
son of Juppiter and Maia
messenger of the gods.
Mus-a, -ae
1
the Muses were daughters of Juppiter and Mnemosyne, and Hesiod states the names as Clio (history), Euterpe (lyric poetry) Thalia (comedy), Mclpomeni: (trairedy), TevjsUhofe (dance and song), Erato
;
f.:
Muge
orn at Pieria.
(amatory poetry), Polymiua, or Polyhymnia (sublime poetry), Urania (astronomy), Calliope (epic poetry).
Mycen-ae, -arum
Peloponnesus.
f.,
pL:
Mycenae
one
of
the chief cities of Argolis, in the
N.
Neptun-us,
N6t-us,
-i;
-i
m.: Ne2Jtune
the god' of the sea.
m.: Nottts: the south wind.

lOG
vekgil's aen.
n.
i.
Oenotr-us,
Italy.
-a,
-um
adj.:
Oenotrian
of,
or belonsfintj to Oenotria, an old
name
foi
Oile-us,
-i
m.
;
OUeus
a king of Locris, father of Ajax.
Olymp-us,
to
m.: a mountain of Northern Greece, near the Aegean Sea: according -i Homer, the abode of the gods ; hence often used for Caelum now Elimbo.
;
;
Orea-s, -adis
f.:
bclon<jing to the
mountain; hence, a m'ûntain nymph
(opeiat:
from 6po?, a mountain).
Orien-S,
-tis
m.: the quarter where the sun rises (oriens)
lience, the East.
Orton, -onis:
m.: Orion: a cele'.)rxted hunter andg'ant; placed after his death as a conste'-lation in the heavens showers attended its rising and setting B. 1, 535.
;
Oront-es,
ironi
-is
and
Orontes
:
a leader of the Lycjana, shipwrecked ou his voyage
Troy to Italy
B. 1, 113, 220.
Pall-as, -adis ; f-: Pallas an epithet of Athene, or Minerva, the goddess of war and of wisdom. The epithet is derived from (1) either naWeiv, " to brandish," i.e., "the brandisher" of the spear (2) or from TroAAaf, " a maiden," i.e., the virgin
: :
goddess.
>
P&ph-os,
-i
t.:
Paphus: a
city
of
south-western
Cyprus, where Venus was
especially worshipped.
Parc-a, -ae f.: one of the three Fates or names were Lachesis (\a.y\iv<i.v, "to
;
Destinies.
allot");
Clotho
According to the Greeks their (Aiideii', "to weave");
Atropos
line
:
(a,
neg. Tpimiv, " to turn
").
Their duties are expressed in the fo'lowing
With the Romans Dccuma. Nona. The best derivation Morta, seems to woiship]ied as were these For the interchange of y and m: cp. be pariiip, "to allot;" cp. Moipai.
Clotho cuhiin retinet, Lachesis net, et Atropos occat.
jxdAu^Jos,
plumbum.
;
Pari-S, -dis
m.: Paris:
also called Alexander, son of
/n
carried off Helen, wife of Menelaus, King of Sparta, and thus He was slain by the arrows of Philoctetes. Trojan war.
favorite of Venus.
Priam and Hecuba. He was the cause of the He was the especial
X.
Pari-us,
-a,
-um
its
adj.:
Parian
of,
or belonging to Paros, one of the Cyclades,
noted for
quarries of marble.
P&tavi-um,
-i; m.; Patavium: a city of Gallia Cisalpina, founded by Meduaous Major and Minor (Brenta), now called Padua. the between
An tenor,
Pelasg-us, -a, -um; adj.: Pelamjian: of, or race who inhabited Graeci before the arrival
from
TreAAos
:
belongini; to the Pelasgi, an ancient

of the Hellenes.
The word
is
derived
cp. palidus, palleo
hence, dark, or ash-colored.
INDEX OF PKOPER NAMES,

I'enat-es,
107
-ium
m.,
pi.:
the Penates
deities
who
presided over the household and
The word seems connected with pa, "to feed" or "protect;" hence pater, janis, jienus ; jrdcris (=7rdTis), potens. They were probably deified founders
the state.
of thn faaiily.
Penthesile-a, -ae war of Troy.
t: Penthesilea:
queen
of the
Amazons, an
ally of
Priam
in the
PergS,m-a, -orum
Gennan,
burif
-i
;
;
n., pi.:
the citadel of Troy
connected with
jriJpyos,
"a tower:"
En<;. -borough, -bur^^h, -bury.

:
Phoeb-us,
shine
:"
m.
Phoebus: an epithet of Apollo: op.

<j>ao;.
ôi)3os,
"bright;" fa, "to
cp. âiviiv,
Phoenic-es,
-um
of the Mediterranean,
east by Syria.
pi.: Phoenicians: people of Phoenicia, a district on the east bounded on the south by Palestine, and on the north and The Phoenicians were the most celebrated navigators of antiquity,
;
m.,
and founded colonies alonjf the shores of the Mediterranean Tunis, Utica. Tyre and Sidon were their chief towns.
;
notably Karthage,
from mas. Phoenix Phoeniss-a, -ae f., adj.: a Phoenician woman Threissa, from Threx, a Phoenician woman. As a noun = Z)irfo.
:
cf.
Phryg-es,
-um
-a,
m.,
pi.:
the Phrygians, a people of Central Asia Minor.
Phrfgius,
-um;
f.:
adj.: Phriigian.
Phthi-a, -ae
Phthia: a
district in
southern Thessaly.
Achilles
was
bom
at
Larissa, in Phthia.
Poen-i,
-orum
,
m.,
pi.:
the Karthaginians.
Priam.us,
ni.: Priam son of Laomedon, and last king' of Troy. Hercules took -i Troy, and Priam, then called Podarces, was amony the prisoners. Hesoine, the sister of Priam, ransomed her brother, and he clianged his name to Priamus (irpia/j.at, " I buy," or " ransom ") He married Hecuba, tlje dau-jhter of Cisseus,
:
and had amon^'

(1184 B.C.)
his sons Hector, Paris, Polites
The conduct
of Achilles.
of Paris involved his

finally
father in a war with the Greeks, which lasted for ten years.
Troy was
taken
and Priam was
slain
by Phyrrhus, son
Punic-US,
-a,
-um
-is
;
adj.:
Karthaginian.
son of Belus, and king of Tyre
brother of Dido
Pygmalion,
murderer
Pygmalion
of Sychaeus.
Q.
Quirin-us,
-1;
Derived rom
m.: Quirtnus: a name given to Romulus after his ascent to heaven. rt. kur, " powerful i' cp. Quirites, icCpos, icuptos, Kîpai/os.
R.
Rem-us.-i;
m.:
Remus:
the twin-brother of Romulus.
Bhâ-us,
/\ /^
blain
m.: Rhesus king of Thrace, whose horses were captured and who wa4 -i by Diomede and Ulysses in the night attack.
;
:
108
Bora-a, -ae
;
vkkgil's akn.
f.
:
b.
i.
Rome
a city in Italy, on
tlie
banks of the Tiber

;
the capital of
flow
;"
tlio
llomaii world.
Derived: Koina=(s) Koina: root sru
cp. 'p'"
:" to
heiiue,
"the stream town."
Roman US,
R6.uiil-U3,
-a,
-um;
adj.:
Roman.
of
-i
Romidas
;
The founder
thu Rululi
:
Rome
son of Mars and Rhea
Silvia.
R&tul-i, -orUiH
ine:i* of
m.,
pi.:
a people of Latiuin.
They opposed the

their
kiii;;,
settle-
the Trojans in Italy.
They were defeated, and

S.
Turnus, was
slain.
Sabae-us,
-a,
-um;
adj.:
Sabaean:
of,
or belonging to Saba (the Sheba of Scripin the
ture), the capital of
Arabia Felix, situated
S.W. part of Arabia.
Sa.m-03,
Samos.
-'
-i
for a nia.L^nificent
island, S.E. of Chios, opposite Mt. Mycale. It was noted temple of Here (Juno), situated about two miles from the town The remains of this temple are still to bo seen.
f.:
Samos: an
Sarped-on, -onis; m.: Sarpedon: king war. He was slain by Patroclus.

Saturni-us,
-a,
of Lycia,
and an
ally of
Priam
in the Trojan
-umi;
;
adj.:
Satumian:
of,
or belonging to Satumus, Satumlan.
Saturn, according to the Konians, was the father of Juno. from sera, to sow hence ho was the god of agriculture.
i(
His name
is
derived
Scyllae-us,
-a,
-um;
m.
adj.: Soifllaean
of,
or belonging to Scylla, a monster
who
inhabited the rooky strait of Messina, between Bruttiuui and Sicily.
Sergest-us,
-i
Sergestus
Sicani-a, -ae t.: another name for Sicily. The Sicani, from whom the island obtained its name, were an Iberian people, while the Siculi were an Italian tribe.
;
Sicul-us,
-a,
-um
Sicilian.
;
r Sid -on, -onis (ace. Sidona) f.: Sidon (now Saida): the most ancient of the PhoeniIt was eclipsed by its own "r^cian cities, and for a long time the most powerful
colony. Tyre.
Sid6ni-us,-a,-um
;
adj.: Sidonia/n: of Sidon.
Simo-is, -entis m.: ace. Simoenta (now Guinbrek) the Scamander {Mendere).
a river of the Troas
falling into
Spartan-US,
-a,
-um
Spartan
:
of,
or belonging to Sparta:
Sychae-us,
;
-i
Sychaeus
the husband of Dido.

: :
Syrt-is, -is f.; the Syrtes two gulfs on the northern coast of Africa the Syrtis Major (Gulf of Sidra), Syrtis Minor (Gulf of Cubes). The word is derived (1) either , from crupeti', "to draw," (2) or from the Arabian word scrt, a desert. Both were proverbially dangerous to sailors on account of the quicksands and their exj osure
to winds.
INDEX OP PROPER NAMES.

T.
109
Teuc-er,
-1
m.: Teiieer
(1)
an ancient king of Troy
(2)
a soa
of
Telamon, king
of
Salamis, and brother of Ajax.
Teucr-i,
-orum:
;
pi.,
m.: the Trojans.

of adj.
Threiss-a, -ae
Tiberin-us,
of
-a,
fem
Threx, Thracian.
belonging to Tiber, a river of Italy, on the banks
-um
ni
adj.: of, or
built.
which Rome was

-i
;
:
Timav-us,
name
Timavus (now Timavo)

;
.
a river of
Istria.
Trinacri-us,
adj : THnacrian of, or belonging to Trinacria, another The island obtained its name from its three promontories (rpeis cLKpa.:) I'eloruin (now Capo di Faro, or Peloro) Pachynuui {Capo di Passara) ; Libybaeum (Capo di Bona, or Marsala).
-a,
:
-um
for Sieilia.
Trion-es, -ura
=strio
;
m., pi.: also called Septentriones, seven stars (septem=seven ; trio root stri, " to scatter," hence, scatterer; of light, near the north pole.
;
Triton, -onis; m.: Triton: a

peter to his father.
sea-deity, son of
Neptune and Amphi trite, and trum-
Troil-US, -i ra.: Troilus was slain by Achilles.

;
son of Priam and Hecuba, remarkable for his beauty.
He
Troi-us,
-a,
;
-um;
f.:
adj.: Trojan.
:
Troj-a, -ae
.
Troy
also called Ilium, one of the
most noted
cities of
antiquity
situated in the north-eastern part of Mysia, in a district called Troaa.
It
was built
near the junction of the Simois and Scamander. It was taken by the Greeks after a siege of ten years, B C. IISI. Recently Dr. Schlieman has, by excavating the
ground, brought to light the remains of this once memorable
city.
Trojan-US,
Tro-S,
-is
;
-a,
ni.:
-um;
Tros:
adj.: Trojan.
(1)
son of Erichthinius, and grandson of Dardanus.
He
mar-
ried Callirhoe, daughter of the Scamander,
and had three sons Ilus, Assaracus,
and Ganymede
(2)
an adj. =Trojanu3.
of Diomedes.
Tydid-es, -ae ; m. : son of Tydeus, an epithet
Typhoi-us,
gi int,
-um ; Typhuian adj.: of, or belonging to Typhoeus, a monstrous Earth brought forth to war with the gods after the destruction of her giant progeny. He was destroyed by Juppiter and placed beneath Aetna.
-a,
:
whom
-a,
Tyri-U3,
-um;
adj.:
Tyrian:
of,
or belonging to Tyre, a celebrated city of
Phoenicia.
Tyr-U8,
-i
f.:
city of Sidon.
Tyre an ancient city of Phoenicia, founded by a colony from the olde It was noted for its famous purple.
:
Ven-U8, -^ris
Venxis the goddess of beauty and the mother of Aeneas. By ; f.: adjudging the award of the golden apple to Venus, when Minerva, Juno and Yenui were the competitors for this prize of beauty, Paris was promised the hand
:
110
of the
VERGIL'S AEN.
B.
I.
the war of Troy.
handsomest of earth's daii'^hters. He soon eloped with Helen, and henc( The iiillueiice of Venus in this coutust was always exerted on the
side of the Trojans
Veat-a, ae
f.:
Vêsta:
the goddess
who
presided over the hearth orio).
She
syinboli/.ed the sanctity of the family ties.
In her temple at Koine, the attendant

fire.
priestesses, Vestal virgins,
kept alive the sacred
Xanth-US,
-i; m.:
Xanthus:
also called
Scamander, a river
rising in the defiles of
The Mt. Ida, and after receiving the Siniois, falls into the Hellespont. derived from the yellow color of its waters (fafdos) : now the Mendere.
name
is
ZephjT
US,
all
-i
m.:
Zcphyms
the western wind, (from ôiôt ifo^tdf
cp. Mô;,
nubeg,
referring to the dark region of the world).
ABBREVIATIONS.
a,
or act
abl
active. ablative.
neg
noni
negative.
aeo adj
adv
cf.
accusative. adjective. aih ei'b.
num
obsol
nominative. numeral.
obsolete.
ordiiial.
ord
p. or part
confer
coniiiare.
conj
conjunction.
dative.
dat
demonstr dep
f
fr
demonstrative. deponent. feminine. from.

f refiuentative.
pass perf pers pluperf plur
participle. passive. perfect.
person, personal. pluperfect.

plural. positive degree.
pos.sessive.
pos
J10SS
treq fat
future.
Kt'iutive.
prep
pres
gen
preposition. present.
Gr
imperf
ind. or
iiiilic
Greek.
imperfect.
iuciicative. inileclinable. indefinite. infinitive.
prob pron
rel
probably.
pronoun.
relative.
indcyi indef
inf.
sing subj
singular.
or infin
interj
interrog irr. or irreg
interjection. interrogative. irregular.
uncontr V. a
V. v.
dep
Lat
n.
Latin
nuusouline. neuter.
figures before v. a
is
,
n voc
subjunctive. uncontracted. verb active. verb deponent. verb neuter. vocative.
=
v.
equal ta
or neut
N.B.^The
dep.,
and
v.
is
n denote the conjugation of the verlx

of very uncertain or
Where the etymology
not given, the word
unknown
origin.
A
2*i-t.to->^>,^^^
-.
-^"^X ,,<y.Uj^^
tA^
9.
VOCABULARY.
n
prep. gov. abl. [akin to Gr. To denote the direction from which an object is viewed At, in a tergo, at one's back behind.
(a),
iir-o)
:
4b
welcome, 20^, 685 ; hear, 678. tally : to learn, vndersta id.

123
;
Men-
From.
mon
3,
acci-tus, tus, m. [accl-o, '* to sum"], a summoning, summons, call.
ab-do, dldi, ditum, dere. 3, v. a. [ab, "away;" do. "to put'"], to hide, conceal.
ac-cumbo,
v.
a.
ciibtli,
[for ad-cumbo fr. upon ;" obsol. cumbo, " to lie recline at a table, least, etc.
;
oibltum, cumbSre, ad, " on, di)wn "], to
ab-So,
".away;"
jiart.
Ivi
or
li,
Itum,
to
ire, v. n.
[ab,
o,
"to go"],
go aioay, de-
ab-6l-eo, evi or fti, Itura, 5re, 2, v. a. denoting " reversal ;" obsol. ol-o (=cresco), "to grow"], to banixh or remove an object from the memory, etc.
[ab,
V. 720.
a-cer,_cris, ere, adj. [for accer ; fr. ar, root of aKT), OLKMKr), cLKix-q, axpoi;, uirvf acus, acuo, acies, ocior]. In character: ardent, bold, spirited, etc. Of fear sharp, strong, intense.
acerb-US,
" sharp
;"
-a, -aim, adj. [root see acer], bitter, crud.
ak,
ab-ripio,
riptii,
;
reptum, rIpCre,
ab,
3, v.
a. [for ab-r'iplo
fr.
"away;"
ripio,
off; to
"toeize"], to seize and carry away, or draj, or carry forcibly atoay.

[ab,
ac-ies, ici, f. [ak, root of a,c-i1o; see acer] (" a sharp edge ;" hence, " order of battle;" hence) aVi army, host, fcn-ces, drawn up in line of battle.
ab-sisto, stiti, stitum, sistere, 3, v. "away from ;" sisto, "to stand"],
off,
n. to
actus,
ago.
perf. part. pass, of
ago; 8e Of a
leave
or desist
ffli,
to cease.
ab-sum,
;
from;" sum, "to one to 6 absent.
esse, v. n. [ab, " away be "J, to be invay from
acu.-tu.'>, ta tum, adj. [see acer]. rock, etc.: sharp, pointed, etc.
ad, prep. gov. ace. against, near to, beside, at.

:
to,
totoards
ab-sumo,
3, V. a. [ab,
sumpsi, sumptum, sumure,

take"],
;
to take
"away ;" sumo, "to away remove.
ad-do,
" to
to
to.
;"
;"
ac
dldi, ditum, dCre, 3, v. a. [ad, do, " to put "] (" to put to, or on hence), to add ; to give in addition,
see atque.
d<;anthus, i, m. [a.Kav9oi, " thornflower;" rt. AB," sharp" ai'9o<;, a flower], the plant bear's-foot, or brank ursine.
cessum, cGdOre, 3, v. n. [for ad-cedo ; fr. ad, " to ;" cedo, " to go "], to go to, or towards ; to approach.
cessi,
ad-eo, Ivi or Ti, Itum, Ire, v. a. "to;" 6o, "to go"] ("to goto" an
etc.
;
[ad, act,
hence),
to
approach,
encounter,
;
ac-cedo,
undergo.
ad-eo,
adv. [prob. for

(
ad-6om
fr.
ad,
o)
ac-cen-do,
ad-can-do;
fr.
di,
sum, dSre, 3, v. a. [for ad, in "augmentative"
" to or up to ;" com pron. is], so very, so.
= eum),
old
aca
T
u
force ; root can, akin to Gr. ca-io, ai'-io, " to light, kindle "], of persons, the passions, etc. ; to inflame with rage, exasperate, enrage.
cinxi, cinotum, cingSre, 3, fr. ad, " to or on to ;" ; cingo, " to gnrd "] : with per8on.al pron. in reflexive force ; with dat. : to gird one'g e{/ /or something ; i.e., to prepare one's self, get one's self ready /or.
adflictus; see afldictus. adflo see afflo. ad-for, fatus, sum, fan, 1, "to;" for, "to speak;" cp.
;
v. a.
[ad,
to
<^r)M'].
ac-cingo,
address.
gnOvi, gnotum, gnoscGre, "to;" gnosco, "to know:' root GNO, as A, "to know "], to recognise. ad hue, adv. [ad, " to, or up to ;' hue, old form of hoc, "this"], as yet.
3, V. a.
V. a. [for
ad-cingo
ad-gnosco,
[ad,
ac-cipio, cCpi, ceptum, plpGre, 3, v. a. [for ad-cipio ; f r. ad, " to ;" oapio, " to take "\, to receive, vs. 304, 434 ; let in, v.
ad-l6quor,
tus sum,
3,
V.
(ii'p.
lOqui, Klqm'itus, or loCM (ad, "to;" loquur,
"to speak"',
111
to
address.
112
VOCABULAnV.
nisus and nivus sum,
niti,'.
adnitor,
3, V.
"a;raiiist;" nltor, lean "], to exert nne's xcl/, etc. ; to forth one'n itretujth, etc.
(lop.
liVl,
"to put
fieqii-o, avi, 5tnm, Sre, 1, v. a. [aequ" equal 'J. to make equal, place on an equality, eqwlize.
U8,
aequ-or,
level "1, the
ad-no. navi, " to, or up to ;" to, or up to.
natuiii, nfire, 1, v. n. [.id, no, " to swim "], to swim
Oris, n. [aequ-o, " to make wateis of the sea; thesea, in
any condition.
adnuo
2, V.
a.
see annuo.
Oi (rarely
e\-i),
aequ-us, make even ;"

obsol.
:
a.
um,
adj. [root ik,

:
"to
ad-ol-eo,
[ad,
"up;"
term
(ul turn, ere, OL-o, "to
grrow
"], relisfious pitiate, etc.
to
honour, pro-
aequor cIkuj]. favourable, friendly. non aequ-us: unfavourable, unfriendly [akin to tâns. eka.", "one"]. aer, aCris, m. [root av, " to blow :" cp.
cp.
6.1-
ad-6ro, oravi, oratani, Orare, 1, v. a. [id, "\s'ithout force;" oro, "to entreat"], to entreat, beseech; to address an entreaty
to.
r)p;
iHi',vi,
a Friiii. vapour.
of,
aura], the air;
cloud,
aer-is.
aer-eus,
"bronze"],
Ca,
Gum,
adj.
[aes,
or iiiadf of bronze; bronze-.
ad-pareo,
V. n.
parSre, parfli, paritum,
2,
[ad,
"to;" parOo, "to be
visible"],
to coine into sijht, be visible.
ad-pello,
a. (ad,
to.
" to
;"
pellGre, pCili, pulsum, 3, v. pello, " to drive "J, to dnve
aes, aeris, n. : bronze (an alloy of coi>per and tin, not brass, which is an alloy of copper and zinc). Of vessels a prou' of bronze, a bronze-prow [akin to Ger. eiscn, "iron"].
:
aes-tas,
:
tatis,
;
f.
[root aed, " to
bum ;"
ad-plico
V. a. [ad,
see applico.
spirare, spiravi, spir.'itum,
1,
cp. aedes, aestus
alû, ai&qp],
summer.
ad-spiro,
aes-tus,
or billow
;
"towards;" spiro, "tobrea he"],
tiis, m. Of the sea: a wave the sea in an agitated state
to breathe forth.
[see aestas).
(a-sto), stiti stitum, stare, 1, V. n. ad, 'by ornear;" sto, "to stand"], to stand by, or near, a person or thing.
ad-sto
I
aetas,
tatis,
f.
;
[tor aev(i)tas
fr.
aev-
um, "age;" aiioi/ root Aiv, a lengthened form of I "to go "J, time of life, age,
generation.
adj. [contr. aetfit-ernus ; fr. aetas, aetat-is], constant, lasting, eternal, everlasting.
fr.
ad-sum,
sum, "
[ad, "at;" fili, esse, v. n. to be "], tv be present, or here.
aet-ernus, ema, ernum,
ad-surgo,
tuni, :!, v. rise "1, to rise.
surgCre, surrexi, surrecn. [ad, " towards ;" sui-go, " to

ta, turn, adj. [for adol-tus
aether,
Gris,
;
m.
[see aestas], the ui>per
air, or ether
the sky.
la,
adul-tus,
fr. adol-esco, "to grow up"], groion up, full gruvm, adult.
ad-veho,
[ad,
vexi, vectum, vehcre, 3, v. a. "to;" vcho, "to carry"], to bear to

vCni, ventum, venire, 4, v. venio, " to come"], to come
sa,
or upper air"], pertaining to the upper air or sky.

aether-is,
aether-ius, "the
afflic-tus.
lum,
adj.
[aether,
ether,
ta, turn, adj. [for afflig-tus;
a place, etc.
fr. afflig-o,
"to dash, or
strike
down"],
ad-venio,
n. [ad,
to.
unfortunate, wretched, distressed.

af-flo, flavi, flatum, flare, 1, v. a. [for fr. ad, " upon ;" flo, " to blow, or breathe "], to blow or breathe upon an object; i.e., of a deity, to bestow on, or impart to, by breathing.
ad-flo
;
" to
;"
adj. [for advert8us; fr. advert-o], opposite; i.e., lying oner aguin.st, or in an opposite quarter coming in an opposite directum, or from an opposite qaarter.
adver-sus.
sum,
(af-for)
see adfor.
ad-verto,
v. a.
vertGre, verti, versum, 3, [ad, "towards;" verto, "to turn"],
to
turn towards.
gra, ing, troubled.
aeger,
grum,
adj.: sad, sorrow-
m. [root AG, "to drive ;" hence, where cattle are driven ; cp. aypd? ; German trift, pasturage, from treiben, " to drive ;" Eng. acre ; hence], land, landed property or estate.
ager,
agri,
ae-nus,
aes,
aei
;
na,
num,
a
adj. [for
"],
aemus
bronze
fr.
-is,
" bronze
n.,
of
or
ag-ger, gCris, m. [agger-o, "to bring, or carrj-, to" a place], a mound, pile, high or mighty heap.
copper
bronze-,
i.
copper-.
vessel or
As
subst.:
ag-men,
minis,
n.
[ag-o],
line,
aenum,
caldron of
bronze or copper ; a bronze caldron.
stream, train; a band, crowd, tnultUude. Of soldiers : a column, or troop.
VOCABULARY.
ag'n-us, i, m.: a lamb [aMin to omi'os, iamb;" root Av, "to please;" cp. oFit: ovis: Eng. ewe (probably the pet
".1
113
a,
Moipa
thing)].
iuPpomors, hence, liteially, "immortal"], lovely, pleasant, sweet, etc.

(rio5
;
ambrosius,
fr.
um,
a,
nag.
adj. [Gr. /noprds ; cp.
B.
actum, Sgere, 3, v. a.: to drive, drive abnut. Imperative: comp. aio, V. defect. : to say, to speak [akin to root ATH, " to say ;" cp. ad-ag-iuin, a
6gi,
ago,
am-icio,
[for
Ictli,
;
am-jacio
fr.
ictum, icire, am, " around
4, v. a. ;" jacio,
"to throw
"], to
wrap around,
m.
[amic-Io,
to clothe.
amic-tus,
tus,
"to throw
sajdng].
around"], clothiwi^Qarnient.
f.
ala, ae,
[for
a^da= axilla
see ager],
fr. al-a,
am-icus,
lo\e
"],
ica,
a wing.
al-e-S,
alltis, adj. [for al-i-(t) s
I,
;
loving,
i.
icum, adj. [am-o, " to /riendly. As subst.

:
n
e:
amicus,
m.: a friend.
"a wing,"
wing
root of e-o,
,
"to go;"
(t)
epenthetic letter
bird.
al-i-ger, g^'ra, gOmm, adj. [al-a, "a ;" (i) connecting vowel gOr-o, " to bear"], bearing xviiif/s, tv'nj/ed.
;
a-mitto, misi, missum, mittSre, 3, v. a. [a, "from;" mitto, "to let go"], to let go, slip, to fo.sf?. lâss.: a-mittor, missus sum, mitti.
al-i-qui, qua, quod, gen. (alicu jus dat. alicui plur. aliijui, quae, qua, etc.), indef. pron. ;idj. [illi-us qui], some, any.
;
:
am-O, avi, fitum, am-or. Oris, m.

love,
are, 1, v. a.: to love.
[am-o, " to love "], affection. VersomêA : Love, or

us,
Cupid.
ter,
al iter. adv. [,ll-is, old form of fil-iusan adverbial suffix; compare fortiter]:
amplexus,
fr.
m.
;
[for
amplect-sus
plak,
aniplect-or,
;
in
another
:
manner,
;
otlterwise.
i.e.,
baud
the
"to embrace;" cp. plecto:

plait
nKiKeiv
twist
"^,
Eng.
root
" to
iliter
not otherwise
just in
tame way.
al-ius, la, lud (gen. alius dat. alii), adj. another, other of many [akin to
;
:
an embracing, embrace, caress. ampli-us, comp. adv. adverbial neut.

|
of ampli-or fr. amplus, "extensive"]. Of time longer, farther, more.

;
:
J.L
aA-Ao?].
al-ligo, ligavi, ligatum, ligare, 1, v. a. ;" [for ad-ligo ; fr. ad, " without force
ligo,
am-pl-us, a, um, j)l-Oo, "to fill"', of

sive,
adj. [am, "around:" large extent, exten-
spacious.
conj.
"to bind").
:
Of an anchor as sub-
an,
make or holdfast. alloquor, liJquutus sum, Ifiqui, 3, v. dep, [for ad-16quor fr. ad, "to speali"],
ject
to
;
whether.
ivhether.
Or:[prob an.
ae,
f.
.an,
a pnmitive word], whether ... .or " to bend ;" Gr. dyKuir,
ancora,
cp.
[root a.vc,
;
to
speak
to, addre.ts.
al-mus, ma, mum,

nourish
aloft.
"],
adj.
''o,
"to
ancus, uncus, anguis ayKvpa, oyKO;], an anchor.
benijn, projiitiou-i.
anima,
breathe
life.
;"
imae,
cp.
f.
[akin to root an. " to

;
alt-e, adv. [alt-US, "high"], on high,
animus
due/xo^,
arnxt],
al-ter,
tc-ra,
turum
(gen. alterius
dat.
miothe): subst. m.: another person, another.

altCri), adj. [akin to al-ius],
As
tum, adj. [root .\L, ar, or OL, cp. opi'j'M', opo?, opfis ; ad-ol.-Vs alo], high, loity. subst. : the high heaven.- As altura, i, n. subst.: altum, i, n.: the deep; the main or open sea.
altus,
;"
;
ta,
" high esco
amaracus,
[a/ioipaKOs].
i,
comm.
gen.:
marjoram
animus, imi, m. [akin to anlma, mind, feeling, courage. annal-es, ium, m. [annal-is, " of, or belonging to a ye^r ''|, annual records. an-nuo, nfii, nutum, nuere, 3, v." a. [for ad-nuo fr. ad, "to or towaids ;" nuo, " to nod "], topromise. an-nus, ni, "ml Of time a year [akin to am, "to go;" annulus to Gr.
; : ;
eV-o9 = ei'-iauT05,
"a year "J.

:
f
V
amb-ag-es,
sing.,
complete
is (found only in abl. in plu.), f.[amli, "around;"
ante, adv. and prep. Adv.

previoiLsly, beforehand, sooner. gov. aec. before, in front of.
:
before,
Prep.
ag-o, " to rative.
go
"),
intricate details or narQa,
ant-iquus,
iqua,
old.
n.:
iquum,
adj. [ant-e],
ambig-uus,
"both;"
i.e.,
in
Oum, a^lj. [arabo, two directions; ago,
former, ancient,
antrum,
aper,
KCLTTp-O?].
1,
cave, grotto [ai'Tpoi'l.
" to level "], doubtjul, uncertain, not to be relied upon.
apri,
m.: a wild boar [akin to
arabo,
both.
ae, o, plur.
adj.
[Or.
a/i<îo],
a-per-io, fli, tum, ire, 4, v. a. [prob. ab, denoting "reversal;" root par, "to
114^
cover patxa
closed
seen.
"I, /0 ojtni, i.e., to
If
;
VOCABULARY.
mule
(i Tmi/, or previously
tlirnu'ili,
.sonieUiing
mSrum, n. plu. [root ar, " to fit;" f'p. ilp-ui, ap-api<TKui, dpOpof. artus,
ar-ma,
to dixcloxe to
view permit to be
:
articulus],
arms, ivenpons, utensils.
Apertus,
aperio.
less, clear.
a,
um
p.
perf.
pass,
of
ar-mentum,
plough
cattle],
;
Of the sky
unclotided, cloud-
menti, n. [a,r-o, "to hence, properly, ploughing " cattle in general. Of deer: a
herd.
a-p-is, is, f. [akin to root ro, " to drink ;" cp. po-to n-uw hence, " the drinker or sipper " of the dew, juice of flowers, etc hence], the bee.
; ;
'/ar-rigo,
[for
rexi, rectum, rlgC-re, 3, v. a. ;" ad-rCgo fr. ad, " up, upwards rfgo, " to keep straight"], to lift, or raise up. Of the ears to prick uv; i.e. (supp.
; :
panli, parTtum, pfirCre, 2, V. n. [for ad-parco ; fr. ad, "at;" pareo, "to appear "J, to come or be in sight, to be vuiible, to show otie's self, etc.
ap-pareo,
aures), to listen, be attciUtve
to rouse,
animate, encourage.
ar-s.
tis, f.:
art, skjjl,
gtratagem [root
AR, "fit"].
appello, pMi, pulsum. pellere, 3, v. a. [for ad-pello ; fr. a<l, "to or towards;" pello, " to drive "]. Of a storm : to drive
to.
art-i-fex,
fac-s;
fr.
tu is,
ars. art-is
conim. gen. [for art-i(ijc'i'iPCtiiig vowel
KAC, ro it of fiVc iij, cise" a caJUiny, rtr.],
appllCO,
plicfivi,
or
plicfti,
pliratum
ar-tiis, tus,
arnia].
"to make; to exeran artificer, artisan. m.: a joint a linib [see

;
[for ad-plico; fr. ad, "upon:" plico, "to fold "J, to force, or bring to, a place, etc.
1, v. a.
or plicitum, plIcAre,
ur-tus
close,
(arc-), ta, turn, adj.: narrou', cunfined [see arnia].

vi, n.
apt-O, avi, atum, are, 1, v. a. [root ap, "to work, or join;" cp. opus, opes,
apisci
:
ar-vum,
cp. apotLv
;
aralium
f.
[root ar, " to plough;" 0. E. ear], a /ield, ;

[see
oirTeti'], to
adapt, fit, adjust,
i>re-
plain.
pare, provide.
arx,
citadel.
arcis,
arceo],
castle,
apud,
with.
prep, with ace. : at, in, among,

ae.
f.
a-scendo,
:
aqu-a,
"water"].
water [akin to Sans, ap,
3,
V.
a.
ar-a,
altar.
ae,
f.
[root ar, see altus],

;
elevation for sacred purposes
i.e.,
an an
scando, climb, ascend.
scendi, scensum, scendere, ad-scando ; fr. ad, " up ;" " to mouut "], to mount up,
[for
1,
aspec-to,
[id', to
tavi, tfitum, tare, look at attentively.
v. a.
arbor. Oris, arbor-eus,

tree
f.:
tree.
aspec-tus,
adj. [arbor,
tree.
tus.
m.
[aspicio,
" to
see,
ea,
Cum,
"a
or look at," through root spec],

look.
glance,
"], tree-like,
rcsemblimj a
arc-anus,
chest
V. a.
ana,
anum,
adj. [arc-a,
"a
"] [see arceo], secret,
concealed.
fii (obsol. sup. itimi), ere, 2, (root ARK, " to protect cp. ap/ceu', area, arcanus], to confine, restrain, apKTi keep vjf\ drive away. At v. 300 supjily
;
arc-eo,
asper, Gra, erum, adj.: rough, rugged; cruel, bitter, violent, fierce. (Comp. : aspOr-ior.) Sup. : asper-rimus.
a-spicio, spexi, spectum, spTc6re, 3, a. [for ad-spOcio fr. id, " on or upon;" specie, "to look "J, to look upon, beliold, see. Mentally to consider, reV.
;
:
eos, i.e. J'eucros.
arsi, arsum, ardcre, 2, v. n. [root Alt, " to burn, or parch ;" cp. arena, areo, aridus], to burn with anj' passionate emotion to Ion;;, be eager.
;
arcus, ardeo,
lis,
m.
[see arceo],
a bow.
gard.
a-spiro,
V. n. [tor
ad-spiro
splravi, splratum, spTrare, 1. ; fr. ad, "upon;" spiro,
" to breathe "J. Of flowers : to send jorth scents, emit fragrance upon a perfaon.
avdesco,
V.
arsi,
no
n. lardeo,
" to burn
f.
sup., ardescCre, 3, "J, to become in-
as-surgo,
gCre,
rise "].
i, V.
surrexi,
|ad,
svuTectum,
sur-
flamed with
love, etc.
[see ardeo], sand, shore,
surgo, "to Of the heavenly bodies : to rise

n.
"up;"
nae, beach, utrand.
are-na,
up,
rise.
:
ast
see at.
:
enti, n. [root aro, "to be bright ;" cp. apyupos, arguere, argilla], silccr, silver vessels or plate.
arg-entum,
asto, are
see adsto.
n.
:
astrum,
scatter
;"
1,
a star [root star, "to

:
cp. aTopitfviJ.L
ar-idiis. ida, iduni, adj. [see ardeo",
dry
straiiien : stella=sterula, of light"]
sterno, stratus, " the scatterer
i
I
VOCABULARY.
at (ast), conj. [akin to Gr. ar-dp,
ater,
tra,
:
115
but
hut indeed, yet
"ImfJ.
[fi,
a-veho, ve.xi, vectuni, vChere, 3, v. a. "away;" veho, "to carry"], to cairy

-a.
tnim, adj.: black, dark.
atra:/.
at-que
que " and
;
fr.
"],
(contracted ac), conj. [for adad, denoting '"addition;" qu6, and also, and beside*, moreover,
avers-us,
averto
a.
:
-um,
i.e.,
perf.
part,
of
turned away,
unfavourable.
9.
and.
atrium, li, n. : a hall [from ater, "black," i.e., blackened by smoke; cp. neKa&pov, from /neAas]. atr-OX, ocis, adj. [ater, atr-i, "black"]. Of persons fierce, cruel, harsh, severe.
:
a-verto, verti, versum, vertere, 3, v. " away from ;" verto, to turn "J, to [.a, turn away. Pass, in reflexive force, also
for avertere se
:
a ortcre
self, etc.,
away
to retire,
to turn one's withdraw.
av-idus, Ida, Idum, adj. [av-eo, " to desire eagerly "J eayerly desirous.
n
e:
a. [for
tig], tactum, tingfre, 3, v. ad-tango fr. ad, "against;" tango, " to touch "J, to touch.
at-tingo,
at-tollo, no perf. nor sup., toUC-re, 3, V. a. [for ad-toUo; fr. ad, "up, upwards;" telle, "to lift"], to lift or raise up.
bac-atus,
berry;" adorned
icilh
ata,
atum, ad. [baco-a, " a

set
hence, "a pearl";, pearls pearl-.

;
or
ausus sum, auderc, 2, v. semidare or venture something, or to do something.

dep.
:
audeo,
to
barbarud,
bea-ta.s,
ta,
a,
um,
adj.
barbarian,
harbitruus [/3apâpos].
tum, adj.
tricis,
f.
[be(a)o,
"to
or li, itum. Ire, 4, v. a. : to hear [akin to aus ( = ous), avT-d?, "an ear ; modem Greek avTiov : auris, ausIvi
aud-io,
make happy"], happy,

bella-trix,
bell-O,
fortunate, etc.
[bell(a)o,
"to
war"], a female warrior.
culto].
augur-ium, aula
aer:
ae,
root GAR, "to garrire], av/jury,

f.
[avis, chatter;" cp. yijpus,

ii,
n.
"a
bird;" ypaOs;
see
"war"],
fr.
avi, atum, are, 1, v. n. [bell-um, to wa'je war ; to war.

elli, n.
an omen. [root av, "to blow:"
b-ellum,
[old form, dQ-bellum;
da-o, "iwo"]. war, warfare

iiia:ii
the avKr\ of a Greek house, corresponding somewhat to the allium of the Koman, was open above], a palace.
ben-e, adv.
"good"],
aulaeum,
Comp. irreg. ben-i-gn-us,

gCu-iis;
fr.
[obsol. bgn-us=bOn-us, od way or manner; well. mjl.ussup. optime.

:
a,
um,
a<lj.
i,
n.:
tapestry [see aula].

aer].
[for b6n-i-
aura, ae, f.: the air [see aur-atus, ata, atum,

"gold"], ornnmented with
Ca, Cum golden[xoot is, ir, "to aueii': aurora, uro].
adj.
ijold
;
[aunmi,
gilt.
aur-eus,
made of
burn:" cp.
fr.
gold,
eOeii/,
bOn-us (=bonus), "good;" GE.s, root 'f gigno (in pass.}, " to be born"], Icind, friendly, benignant. bib-O, i, Itum, ere, 3, v. a.: to drink. Of love: to drink in, imbibe [root Bi ( = u-i in TTt'-fu), "to drink") reduplicated
.
aur-is,
ear.
is, f.
[for aud-is;
aud-io],
an
Aur-6ra, Orae, f. : ulwrora, the, goddess of the dawn [akin to Gr. aii-uJs=^-io?, ' the early morn ;" fr. root us, "to bum," and so ' to shine "].
bi-lingu-is, e, adj. [bi (=bis), "twice;" lingu-a, "a tongue"], doubletongued, i.e., hypocritical, deceitful, playing a double part.
bi-ni, nae, na, distrib. adj. plur. twice "], tico apiece ; a pair. ( = bis),
'
F
\
^;
[bi
birem-is,
oared;"
fr.
is,
t.
[birem-is,
" two-
aur-um,
aureus].
i,
n.
gold,
money
[see
bi (=bis),
"an
oar"],
(in
rcssi
"twice;" rcm-us. ivith two banks ofuar.t'

adv.
RS
au-ster,
;
aureus burning wind"].
wind [see auster means, therefore, "the

stri,
m.: the south
a bireme.
bis
composition
fr.
[for dais;
bi), num. diio, "two"], twice.

a,
T
u
aut,
either
.
con.
.
or : aut
or.
aut,
blandus,
fond, kind,
um,
adj.
of things
etc.
:
auxil-ium, ii, n. [prob. fr. obsol. adj. auxil-is ( = aug-sil-is; fr. aug-Oo, "to increase"), "increasing"], aid, lielp, assistance.
[root " to be pleased ;" cp. avere, ovis : agnus], covetous, avaricious.
bonus,
mC'iior
;
a, um, adj. sup.: optimus.
good.
Comp.
> '
brev-ia, ium, n. plur. [brgvis. "sho. hence, "shallow"], shallow piace.i, -sit
lows, xhoals.
av-arus,
ara,
arum,
adj.
av, see
brev-iter,
shortly, briejly.
adv.
[brev-is
" short
'],
116
C.
VOCAbULARY.
carpo,
a.:
carpsi,
to Iced,
cado, cfcldi, clsuin, c'ldfre, 3, v. n. to fall, in the fullest accfi>tation of the

word.
to
or
ra,
;
" to seize"].
carptum, earpCre, S, v. live itpon [akin to apir-aûj,
Of victims:
to tall in
or offered. almte, subnidt, die aw<iy.
be slain
mr, I'lire ; Of sounds': to

esp.
for
ca-rus,
[for
iiiiior.
I.e.,
rum, adj.
beloved,
dtar
cp.
cam-rus
root kam, camor].
"to love;"
cadus,
caecus,
whether
i,
m.
jar,
wino
castra, trOrum, n. plur. [root SKAD, "to cover;" hence castra =scadtra cp.
;
imi, adj. : Mind, blinded, phj sically or mentally; hidden,

a,
ca.sa (=ca<lsa); cassis (=scadsis): Ger. schatten Eng. shade), an encampment,

;
cirniji.
concealed, urcret.
[caed-o, bhu'd shed in slauifhter, g-ire.
is,
f.
ca,-3us, sus,
[for cad-sus
fr.
cad-o],
caed-es,
"to
slay"],
a chance, accident, event; misfortune,

cdl'iiiiity,
luin.
ae,
f.:
caelestis, e, ven "], heavenly.

cael-O,
5vi,
adj. [see
caelum, "hea-
caterva,
of jitisons.
a crowd,
troop,
band
atum,
fr.
are, 1, v. a. [oacl-
cavillum: that wliieli to engrave in relief metals; and, later, to cast or found to chase ; to emboss.
uni, "afjraver;" hollows (cavo)],
ae, f. [rootsKU, "to protect;" (tkOtos, KeudcLv : cutis, scutum, obscu-rus], a cause, reason, viulire.
t-p.
causa,
caelum,
see ca^
hea<l
o|,
i,
n.
[root ku,
"to swell;"
Cav-O, avi, atum, are, 1, v. a. [cav-us, "hollow;" root ku, "to swell out:" cp. KoiAo?, Kvixa: cumulus, caelum (=cavillum)), to hollow out.
heaven.
arioi,
t.
;
:
caes-aries,
[eaedo,
tii,
the hair of the

cp.
Kovp-q,
fr.
cavus,
a,
urn, adj.
avi,
hollow.
are, v. a. [ceieber,
to
cut
celebro,
atum,
cal-eo,
hot.
no
sup., ere, 2, v. n.
to be
cclcbr-is, "much freijuented ;" hence, of a relijjfious ceremony, etc., to which great numl/ers of pei-sons resortj, to solemnize,
i, m. a plain [prob. akin garden "]. canistra, Oram. n. plur. a basket made from weeds [^dvaarpa].
:
campus,
ki'cpjestive or festal.
to KfjTTOi, ''a
cel-er, oris, ere, adj.troot kar, or hal, " to move ;" cp. k4\Xm, kcAt)? celox, currere A.S. hor-s), swift.
: :
cano, cCcini, cantum, c'lnero, 3, v. a.: to sing, celebrate in song or ceise [root
CAjf,
celer-o,
avi,
atum.
are, 1, v. a. [celer,
"to sound
;"
cp. Kavaxn; A.S. hana,
"swift"], to qui ken, to hasten, or speed mi or towards to accelerate.

;
a cock
(siiifrer)].
tus, m. [see can-o]. singinii, note, etc.

:
can-tus,
Of birds:
f. [root kal, "to hide;" Ka\ia, KaM^ oc-cul-ere : celiare cilium, clando, color; A.S. helan Eng.
cel-la,
lae,
cp.
ca-nus, na, nuni, adj. grey, hoary, ^nerable [akin to Ka-iu>, " to burn "].
''
healj, a cell.
capesso,
perform.
essC-re, 3,
essitum, v. a. desid. [capio, "to take"],

essivi
essii,
or
c^l-o, avi, atum, are, 1, v. a.: to hide, coi.ccal [see cella].
to
cGpi, captuni, cipOre, 3, v. a [root KAF, ' to take, or hold ;" cp. Kojir-q, KaiTTU), Kairrj : capulus], to take, in the widest sense of .the word to reach, arrive at, etc., a place ; to take, seize, choose.
;
capio
sum, adj. [root kar, "to Kapa cer-ebnim, collis, columna, culmus, culmen: A.S. holm,
ce!-sus,
:"
sa,
project
cp.
high, lofty.
centum, num.
dred.
adj.
Poetically for
any
indecl. : a hunindefinite lai^'e
number ; e.g., unnuriibered, [akin to Gr. i-KaTov].
countless
cap-ut,
Itis, n.:
a head [see capio].

:
career,
card-o,
')y
6ns. m.
a prison, prison-
hoitxe [Sicilian (capxap-oi'].

inis,
cerno, crcvi, cretum, cernere, 3, v. a. [root CER. "to separate, or divide ;" cp. Kpu'ui, Kpiaii, Lat. crimen], to perceive, discern, see, whether by the eye or the
mind.
cert-e, adv. [cert-us, asstiredly, certainly.
'
m.: the pivot
and
;
socket
'
which the doors of the ancients were .ixed and made to open and shut com;
sure
1,
"],
surely,
n. in-
monly rendered, hinge the turningpoint, main jiuiut, of matters [root kard, " to swinjf ;" cp. Kpabaeii; xapSia, COr. A.S. heorte Eng. heart].
;
certo,
tens.
tavi,
tatum, tare,
v.
CER, root of cer-no, "to flght ;" see cerno], to contend, vie with one in something.
VOCABULARY.
certus,
cer-iio,
ta,
117
outcry,
ra,
him,
adj. [cf.r,
root of
" to decide"], fixed, settled, sure;
kalendae], shouting.
clamour,
adj.
eonfiised
trugty faithful, etc.
cla-rus,
mm,
Of light
cer-vix, vicls, t. [rootKAR, "to pro;" cp. Kapa celsus, columna, collis, for cer-vehs (vehs "to cerebrum
ject
:
clear, brviht [probably for c(a)Iarus: same root as clamor], /ajncfus, famed, / cnowiied, illustrious.
carry
;
"],
iieck.
vi,
cer-vus,
m.
[root
:
hard cp. xepa^, xapvov Eng. hart, horn], a stag. ces-SO, savi, siltum, sare, v. n. intens. fr. c5d-o, "to go away"], to [for ced-so he remiss in anything.
;
" to be comu, carina kar,
classis,
is,
f.
:
for sea-service
the ships and the [See clamor].
Of persons summoned fleet, comprising both men serving in them.
clau-do,
clavis].
si,
shut, to shut uj), close in [KhU, " to shut ;"
sum, d6re, 3, v. a.: to ; to surround, shut

cp. xXeiu,
Aei's
(rare in sin^.), adj. the remaining. As subst. the other cetera, orum, n. plur. : the remaining things,
a,
;
ceterus,
um
Claus-trum,
fr.
tri,
n. [for clauri-trum
claud-o, "to shut"],
a
;
bar, or bult.
chorus,
cieo,
i,
m.: a dance [xoposj.
civi,
citum, ciere,
2,
v.
a.
("to
make
to [root Ki,
go ;" hence), to rouse, stir np "to stir up:" cp. kiw, iVvjuai:
coepio, i, tiim, ere and isse, 3, v. n. ajid a. (contr. fr. coftjîo fr. co (=cum), in "augmenfative" force; "to ai)io, lay hold of "]. Neut. to ba/in, commence. Act. to begin or commence
: :
citus. solli-citus].
something.
tus, m. [another form of coCo, "to come together;" " co = cum, together ;" root i, "to go," or" come "]. Of persons a rneeting, corn-,
cinxi, cinctum, cingere, 3, v. a.: Of birds: to wheel to iurroundrencircle. around in flight.
cingo,
coe-tus,
;
c6itus
fr.
cing-uliim,
a
girdle, bdt.
tlli,
n. [cingo,
"to gird"],
pany,
etc.
Of birds
flock, body, et
,-.
adv. and prep. [prob. adverbial ace. of circus, "a ring"] [root kar, " to curve :" cp. xvpTo^, kukAo?, piKos^ curvus, corona, colluni]. Adv. aruutid, round about, all round. Prep, with ace:
circum,
co-gno-men,
:
minis, n. [co
(=cum),
"together with;" gnomen=n6men, "a name "J, a family or surname. For nomen a name or appellation.
around,
etc. egi,
CO-gnosco,
3, v. a.
gnovi, gnltum, gnoscfire,
[CO
actum, agere, 3, v. " to drive " a. [circum, "around ;" ago, Of a ve*'el as object: to drive round, wheel around.
(=cum),
circum-ago,
gnosco, nosco, ' to become acquainted with "], to become thorowjhiy acquainted with ; to understand, learn.
force
;
in
"augmentative"
:
F
^:
circum-do,
a.
dudi,
[circum,
"around;"
datum, dare, l, do, "to put"],
v.
COgO.
[contr.
c6eg:i,
to
fr.
surround, encircle, enclose.

fndi, fusum, fundere, fundo, "to pour"], to pour aiound: to surround with, envelope in, a cloud, etc.
3, V.
a.
gether ;" compel.

colligo
:
cOactum, cogere, 3, v. a. cO-ago ; fr. co (=cum), "toago, " to drive "], to force,
a,
circum-fundo,
[cirruiu
;
coUectus,
um,
p.
pert pass,
of
gathered up, or collected.
AS
:
circum-tex-tus,
cum, "around;" woven around, or
all
f.
:
te.v-o,
tum, adj. [cir"to weave"', r und.

ta,
col-ligo, legi, lectum, ligere, 3, v. a. [for con-lego fr. con (=ciun), " together;" lego, "to gather"], to gather together, or uj) ; to collect.
;
T
u
cithara,
[Kiddpa].
ae,
a harp,
cithara
collis,
is,
m.
i,
hill [see cervix].

;
^ cit-O, adv. [cit-us, "quick"], quickly.
Comp.
in
clt-ius.
neck [see circum]. colo, cOlui, cultum, colore, 3, v. a. : to till, cultivate ; esteem, hold in favour, or
n.; the
CoUum,
Ci-tus,
motion
:
force
tum, adj. [cI-5o, " to put In adverbial swift, fiect. swiftly, quickly, rapidly.
ta,
"],
regard.
c6l-6mas,
oni,
m.
f.
[col-o,
"to inhabit"],
a^sejtler^ colon ist.
clam,
adv.
:
secretly,
:
stealth [for calam celo;. cp. KoAuTTTw
privately, by root kal, " to co\er ;"
columna.
[see c-ervix],
ae,
a column, pillar
coma,
m.
[root
:
ae,
f.
the hair of the head.

dej),
Clam-or,
call;"
Oris,
cp. Ka\ely,
/cAd'û
kal, "to (c)lamentor,
c6mit-or, atus sum, ari, l, v, [cOmes, cOniit-is, "a companion "J,
to be
118
a co:npanion
P.
jierf.
VOCABUI.AKV.
to ; to nccom-jmwi, attend. pass, force : acc<'iiipaiiicd,
[for coinmitt-
in
con-do, dTdi, dituin, dSrc, 3, v. a. [con (=cuni). "together;" do, "to put'.)
to b add.
attended.
commis-'sum,
suni
sion.
;
si,
n.
a nation:
Of a state, etc.: to to fomid, establish.
found.
Of
fr.
coniiuitt-o,
"to commit" a
offence,
fault,
etc.],
a fault,
transgres-
con-fido, fisus sum, fid6re, 3, v. semidep. [con (=eum), in "intensive" force;

fldo,
" to
Com-mittO,
V.
a.
l(.'oin
misi, niissum, mittere, 3,

;"
entertain
trust "], to trust confident hope.

fugi,
strongly,
(=cuni), " together

"J.
mitto,
:
" to cause to go
Of a
fault, etc.
to
con-fugio,
V. n.
fugitum,
frigere, 3,
fiigio,
pcrjiitrate, cominit.
[con
= cum), "with;"
"to
flee "], tojlce
for refuge or succour.

siiui,
fr.
com-moveo,
2, V. a.
movi, mOtum, mOvCre,

V.
(com (=cuni) in "intc-usive force; mOveo, "to move"], tu dixHa-b,

the
con-gredior, gressus
dep. [for con-gnidior "together;" grSdior, fight, engage, contend.
;
grfidi, 3,
(
con
= cum),
to
VVitti respect to affect, disquiet, etc. passions, etc.: to rouse, excite.
"to
:
step"],
com-pag-es, is, f. [com (=cum\ "together;" rAO. root of pango, "to Of a structure a fantening. fasten "]. Of the sides, etc., of a vessel a joint, ncam, etc. compello, avi, atnm, are, 1, v. a. [conipollo (3, V. a.) in reflexive force, "to
:
congressus,
gether,
us,
m.
a coming
to-
match.
3, V. a.
con-jungo, junxi, jnnctuni, jungOre, [con ( = cum), " together;" jungo,

"], to
' to join
join together, unite.
bring one's self " to a person in order to ddress him ; hence], to address, speak
I,
conjunx [for conjung-s; fr. coNJid, root of conjungo, "to join to-gether"J,
a husband; a
wife.
ii, n. [con (=cum), "together ;" niibo, " to veil one's self," as a bride does; hence, "to wed"], marriage,
accost.
co-nub ium,
'ôOm-pello, pflli, pulsum, pell6re, 3, a. [com (=cum), in "strengthening" force; pello, "to drive"], tu drive, force.
V.
wedlock.
con-scendo,
dOre,
3,
scendi, scensmm, scen-
com-plector, plexus sum, plecti, 3, V. dep. [com ( = cum), "with;" plecto,

" to entwine
"],
v.
a.
[for
con-scando
fr.
con
to
embrace, clasp.
complexus, us,
fr.
m. [for complect-sus; couiplect-or, "to embrace"], an empOstli,
(=cum), in "augmentative" force, scando, "to mount";, to mount, ascend, olimb. With aequor, etc., as object to
:
navigate.
bracing, embrace.
con-sci-us, a, uni, adj. [con (=cum), "with;" scio, "to know"], conscious to
one's
self.
pOsItum, ponere, ;" pono, With accessory notion of "to put"]. arrangement, and with personal pronoun as object to recline on a couch at table, ("To Of the day: to end. close. etc. dress, or lay out, a dead body ;" hence), to bury, to inter; to calm, still, allay, appease.
cora-pono,
3, V. a.
[com (=cum), " together
scdi, sessum, sJdCre, 3, v. n. (con (=cuni), "together;" sido, "to sit down "], to settle, take up one's abode.
con-sido,
consfl-ium, li n. ium fr. consi"d-o, "to

;
[prob. for consQlconsult"], counsel,

3, v.
plan.
con-sisto,
n.
stiti,
stitum, sistere,
in
COncill-O,
avi,
atum,
are,
1,
v.
a.
[concili-um, "an assembly"], to make friendly, conciliate, procure the favour

of.
"strengthening" sisto, "to stand"], to stand still; force Of the mind to stop, remain. to be at
[con
;
= cum),
rest,
or eaae.
tiis, m. [conspIcTo, "to through true root conspec],
con-cludo,
V. a.
clusi,
clusum,
cliidere, 3,
conspec-tus,
look at;"
sight, vieu'.
[con (=cum), in
;
force
close,
"augmentative" cludo=claudo, "to shut"], to e7i-
curri (rarely cucurri), cursum, currCre, 3, v. n. [con (=cum), "together;" curro, "to run"], to rush together in battle, engage in combat,
fight.
mark out. con-curro,
con-spicio,
3, V. a. [for
spexi, spectum, spicCre,
con-specio ; fr. con ( = cum), in "strengthening" force; specio, "to see "], to see, behold.
3,
concur-sus,
fr.
sus,
m.
[for
concurrsus;
stltOi, stitutum, stitQCre, [for con-statfio; fr. con (=cum), "together;" statuo, "to set, r place"]. V.
a.
:
con-stituo,
concurr-o,
"to run together"], assem-
Mentally
etc.
to resolve,
determine to do,
blaye, crowd, concourse.
VOCABULARY.
con-tendo,
sive " force
inf.
: ;
119
rlpfti,
;
tendi, tensura or tentum,
cor-ripio,
a.
tendiire. 3, v. a. [con (=cuin), in
"inten-
[for con-rapio
;"
fr.
reptum, rTp5re, 3, v. con (=cum), " to:
tendo, " to stretch

strive.
tfgi,
"].
With
to
endeavour,
seize
over.
COn-tingO,
a.
taotum, tingCre, 3, v. and n. [for contango ; fr. con (=cum),
" to drag, or draw "], to to Of space traversed hasten through or along to jiass quickly
gether
ripio,
snatch.
in
"augmentative" force; tango, "to

"J.
cor-rumpo,
3, V. a.
riipi,
ruptura, rumpfire,
;
Act.: to take hold of, seize, lay hands on, touch. Neut.: to happen, fall
touch
out,
[for
con-rumpo
force
fr.
;
in
" intensive "

"],
con (=cum), rumpo, " to

[see celer],
come
to pass.
:
break
to spoil,
mar.
adv. and prep. Adv. on the other hand, in reply. Prep. gov. ace: of place over against, opposite.
contra,
:
c6rusc-us,
COSta,
rib.
a,
um,
adj.
in waving motion, waving, tremulvas.

ae,
f.
[cp.
French
m.
:
cote, c6t61,
contra-rius,
hostile,
rla,
rlum, adj. [contra],
e:
opposing, untoward.
cothurnus,
;
i,
COn-tundO, ttldi, tusum, tundCre, 3, V. a. [con ( = cum), in "intensive" force

tundo, to bruise or pound overpower, crush, destroy.
"],
boot, laced in front,

[/cotjopi/os].
a high hunting worn by the Greeks
to
subdue,
wine
vulsum,
con-vello,
velli
or
vulsi,
con. (= cum), in "augvellCre, 3, v. a. mentative " force ; vello, " to pluck "], to tear in pieces, shatter. ,
crater, Sris, m.: a bowl for mixing a goblet [icpaTijp]. ^^^ cre-ber, bra, brum, adj. [orb, root of
; :
to increase," see corpus], frequent, repeated. With abl. furnished abundantly with; abounding in, thick.
cre-S' o,
con-venio,
V.
v5ni,
ventum, vSnire,
4, a.
[con (=cam), "together;" venio, " to come "], to come together, assemble.
n.
cre-do,
Neut.
:
cally
didi, ditum, dere, 3, v. n. and to truxt, believe. Parentheticredo, / believe, suppose, imagine.
:
versum, vertere, 3, V. a. [con ( = cum), in "strengthening" " to turn "], to turn round, force verto,
Con-vertO,
;
verti,
turn.
fr. crb, root of cre-sco, "to grow"j, the hair of the head.
cri-nis, nis, m. [for crc-nis;
convex-um,
vex-us,
side, slope.
(mostly plur.), n. [con-
"concave"], a vault, arch;

;
hollow spot, a hollow, cavity
a sloping
together
quet.
con-viv-ium. ii [conviv-o, "to live "], a feast, entertainment, ban-
crin-itus, ita, itum, adj. [crin-is, "], with flowing hair, or locks. Crisp-O, avi. atum, are, 1, v. a. [crispus, "curled"], to whirl round, brandish. Crist atus, ata, atum, adj. [crist-a,
" hair
"a
crest "=cer-ista
ivith
see cervix],
WMfed,
_
plumed,
fron
"],
crest or
plume.
CO-6rior, ortus sum, 6riri, 3, dep. [co ( = cuni), in "strengthening" force; Orior, "to rise"], arise, break forth.
co-op-ia ; fr. CO (=cum), in "strengthening" force; (ops) op-is, "means" of any kind], means,
cro-ceus,
adj. [croc-us, "safsaffron-coloured, yellow.

Sa,
Sum,
'
C-6p-ia,
lae,
f.
[contr.
fr.
crud-elis, ele, adj. [root kru, " to be hard;" cp. Kpv6<;, xpuno;, KpucrroAAos
cnior, caro, crusta],
fierce.
cruel.
Of hatred
power, opportunity.
cordis, n.: a heart m,ind [see cardo].
cruentus,
;
a,
"],
um,, adj. [prob. akin to

bloody, gory.
:
cor,
the heart, or
cruor,
'
blood
MS
:
C-6r-am,
CO
adv. [contr.
fr.
co-or-am
fr.
cum, prep. gov. abl. Gr. ^vv (for K(Tvv), cruV].

cu-mulus,
cunctus,
mCUi,
a,
ivith [akin to
(=cum
cor-nu,
OS, oris,
"the
in "strengthening" force; face"], before one, in one's
m.
[see
cavo],
r
u
heap, pile, mass.
presence.
um, (most frequently

conjunctus, p. " to join, or
o
nus, n.: a horn [see cervus].
corona,
metal
(cOron-a,
ae, f.: a [see circum].

avi,
crown, or
are,
circlet, of
plur.), adj. [contr. from perf. pass, of conjungo,
c6r6n-0,
atum,
1,
v.
a,
"a
garland," see
6ris,
circumlÔf
unite together," or co-vinctus, " bound together " ], all, the whole, the whole of. As subst. cuncti, orum, m. plur all'.
: :
goblets: to fill to the brim with wine.^^
COrp-US,
make
"to n. [root kar, :" cp. KpaCvw, Kpiiov : Ceres, cresco,
creare', the body; case or corpse.
a dead body; a
car-
cur (anciently quor), adv. [contr. fr qua re, or cui rei the abl. or dat. of qui and res, respectively], why. cur-a, ae, f. [for coer-a fr. coer-o, old
: ;
form
of quaer-o,
"to seek
;"
root bku, "to
120
look;"
care, care,
cp. Kofeo),
VOC'ABULVKY,
cavfo,
;
"to search"],
anxiety. sMcitxuie
an
object of
next in order, after that. Of time : the next place, dflerwards, after that.
ti
a care.
curro. cricurri, cursum, currCre, 3, v. to run [see celer]. 11. CUIT-US, us' (dat. curru, v. 156\ m.
:
demis-SUS, sa, sum, adj. [for demittsus fr. demitt-o, "to send down"!, down-dst, bending downiviirds. Of genederived, descended. alogical descent
; :
[ourr-o, car.
"to run;" see

m.
ourro],
ihaiiot,
~~
de-mitto,
a.
ld('',
misi,
mlssum, mittCre,
3, v.
"down;"
mitto,
"to send"],
to
fr. cun-sus cur-sus, BUS, cun--o, "to run"], a voyage, course, hy
[for
send down.
sea, etc.
.
see cieo
cuspis, iilis, f. [root Ki, "to sharpen ;" a spear, lance, javelin. custos, 6(lTs, con.m. gen. [rootSKv,
,
dem-um, adv. [a lengthened form of the demonstrative particle dem in I-dem, tan-dom), at length, at Inst.
dec-ni
I
.
" to cover ;" see causa], a keeper, ;/uardCollectively : guards, an armed uin.
force.
de-ni, nae, na, num. adj. plur. fr. dCc-cm, " ten"], ten.
;
[for
dOre, 2, v. n. |de,
de-pendeo, no perf. nor sup, pen"down;" pendeo, "to
cycnus,
sing, or
l,
m.
;"
a swan D.
[root kan,
"to
sound
see cano].
With abl.: to hang down, or hang"|. depend, from.
deripio, ripfii, reptum, ripgre, 3, v. a. [for de-r:ipio ; fr. de, "away;" riplo, " to tear"], to tear away, or off.
desert-a, orum,
n.
da, pres. imper. of do. dap-s, is (gen. plur. seems not to a ii<fi feast, a marmificcnt occur), f.
:
plur. [desert-us,
"desert, solitary"], desert, solitary, or waste places ; deserts.
banqxK't [akin to &aw, root of Saw-Tia, " to
devour," and
5a7r-ai'i),
" ex))eiise
"].
ds-sisto,
[do,
self,
stitl,
"away from;"
stand
"],
dator,
toris, m. [d(a)-o, "to give "J,
a
:
stitum, sistCre, 3, v. n. sisto, " to set one's to leave off, give over, cease,
tavi,
giver, bestower.
desi4.
de, prep. gov. abl. from', dotvn Jrom.

after.
to.
Of local relations Of time: dlrc-tU/

:
despec-to,
intcns.
tatum, tare,
1, v. a.
Of origin,
etc.
from., accurdiitrj
[despicio, " to look through root spec], to look
down upon, down upon

spicere, 3,
intently from a height.
dea, ae, f. [akin to deus], a goddess. decor-US, a, um, adj. [decor, d^-coris,
" gracefulness
tiful.
"],
de-spicio, spexi, spectura,

V. a. [for
f/race/M/, elegant,
beau-
dO-specio; fr. de, "down npon ;" specio, "to look"], to look down upon from a height. ~-^
dec-US,
6ris, n. [ddc-et, "it is
becom-
ing"], ornament, decoration, splenlour. de-fetiscor, fessus sum, fGtisci, 3, v. fr. de, in dep. inch. |for de-fatiscor "strengthening" force; fatiscor, "to grow faint"], to become quite faint, or
;
de-sue.sco, suCvi/suetum, suescGre, 3, V. a. [de, denoting " removal ;" suesco, "to accustom"], to become accustomed. de-sup3r, adv. de, "from;" super, " above "J, from above.
V.
weary.
de-fi!?o,
[de,
lixi,
de-trudo, trusi, trusum, trudSre, 3, a. [de, "down;" trfido, "to thrust"],

down, or
i,
fixum, figere,
3,
v.
a.
to thrust
off'
from..
"down;"
figo,
"to
fix"].
Of the
deus,
bright
a. [de,
;"
eyes:
to fasten,
ward on some
de-fluo,
[dg,
or fix intently, downobject beneath.
[root Div " to be dies, divus]. cp. 6iFos, Âos
m.
a god
de-venio,
fluxi,
fluxum, fluere,
3, v. a.
"down;"
garment:
flow"]. Of a to fall in flowing fulds ; to

flao,
"to
"down
veni, ventum, venire, 4, v. ;" v6nio, "to come down"].

:
With
at.
ace. of place
to
come
to,
arrive
2, v.
descend, etc.
de-hinc,
"hence"],
then.
n. to
adv. [dc, " from " hinc, hereupon, afterwards, next,

;
de-v6veo,
a. [de,
:
vovi,
vOtum, vOvcre,
" from ;" v6veo, " to vow "J. In a bad sense to devote, destine, to some misfortune.
de-hisco, hTvi, no sup., hiscSre, 3, v. [de. "asunder;" hisco, "to yawn"], yawn, or gnpe, asunder. de-inde, adv. [do, "from;" inde,
Of succession
:
dextr-a, ae, f. [dexter, dextr-i, "right, on the right side;" root dek, "to receive," or dik, "to point out;" cp.
6exo/xai, &tiKvvjj.i
:
dico, index],
tlie
right
'thence").
ajterwards.
hand.
VOCABULARY.
dici-O, Oiiis, f. [perhaps fr. dic-o, " to say "J, dominion, power, authority.
121
to
"to drive"],
tions
;
dnve in
rui,
different direc-
to
disperse, scatter.
fr.
diCO, dixi, dictum, dicere, 3, v. a. [root DiK, "to point out;" cp. biiKvvjxi, SCxri : digitus, indico], to sny, tell, speak;
to relate,
dissimvil-O,
[for dissimil-o
;
atum, are, 1, v. a. dissimil-is, "unlike"].
declare; to
avi,
call,
ncme.
1, v. a.
:
Vvithout nearer object: to conceal, or hide one's self; to remain concealed, or hidden.
dic-O,
atum,
are,
<o set
apart, dedicate [akin to dico].
distendo,
tendere, 3, "to stretch
v.
"],
tendi,
a.
tensum or tentum,
"apart;" tendo,
(dis,
dic-tutn, comtnand.
dies,
deus].
ei,
ti,
n. [dic-o^,
a word, order,
f.)
:
to swell out, distend.
m.
(in sing,
sometimes
day, the liyht of day, the dayliyht [see
diu, adv. [adverbial, abl. of obsol. dius (=dies1, " a day "J, for a long time ; a long while. (Comp. : diutius sup.
:
diutissime.)
dif-fundo,
a.
fudi, fusum, fundcre, 3, v. [for dis-fundo ; fr. dis, " in different
div-a,
for not],
ae,
f.
a female
[akin to divus see deus, deity, a goddess.

:
directions;" fuudo, "to pour out"]. the loclis : to spread, or waft about.
Of
dign-or, atus sum,

etc.,
ari,
[dig-n-us, " wortiiy "], to deem,
1, v. dep. or hold one,
sa, sum, adj. [for divertdivert-o, " to turn in a different direction"), turned in a different direction, i.e., hither and thither; far distant.
divei"-sus,
;
sus
fr.
worthy
Of
of something.
dig-nus,
dico].
firojier ;
adj. [root : see things : suitnble. Jit, becomimi, that of which one, etc., is
na,
num,
: rich, or ditlor) ; sup. : ' ditissinius [akin to root div, to shine ;"
div-es, itis, abounding in.
adj.
With gen.
:
(Comp.
see deus].
worthy.
lectum, ligere, 3, v. a. [fordi-lego ; fr. di (=dis), "apart:" ICgo, "to choose "j, to value, or esteem hiyhly
di-vido,
Ic.vi,
visi,
visum, vidCre,
distribute
[di
3,
v. a.
di-ligo,
to
divide
out,
;
(=dis),
to love.
"asunder;" root viD, " to separate ;" cp. viduus, vidua Eng. widow]. div-inus, Ina, inum, adj. [dlv-us, " a
deity
"],
di-mitto,
a.
nilsi,
missum, mittere,
3, v.
divine, heavenly.
:
di (=dis), ''apart;" mitto, "to send"], to send about in different directions, or to different parts.
div-us, i (gen. plur. divflm), m. a deity, a god [see deus do, dedi, datum, dare, 1, v. a. to give
.
di-rigo,
[for di-rego
rexi,
;
fr.
;
ening "
straight
force
"J,
rectum, rigere, 3, v. a. di (=dis), in " strengthrfigo, " to keep or put

:
in the widest sense of .he word. Phrases: Dare vela (to give the sails to the wind
to guide, direct.
dims, a, um, adj. fearful, dreadful, hon-ible [proh. akin to SeiSui, " to fear"].
disco, didici, no sup., discere, 3, v. a.: to learn [root dik ; see dico].
minis, n. [for disoremeii; fr. dis erno, "to separate," through root CRE], distinrtion, difference ; rink,
Dare amplexus (to give embrace. Of sounds to give, or pour, forth; to allow, permit [root DA, "to give;" cp. Si-Su-iii, Sdcrts,
i.e.), to set sail.
embraces
i.e.),
to
F RS
iorrip
dator].
6re, 2, v. a. [akin to
discri-men,
doc-eo, ai, turn, dic-o, "to say"], to

form.
teach, instruct, in-
hazard, danyer.
dis-cumbo,
bCre, sides
3, ;"
cabal,
[dis,
lie
cabitum,
cumto
lie
itum, ere, 2, v. n. and a. or sorroiv. Act. to grieve or sorrow at, or over ; to lament,
ai,
dolao,
:
Neut.
etc.
to grieve,
v.
n.
"towards
different
"].
cumbo, " to
down
dol-or,
oris,
m.
:
[dol-eo,
"to
grieve"],
guile,
T
V
down by
stretching one's self out from one side of a couch, etc., to the other; to recline on a couch, etc. dis-jicio, jcci, jectum, jicere, 3, v. a. [for dis-jacio tr. dis, "asunder;" jacio, " to throw"], to scatter, disperse. dis-jungo, junxi, junctum, jungi-re, 3, V. a. [dis, denoting "opposition" or " reversal ;" jungo, " to join "], to divide,
;
grief, sorrow.
dol-us,
i,
m.
craft,
fraud,
deceit [S6\o?].
domin-or, atus, sum, ari, 1, v. dep. [donunus, "lord," "master;" root daji, " to conquer;" cj). Sa/xau}, 6a/iap domo Eng. tame], to bear rule, hold sway, have the dominion.
:
part, remove.
a.
dis-pello, pan, pulsum, pellgre, 3, v. [dis, "in different directions;" pello,
Ini, m. [either fr. dOm-us, " one pertaining; to the house ;" or, ruiher, from dom-o, ;i,,.l so, "the subduer," etc.], master, ruler, lord.
dom-inus,
so,
and
122
VOCABULARY.
i
domus,
abode,
and
;
us,
f.
a ilwrUing,
house,
line
6ge-nus,
in need"].
hnime
a family,
na, num, adj. [CgSo "to be With gen.: in need, or dssti-
tute
of.
fti,
donee,
root of
vulice
<lo.
conj.: tmtil, till at length.

ni,
eg-eo,
I)A,
no sup.,
Cre, 2, v. n.
to be
do-num,
(jijt
n.
(for
darnun
' to tfive "J. yift. present or ojfci-iug to a deity.

orsi,
fr.
needy, or in need (root aou, "to be in
want
;"
cp. axrjv].
d-orsum,
sum
;
n.
[contr.
fr.
fr.
de,
"turned"].
" ilowtiwards;" Of rocks a rid<jc.

:
devorvorscm,
eg'O, gen. niei (plur. nos, gen. nostrum, or nostri), pron. pere. I.
dfib-ius,
fr.
la,
;"
lum, adj.
lialieo,
[for du-hibius
duo,
"two
'to hold Ijy two," i.e.,

ful "],
"to move;" i.e., "to hold doubt-
e-gredior, gressus sum, grC-di, 3, v. dep. [for C-gr'.dior fr. 6 ( = ex), "out;" gr.'idior, "to step"], to disembark, land, from a vessel.
;
e-gregius, a
" from
;
um,
adj.
"],
[e
doubtfiU, uncertain.
duxi, ductuin, ducCre, 3, v. a.; to construet, erect; io derive
tdris,
"
grex,
" a flock
(=ex), eminent,
duco,
to
famous.
e-jicTo, joci, jectum, jicore, 3, v. a. cjacio fr. e (=exj, "out;" jicio, "to cast"], to cast, or throw out. P. perl', pass.: wrecked, shipwrecked, cast ashore.
[for
;
lead;
one's orijîn, etc.; de.scend.
due-tor,
a leader.
m. [duc-o, "to lead"],

:
dtilc-is, e, adj. beloved [usually yAvKv?].
sweet in taste ; dear, considered akin to
[e
e-labor, lapsus sum, labi, 3, v, dep. (=ex), "out, or away from;" labor, "to glide"], to slip away from, to
conj. akiti to diu], ivhile, whilst, durinrj the tiiw that ; until that, until.
dum,
escape
e-mitto,
a. [u
mlsi,
missnm,
niittCre, 3, v.
du-plex, pllcis, adj. [for duplic-s fr. du-o, "two," plic-o, "to fold"], two-juld,
;
(=ex), "out;" mitto, "to send"], to send out, or forth ; to let go.
double.
Plur.
avi,
both.
are,
:
en,
1, v.
interj.
lo !
:
behold
dur-O,
" hard
3tC.
atum,
n. fdur-us,
"J.
Of persons
endure, hold out,

:
conj. indeed; for.
enim,
e-o,
truly, certainly, surely,

v.
durus, a, um, adj. hard in nature, itc; unforttinate, adierse.
[root
I,
ivi or li. Stum, ire, akin to Gr. i-tVort],
n.
to
go
eodem,
place.
adv.
dux,
duc-o,
dilcis, coinni.
pdde
"to lead"], a a leader, commander.
gen. [for duc-s, fr. leader, conductor,
sing, of idem,
"the same"],
adj.
[ijios,
[eomdem=eundem, ace. to the tame

"the dawn"],
-
eous,
.êastern.
a,
um,
i,
E.
_,
n. plur.
;
j^
see ex.
^.epulum,
f.
:
epulae, arum,
,
;
fea-it,
bangiieL^
ebur, Oris, n.: ivory. e-duco, duxi, ductuni,

[e
(=ex, " out
;"
duco,
ducere, 3, v. a. " to lead "], to
lead out, or forth.
adv. (for ec-quldem fr. demonstrative suffix ce, changed before the k sound into ec quidem, " indeed "], indeed, verily, truly.
:
e-quidem,
eflfero, exti'ili, glatum, efferre, r. a. irreg. [for ex-fCio ; Jr. ex, "out;" furo, " *o bear"], to bear, carry, or bring out or forth : to raise up, or nhift ; to uplift.
equ-us,
i,
m.
a horse
AK,
[akin to Gr.
cp.
lKK-os=i7r7r-os ; loKus : aquila].
root
"swift;"
ergo, adv.
consequently.
ef-ficio,
[for ex-facio
feci,
;
fectum,
ex,
fr.
ficere, 3, v. a. "out;" facio, "to
itself, incline"],
[akin to verge, "to bend therefore, in consequence,
make
[for
"J,
tojorm, irrodnee.
fOdi,
e-ripio,
3, v. a.
rlpfti,
;
ef-fodlO,
ex-fodio
"], to diji
fossum, fSdere,
[for e-rapio
set free.
fr.
reptum, ripere, 3, v. a, (=ex), "away;" rapio,
dig
ex, ; out, or
ffuli,
;
"out;" f6dio, "to up ; to excavate.

fusum. fundere, 3, v. ex. "forth;" fundo,
:
"to snatch"], to snatch
away ;
l,
to deliver,
ef-fundo,
a. [for
ex-fuiido
fr.
erro, wander,
AK8, to
ingi,
avi,
atum,
are,
v.
n.
to
rove, stray.
oris,
" to pour"].
Of
life
to resiyii, yive u//.
err-or,
m. (perbaps=er8or
fr.
egens,
destitxUe.
ntis, p. pres. of
egco
needy,
move quickly ; hence, a wander
a wdnJering,
VOCABULARY.
e-rumpo,
V.
123
hausi, haustum, haunre "out;" haurio, "to draw"
rOpi,
niptum, rumpere,
3,
ex-haurio,
4, V. a.
(=ex), "ouc;" nimpo, "to break"], to break out from, to sally forth fnjm.
a. [e
[ex,
et, oonj.
[akin to Gr.
and
and : et et, hoth, and too, and moreover ;

. .
.
:
"moreover"]. etiara, conj. and also, furthermore,

T-i,
;
to drain a person of resources, drink up, exhaust ex-igo, egi, actum, Igere, 3, v. x. [for ex-ago fr. ex, " out;" ago, "to drive "J. Of time to pass, spend, lead ; to weigh accurately in the mind.
water
^,
etc.; to
moreover, likewise
Lat.
a. [e
et].
even [akin to
iri
[ex,
to
ex-imo, "out "

remove.
Cmi, emptum, imCre, 3, v. a. or "away ;" emo, "to take ''J,

4, v. a.
verti, versum, vertCre, 3, v. (=ex), " out ;" verto, " to turn ''J. Of the waters to upheave, aaitate.
e-verto,
ex-ped-io, Ivi or ii, ituni, iii, [ex, "out of ;' pes, pCd-i.'j, "the
to prej are, get
foot"],
prep. gov. abl. out of ; away /rom. from amonij, from the midst of
ex
(e
ready, etc.
pello,
expello.
a. [ex,
piili,
of.
Of time
:
from,
after.
p.
"out;"
pulsuin. pellCre, 3, v. "to drive"], to diive
exactus,
exigo
:
a, jiêcine,
um,
accurate,
subst. exacta, rate things, i.e., precise or exact infor:
perf. passs. of exact. As accuOruui, n. plur.
out, expel.
periri, 4. v, [ex, in "intensive' force; perior, "to try"], to prive, piut to the test. In perf. tenses : tn experience ; to know or
ex-perior. pertus sum,
dep.
mation.
ex-anim-us, a, um, adj. [ex. denoting "negation;" anim-a, "life"], without,

or devoid
of, life ; lifeless,
dead.
ex-audio, audivi or
audii,
auditum,
prove by experience. ex-pleo, plcvi, pletum, plere, 2, v. a. [ex, in "strengthening" force;" pl6o,. "to fill"]. Of time: to complete, finish,
audire, 4, v. a. fex, "without force;" audio, "to hear"]. Without nearer object to hear.
:
etc; to Satisfy. ex-pl6ro, ploravi, plOratum,

1, V. a. [ex,
plor.Tre,
ex-C8do,
cessi,
n. [ex, "forth;" c?do, abl. : to go forth, or leave.
cessum, cedSre, 3, v. "to go"]. With depart from ; to

;
in " intensive " force ; ploro, call out "], to search out, seek to-dis cover, ascertain. /
" to
[ex.
fr.
ex-sero, sCriu, sertum, sercre, 3, v. "out or forth;" sfiro, "to put"],

ex-spiro,
a.
to
excid-ium,
ec=Gk.
stroy
[for
"],
e<c,
ii, n. for ecscidium intensive scindo, " to destruction, overthroiv.

:
be bare, unC'iveretl, naked.
de-
1, V. n. [ex,
ex-cido,
ex-cado
fall "], to slip
cidi,
;
no sup., cidcre, 3, v. n. ex, "out;" cldo, "to out, escape, from the mind,
fr.
spiravi, spiritum, spirare, "forth;" spiro, "to breathe"], to breathe forth, or out.
ex-templo,
tempulo
;
adv.
[contr.
fr.
"old
ex-
memory. ex-cido,
[for
ex-caedo
cut "J,
a. [for
cisum, cidre, 3, v. a. ex, " out ;" caedo, " to to cut or heiv out.
cidi,
;
" immediately after ;" temptilum, a dimin. form of tempua, " time "], fmihivith, at once.
fr.
ex,
fr.
ex-cipio,
cepi,
;
ex-capio c&pio, " to take
fr.
ceptum, cTpCre, 3, v. ex, "without force ;"

take, receive.
3,
a, tmi, sup. adj. (" outerfurthe.it, exhence), of piaee treme. As subst. extreraa, orum, n. In quality or l)lur., the furt he-it parts. extreme, utmost. As subst.: degree
extremus,
most;"
BS
"], to
ex-trem-a, orum,
things, limits.
v.
n.
plur.,
extreme
v.
a.
:
ex-CUdo,
a.
ciidi,
ciisum, cudOre,
;
[ex,
"out;" cudo, "to

or
strike"],
to
exuo,
put
doff:
I'li,
iitum,
I'lere,
3,
to
f
V
strike forth, striking.
out
to
produce
by
off
from one's
self
to
lay aside
vsex-cutio,
anything.
cussi, cussum, cQture, 3, v. a. [for ex-qiiatio ; fr. ex, "out;" quatio, "to shake"], to sh.ike out or off from
\ex-uro,
[ex,
ussi, ustum, urere, 3, v. a. denoting " completeness ;" Ore, " to burn"], to burn iip, consume by fire.
ex-eo, ivl or ii, itum, ire, v. n. [ex, "out;" eo, "to go"], to go out or forth from a place. ex-erceo, ercfli, ercTtum, erccre, 2, v. a. [for ex-arcOo; fr. ex, denoting "opposition ;" arcuo, " to enclose"], to einpUyy,
fac-ies, iei, f. [prob. fr. fSc-Io, " to make"], make, form, figure, countenance.
through
koei.
fac-ilis, lie, adj. [facio, "to do;" root FAC], easy, prosperous suitable, adai-ted.
124
facio,
fooi,
VOCABULARY.
ferin-a, ae, f. [fCrTn-ns, "of, or belonging to, a wild animal ;" hence, with
especial reference to stags], venison.
factum, faeSre, 8, v. a. : to the widest sense of the term. With (loul)lc ace. to mnke an object that which is denoted by the second ace. to do [root akin to KU, "to be" in a causative sense op. fu-i ; -bam, in inipf. of active verb ^liw].
miike, iu
:
jo strike.
ferio, no pe rf. nor sup., ~--

toll,
Ire, 4, v. a.
.^
fero,
latum, ferre,
v.
irreg.
to
fac-tum,
fal-lo,
to deceive
;
ti,
n.
a deed, act
[see faoio].
3,
fefelli, falsuin, fallCre,
v. a.
imitate or assume for the purpose of deception [root spal or spa;;, " to fall or tumble ;" cp. <T<â.KKu', (T-rraipdv, irakKîv; sperno, pellSre, pulvis,
to
bear, carry, bring, convei/ ; bear one's self along ; present one's self ; say [roots are fer and tul. The second roct'has the form of TOL, TLA, or tal. The supine latum=tlatum is derived from this latter root cp. TAaio, ToiAai'TO', <t>ipo} : toUo,
;
sus-tul-ij.
populus (poplar)].
ferox,
p.
falsus, a um,
deceptive, false
;
perf. pass, of fallo
spirited.
ocis, adj. In a good sense In a bad sense fierce, violent.

:
supposed, as opposed to
f.
true or real.
ferrum,
fer-veo,
Eng. dry].
be cairied
i,
n.
iron,;
a sword;
the
iron head of a spear.

[root
fari,
fama,
cp. <^t)jii, report.
ae,
<<)aTis;
fa, "to fabula],
say;"
fame,
biii,
no sup., vCre,
; :
[cp. depu), tSepos, tJepjaos
Of a work
fa-mes,
root BUAO,
fagus].
niis,
"to
f. [for fag-mes], hunger eat;" cp. (/)r)y6s, <âyetv ;
on warmly
2, v. n. febris : torreo to glow, i.e., to or briskly.

;
a female servant or fa.mu.la, ae, f. attendant [for fac-mula, from facio, " to
:
fat-isco,
fes-sus, sa, sum, adj. [for fatsus fr. "to grow weary"], wearied, worn
out.
do
"J.
famulus,
aii,
m.
servant, attend[f(a)-or,
ant [see famula] fa-ndus, nda, ndum, adj.
fe-tus, tus, m. [fe-o, "to produce"], progeny, offspring, young. fe-tus, ta, tuni, adj. [id., root fe, " to
"to
speak"], rliiht, %>roper, etc. As subst. n. : i-ighX ; that which is i,
produce ;" see ing in, etc.

fid-es,
sonified
:
felix], filled
with, aboundtrust"].
fandum,
rightful.
Jit,
ei,
f.
[fid-o,
"to
Per-
fas, n. indecl. [see fandus], a lawful. or right thing.
Faith as a goddess. fiduc-ia, tae, f. [obsol. fiduc-us or

trust,
fidux,
fastlg-ium, ii, n. [fastisr-o, "to make pointed"], a projecting puiiit, or the highest elevation of a building, etc. ; a
pinnacle,
events, etc. the head.
;
ficuc-is, "trusting"], fidence, assurance.
con-
battlement. Of naratives, the leading or m,ain point

1, v. a.
fid -us, a, um, adj. fid-o, trusted, trustworthy, to be faithful.

fix,
"to
trust"], relied on,

v. a. to
f igo, fixi, fixum, figere, fasten [op. (rAiv-vw,
3,
"to
bind
fatigo,
weary,
:
avi, atum, are, tire out, fatigue.
to
tight"].
yawn
fa-tisco, no perf. nor sup., tisoCre, 3, v. n. to gape open, yawn asunder [prob. akin to xî root of xa-"'w, " to gape, or
"].
ti,
filius, li, m. [root dha, "to milk," or BHU, "to be "J, a son.
finis,
findo,
nis, m. [prob. for fidnis; fr. "to divide;" through root fid],
fatum,
destiny,
Fates
fate. the goddess of destiny.

favi,
n. [f(a)or, "to speak"], Plur., personified : the
end, termination, conclusion. Plur. borders of a country territory, land, country.

;
an
flagrans,
2, v. n.
ntis,
p.
pres.
of
flagro:
fav-eo,
fautum, favere,
glowing, impassioned.
to be favourable.
fa-x, cis, f. a torch [root fa, " to shine ;" cp. â-etVio, <ôo; fenestra].
: :
flag-ro, ravi, ratum, rare, 1, v. n. to flame, or blaze; to b\im [flag, "to

:
burn
"
cp.
<i>Kyei.v
fulgeo,
flamma
(=flagma)].
fe-lix,
cp.
<j>voi:
licis,
adj. [root fb," to fui, let\is],fortu7iato,

f.
produce;" happy.
flam-ma, mae,
of
f. :
aflame;
fr.
fe-mina, miuae, a woman.

fer-a, ae,
deer],
f.
love
[for
flagraa;
avi,
iÂe'y-w
[see
feli.x],
a female,
:
the flame ; see

1,
flagro].
flamm-o,
*^p
;
atum.
are,
v.
a.
a wild
[op. beast.
ferus
Eng.
[flamm-a, "aflame"], to injiame ; set on fire, whether actually or figuratively.
VOCAfeULARV.
flav-US, a, um, adj. [jnob. for flair-vus, same source as flamuia; seu llainiiia',
yellow.
155
f.jrtuna-tus, ta, turn, adj. [fortnn(a o, "to make fortunate"], ha./ipi/, lucky, fortunate. Assubst.: fortuiia-tus, i. ni.:
a hapiy or fortunate person.
flecto,
to
flexi, flexuni, flectCre, 3, v. a.
hind, turn, turn rvund [prob. akin to TrAeV-o), " to plait or twist "
.
foveo,
fOvi,
fotum, fOvJre,
to
2, v. a.:
to
flor-eus,
flos,
Ga, 6iim, adj. [flos, floris,
"a
Aowei "], Jlowery, decked with Jlowers.

floris,
m.
" to flourish ;" cp. (Âe'etf A.S. bloom, blood].

fluc-tus, tus, m. flflo, through root wave.
flower [root BUL.i,

:
clasp ni warm emenfold warmly in the bosom, etc. Mentally, with objective clause to hirish a desvjn, foster a hope or an intention.
cherish, foster; brace, etc. to
; :
florere, fluere;
[for flugrvtus; fr. I'LUov], a billow,
frag-or, oris, m [frango, "to break," through root frao), a crushiiuj, as when something is broken to pieces a crash ; the din or roar of the ocean.
;
flu-men,
a stream,
flood.
minis, n.
|firi-o,
river.
Of
teara
"to flow"], a stream,
frag-ro, ravi, ratum, rare, 1, v. a.: to emit a smell, whether good or bad ; to be
fray ant.
I
fluo,
thin;;s
fluxi, fluxum, fluere, 3, v. n. Of not fluid to flow, stream [root

:
frango,
priyvvixi.,
fregi,
fractum, frangfire,
to
a.: to break,
dash
m.
:
Vhv,
ttAoioi'
" to flow, to swim pluo, pluvia]. ;

I
3, v. to pieces [akin to Gr.
;"
cp.
TrAe'i,
and root fkag, "

tris,
tli,
break
"].
Q.H
frater,
;
brother.
ere,
3,
fluv-ius, ii, m. for flujjv-ius fr. fluo. ' to flow," through secondary root FLUQV see fluo], a liier.
;
frem-o,
to
ituui,
v.
n.
to
minmur ; make a
low,
murmuriny
cp.
lipe/jLoi
foedus.
trust"],
''
((
sound, whether in approral or otherwise

[root BiiRAM, fremitus].
Oris, n. [for fid-us
fr. fido,
"to
"to sound;"
lea'jue, treaty,
ii,
compact.
fol-ium,
to
n.
produce
:"
a leaf [root fu or fe, see facio[.

:
freno, avi, atum, are, 1, v. a. [frenum, "a bridle"], to curb, hold in check
to iiovcrn, restrain.
f6v-eo,
fo-mes, "to
fon-S,
mitis, m. [for fov-mes ; foster"], iourhwood, to

flint.
;
f r.
re-
ceive the spark struck out from a

tis,
m. [prob. for fund-ts fr. fund-o, "to pour forth"]. Of a river: the source, sprinj-head [root QHtJ, " to pour ;" cp. x"""! XVt xi'Mos f undo Eng. ijush].
:
ifrequens, ntis, adj. root farc, " to cram ;" op. faicio]. Of persons in yreat numbers, numerous fretum, i, n.: a strait, frith ; the sea.
:
frig-US,
Oris, n. [frlg-eo,
Nj(for). fritus sura, fari, 1, v. dep. ITithout nearer object: to speak; to speak, \ say, utter [see fania].
cold ; a cold shudder produced [root FRIO, " to shudder ;" cp.
frigidus].
'<.
"to be cold"]. by fear

piyo?
:
frond-eus,
frond-is,
ea,
eum,
:
adj.
[Irons,
fore (=futurum
for-is,
is, f.:
esse), fut. inf. of
sum.
"a
leaf "|, leafy.
a door [akin to Gr.
t>i/p-a,-
Eng. door].
forma, mae, f. [for fer-ma,- fr fCr-o], form in the widest sinse of the word
shape, contour, flyure; beauty.
f. the fore part or Jmiit of anything [root bhlir, "to move ;" ciuic'!ily furere, fervere c]). 6-0pus, ivptiv: Kng. broiv, brew].
frons,
front-is.
fine
Jvim,
fr.
frustra, m\v. [akin

to
to fraudo],
t vain,
no
I'liCi o-:e.
fors,
abl. forte,
f.
[prob. for ferlis,
frustuxa,i,
n.:
piece, bit, of food.
f6r-o, "to bring "I, chance, bial abl.: by chance.
hap.
Adver-
fors-an, adv. [elliptically for fors sit an, "whether there be a chance"], perchance, perhaps.
(mostly plur.), f. [for fr. fr.or, in etymological meaning of "to e.it " thiough root I'liuo], fruits of the earth, corn, yrain.
frngis
frux,
fucus,
fug-a,
i,
m.: a drone.
f.
forte
see fore.
:
ae,
[frig-io,
"to
flee"],
courayeoiis, brave, (Comp.: fort-ior) sup.: fortjissimus bold. [cp. dapaelv ; Eng. dare],
for-tis, te, adj.
fleeinj, jVnht.
fugio. ffijî, fugTtum, fi'igere, 3, v. n. and a. Kent. to flee, take to fli iht.
: ,
fort-una, unae, f. [fors, fortis], forPersonified: te. whether good ar bad.

the yoddess Fortune,
Act.:
[root
to flci
BII' fJii
from,
to
to
escape by flight
;"
bend or turn
op.
frrvyetft fuârc]
126
VOCABULARY.
gen-itrix, Itricis, f. rg5n-o, old form "to bring forth"], a mother.
fiig-O. Svi, Stnm, Hre. 1, v. a. [^^p:-a, "Uijflit'J, to cau.tf to jli'e : to jnit to fliijht ; to drive or chime tiw.iy.
(if ^ri^fixi),
gen-s.
tis,
f.
IgCn-o,
"to beget"].
01
to
ful-men, fulg-eo, "to

ning flush, a
minis, n, |(or fiilsfineii fr. flash; see flagro"j, a lightthunderbolt.

;
persons: aiiatvon; a country, rtgion.
a knee [root gen, " erenu, us, n. bend ," cp. ydi/u, ytVus genae].
:
fulvus,
a.
um,
adj. [root biiaro,

;
"to
fuigeo, fulshine ;" cp. <i)Key(i.v, <JAof gur, fiamnia (=flag-iiia)], redUixh yellow,
t
gen-US,
descent, race.
eris, n. [akin
to gen-s], birth,
etc.
:
origin.
Of
persons,
awn y.
'
fujial-e, is, n. [funal-is, "pertainin to a cord or rope"], a wax torch,

torch.
funda-mentum, menti, n. [fund(a)-o,

" to found
"],
german-a, ae, f. [germati-us, " full, own," as applied to brothers and sisters ; root OKS, 'to beget"], a full m(er, i-e., from the same father and mother.
a foundation.
f
german-us,
i.e.,
fundo,
to
I
fudi,
:
Qsuni
undere,
i, m. [id], a full brother, from the same father and mother.
3, v. a.
Of several persons, pass, in reflexive force to spread abroad, scatter

" to scatter
;
our out.
gero,
to
gessi,
bear, wear.
gestum, gerCre, 3, v. a. Of war to carry on,

:
them,seloes [root ghc,

xiu>,
" cp.
wage.
xuat?
fons].
:
gesto,
death [root
biia,
tavi.
tatum,
;
tare,
,
2,
v.
a.
;
funus,
l<ill ;"
eris, n.
"to
cp. pdi'os, <J>eVw].
intens. [for ger-to to hirs.
fr.
g5r-o
to
carry
[fur-o,
fiir-iae, liirum (rare in sing.), f. plur. "t) rage "J, rage, fury, violent
gigno
bear,
(old
tum, gignCre,
give
passiijn,
madnens. fur-O, t'li, no sup.,
form geno), gSnai, genlto bring f/rth, a. 3, v Wita abl. of birth to.
:
ere, 3, v. n.: to rage,
rave, be out of one's mind, anger or love" [see frons].
whether from
"origin:" sjjriing from-. glaeba, ae, f. Icp. globus; Eng.

the
soil, layid.
clod],
fur-or,
rage, fury,
(leity,
m. [far-o, "to rage"), angry pussion, etc. Rage, as the companion of Mars.
oris,
;
g]6mer-0,
a compact
dep.
:
avi,
atum.
are,
1,
v.
a.
IglOmiis, glOmCr-is,
assemble or mass
body.
ball" of yarn], to together ; to form into

gradi,
3,
"a
grarlTor, gressus sum,

to step,
v.
walk.
gal-ea,
[root K,\L,
eae, f.:
a helmet, head-piece
;"
"to hide
see cella].
2, v.
grad-us, us, m. [grad-Ior, " to step"]. Plur.: the steps of a building.
gaudeo,
" to rejoice
joice
'
gavisus sum, gaudere,

;"
n. senii-dep.: to rejoice, delight [root
gau,
grand-aev-us,
grat-es
a, ura, adj.
[grand-is,
cp.
li,
y7)i>e<o].
"great;'' aev-um, "age"], of great age, aged.
gaud-ium,
"],
n.
gaud-eo, " to re-
joy, gladness, delight.

ae, f. s lid to
:
gaza,
[ydâ,
be
trea-nire, riches, wealth, originallj' a Persian
word].
(usually found only in the ace. ; the abl. gratibus is found in Tacitus), f. plur. [grat-or, "to manifest joy ;" root gra, "to be glad ;" cp. \aLipu>: O." H. German grierig], thanks.
nom. and
ge-minus,
!
for
gc'ii-minus,
,
mina, iiilnum, adj. fprob. gen-o, " to bring fr.

itus,
forth"
,
Iwin-born, twin; double, two.
heavy, ponderous, grav-is, e, adj. With respect to character: premant.

:
of weiiht, or authority; grievous [akin

to /3ap-vs].
gem-itus,
groan '"], or norrow.
m. [gem-o, " to a groan, groaning ; cry of pain

;
grav-iter, adv.
[grav-is,
"heavy"],
bosom.
;
vehemently, strongly, violently.

fr,
gem-ma,
gen1,
mae, f. [for gen-ma "to bear"], a jewel, jem.

itum,
ere,
3,
gremium,
li,
n.: the lap,
'
gem-O, fii, mourn lament,

of
v,
a.
to
bewail, bemoan.
;'
m. [for grad-sus gres-SUS. gi-ad-ior, " to step "], a stepping, step.

sOs,
fr.
'
gen-itor. itoris, m [gun-o (old form "to beget"], a Jalhcr [root '.,'iirno), OKN\ "to beget;" cp. v^'"?! yiyvoii.ai: genus Eng. kin].
;
gurges,
.
Itis,
m.
a whirlpool ; an
-i'"
-
iddgin:/ stream.
gust-o,
iivi, ;"
"a
tasting
are, 1, v. a. fgustus, cp. yeuco, yao-rijp], to taste.
atum,
VOCABULARY,
H.
this.
127
Of cause, soiirce, etc.: from, this vrrg s-iurce, from this cause, hence.
h&be-na,
hab-eo,
nae,
:
f.
[liai)L-o,
"to hold"],
riur., of horses
tli,
,tha reins.
itum, ere, 2, v. a.: to h'tve> to in the widest acceptation of the term

;
hold.
homo, Tnis. comni. gen. [Sans. oii.\m, " the earth ;" cp. x^m"" humus hence, "a son of earth"]. Sing.: a person, or man generally a human being. Plur. persons, men.
: ; ;
hab-ilis, He, adj. [hah-So, "to hold"],

suitable,
fit,
honor
rcijêct.
(honos),
;
oris,
m.
honour,
etc.
esteem
an honour,
digîity, etc.;
itus, m. [hab-So, "to have in a particular condition], dress, bearinr/, Inok.
an
hab-itus,
made
offering or thanksgiving to the gods, in their honor.

:
one's self"
honos
;
see honor.
adv. [adverbial abl. fem. of hie, "this"], in this place, on this side, here.
hac,
horre-ns, ntis, p. pres. of horr8\ Pa. (horrC'-o, "to stand on end," as hair, etc. hence, "to be of a rough or frightful appearance ;" hence, "to be terrible"], terrible, dreadful, fearful, horrid.
haer-eo,
n.
:
haesl,
haesum, haerere,
_^
1.
2, v.
to clixfj,
remain fixed.
atuin,
are, breathe out, or forth ; to scent, be fragrant.

"ivi,
halo,
v.
n.
to
to
horreo,
shaggy.
tii,
no supine,
;
emit a sweet
stand on end, as hair
ere, 2, v. n. to bristle, be
haren-a, ae, f.: the sand [see arena], hasta, ae, f.: a speur or javelin.
hast-ile.
His, n. [hast-a, "'a spear"],
horr-idus,
Ida,
idum, adj. [horr-So^^
sec horreo], terrible, grim.

visitor
spear, javelin.
baud,
not.
a.
adv.
not at
all,
by no means,
4,
m. : a guest, friend, entertainer ; a stranger [perhaps for hospet-s akin to Sans, root Gil AS, "to eat ;" Lat. pet-o, " to seek"].
]iitis, ;
hospes,
a
liost,
haurio,
:
hausi, haustum, haurire,
hospit-ium,
v.
ii,
n.
[hospes, hospit-is,
hostl-o,
" a host
strike"],
to
drain, drink up, empty, a sfoblet,

ae,
f.
"J,
hospitality.
ae,
f.
etc.
hosti-a,
[obsol.
"to
for
herb-a,
[akin to 4)ip?m, " to

;iras.<<,
victim,
as struck
down
sacrifice.
that is feed "], comprehended under the English expression of " green food."
herbage,
all
and
her-os,
ois,
m.: a hero [Gr.
Tjp-ws].
hos-tis, tis, comm. gen.: an enemy or foe of one's country. In collective force the enemy, the foe [prob. akin to Sans, " root GHAS, to eat "].
:
heu, interj.: nh! alas! heus, interj.: hoi ho

holloa
!
there
hark
hue,
I
adv. [for hoc, adverbial neut. ace.

'
of hie,
this "], to this place, hither.

a,
hib-ernus, ema, ernum,

;
adj.
[for
huin-anus,
vm,
adj. [for
hCmin-
hiOm-ernus fr. hiemps, Mem-is " winter"], As subst. of or belonging to winter. hib-ernum, i, n. (xc. tempus), tvinter
time, winter.
h.ic haec, hoc (gren. hujus
;
anus; fr. h6mo, hOmin-is], of ov belonging to a man or inen ; human.
humi
ground
see
humus.
f.
:
hum-US,
dat. huic),
this.
i,
the
ground
'Sansc.
GHAM, "earth;" akin to xMa', "ou the

"].
i,
pron. dem.
As
.
s'lbst.
ni
thi'se
:
:
thij> thing Neut. Fem.: heec to pronominal root i, aspirated with c (=ce), demonstrative suffix].
:
hi ... she.
hi.
a. Masc. these .... those.

:
hy-menaeus,
Vfiifalos],
m.
wedlock
[Gr.
(akin
hie, adv. [hie, "this"], in this place, here: hie. ...hie, here. ...there.
ibi-dem, adv.
suffix
[Ibi, with demonstrative dem], in the same place, in that
hlem-ps,
" snow
;"
is,
ep
f. (Sans. Hinia-hxya,
snow:"
pest.
x^'M"^''].
iiiM, HiMA. " house of winter; a storm, tem-
very place.
i-dem,
e.udem,
idem
gen. ejusdem
h-in-C, adv.
hi-e
;
[for h-ini-c
fr.
hi.
im. locative suffix, ce].
base of Of place
dat. C-idem), pron. dem. [pronominal root I ; suffix dem], the .lame. As subst., m. the snme m'ln or i>erson.
from
this pice, hi nee ; on this side, here hjnr .... bine, "n this nida ... .on t/Tat tide. Of time : from this wry time, after
in-gnarus
i-gnarus, gnara, gnarum, fr. in, "nut;"

; :
adj.
[for
gnarus,
"knowing"]. With gen. not knowing, unacquainted with, ignorant of.
128
1-gnavus, cnSva, piavum,
in-pn;kvus
dolent.
;
VOCABULARY.
adj.
(for
fr. in,
"not;" giiavus. "busy,

lazy,
slotli/til,
niaiid "],
irap6r-ium, li, n. [impCr-o, "to coma command, order ; dominion,

;
dilistenf'J,
inactive,
in-
sovereignty
realm, empire.
pigra,
im-piger,
is,
if^nis,
m.
p grum,
fire ; lightniny
flame
plger
quick.
fr. in,
"not;"
pla,
adj. (for inplger, "indolent"],
of
loiv.
i-gnobilis, CTJuhlle, adj. (for in-;,'nobUis; fr. in, " noTT pioliliis ( = nolillis), "well known "]. low, baxi-horn, v/iioble.
in-griMiis;
impius,
ira-pleo,
(for in-plCo
pla,
plus ; fr. in, "no';" plus, unholy, wicked, impioiis.

plevi.
;
plum, adj. (for in"holy"],

2, v.
gnOtum. adj. [for "not ;" gnotus (=nOtus), "known"], nut known, unlniotrn.
i
gnotus,
frnota,
plotum, plcre,
\Vith
al.l.
a.
fr. in,
fr.
in, in
fill "].
"augmentative"
:
force
pleo,
"to
to fill
illTus, but, at v. 16, dejuonstr. ]>ron. [for is-le fr. is], person or thing. As subst., of both nunil)t'rs and all gendei-s: thinj that perwn or With ; lie, nhe, it. accessorj' notion of reputation, etc. that well-known, that famous or famed.
il-le, la,
; ;
lud (gen.
illi),
illlus
dat.
that,
quite full v^h. Pass, in reflexive force, with gen.: to fill one's, etc , self, i.e., to sati-\fy or regale one's, etc., self icith something ; to satisfy or gratify
up,
make
some
feeling.
plico, tli. (also avi, atum), are, 1, v. a. [for in, "in;" plico, "to fold"], to enfold, involve, wrap.
V. a. [for
im
Hum
illic, adv. [pron. place, there.
illic,
"that"J, in that
3,
il-lido,
lisi,
lisum, lidcre,
v. a. [for
in laedo ; fr. In, "upon;" laedo, "to strike or dash "], to strike or dash upon
pCsTii, pOsitum, ponCre, 3, in-pOno fr. in, " upon ;" pono "to put"], to put or pace something upon an object.
;
im-p6no,
im-provisus.
or
a'jaini>t.
[for in-prOvIsus; fr. in,
provisa, prOvisum, adj. "not;" prOvisus,

adj.
im-ago, aginis, f. : form, appeirance, image, an apparition, phantom [root lil,

aiiin to jii^-eojxai, " to imitate"].
"
"foreseen"], unexpected.
: lowest, deeplowest; i.e., the loivest part, or bottom of that which is repiesented by the subst. to which it is in attribution. Poss. infernua ; conip. :
imus,
a,
um, sup.
est;
where a thing
is
imber,
;
],cit n-i
w iter
or xtonn ; water sea [akin to hiJ.^po<;].

e,
bris, .shuiver
m.
a heavy rain; a
;
sea-
inferior.
adj. (" not to be niea* im-ma-nis, sitred;" heuce),vast, hxtrje; cruel, savage.
Conip.
"not;"
jitTpof,
iiumSn-ior (for in-manis f \ In, root ma, "to measure;" cp. n^rr), modus, metior, metare,
;
in. prep. gov. abl. or ace. With abl. ; in the case of, with respect With ace.: irito, within; towards; to. upon ; against ; for ; among.
in, zvithin
Eng. month]. no perf. nor sup., minere, ;" fr. in, " over 2, V. n. ifor in-mineo r>jt .MiN, to project; cp. minae, mon],
niensis
;
inanis,
e,
adj.
empty, in the fullest
immineo,
sense of the word.
in-cautus,
" not
;"
cauta. cautum, adj. (In, cautus, " cautious"], incautious,
overhang, hang overhead. im-mitis, mite, adj. [for in-mitis fr. Of persons: in, "not;" mitis, 'miJd"].
t-/
;
heedless, o]f one's guard.
in-cedo,
n. [in, " in
;"
cessi,
cessum, cCdOre,
"],
3,
v.
cOdo, " to go
etc.
:
to proceed,
cruel, fierce, inexorable.
immo,
means, nay
in-mOtus
adv.
;
yes indeed ; by immo, age, nay, come.

:
all
advance, tvalk, notion of dignity
to
li,
With accessory walk majestic.

n.
incend-ium,
[for
[incend-o,
"to
:
im-motus,
;
mota, motum, adj.

in,
burn
"I,
a burning, conflagration.
di,
fr.
"not;"
inolus,
Of unchnngeable.
"moved"].
the fates: unchanged,
in cen-do,
sum, dere,
3, v. a.
to
set on fire, burn. Of lamps, etc. : to light. P. perf. pass.: Ivihted, burning;
im-par,
fr. in,
gen. im-paris, adj. [for m-par; "not;" par, "equal"], not equal,
to
inflame with any emotion, esp. love
[root CA.v, akin to (ca-u,
"to
bum
"J.
;
unc'iual.
pGli, pulsum, pellCre, 3. v. in-pello; fr. in, "against;" pello, " o drive"], to drive, thnist, or push someihing against an object; to invite, With inf. : to force on, urge, impel. compel to do.
im-pello,
a. [for
incaptum fr. incipio, "to begin," in, without force; " " capio, to take or "begin "], a design,
ti,
incep-tum,
n. (for
purpose, etc.
inces-sus,
sfis,
m.
IncOd-o, " to walk
"],
[for inced-sus walk, gait.
fr.
VOCABULARY,
In-cIpiO, cepi, ceptuni, clp6re, 3, v. a. [for in-capio ; fr. in, " in ;" capio, " to take "], to begin, commence.
129
in-fero, in-tOli, il-latum, in-ferre, 3, v. [in, " into ;" fSro, " to bear or bring into a place. With personal pron.: to betake one's, etc., self; to go, walk, proa.
in-COgrnitus, cognlta, cognitum,

[in,
adj.
ceed.
"not;"
cognitus,
"known"], un-
known, not kmywa.
infiffO,
fixi,
fixum, figSre,
3, v. a. [in,
"into;"
figo,
"to
fix"],
to
impale, or
in-concessus,
adj. [in,
"not;"
concessa, concessnra, con-cessus, "allowed"],
drive into.
in-gemino,
geminare,
gSmIna%i,
in
unlawful, forbidden.
1, v. n. [in,
gSmlnStum, "augmentative"
increp-ito,
n.
Itavi, Itatutn, Itare. 1, v.
[increpo, '' to make a noise "], to call or cry out to one in an encouraging
iiitens.
force; geniino, "to double"], to be redoubled, to increase.
in-gemo, gomQi, gSmltum, gemere,

3, V. n. [in,
way,
bavi,
etc. ; to call upo)i,
challenje.
"without force
;"
gCmo, "to
groan"], to lament.
in-Cubo,
cubui, cQbitum (rarely cQ-
cabatum), cfibare, 1, v. n. [in, Of cabo, "to lie down"]. to settle upon, hang night, with dat. over, overhang. in-ciiltus, culta, cultum, adj. [in,
in-gens,
"upon;"
" a race, or kind
gentis, adj. [in, "not;" gens, "], hufe, vast, immense.

ta,
in-hunia-tus,
" not
;"
turn,
adj.
[in>
hum(a)-o, " to bury"], unburied.

imlca,
fr.
"not;" cultus, "cultivated"], wot culti^vated, uncultivated, untilled.
inimicus,
In-3,niicus
;
imicum, adj.
[for
" friendly
things
:
"],
" not ;" amicus, unfriendly, hostile. Of

in,
/în-cumbo,
3, V. n. [in, lie
to_
''
cabal, no sup., cumb6re,

;"
'
hurtful, injurious, destructive.

Iqua, iquum, adj. [for In-
down"].
settle
upon obsol. cumbo, to With dat.: Of the winds: upon; to fall or rush violently
avi,
in-iquus,
;
upofC
sequus fr. in, " not ;" aequus, " favourable "], unfavourable, adverse, hostile.
J.U
in-CUS-O,
atum,
are, 1, v. a. [for
injuri-a,
right "
],
incaus-o; fr. in, "against;" causa, judicial process "], to blame, chide.
"a
ae, f. [in, iiijury, wrong.
"not;"
jus,
in-ciitio, cussi, cussum, catfire, 3, v. in, "against;" fr. a. [for in-quatio ; quatio, "to shake;" hence, "to strike"]. With ace. of thing and dat. of person : to strike into, to inspire in one.
in-piger, pigra, plgruni, adj. [in, "not;" piger, "indolent"], quick, active. inquara or inqiiio, v. defect. to
:
say.
i-n-de,
:
adv.
Of time
from
that
in-rigo, rlgavi, rigatum, rigare, 1. v. " without force " rigo, " to [in, moisten "], to bedew.
n.
;
F
^'
time, after that, afterivards [pronominal root I n. epenthetic ; suffi.K de (=9e or Oev, "from")]. in-diCO, dixi, dictum, dIcSre, 3, v. a. dico, "to [in, in " augmentative" f^rce say ;" hence " to declare "], to proclaim, announce, appoint.
;
scl-o,
iu-SCi-U3, a, um, adj. [In, "not;" "to know"], not knowing, un-
awares in-scribo, scripsi, scriptum, scribgre, 3, V. a. (in, " upon ;" scrlbo, "to write"],
to
make marks upon, tnark. in-sequor, sequutus sum,

[in,
sSqui, 8, v.
RS
V.
in-di&nor, dignatus sum, dignari, 1, dep. [in, "not;" dignor, "to deem
"], to
dep.
"after,
"J,
"to follow
In
worthy
to
be indignant or disdainful.
order
or
upon;" sCquor, follow after, pursue. succession : to succeed,

close
to
T
y
in-diio, dili, datum, da6re, 3, v. a. put on, asuum^ the appearance, etc., of another [ivSvia]. in-erm-is, is, e. adj. [for in-arm-us; fr. in, "not;" arm-a, "arms"], without
folloio.
in-sido. sedi, sessum, sldSre, 2, v. n. fr. In, " upon ;" sgduo, "to [for in-sedeo sit"], to sit down upon, settle upon.
;
arms or weapons unarmed. In-fandus, fanda, fandum, adj. [in, "not:" fandus, " to_be_aiioken of"], un;
insid-iae, larum, f. plur. [insldgo, "to take up a position in a place "], artifice,
plot, snare.
in-sign-is,
urn,
e,
adj. [in.
"upon;"
siiekhahle, unuUei'dble, abominable. noin neuter sing. as an exclamation

,
In
:
"a mark"],
remarkable,
signdistin-
1 I
guished.
horrible or dreadful thing or, adverbially, horribly I
horror
;"
in-felix, felicis, .-.dj. |in, " not " happy "J, unhiippy. miserable.
felix,
in-spiro, splravi, splratum, spirSre, I, a. [in, "into;" splro, " to breathe "]. Of a passion, emotion, etc. : to inapirt^
V.
produce, excite, kindle.
130
VOCABULARY.
invi-SUS,
fr.
In-sto, stiti, stTitum, sUlre, 1, v. n. [In; " to sUiid "] (III, " on or upon "J, to press onwards or linrd.
sto,
so,
sum, adj
(for invldus;
invld-eo, " to hate
"], luiteii,
liaUful.
in-struo,
8,
struxi,
a.
[in,
"J.
" to build
fit
structum, strfifire, " without force ;" strflo, Of a bouse to furnish,

;
in-vi-us, a, um, adj. (in, " not ;" vl-a, " a way "], that affords no way ; impassable,
impenetrable.
up.
f.
1-pse, psa,
ipsius
;
In-SiU-a, ae,
rtor
in-sal-a
"],
fr.
In,
fr.
psum (gen. ipsiusat v. 114 dat. ipsi), jTon. dem. [for is-pse is; suffix pse], self; very. As subst.,
;
"
in ;" siil-utn,
'
the sea
[in,
an
island.
;"
of all persons
and both numbers

anger, vrrath, raae.
/, etc.,
in-super, adv.
Buper, " above head.
"],
" on or ujion
myself.
on the
top, above, over-
ira, ae,
f.
Plur.
angry passions, wrathful

tions of rage.
a.
feelings,
emo1, v.
in-tac-tus, ta, turn, adj. [for in-tagtus; fr. In, "not;" tango, "to touch;" through root tag], jiuie, chaste.
intens. [for intend-to ; fr. intend-o, " to Btretch out against " in a hostile manner],
to threaten,
ir-rigo, rlgSvi, rlgitum, rlgSre, [same as inrigo).

i-S,
C-a,
:
id (i?en.
inten-to,
tfivi,
tatum,
tare,
1,
v. a.
dem.
this,
ejus ; dat. ei), pron. that person or tiling. As
menace.
subst., of both numbers and all genders the pnrson or thin;] just mentioned ; he, she, it. =talis: o/ such a kind ornatwt
inter, prep. gov. ace. : between. Of time during, in the course of; among, amidst, in the m.id.'st of.
:
such [akin to pronominal root

i-ter, root ij,
tlnC'ris,
i].
n. [eo,
a way, road ;
J.
"to go," through a journey, course,
inter-dum,
intervals of ace. of dies times.
inter,
;"
;
(prob. inter, ''at dum, contr. fr. dium, old see diu], occasionally, some-
adv.
etc
ja-ceo,
; :
ctii,
persons to lie fr. inter-ea, adv. [for inter-eam " between ;" 6am, ace. sing. fem. .beneath or below. Of time of is]. meanwhile, in the ^^*"jac-tO, tavi, tatum, tare, 1 v. a. intens. mean time. [jac-io, " to throw "J, to keep throwing or tossing ; to toss to and frn^ to drive (inter-for), fatus sum, fan, 1, v. dep. hither and thither. Of words, etc. to finter, "during;" (for), "to speak"], to toutt^r, pr,u: jiirth ; to resalMA, turnover, break in upon, or interrupt, the converetc., in tlieTlftiind. Wih personal pron. sation, etc.
:
:
citum, cSre, 2, v. n. Of dead. Of places : to lie
inter-ior; lus, comp. adj. [obsol. " within "], inner, interior ; the inner part of that denoted by the subst. to wbuch it is in attribution. Sup.
intOr-us,
in reflexive force : to conduct ont's etc., self in a proud and haughty manner ; to
hshave haughtily.
[jacai-um, launch.
intimus.
jaculor, atus sum, ari, "a javelin"], to
1, v. dep. hurl, cast,
intimus, a, nm, sup. adj.: iyinermost the innermost part of that denoted by the subst. to which it is in attribution.
'.^
y.
jam,
of
is,
jam
in-tono,
n.
[in,
tOnfli,
no supine, tCnare,
;"
'^^"^
1,
" without force

to
tono, " to
thunder "],
thunder.
at one time ..at another time ; now ... no^v ; at that time, then. Strengthened by tum at that very time, even then.
. .
adv. [prob. =eam, ace. sing. fem. "this, that"], at this time, now jam, at this time at that tim.e;
With ace.: wit/im. in-tractabnis, tractabile, adj.

intra, prep.
[In,
" not
;"
tractabilis,
indomitable,
tîbdued.
" to be handled "]. unconquerable, not to be
adv. [jam, "now;" dtidura, "not long since"], now at once, instantly, forthtvith.
jam-dudum,
j-am-pridem,
long time past.
to order,
adv.
[jam
prTdem,
"long ago"], long ago, long
since, for
gredi, 3, V. dep. [for intro-gradior ; fr. intro, within;" gradior, "to step"], to step withiv to enter.
,
intro-gredior, gressus sum,
jubeo, jussi, jussum, command, bid.
Jflbere, 2, v. a.
intus, adv.: within, in the insidt or

interior [akin to Gr. evrdy].
in-veho. vexi, vectum, vghfre, 3, [in, "upon;" veho. "to carrj/"], ride on or upon ; to be carried upon.
a.
v.
to
judic-ium,Ii,n. judic-o, "to judge"], sentence or decision of a judge; a judgment. jug-O, avi, atum, are, 1, v. a. [jOg-um, " a yoke "j, to join or give in marriage ; to marry.
VOCABULARY.
Jdgr-UXQ,
join
"],
i,
131
"],
n. [JDo,
root of
rid'jc ;
a mountain
jieak.
Juni,'o, " to a Iwii/ht,
hollowed out
ceiling.
a sunken panel
adj.:
in
the
co-
summit,
a.':
larg-U3,
a,
um,
abundant,
"J,
jungo,
jugumj.
junxi, junctum, jungSre, 3, v. to join, unite ; to harness horses [see
pious, pleiit ful.
late, adv. far and ivide.
[lat-us,
" wide
widely,
ju-S, ris. n. [root JU," to bind"]. Plur.: laws, ordinances.

jiif
fr. jus-sum, si, n. (for jub-sum jabuo, " to order"], anjtni&r, co mmand
;
.
Qi, Itum, ere, 2, v. n. and a. Act. : to to lie hid, be concealed. tie hi' I or be concealed from ; to escape the iidlicc of [akin to AaS, root ot \a.vB6.v(a,
lat-eo,
:
Neut
" to
just-itfa,
justice.
itiae,
f.
[just-us,
"just"],
lie
hid
"].
latex, latus,
sprcadiiig
icis,
jus-tus, ta, turn. adj. [for jur-tus ; fr. jus, jur-is, "lay;"], just, fair, equitable.
jiiven-is,
is,
m.: any liquid or fluid. um, adj. wide, extendtd, far and toide [root plat, "to
a,
:
;
youthful. As a youth, young
adj. comm. gen. subst. : a young
youn'j.
extend
person;
;" cp. n-AaTu;, n-AoTavos, jrAanj planta, latus (i.e., platus), platessa].
man.
f.
latus,
"young"],
youth,
i.e.,
Oris,
n.
the side,
whether ot
juven-ta,
youth.
tae,
fjtiven-is,
persons or things [prob. akin to latus).
laus,
tutis,
f.
laudis,
f.:
irraise,
commendation
cp.
juven-tus,
young men.
[id.],
[for (c)laus,
KK-iifiv
;
root CLtJ, "to hear;" clueo, gloria (=:clu-oria)

a,
juvi, jutum, juvare, 1, v. a. and Act.: to aid, assist. Neut.: to please, delight, gratify.
JUVO,
laxus,
loosen
slack.
;"
um.
n.
cp.
Av'u),
adj. [root Lu, "to solvo (=se-luo)], loose,

legfire,
v. a.
lego,
L.
lab-or, oris, m. labour, toil. Of the sun an eclipse [akin to root labh, " to
: :
legi,
lectum,
etc.:
.S,
Of
J.L
magistrates,
elect.
to
choose,
apj: -nt,
acquire;" Gr.
take"].
Aa(3,
root Aa^jSara),
labi, 3, v.
"to
[len-is,
len-io, Ivi or li, ;tum. Ire, 4, v. "mild"], to appease, assuage.

lev-is,
e, adj.: light,
a.
rapid [akin toGr.
'\Kd
labor,
laps\is
sum.
or mroop downwards LAMB, " to fall "].
dep. : to [aJAn to root

1,
i-Kax-v';].
labor-O,
labor],
to
avi,
atum, are,
v. a. [1.
atum, are, 1, v. a. [lev-is, to lilt, or raise up ; to lighten, relieve, alleviate.
leV-O,
avi,
"
light
"],
laboriously or with toil to work something labor ioiislij.
make
lex, read "
legis,
,
f.
[for leg-s
fr.
leg-o,
" to
aAaw
bri,
or cn-ictment.
F RS
lacriraa,
tear,
Soico?].
ae, (old
form dacrima),
;"
f.
liber,
libo,
etc.,
m.
a book.
are, 1, v. a.
:
[root dak,
" to bite
cp. &a.Kviu,
avi,
atum
Of wine,
<
lacrim-o,
[h'lcrira-a,
"a
are, 1, v. n. tear"], to shed tears, weep.

avi,
atum,
for religious purposes to Vike nd pour out in honour of a deitj- ; to ke a lib 'tion of: Gr. Aeiô).
laedo,
laesi,
laesum, laedere,
f.
3, v. a.:
licet,
all meed,
to displease, offend.
flit, itum, Cre, or permitted.
2,
v.
n.
i'
laet-itia,
joy, gladness.
Itlae,
[laet-us, "joyful"],
li-raen, minis,
llg o,
"to
n. [for lig-men ; tie or fasten "], a threshold.
fr.
T
u
laet-or, atus sum,

to rejoice, delight.
ari, 1, v.
dep.
[id.],
linquo,
a.
:
to Ic'ive
lictum, linquOre, [akin to Gr. AeiTrw].

llqui,
3,
v.
laetus,
pleasini].
a,
um,
adj.
joj/M, glad,
full
liquor, no
Jhiid,
perf., qui, 3, V. dep.:
to be
With gen.: abounding in;

a,
or liquid [akin
.
to root
u, "to
of laev-US,
left side.
smear over"
um,
adj.
:
left, i.e.,
on the
f.
:
left
hand
As subst. .-laeva,
laeva,
ae,
the
on ihe
left
hand or
li-tus, tOris, n. [prob. li, tfiot of li-no, "to overspread"], the sex-shore, bench, strand.
side [\aiF-6';].
lS,-pis, pidis, m.:
loco,
i,
m.
avi,
atum,
are,
v.
a.
stone [cp. Aa-as,

Saris, n.
[locus,
one'f:
" a stone "].
place"], to place, set; to take place or seat.
"a
laqu-eare (-^r),
(akin to
I4c-u8, In etymological force of
"a
thing
n.),
locus, i, m. (plur. loci, m., and loca, a place, spot.
13:
VOCABULARV.
mag-is, comp.
more.
adv. [akin to magnus],
long-B, adv. (loii2f-us, "lonj;"), 'i '""'7 U'ly oi/\ afiir off; i.e., to a dhtance ; al a dulitncc.
mag-ister,
iiiagnus].
istri,
m. [root maq
:
of.
long-US
l6qu-or,
speitk.
a,
uin,
adj.
Ions;,
in
the
:
Of a vessel
the steersman.
fullest sense of the word.

iitus
magistr-atus,
i,
sum,
3,
v.
dep.
to
magistr-ij,
us,
atus, gistrate.
a,
m. [magister,
adj.
"),
magn-anim-us,
ri,
um,
[magngreit-
16-rum,
horses.
Plur.
the
reins of
" irreat ;"
anim-us,
na,
" soul
.ôukd, mignanimoxts.
luctor,
struggle
tatus sum,
i,
tari, 1, v.
dep.
to
I
mag-nus,
:
nam,
adj.: great, i.e.,

:
luc-us,
general.
111.
wood or grow
in
mighty. Of sound Joifd, nuiiierous, noble. Of persons, with re.s))ect to age advanced. Coinp major
r,/c, Sijticious,
:
lusum, liidere, 3, v a. and ludo, Act.: to iiuilce sjiort n. [ludus, "play"). Neut. to vUiy, of, i.e., to jnuck, deceive.
lusi,
:
(i.e.,
inagGr. ixiy-a<;. Sans, inah-a, great " f r. root maii (ori^'-inally magh), ' to be great ; to be
niug-lor).
Sup.:
maximus
to
.
(i.e.,
simns: [root
m.ô,
'
akm
sport.
liOiVerful ").
lu-men,
lvic-6o,
'
minis,
"],
n.
to shine
UjM
(for lucnien ; aw eye.

fr.
fr.
in:!ll-us, a,
um,
adj.:
frrid
of its kind
:
lu-na, nae, f. [for luc-na; " to shine "J. the moon.
luo-co,
luna-tus. ta, turn, adj. [lun(a)-o, " to bend like a half-moon or crescent"], haijinoon shaped, crescent shaped.
injurious, hurtful; ir ckcd ; evil; unfortunate. Assubst.: malum,!, n. ^n Comp. pejor sup. evil, misfortune. pessimus [akin to Gr. /oieAos. "black"].
:
;
mamma,
man-eo.
hand
teor/c,
"),
ae,
si,
f.
a breast.
ere, 2, v. a.: to re-
sum,
telis,
luo,
a.
(o
IQitum or lutum, lilOre, ?., v. Of punishment, etc. : to pay, suffer; atone for, exidate, a fault, etc.
lOi,
miin, continue
l/iec-io].
man-tele,
n.
[miln-us,
"the
a napkin,
towel,
:
lup-a,
o^-,
a she-ivolf [like Gr. Au'kae, f akin to Sans. LUP=Lat. RUP, " to break
:
or tear
"J.
nus, f. a hmd ; h mdyworlnmnsldp, work [akin to root ma, " to measure ;" see immanis),
ma-nus,
lUStr-O. avi, atum, are, 1, v. a. [lustrum, " an expiatory offering "], to review,
search, traverse.
mar-e,
die,"
i.e.,
:
morior
five
n. : the sea [root mar, " to that which kills cp. mors, MopTd9 = 3poTd5 also cp. Sans,
is,
;
lu-strum,
or expiate"], lustrum.
stri, n. [in-o,
a space of
f.
"to wash out years, a

luc-So,
main
all
Slav,
more
;
Celtic
mor
;
Lith.
;
marios, mares
lux,
shine
Ill
luois,
[for luc-s
fr.
" to
meaning MAR, means

marmor).
Goth, marei Ir. muir "sea." Others say thf rt.
"bright;"
f.
cp.
/j-apixaipw,
"],
light,
dawn.
[lax-us, "dislocated").
:
lux-US, us, m. a good sense
mater,
fr.
tris,
Of persons: a mother.
;
splendour, magnifi,:
Of animals: a
cewe.
lyclinus,
[root LUC,
i,
a
;"
" to shine
Ivjht, lamp, cp. lux].

[vviJ.<fir)\.
torch
[akin to Gr. fi^-xjjp a root ma, in meaning of "to produce ;" and so " the producer"],
dim
matur-O, atum,
us, in
fire,
1, v. a.
[matur-
meaning
of
"quick"],
to hasten,
lymptia, ae, f.: l5mx, cis, comm.
water
s^jeed.
gen.: a lynx [Au'yf ].

to
med-itor,
itatus
sum,
itari, 1, v.
;
dep.:
PL.
think or rejlect upon meditate about [akin to care for"].
to
muse or
"to
ixeS-o/j-ai,
osum, adj. [mucrda, macul-osus, " a spot or blemish ;" hence, " a spot or mark" on the skin, etc.], full of spots,
osa,
spotted, dappled.
maerens
med-ius. ia, lum, adj.: m,iddle. mid (where a person or thing is in the middle; i.e.), the middle, or med.H of that denoted by the subst. to which it is in
attribution mid-ius).
[cp.
|J.e<ro^;,
part. pres. of maeres.

:
jae<r7;yi/s
di-
maer-eo, erp to be sad. maest-us. a, um, adj.: sad. magalia, Turn, n. plur.: little
lings, huts, woird).
etc.
mel,
dwel-
mellis, n.:
i,
koney [akin to
n.
:
iieki].
membrum,
[for menmim, cp. fxepiiui].
a limb,
mevilier
[said
to
be a Punic
root mar,
"to divide;"
VOCABULAUV.
133
I
mS-min-i,
mEn-i mens],
;
isse,
v.
defect, [for
;
men-
reduplicated fr. root men see to bear in mind; to remember,

6ris, adj.
recollect.
nee minus {and no less, i.e.), and in like manner, likewise. mu'a-bilis, bUe, adj. [mir(a)-or, "to wonder at"], that mmj or can be won-
meinor,
ful
of,
With gen.: mindOf anger

:
dered at
wonderful, marvellous.
rememberiitj.
unfor-
getting, vindictive.
mii'a-ndus, nda, ndum, adj. [mir(a)or, "to wonder at"], wonderful, marvellous, extraordinary,
memor-o,
n. (inOmor,
declare.
avi, atum, are, 1, v. a. and "mindful"]. Act.: to relate, With double ace. to call an
:
object somethirig.
declare, etc.
Neut.: to speak, say,
mir-or, ratussftm, rari, 1, v. dep.: to wonder, or marvel at ; to admire, regard with admiration [akin to Sans, root smi, "to smile"].
tis, t.: the mind, as being the seat of thought; notion, idea, thought; disposition, .leeiijigs [Lat. root men ; fr. root MAN, ''to think;" cf., also, Gr.
/u.ei'-o!].
mens,
mirus,
misccre,
abl.: to
a,
um,
adj. [mir-or,
"to won-
der"], wonderful.
miscSo,
etc. stir
;
miscui,
to
mistum or mixtuin,
men-sa,
ae,
f.
[metlor,
"to measure,"
to
through root mk-, found in part perf. meu-sus], o table; food; dishes; an
entertainment, etc.
or mingle. With mingle with or amongst persons, throw into confusion, disturb ; to
2, v. a.:
mix
up, excite, rouse [akin to Gr. /mVy-iu, ixty-vvixi, "to mix"].
men-sus, p. perf. of metier. " to measure"], a month, as a measure of time.

dep. [merx, merc-is, "merchandize"], to buy, purchase. mer-itum, Tti, n. [mer-eo, " to deserve "], a service, kindness, benefit desert, merits.
ari,
1,
men-sis,
sis,
m. [root men; whence
mis-er, era, emm, adj. [prob. akin to niaer-eo, " to be sad ;" maes-tus, " sad "], ivretched, miserable. As subst.: miser, eri, m. a wretched one, a poor wretch.
:
merc-or, atus sum,
v.
misera-bilis, bile, adj. [miser(a)-or, " to pity "], worthy or deserving of pity ;
pitiable.
miser-or, atus sum,

[miser, "
ari,
l,
v.
dep.
mer-vim,
V
wine
end,
i.e.,
i, n. [mSr-us, 'pure"], jjwrc not mixed with water.

f.
wretched "], to pity. mit-esco, no perf. nor sup., esccre, 3, V. n. [mit-is, "mild"]. In character, etc.: to become gentle or softened.
7^ met-a,
'
ae,
[met-Ior,
"to measure"],
mitto,
to send.
of, cast
off.
raisi,
missutn, mittere,
3, v. a.:
(jet
iiiiiit,
ternnnation.
Of
fear, etc.: to dismiss,
rid
mCtui, mStutum, motuere, 3, V. a. [metus (uncontr. gen.), mctd-is, "fear"], to fear, dread, be a/raid of. metus, us, (old dat. metu, 257), m.: fear, dread. me-US, a, um, pron. poss. [me], of or -belonging to me ; my, mine.
metu-O,
adv.: only, merely. perat.: just, now.
modo,
etc.
With im-
F RS
modus,
luay,
di,
m.: a manner, method,

akin to root ma, "to
[prob.
measure measure
cations,
;"
whence
;"
also Lat. me-tlor, " to Gr. ixi-rpov, "a measure"].
'
^>SvaiC-0, fli. no sup., are, gleam, spqjMe.
I,
v. n.: to
moen-ia, lum,
town; a
n. plur.: walls, fortifi-
rampaits, of a city; a walled
mill-e, num. adj.

[akin to Gr. x'^-'oi].
indt-cl.:
a thousand
city enclosed by fortifi'-alions [root MUN, "to ward off;" cp. Gr. i-uu.-u) " to ward off '].
min-Qo,
m. [m. referred to and so ''an inferior" [or to man-us, " a hand," and so "one at hand, an attendant "J, root min, "to lessen ;" cp. fnvvdia, jneicoi' minor].
min-ister, "to
istri,
moles,
is,
an immense
lessen,"
a huge pile of buildings ; labour, trouble'. mol-ior, itus sum, iri, 4, v. "dep" [mol-es, -'power, might 'j, to undertake,
set about, betake one's self to ; to build erect, construct; to make, cause, occa-
structure
T
V
servant, attendant.
ministr-O,
avi,
atum,
are,
1,
v.
a.
sion.
[minister, mlnistr-i, "a servant"], to provide, furnish, supply.
minor, atus sum, ari, jut forwards, project.

:
1,
v. dep.: to
southe.
itum, ire, 4, v a (moll-13, "soft"], to mollijy, pacify, soften '

Ivi
li,
moU-io,
mollis,
and
Hunor, us, comp. adj. see parvus. man-US, comp. adv. [adverbial neut.
of
grind
;"
e, adj. : soft [root mal, " to cp. /laAoxd?, naAdtraeiv : malva,]
minor, "
less "J,
in a
less degree,
less
nipn-ile, ilis, n.: a jewelled ornament for the neck ; a necklace.
134
;
VOCABULAltV.
nata,
"she that
tae,
is
f.
mon-S, tia, ni. (for min-s fr. min-Co, " to project "], a iiwuntain. Of thi- sêa a towerinj mass
monstr-o,
uvi,
[na-scor,
"J,
" to be born,*
;"
born
natus,
ti,
.Itum.
are,
o daughter. m. [id.] ('he that is born

Igatum, Igare,
1,
v.
a.
[monsti-um, "that which show, p"int out.
hence), a son.
warns"],
to
nav-ig'O,
I-avi,
mora,
ae,
f.:
delay.
firi,
[navis, " a ship

1,
1, v. a.
"], to
sail over, navigate.
mor-or, atus sum, [mOr-a], to delay, drtain.
v.
dep.
navis,
" to swim
is,
;"
f. : a ship, vessel [root ma, cp. i-aOs, nare.]
mor-s, tis, f. [mOr-lor], death. mor-sus, bus, m. (for mord-sus

mordco,
Jlulce.
'
ne, ne,
;
:
conj.:
that not,
lest.
:
enclitic
fr.
and interrogative particle

indie,
to bite
ale,
"].
Of an anchor
in direct questions with verb in
it
mort-alis.
to
a./j.
;
subject to death, mortal
[mors, mort-is], of or belowiinij

for me-os;
;
men.
m-6s.
nie-o,
Oris,
m.
[prob.
fr.
" to go
:
throws force and emphasis on the word to whi(;h it is attached, pointing it out as the principal one in the clause or sentence in this force it has no English equivalent. In indir.et questions with subj. whether: ne ne, whether
; :
"J, usafie,
cuntoin
a law.
<yr
whether.
a.
mOvi, niotum, niOv-ere, 2, v. Mentally to shake, toss about, agitate; to move, influence, affect; to tell,
moveo,
nebula,
nee,
ae,
f.
mist,
vapour
NOB, " to cover
[root
;"
cp. vejio^, nubes.

;
reveil
necdum
; ;
see neque.
mulceo,
raulsi,
mulsum
or mulctum,
necnon
nectar,
the gods
see neque.
:
mulcere, 2, v. a.: to soothe, pacify, allay, soften, appease.
iris, n. nectir. the drink of at v. 433 applied to honey as
mult-um,
niult-us, "
Sinjf.
adv.
much "J, much, mul-tu3, ta, turn, adj.

:
[adverbial neut. of r/reaUy.

Sing-.:
being something exquisitely delicious [ne " not ;" KTAN-, " to kill :" aa conferring
immortality).
many
sup.,
a.
I'lur.
many.
much. Comp.
to
necto,
to
nexfii,
nexum, nectGre,
lie,
3, v. a.:
plus
plurlmus [perhaps akin

Ivi
bind
toj'dn,
or fasten together.
adj.
fne,
i,
n-oA-us].
ne-fa ndus, nda, ndum,

or
li,
mun-io,
Itum,
Ire,
i, v. a.
" not
;" f(a)-or,
" to speak of
:
"],
iminou^,
[see inoenia], to rvall, fortify.
munus,
sound
ninr],
Ji-is,
n.:
execrable. As subst. n.: imj/iety, wickedness.

:
ne-fandum,
gift, present.
mui-mur,
Oris, n.
[prob. the natural
murmur ;
a low mvttcrinq sound; a a roaring sound, a roar.

i,
nem-us, Oris, n. feedinfj-land amongst woods; a wood with open glades; a

grove [root nem, "to feed
;" i.e.,
the feed-
mur-us,
m.: Ihe wall of a city [akin

:
ing-ground
cp. yo/ios, fiiinv].
to root MIR, " to encircle"]
ne-que
The Muse
[ne,
(conti.
;"
Musa, ae, /. a whom Virsri! invokes
Muse.
at v. 8 is Calliope, the Muse of Epic I'oetry [root mon, " to advise ;" ixov(Ta.=ij.6v-cTa moneo].
:
mu-to, tavi, tatuin, tare, 1, v. a. freq. [for niov-to: fr. mOveo, "to move"], to change, alter. With personal pron. in reflexive force: to change one's self ; to change one's mind ; to alter in feeling,
etc.
Adv. not. and not, alsn vol, neither:neque neque (nee;, neilher nor : neo dum (also written as one word, necdum), and not yet nee non (also as one word, necnon) (r.nrf not not, i.e.), and
"].
:
" not
nee), adv.
que, " and
md
conj.
Conj.: (nee)
also,
and
besides, moreover, further.
ne-queo,
v. n. [ne,
" not
quivi or quii, quitum, quire, ;" queo, " to be able "], to
be unable.
N.
V.
ne-SCio,
a.
\ni,
sclvi or scii, scltum. scfre, 4, "not;" scio, "to know'H,
nam.
que), /or.
conj.
for.
not to kn
iv ; to
be ignorant of, or unac[nescl-o,
nam-que,
na-scor,
:
conj. [nam,
"for;" suffix
quainted with.
nesci-us,
to
a.
(old form g-na-), tus sum, sci. 3, V. dep.: to be horn. With ahl. of origin to he born of or from [root o.n-a, another form of root oen (=Gr. ytr), cp. vi-y(f)>'oât gens, gigno).
:
know "I.
of,
um, adj. With g;en.

:
mt
"not
Icnowing,
ignorant
uiuicquainled with.
neu
It'll,
see neve.
ne-ve
(contracted neu), conj.:
and
nor[ne, "not;" ve, "and "J.
TOCABULARY.
ni (old form nel), conj. ndentical with ne, "moi"J. As a concUtional particle: ^ if not, uiUess.
**^*niger,
ra,
135
nun-c, adv. : now nnno nuno, now now; at one tim4....at another
time [see novus].
novnovus, "new;" veu-io, "I earry or bring a message or intelligence about ; to announce,
ven-tio
;
rum, adj.:
J^lack,
nunti-O,
fr.
avi, .atum, are, v. a. [for
nihil, indecl. subst. [ne, "not," hilum, " a mark," or filuin, " a thread"], nothing. nimb-OSUS, Qsa, osum. adj. [nimb-us, " a storm-cloud "], ft'rmy. tempestxious, attended toith many storms, eto.
come "],
to
nutrimentum,
nutrix,
menti,
fire
:
n.
[nutrl-o,
nimb-us,
nitens,
shining.
i,
m.
a black rnn-cloud,
"to nourish"]. Of a which feeds the flame.

cis, t. [id.],
fuel, as that
a thunder-cloiid, nubes].
ntis
:
gtorm-cloiid
bright,
[see
a nurse.
glUstening,
v.
ae, f.: a nymph ; a demigoddess, inhabiting either the sea, rivers, woods, trees, or mountains [Nti/x^q].
Nympha.
niteo,
tii,
no
ea,
sup., ere,
;
2,
n.:
to
thine or be bright
to glitter, glisten.
nivis,
O.
O, inter]. :
niv-eus,
"snow"],
adj. [nix, snow-white, snoioy.
eum,
no, 5vi, no sup., are, 1, v. n. : to swim [root NA, " to swim ;" cf. navis, nauta, natare vaOs, vdeif, i-ai's, i-oias].
:
6b, prep. gov. ace. To indicate object or cause on account of, in consequence o/[akin to eir-t'].
:
nodus,
i,
m.
a knot. a name;
nomen,
non, adv.
:
minis, n. [no-sco],
renoion; reiiutation, fame.

not [for ne-unum, "not one").
objec-tus, tiis, m. (for objactus fr. "to cast before," ob, "in front of;" rt. JAC, "to throw"], a castir^g or placing before or in the way ; an oppos;
objiclo,
ing, opposite position.
nos-ter. tra, trum, pron. poss. [nos, plur. of ego], of or belnngimj to xis ; our.
ob-ruo,
rfii,
no-tus,
ta,
tum, adj.
know "], known, well-knmon.
[no-sco, .,_
"to
" without force with violence "],
riltum, rOere, 3, v. a. [ob, ;" rQo, " to throw down to overthrow, overwhelm^
ra,
ob-scu-rus,
[ob,
rum,
adj.: dark,
dim
novem, num. adj. no vitas, Itatis,

neivness.
indecL: nine.
[nSv-us,
"over;"
root
SKir,
"to
cover:"
f.
"new"],
scutum].
ob-StX>, stiti, statiim, stare, 1, v. n. " over against ;" sto], to withstand, oppose, present an obstacle.
[Ob,
nov-us,
no\'us].
a,
um,
;
nominal root mr
adj.: ntti, >resft [procp. '0', reTos. nunc,
ob-stipesco,
cfire, 3, V. n.
nox,
perish :" nocerej.
noctis, f.: night [root nak, "to cp. veku's, vexpo^ : nex, necare,
ae,
stlptli, no sup., stipesinch, [ob, " without force ;"
stipesco,
"to become amazed"], to become amazed, to be struck with amazement.

sa, sum, adj. [for obtudobtundo, " to beat against ;" " hence, to blunt "]. Mentally blunted,
8U.S
;
F RS
noxa,
"to nub-es,
nOc-eo, hurt"], a fault, offence, crime.

f.
;
[for noc-sa
fr.
obtu-SUS,
fr.
is, f.:
a cloud [root xabh, " to

:
neswell ;" cp. i'(()05, i>e<l>eXrj, o^tcfiaAds bula, nimbus, iniber, umbilicus, umbo].
avi, atum, are, 1, v. a. [nudus, " naked "], to make miked or bare; to lay bare, expose to view.
dull, insensible, etc.

tiis, m. [obta-gor, " to look a look, gaze. ob-vi-UB, a, um, adj. [ob, " towards ,-" ^^-o, "to go on one's way, to trav^"], going or coming to meet ; meeting, falling in with.
obtu-tu3,
"J,
nud-O,
at
nud-us,
covered.
a,
um,
adj.
naked, bare, un-
T
u
n-ullus, uUa, ullum

nulli),
adj.
[for ne-ullu3
"J,
ullus, "
any
(ên. nulllus ; dat. fr. ne, "not;" not any, none, no.
;
occa-sus,
occid-o,
siis,
m.
;"
[for
occad-sus
fr.
" to perish
through root cad],
overthrow, ruin, destruction.
nu-men,
command,
minis, n. [na-o,
" to nod
:
"),
oc-cubo, no
n. 'for cflbo,
;
perf. -nor sup., are, 1, v.
divine Of the gods godhead, divinity ; a trill or j'vwcr ; deity, whether a god or goddess. num-erus, eri, m.: a number [root NKM, "to allot;" cp. ve/ieiy, coftos: nemus,
will.
ob-cabo fr. 6b, " without force ;" " to lie down "[, to rest or repose
Oi,
with the dead.
oc-cul-o,
cai-o
;
fr.
6h,
tum, ere, a, v. a. [for ob"over;" root cal (see

lu
riuninms].
cel-o),
"to cover "J,
hide, vr conceal.
136
occultus,
den,
st'eret.
VOCABULARY.
a,
um
[see ocmlo), hid'
ciibltum, ciimbCre, 8, V. n. (for ob (.-umbo fr. ob, "without force ;" obsol. cunibo, " to lie down "J, to lie doim in death to/all, perish.
cCibili,
; ;
oc-cumbo,
pressi, pressum, primCre, ob-premo fr. Oh, "against;" " prCmo, to press"], to crush, overivhdin.
8, V. a. [fo!
;
op-prlmo,
oc-curro,
currCre,
3,
curri
n.
and
op-S, is (nom. sing, does not occur dat. is found perhaps only once), f. [prob. for ap-s; fr. root ap, whence apiscor,
cticurri, cursuni,
;
ob-curro "towards;" curro, "to run"], come in the way a/.

v.
[for
fr.
ob,
"to obtain"], power, might, means or resources of any kind

riches.
ability;
;
weoUh,
to
meet,
6c6anus,
ociilus,
\\ op-to,
îh
i,
m.: the ocean otKeavo^}. m.:
tlli,
an
eye [akin to Gr.
oK-o!, root AK, " to see"].
odium,
li,
n. [Od-i,
"to hate"J, hatred,
tavi, Utum, tire, l,v. a.: to for, desire. With inf.: to wish to do, etc.; to choose, select. I'ass. op-tor titus sum, turi [akin to root ap, "to desire to obtain"].
:
hate, ill-wUl.
6p-ulentus,
:
tilenta,
tUentum,
abl.:
od-or, oris, m.: a scent, odour [root od; akin to Gr. oiw ( = 66crw) also Lat. 61-eo, "to emit a smell"; to "smell of"].
oflFero, obtcdi, oblatum, offerre, v. irreg. [for ob-fero fr. ob, " towards fero, " to bring"], to present, shew.
;
[opes, " wealth -J. wealthy with or tn.
With
adj. rich, or
opus,
ora,
Cris, n.:
f.
work, employment.
:
a. ;"
ae,
Of the land
coast, sea-
coast; count )-y.
of-fic-ium,
(ops), op-is,
li.
"aid;"
n. [for fac-io,
op-facium ; fr. "to perform"],

;
a kindness, favour, courtesy. ol-im, adv. [for oU-im fr. oll-e, old form of ill-e]. Of future time in time to come; at some time or other, here:
orbis, is, m.: a circle, orbit, orb : orbis terrarum, or orbis alone (the circle of lands, i.e.), the world, the earlh. Of things that return at a certain period of
time
:
circuit.
after.
olli, old
form of
illi,
dat. of
ille.
;
ordior, orsus sum, oidlri, 4, v. dep.: to begin, commence. ord-O, Inis, m. [ord-ior, " to weave "] arrangement, order; a row. Km; order,
succession.
minis, n. [ f. r or-men f r. 6r-o, " to speak "], a prognostic, or omen of any kind. In the poets, sometimes marriage, nuptials, as being alwajs preceded by the taking of auguries and the
iioting of the
6-men.
oriens,
ntis.
As
subst.: the
rises.
the quarter where the sun
East as
'
omens.
pOt4ntis, adj. [omn-ij,
;
omn-i-potens,
6r-igo, Iglnis, I. [Or-Ior, " to arise ;" "to begin"], a beginning, commencemcnt, origin; birth, descent,
hence,
lineage.
" rll ;" (i) connectingr vowel pOtens, "powerful"^, all-potcerful, omnipotent.
omnis,
persons,
e,
adj.: all, every.
omnes, mm, comm.

all.
a\'i,
gen.
subst.: plur. : all
As
6r-ior, tus sum, Iri, 3 and 4, v. dep.: Of birth to spring, or descend from [prob. akin to op-rv/ai, "to stir
<"
me
up "].
atom, are, 1, v. a. [onus, oner-is, "a burden"], to burden, load. Of liquids, with abl. to stow in. onus, eris, n.: a burden, load.
6ner-o,
adurn "
oma-tus,
',
tus, m. [orn(a)-o, dress, attire, apparel.
"to
6t-0,
avi,
atum,
"],
"the mouth
.Ire, 1, v. a. [os 6r-is ' to bej, imjlore, entreat.
onus-tus,
fr.
to, turn, adj. [for
oner-tus
Onus, Oner-is, laden, etc,
"a
burden"], loaded,
companions
Orontes, is, (gen. Orontei, v. 220), : Orontes, a chief of the Lycii, one of the
Una, imum, adj. :op-s), plur. op-es, " wealth "], wealthy, rich.
op-imus,
mouth;
OS,
of ^neas. OS, oris (gen. plur. not found),
n.
the
'
opperior,
penri,
petere,
4,
perltus and pertus sum, v. dep.: to wait /or.

petivi
v.
;"
at v. 245 the the face, countenance.

ossis, n.
mouth
of
a riverto
:
bone [akin
n. [for
Or.
fr
op-peto,
3,
and
petii,
;
petitum,
fr.
a,
[for
ob-peto
go to "], to go to Tneet ; to encounter. With ellipse of mortem (which is sometimes e.vpressed),

to
" towards
peto, " to
Ob,
os-culum,
08, or-is],
cfili,
or-ctUum
kiss.
encounter death,
Le.,
to
die,
fall',
perish.
tendi, tensum, tendere, 3, for obs-tendo; fr. oba (=ob), "before or over against ;" teudo, " to stretch
V. a.
os-tendo,
out "J, to show, point out
VOCABULARY.
13^
;
Vost -irSt-ium,
thing
;
li,
n.:
the
mouth
of
any-
Collectively
others.
some
pars .... pars,
oi
an entrance
i.
[os, oris,
mouth].
OStrum,
n.
a purple couch,
i.e.,
a purple dress, purjik ; a couch covered with
part-is,
part-ior, itus sum, Iri, i, v. dep. [pars, " a part"], to divide, portion out,
-^
-
purple hangings.
apportion.
P-
par-feus, tiis, m. [p3.r-Io, " to bring forth "], a bringing forth, a birth.
par-9,
:
pabulum, bOli, n. [pa-sco, "to feed"].

Of animals
;"
:
food, fodder.
[rt rv, " to -uit, ere cp. punio, iroiv)], " it repents ;" purify me paenitet : / repent.
paenit-et,
par-VUS, va, vum, adj. [prob. akin to "a part"], small, little. (Of persons "young;" comp.: "younger, less in age ;" hence), as subst. minor-es, um, comm. gen. plur. descendants, pos:
terity.
Comp.: minor
(sup.: minimus).
:
or loose drexi, worn especially by women in the poets sometimes assigned to men.
palla,
ae,
f.
[see pelta for root], a robe,

;
"
to
pall-idus, Ida, idum, be pale "\, pole, pollid.

f.
adj.
[pall-eo,
[root pal or pat, palma, ae, cover," or " to spread :" see pelta pando], the palm of the hand.
"to
and
to pa-SCO, vi, stum, scere, 3, v. a Pass, in reflexive force, of animals: feed. to graze, browse, feed [akin to root pa, "to nourish;" cp. Trar^p, notns, irdr^ca pater, panis, penxis Gotliic fadar ; O.H.G. y- fatar ; Eng. father].
: ;
A),
pat-eo,
Oi,
lie
pando,
pandOre,
panai,
a.:
pansum and passum,

to
'pandol, to evident.
no sup., ere, open; to be

'
2,
v.
n. [see
,
man ifest
:
or
open, thri/w open. P. pert, pass., of the hair: dishevelled [root P.AT, "to spread;" cp. jreTdi-i-vM', ire'ToAo', Trarai/t/ patere, paiulus, pandoj.
3, v.
:
pa-ter,
tris,
m.
[see pasco],
o father,
fathers,
as one who protects. forefathers, ancestors.
Plur.
par,
giinilir.
p4ris, adj.: equal, corresiwndiffj,
Par-ca, ae, f. sin^.: one of the (three) I'lur. . the Fotes goddesses of /"te. their Latin names were Xona, Decunia, Morta , their Greek names Clotho, Lacho" to bring or sis, Atropos [prob. root par.
put
80,
pat-era, 6rae, . [pat-eo, " to lie open ;" hence, "to spread out, extend." see pando], a broad fiat dish, especially used in making ofterings a bowl for
;
libations.
whence par-o, " to prepare ;" and " she who brings or assigns " ones
;"
patior, passus sum, pati, 3, v. dep.: endure ; to permit, allow, suffer [root spa, span, "to increase or to
to suffer, bear,
pain
;"
TreVop.ai
a-deLv, spatium ; -acrx"), JroSos, putientia, penuria].

:
lot;
cf.
Gr.
Moip-a,
fr.
"the Allotter or
in force of
Apportioner,"
/leipofiai,
patr-ius,
la,
lum, adj. [pater,

.
patr-is],
;
" to allot"]. parc-O, peperci (less frequently parsi), parcitum or parsum, parciire, 3, v. n. " rare "], to o-Trapfos, cp. [=sparco
;
of or belonging to a father ; a father's paternal. As subst. patri-a, ae, f. fatherland, native country.
tpare a thing; frain from.
i.e.,
to
abstaiii
or
re-
land
a, um, adj. [patri-a, "fatherof or belonging to on^s fatherI'nd, or native crruntry ; native.
patri-us,
"],
comm. gen. [either for par-io or fr. obsol. par-o = beget to bring forth"], a parent, whether a father or mother.
par-ens,
ntis,
paucus,
(sing.:
a,
-jm,
adj.
Of
number
pari-ens, fr. par-Io, "to
"smaU"], plur.: few. paul-atiin, adv. [paul-us, " little "], by little and little ; by dejrees, gradually.
parens,
ntis, p. pres. of pareo.

ati,
par
Parca].
briitr/
eo,
Itum. ere,
:
2,
v. n. [see
pax,
or PAG,
quillity.
pacis,
:
f.
[for pac-s
;"
fr.
root pac,
T
V
With dat. to obey. pario, 6re, peperi, partum,

jorth.
" to bind
whence Tn^yyvm,
TratrcroAos
v.
paciscor, pagus], peace, tranOris,
a,
pectus.
adv. [par, "equal"], equally; time, together.
n.
t?ie
breast; heart;
par -iter,
at the
mind.
name
pec-us,
[see pax].
Oris, n.
animals in general
:
panna,
a
ae, f . : a small target [Gr. irap/ii)].
round shield
par-o, 5vi, atum, are, 1, v. a.: to mÛce or get ready ; to prepare. par-S, tis, f. [see Parca], a part, piece,
portion, etc.
pec-us, Qdis, f. (sing. " a single head of cattle "X plur. cattle in general [see pax].
:
pelagus,
sea (either
i,
n.
the sea, esp. the
Of persops
a part,
etc.
from root plak, "toû;
138
i.e.,
VOCABULARY.
to glide through; tn pass udth glidii^ motion almtg ; to slrim almg.
" the beatinp thinp ;" cp. 7rA^<rcrtc, nAjjy^: platig-o, plaji.i, plecto, or from irAaf, TrAttTi)? : "flat;" cp. aequor, fr. aequus).
pello, pOpQli, pulsum, pellere,
to drive
irdpo;,
3, v. a.:
;"
per-misceo,
mixtum,
miscCii,
2,
mistum
v.
a.
and
[per, "], tn
miscCre,
nut or aivdi/ [root par, " to go
hence, " to
cause
to
ro
:
;'
cp.
nepdu},
;
TTOpCfid?,
trope via
porta, portus
"in thorouj;h/are "]. pelta, ae, f. a pclta, i.e., a target or small liiiht shield (in the shajie of a halfmoon) [root PAL, " to cover ;" cp. irdWa
Eng.
fare,
:
" thoroughly ;" misci'o, " to mix mingle together, intcrminile. per-mitto, mlsi, missnm, mittSre, 3, v. a. [per, " through ;" mitto, " to allow to go "], to grant permit, suffer, eta
per-solvo,
v.
a.
solvi,
sOlutum, solvere,
3,
[per.
pellis).
pay"]. return, render.
"completely;" solvo, "to Of a recompense, thanks: to

sOmli, sOnltum, sOnare,
1,
pendeo,
V. n.: to
pGpendi, no sup., pendcre,

;
2,
harvj doxon ; to be suspended be uplifted in the air ; to overhang.
to
per-sono,
v.
a.
"without force;" sono, "to sound forth ;" hence, " to pour forth in
[ptT,
pen-etro,
V.
etrSvi, etratum, Otrare, 1,
song,"
etc.], to fill
with song.
n.
[root
" entering,"
penetrate.
PEN, denoting the idea of " the interior "], to enter,
pen.itus,
wUhin ;
adv. [id.], deeply, far wholly, thoroughly, completely.

i,
temptavi, temptitum, temptare, 1, v. a. per, " thoroughly ;" tempto, "to handle;" heuce, "to try"], to pervade.
per-tempto,
jjenus, us and
food, provisions.
m. and
f.
[see pater],
go
pe.S, pfidis, _m. : o foot [root pad, "to ;" cp. TTarelv, jroSs, itcSt] : Eng. foot].
peplum.
i,
n.,
and peplus,
i,
m.
pes-tis,
perd-o,
tis,
f.
[see peltal (.the robe of state of Jlinerva
"to destroy
[prob. for perd-tis ; fr. "], destruction, ruin.
at Athens, with wliich her statue was solemnly invested every five j'ears, at the festival called Panathenaea hence), a splendid or sumjituous upper robe or
;
!<eek,
Ivi or li, itum, Sre, 3, v. a.: to proceed to or toxoards ; to desire, to ask for ; to endeavour to obtain ; to
peto,
to
garment ; a robe of state. through. per, prep. gov. ace. ca.se throuf/h, throughout, during ; Of time
:
atrive
after
[root
:
Tri-TTT-etv, TreVo/iai
pat, "to fly;" cp. penna (=pet-na), im-
pet-us].
all over, throv/jhuut, along.
pharetra, ae, f.: a quiver ['jyapirpa., "a quiver," as being "that which carries"
arrows].
per-aerr-o, avi, atum, are, 1, v. a, [per, " through ;" uger, agr-i, " a field "], to wander about, or through; to traverse.
'
a.
per-cello, c-ali, culsum, cellCre, 3, v. per in "augmentative force;" cello, "to impel"!, to strik:, whether physically
I
pic-tura, turae, f. [for pig-tur; fr. pi(n)g-o, " to paint ;" through root piq ; cp. TTot/ctAot: pictus], a painting, picture, whether in painting, mosaic, or any other mode of delineation.
pi-etas,
etatis,
f.
or mentally.
[pl-us;
;
see plus],
affection,
;
perciitio,
intensive
;
cussi, cussum [per, qualio, "to stiike"], strike.

Sre,
tfdi, latum, ferre, v. a. " without force ;" ffiro, " to
piety with respect to the gods dutifulness, love, tendei-ness pidrlotism.

a.
loyalty,
per-fero,
irreg.
[per,
bear"].
With
:
per.-onal
pron.,
in
reself.
flexive force
to
bear or betake one's

flatum, flare,
flo,
pi(n)g'0, pinxi, pictum, pinggre, 3, v. (" to paint ;" hence, of needlework), to embroider.
pingiois,
per-flo,
[per,
flavi, 1,
e, adj.:
v.
a.
"through;"
"to blow"],
pi-us,
:
a,
um,
a<1j.
faU Of persons
piovu,
;"
to
blow through.
devout, just [root pa, " to purify TTvp parus, putare].
cp.
per-go, rexi, rectum, gSre, 3, v. n. [for per-ri-gii ; fr. per, " quite ;" rfgo, "to make
straight"], to proceed,
plac-eo,
please.
ili,
goon.
Impers.
itum, Sre, placitum

:
2, v. n. : to (est), if lias
In speaking : Of one who has not yet spoken : to begin and go on ; la proceed.
pleased (me)
; i.e., it is
my
will.
plac-ldus,
" to
ful, idacid.
Ida,
idum,
calm,,
abj.
[pliic-eo,
i>lease "\, gentle,
mild, peace-
perl-culum,
ctlli,
n.
[obsol. perl or,
" to try "], danger, iêril. per-labor, lapsus sum, Ifibi, 3, v. dep. [per, "through;" labor, "to glide"],
plac-O,
avi,
atum,
are, 1, v. a. [prob.
akin to plac-eo, "to please"], to pacify, appease, calm.
VOCABULARY.
il&gSi, ae,
ttAcitt),
f.
139
pOposci, no supine, poscCre,
3,
x.ict [root PLAT,
Of the sky "to extend ;"

:
a region,
V.
posco,
op. n-Aaxus,
AaTOS, jrAararos (=platus), platessa].
planta,
latUS
a.: to ask for, demand; to reqiiest [root park, " to ask pray for ;" cp. prox, precari, procus: posco=porsc-ere,
plau-sus, sus, ni. [for plaud-sus fr. plaud-o, "toclap;" hence, " to applaud "], applause.
;
postulare].
pot-sum
ple-nus,
fill "],
na,
filled, full.
full of [root
/it,
num, adj. With gen. PAL, "to fill ;"

TToAus
:
[pl6-o,
:
"to
filled with,
posse, v. irreg. for pot-is, " able ;" sum, " to be"], to bi able. With inf.: (I, etc.) can, could, etc., do, etc., something.
pOttii,
I
possum,
;
fr.
7rA)9(u
TToAi?,
cp. b-iV-ttAt)plere, plebs,
post, adv. and prep.

wards, hereafter.
Adv.
after-
po-pul-us, aniplus].
Piep. gov. ace: after.
plus, pluris, (plur. plures, plura), comp. adj. (see miiltus), contr. and pal, root of ple-o, changed fr. ple-or "to fill;" comparative suffix "or"],
;
lore, several, very
su|>. adj. (see tnultus) [PLB, root of plOo, "to fill "J. Of size : very great, very large, vast.
riiiia,
plu-rimus,
many. rimum,
hitbrii, hrdiitum, habere, "after;" habCo, "to have;" hence, "to hold or deem"], to esteem or re /iird less ; to consider of less impuvtance.
2, V. a. [post,
post-habeo,
adv. [post, ace. fern, of qui, " who, after that, ivhen.
post-quam,
quam,
" after ;" which "],
rain " or "
plu-vius, via, vium, adj. swim ;" root phi

pluit,
nXvveiv.
flood],
plorare,
[plQ-o, "to cp. n\v(iv, pluir.a; Eng.

;
rainy ; attended with or bringing

cQli,
n.:
;"
potens, ntis, (part. pres. of possum, but used only as) adj.: piowerful, mighty. With gen. having pcwer over; ruling over ; muster or rulei of,
;
rain.
p6tent-ia,
a cup,
goblet
:
lae,
f.
[potens, pctent-is,
4,
po-culum,
poena,
ae,
" powerful
[pot-is,
"],
might, force, power.

v.
:
[root PC, " to drink potio, bibo).

f. :
cp. niveiv, Trdtrts
pot-ior, itus sum, Iri, "powerful"]. With
dep.
to
abl.
get
offence committed see pius].
satisfaction for an ;" [root pu, " to purify

llceri, 2, v.
or take possession of.
praecipu-e,
adv. [praecipu-us, "espef.

:
cial "], especially.
poUiceor,
a.
licltussum,
dep.
praeda,
Xa(,v)S-di'etv
ae,
booty, spoil,
;
plunder
[for pot-liceor ; fr. inseparable prefix p6t, "much; liceor, "to bid" at an auction], to hold forth or promise a
n.
and
prey taken in the chase, etc. prae-hend-a root ohad, " to

;
:
game
;"
(for
seize
cp.
hed-era, prehendo, praebere

misi,
thing.
polus, i, m. [root pal, " to go hence, "the turning thing;" cp. ttoAo;, no\eu>], heaven, the heavens,
;"
( = praehibsre]. prae-mitto,
missum,
;"
mitt'ire,
3,
V.
a.
[prae,
" befofe
mitto,
" to
pond-U3,
pend-o, " to weigh
pono,
[for pend-us a weight. pOsui, posltum, ponere, 3, v.

Sris,
n.
fr.
send"], to send before or forwards ; io send in advance.
"],
prae-m-ium,
a.:
fr.
li.
n. [for
prae-em-Ium
to put, place, In I/; to lay aside; to assign, set; to put or liydoim,; to cast off. Of walls : to build. Laws, etc. : to enact.
"before;" em-o, reward, recompense.

prae,
"to take"],
adj.
praerup-tus,
ta,
turn,
[prae-
pontus,
p6pul-0,
U8,
i,
m.
the sea
a sea-wave,
ru(m)p-o, " to break off in front"], abrupt, precipitous, steep.
RS
hillou' [irdvTOs].
5vi,
atum,
to
5re, 1, v. a. [popul-
"a
people
"],
lay waste, devastate,
prae-S-ens, entis (abl. usually praesente of persons, praesenti of things), adj. [prae, "before;" s-um, "to he"}, present,
at hand, instant.
pot?.
po-piSl-us, i, m.: a people, nation; the people of a particular country, etc. [prob. for pol-p61 us fr. ttoAu?, "much;" plur. "many;" see plenus].
;
praesep-e,
fence in front
71), adj.
"].
is,
n.
Of bees
[praes:-p-io, : a hive.
"to
praesta-ns,
ntis (abl. praestanti, v, [praest(a)-o, "to stand before;"
por-ta,
city,
tae,
;
f.
house
an
[see pello], a gate of outlet, passage, etc.
a
to
hence, "to be superior"], superior, surpassing, distinguished.
por-to,
tfivi,
tatum,
tare, 1, v. a.
carry, convey [see pello].
prae-sto,
stiti,
stitum and
statum,
por-tus,
tus,
m. [akin to
por-ta],
harlxrur, haven, port.
stare, 1, v. a. [prae, " before ;" sto, " to stand"], to be superior; to surpass. Impers.: prae-stat, is ig better.
140
praetfer-ea, adv.
fr.
VOCABULARY.
[for
prueteream
praeter, "beyond;" earn, ace. sing, '"' this "J, hereajter, morefeni. of pron. is,
over, further.
cello,
procul, aiv. (raoctiL, a root of pro"to drive forwards"). Of place:

off.
at a distance, fir
pro-do,
verti,
versuni, vertgre, "before;" verto, "to V. a. [pra.-, S, turn "], to pre occupy, to take possession
prae-verto,
[pro,
ditum, dCre, "forth;" do, "to put"],

didi,
3,
v.
a.
to
betray
perfidiously.
profic-iscor, fectus sum,

V.
ficisci, S,
;'l
qf beforehand.
dep. n. inch, [pro, " forwards
fic-Io,
prae-vertor, versus sum,

dep.
speed.
[piae,
verti, 3, v.
"before;"
to
self"], to
outrun;
prcssi, reins: to
"to turn one's surpass, outstrip in

prC-mfire, 3, ti/jht ; to cover, etc., does; to the (.-iLose ; to
" to make "], to set out, go, proceed. pro-for, f.itus sum, fari, 1, v. dep, [pro, " forth, out ;" (for), " to speak ''j.
to sîeak
out or jorth; to say.
premo,
V. a.
pressum,
Of overwhelm,
draw
flood,
as
a
in
jursue
closely
war,
pro'.ug-us, a, um, adj. [prOfOglo, "to flee forth or awa\ "], fieein<i from one^t country. As subst. protug-us, i. m.: a fugitive from ont^s country ; an exile.
:
oppress, weigh down ; to check, hold in check, restrain curb; to suppress, conceal, hide.
pro-fund-us,
wards;"
high.
a,
fund-us,
um, adj. [pr6, " for"the bottom "), rfeep,
pridem,
EufBx.
adv.: for
lon:i time.
[prl(=
prae)) "before;" dem., a Jemonstrative
progen-ies, lei, f. [proglgno, "to beget, or bring forth," through root obn, " to produce "], offspring.
prim-um, adv. [adverbial neut. of primus], firstly, in the first place, first
for the first time.
pro-Mbeo,
V.
a.
[for
prOhabeo
hibai, hibltum, hibfire, 2, ;" fr. prS, " before ;
hUbgo, " to hold

sup.
adj.
:
pri-mus, ma, mum,

prae-mus;
fr.
[for
With
"], to ward or keep off. abl.: to exclude, shut out, keep av>ay
suffix mus], first, primis (also as
prae, "before;" with sup. Phrase In the first. one word imprimis), amo7ig the first, i.e., chiefly, especially; the first to do something ; the first thut
the first part of that denoted subst. to which it is in attribution. prior.
from. pr-61-es,
" forth
;"
is, f. [for pro-ol-es ; fr. pro. OL, root of ol-esco, " to grow ;" Of persons: offspring, prosee altus].
geny.
by the Comp.
I
pro-luo,
iQi,
latum, I06re,
;"
3,
v.
a.
pro, " without force
Ido,
"to wash"],
3,
"],
to swill, drench.
prim-cap-s; fr. p.-imus, "first;" cip-Io, "to take"], Hrr,, foremost, chief, most eminent or
prin-cep-s,
cipis, adj. [for
promitto,
V.
a.
[pro,
mlsi, missum, mittere, "forth;" mitto, " to send

adj.
'
As subsc m. a chief, 'dii'inguished. lender, leading or principal person.

:
to
promise.
adj. [for prae-or ; fr. pri-or, prae, " before ;" with comp. suffix or], previous, former, prior often to be rendered first: BO, at vv. 321, 581. Sup.:
u,
comp.
Of things inbending forwards, headforemost, headlong [irpTji/^'s].

:
pronus,
clined
a, um, doumwards,
proper-o,
haste, be quick.
avi,
atum,
are,
1,
v.
n.
[prOperus, "hastening'], to hasten,
make
neut
primus.
prius quam (or, as one word, priusquam), before that; heforet'xme, previously.
of pri-or],' before, sooner
:
pri-us, comp. adv. [adverbial neuter
prop-ius, comp. adv.

of prOpI-or,
" nearer
a,
"],
[adverbial nearer.
proprius,
um,
adj.:
iwt in comLe., hi,
mon
with others; one's

ae,
f. :
own;
pro, prep. gov.

of,
abl. case
before, in
her, its owti.
front of; for, on behalf of; for, iiutead in the place of ; on account of [akin to
Gr. TTpo].
prora,
the
rupi,
;"
prow
or Iiead of a
vessel [Trpu>pa].
pro-rumpo,
acis,
proc-ax,
uanton.
adj. [see posco], bold,
3, V. a. [prO,
"forth
ruptum, rumpSre, rumpo, "to break"],
to break or burst forth.
ae, i [pr6cell o, "to drive for\vard ; see celer], a violent cind, storm, tempest, hurricane, pro-cer, ceris, m.: a chief, chieftain, loble [prob. pr6, "before;" ckr; see
procell-a,
dash
prospec-tus,
look out
;"
"to see ;" prospect.

3,
tus, m. [prosplcio, " to pro, " forward ;" root spbc, see scopulum], a dintant view,
elensj.
pro-spicio, V. n. aud a.
spexi, spectmn, eploiii-e, [for pro-epteSo ; A. pro,
VOCAfiULARY.
"forwards;" spScIo, "to look").
to look forwards, forth,
Ul
Neut.:
Act..: to
or out.
queis = qiiil)us, abl. pi ur. of qui. queror, questus sum, queri, 3, v. dep.
to
discern, descnj, espy.
complain o/T
qui,
proximus.
prop-simus
nearest.
;
a,
um,
fr.
obsol.
sup. adj. [for prOpis, "near "],
bewail.
rvho,
__^
to
complain, lament,
:
pii-bes,
the youth,
bis,
i.e.,
f. [prob. akin to pu-er], yourig men.

:
Relative quae, quod, pron. which. At the beginning of a clause instead of a conjunction and demonstra-
pu-er, eri, m. " to beget " cp.

;
a boy, lad [root pa, naU, wwAos : puer,
puella
Eng-. foal].
nae, f. [puo, "to strike;" root of pungo], afyht, bittle.
pupr-na,
and this, etc. With subj. (a) to denote a cause or reason as, inasmiuh as, because, since ; (b) to point out a purpose, etc.: for the purpose of ; thnt : in order to or that; to. quod., neut.: In as much as ; restrictive force=:quantum
tive pron.:
: : :
as far
chra, chruin, adj. [for polcher; fr. p61-io, "to polish"], beautiful, Comp.: pulchr-ior; sup.: pulcherfair.
pul-cher,
what.
Interrogative wlio, Indefinite anyone, any.

"S.
: :
which,
qui-cumque, quae-cumque,
cumque
cumque)
suffi.x
quod-
'at
rimus.
61C, in tmesis, quae pron. rel. [qui, " who ;" indef.
v.
me
pillvis,
eris,
m.: dust.
cumque], whoever, whosoever; whatetis, f.: rest,
puppis,
ship, v esfd,
is (ace.
puppim,
'
i
v. 115),
f.
a
a.
ever, whatsoever.
qui-es.
1, v.
repose,
from any;
pur-go,
gavi,
gatum, gare,
thing [akin to root

sleep
;"
Rl,
"to
lie
[pur-US, " clean
"], to
clear, clear oicay.
Gr. Kti-jiac, "to

fr.
down down "].

lie
to
purpur-eus, 6a, gum, adj. [pur piir-a, " purple "], bright coloured, purple.
[for quiet-SCO
escere, 3, v. n. quies, quigt-is, "rest;" root Ki, see quies], to rest, repose.
;
quie-sco, evl^ etum,
quiet-us,
a,
um,
qua, adv. [adverbial abl. fem. of qui see qui]. Relatively: M'/ipre. Ind Initelj': wherever: in whatever wa>i or manner ne qua, that in no way whatever ; in any way, by any means, luterjogatively in
:
be quiet ;" through root quiet, calm, peaceful, etc
adj. [quie-sco, " to ki, see quies],
what manner, how.
quaero, quaeslvi, quaesItum,quaerSre,

3, v.: to
qui-n, conj. [for qui-ne ; fr. qui, abl. of relative pron. qui, "who, which;" ne = non]. With subj. : that not, but that, without, from. To corroborate a statement : but indeed, verily, of a truth.
seek; to usk, enquire.

le,
.^
:
quinqu-a-ginta, num.
adj. indecl.
qua-lis,
adj.
what
sort or ki7id. Hort or land as ; such as.
Interrogative of Relative r/ such a

:
(" five tens ;" hence), fifty (for quinque-aginta; fr. quinque, 'five;" (a) "connecting vowel ;" ginta=(coi'Ta=" ten ].
'
qui],
adv. [adverbial ace. fem. of After comparative adjectives or adverbs, or words involving the idea of comparison or difference (alius, aliter), tlian prius quam, sooner than ; before
quam,
how.
conj. [for qui-pte ; fr. o"i, able of relative pronoun qui suffix ptej, inasmdch us, because. In an ironical sense certainly indeed, forsooth.
;
:
qui-ppe,
that.
quando,
qua-lis],
as.
conj.: because, since.
qua-ntus, nta, ntum, adj. [akin to how great: as great as; as much
qua-re, adv.
abl.
fem. of qui, and of
res].
Interrogative:
:
on what account f Relative for which reason, wherefore.
from what cause? wherefore ? why ?

1,
quas-so,
intens.
sa\i,
satum, sSre,
v.
a,
shake
knock about. qtiater, adv.. four times. and : que que, enclitic con j. as; partly and; as well que, 6o(/i
:
[for quat-so ; fr. "], to shatter, batter,
quat-Io,
"to
quis, quae, quid (gen. cujus dat. cui), pron. interrog. what person or thing? what sort of a person or thing? who f which oiie ? what ? Adverbial neut. Ace: quid, why f wherefore t [tl<;, "who? which?"]. quis, no fem. quid, pron. indef. anyone, anybody; anything: ne quis, that no one : neu quis, and that no one [ti?, " anyone "]. qui-squam, quae-quam, quic-quara or quid-quani, pron. indef. [quis, "any;
:
RS
T
V
one
quam], any, any whatever. anyone, anybody As subst., masc. Neut. anything.
;"
surtix
quis-quis, no fem., quod-quod or quidqid or quic-quid, pron. indef. [quis

reduplicated], whatever, whatsoever, per-
,pnrtly.
142
son
err
VOCABULARY.
thin^r.
As
subst.,
masc.
who-
n. intens. [for
ever, whosoever. soever.
Neut.: whnteier, what-
quo,
que-m,
or
adv. (for quo-m, old ace. of qui]. Of place
form of
to wliich
tch'it
place
:
whither,
where.
Of
fr.
plans, etc.
in
whit
return again and again. I'ed-do, d:di, ditum, dere, 3, v. a. [red (=re, with d for de demonstrative), " back ;" do, " to give "], to give back, return in answer.
"J,
nm
recurr-so;
fir.
recurr-o,
"to
back
to
direction, whither.
;
redoleo,
(re,
Clrii,
no sup.,
olere, 2, v. n.
quo-circa.
quom
adv. [for quom-circa
(old form of f)tieni), ace. sing, niasc. of qui; circa, "with respect to"], /or
with d or dc denaon. ; oleo, " to emit a scent"], to diffuse a scent; to be redolent.
which reason or cause, where/ore.
re-duco,
a. [re,
;
quondam, quoin, old foi m

suffix
adv. [for
;
quom-dam
fr.
;
of quern ace. of 1, qui dam], at a certain time; at one time, once upon a time, .formerly.
" back ;" or conduct back.
duxi, ductum, ducSre, 3, v. dfico, " to lead"], to lead

a,
reductus,
retired
;
um,
pa.
;
Of
deep.
locality
deeply situated
quoque,
" how
eonj.: alxo, too; placed after

adj. plur, indecl. [quOt-us,
,
the word to be emphasised.
redux, rcdOcis, adj. [for reduc-s rOduc-o, " to lead back "], returning.
[rZ,
;
fr.
quot, num.
many " how many ; qu6ve=ûo, ve v. SJiL

;
as
many as.
re-fero, tflli, latum, ferre, v. a. irreg. " back ;" furo see fOro], to brir./j or carry back or backwards; to bring back word; to report, announce, mention.
v.
quum, adv. and conj. [for quom, old form of quem, ace. of 1, qui]. Adv. when. Conj. as, dnce; seeing that.
:
re-fulgeo, fulsi, no sup., fulgere. n. [re, "back;" fulgeo, "flash"],

back or
reflect
2,
to
fla,^h
the light
to shine
brightly, etc.
re-fundo.
rab-ies, lem,
occur), f. [rab o, violence.
seize,"
fudi,
;"
:
(other eases do not " to rave "], rage, fury,

ie
a. [re,
" back
fusum, fundere, 3, v. fundo, " to pour "]. In
reflexive force
pour back.
rap-idus, ida, Idum, adi. [rap-Io, " to "to hurry onwards'"]. Of fire: fierce, consuming; hurrying onwards;
sunft, rapid.
reg-alis, ale, adj. [rex, reg.is, " a king "], of or belonging to a king ; kingly, royal, regal ; worthy of a king', spleiidid,
magnificent.
reg-ina,
ere, 3, v. a. [root to snntch, seize; to
Inae,
f.
[r6g-o,
"to
rule"],
rap-io, _ai, tum, rap: op. apn-diiu],
a queen.
reg'-ao, ionis, f. [reg-o, " to diaect"], a portion of vhe earth, etc., of indefinite extent; a territory, tract, region.
carry off or away ; to xilunder, ravage, etc. Of fire, etc., as object: to hasten for wards, promote, increase.
tavi, tatum, ture, 1, v. a. intens. [rap-Io, " to drag alonj,' "], to drag
!.'?'
.rap-to,
reg-ius, la. lum, adj. [rex, reg-is, "a king "], of or belonging to a king ; royal
princely, splendid, magnificent.
violently or hurriedly along.
rarus,
a,
um,
:
adj.:
here
and there;
ship [prob.
'^Tegn-o, avi, atum, num], tu reign, rule.
are, 1, v. n. [reg-
scattered about.
reg-num,
baric, vessel,
ni,
n.
[reg-o,
"to
rule"],
ratis, is, f. a akin to remus].
duminion, kingdom, realm.

hence,
sovereignty,
rule;
:
a
to
recens,
ntis, adj.
fresh.
ceptum, cipSre, 3, v. a. [for ro-capio fr. re, " back ;" cilplo, " to taki- "J, to get back ; to recover.
re-cipio,
cCpi,
;
rego, rexi, rectum, rSgere, 3, v. a. rule, govern, have supremacy over.

leave
reliqu-iae, Urum, "\, the remnant.

li,
f.
[reli(n)qu-o,
"to
,
re-cludo,
a.
clusi,
[ro,
denoting
clQsum, clfidCre, 3, v. " reversal ;" cludo=

to
ramigium,
the oarage.
n. [remlg-o,
"to row"
claudo,
reveal.
"to
shut, close"),
disdooe,
re-mordeo, no
perf.,
morsum, mor-
re-condo, condldi, eondltum, condOre, 3, a. a. [re, "without force;" condo, " to hide "], to hide, conceal.
rec-tus, ta, tum, adj. [for reg-tus ; f r. reg-o, " to lead straight], right, correct.
dure, 2, v. a. [rk, " without force ;" mor. duo, " to bite"], to vex, torment, disturb.
re-moveo,
V.
a.
[I'O,
movi, motum, mOvere, 2, " back ;" m6v6o, " to move "],
mi, m.
:
to
remove, withdraw.
re-mus,
recur-so, no
perf.
nor sup.,
sare,
1, r.
ret-mus. akin to
e-per-fio;,
an oar iprob. for "an oar," aa
VOCABULARY.
shine
:"
143
vOciW, v6catum, v6care, " back ;" voco, '" to call "], recall ; to restore, renew,
'''the
ro'.v ;"
rowing
thiii;r ;"
tv^-i
fr.
ipecrait,
" to
1,
re-v6co,
V. a.
throuffh
or
t'peT].
[re,
V.
re-pendo, pendi, pansum, pendere, 3, a. frc, "back again;" pendo, "to

repent-e,
to coll etc.
b'lck,
weigh"], to balance, counterbalance, compensate.

adv.
ptivi
a.
[r6,
rex,
rule
stiff
"],
regis,
m.
[for reg-s; fr. reg-o,
"to
a Idnj.
tii,
[repens,
repent-is,
rig-eo,
no
f.
sup., ere, 2,
v. n.
to be
"sucfden
petere, force of
etc.
"],
on a sudden, suddenl;/.
or
p6tii,
;"
\oX\n to ptyeu)].
re-peto,
3,
pCtrtum,
pC-to,
v.
"to
in fetch "J, to recount, detail,
" again
ri-ma, niae, ri(n)g-or, "to senn, etc.

ripa,
ae,
f.:
gape
the
[peihaps for rig-ma; fr. Of a vessel: a "J.
bink
of
river.
re-pono,
a.
posQi, pOsitum, ponCre,
3, v.
[rS
pono,
"',
"],
"to put or place"]

to reinstate; [re,
[iG,
robur,
rGbOris, n.: oak; strengh.

Itavi,
" back again

or away
3,
V. a.
"aside
to I'y or store tip.
re-quiro,
quaero. ask or enquire after.
qulsivi, quisltum, quircre, [for rciqiiaero. fr. re, "again;" "to seek"], to seek to know; to
Icatum itire, 1, v. a. " to asK "], to ask frequently or repeatedly ; to keep nsking.
r6g-itO,
freq. [rog-o,
ros-eus,
rose
'], roinj.
ea,
eum,
adj.
[r6s-a,
"a
rot-ci, ue,
res,
rei,
f.
tinn'j,
affair, circunustince. the state, commonwedth,

pe-tt),
matter, event, For res publica
"to drive
Plur.
:
;"
f. : o ivheel [root ra or ar, cp. ratio, rota, rotundus].
etc
;
[akin to
/^ rudens,
" to say or
ntis, m. : '/ rope, line, cord. the cordaje or rigging of a vessel
tell
''].
^-reses, Idis, adj. [for rCsids fr. resideo, " to remain behind ;" hence, " to be
or inactive"], sluggish, etc.
idle
[re,
ru-ina, inae, f. [ru-o, "to fall down"], a tumbling or /ailing down; a fall.
idle,
inactive, inert,
ru-O,
bottom.
i,
tum,
6re, 3, v. n.
and
a,
Neut.:
re-sido, sedi, no sup., sldere, 3, v. n. "without force;" side, "to seat one's
to seat one's self,
to fall with violence ; to rush, hasten, Act. : to cast or throw up from the etc.
self"],
sit
tke
one's seat,
doivn.
atiti,
re-si3tx3,
[re,
" back
;" sisto,
no sup., sistere, 3, v. n. " to stpnd "], to stand

tatum, tare,
l, v. a.
rup-es, is, f. [rumpo, " to break," through root RUp], a cliff, steep rock. rus, riiris (in plur. only in nom. and
aca), n.: the country.
Plur.: the fields.
still, halt, .''top.
respec-to,
tion
to, etc.
tavi,
Intens. [respicio, "to look at," through root spec], to regard, pay heed or atten-
sacer-do-s,
da-(t)s
;
tis,
comm.
gen. [for sacer-
re-spondeo, spondi, sponsum, spon dere, 2, v. n. [re, " in return ;" spondeo, " to promise soleinnl.v "]. With dat. : to
correspond or unswer to; agree or huriitonize vnth.
" sacred," see sacro DA, root of do, " to give "], a priest ; a
fr.
sac(e)r-i,
priestess.
sacr-i,
re-sto,
[re,
sttti,
no
"behind;"
left.
sup., stare, 1, v. n. sfcind"], to sto, "to
sa-cro, avi, atum, are, 1, v. a, [sicer, " sacred " to consecr te [root sag, "ti fasten;" hence, "to bind" by a religious ceremony cp. sancire, sanctus:
, ;
RS
cr<iTTii',
crdyna],
i
rem'iin, be
[re, in
saecLilum,
suplna,
[root sa,
;
"to sow;"
fr.
re-supinus,
the face upwards.
g;ere,
suplnum,
adj.
hence, a nenerjtion, age

cut, as
Kei'po)].
"intensive" force; sQpinus, "lyiii^' on the back "), lying on the back, or icith
tempus,
fr.
re/xi/w,
or or
seco, to
fr.
T
u
icoLpos,
saep-e, adv.
quent saep-io, round.
"
si,
surrectum, sur" again ;" surgo, " to rise "], to rise again. re-tego, texi, tectum, tegere. 3, v. a. denoting " reversal ;" tego, " to [re,
re-surgo,
3,
surrexi.
saep-is, [obsol. "], Jrcquenthj, often.
"freto suT'
v.
n. [re,
ptum,
6re,
3, a.
cover"), to disclose, reveal, discover.

[re,
saev-io, li, Itum, Ire, 4. v. n. [saev-us, fierce "], to be fierce ; to rage.
re-ViSO, vlsi, visum, "again;" viso, "to

revisit.
visere, 3, v. a. visit "j, to visit
again,
saevus, a, um, sA].: fierce, savage In a good sense : spiHted, daring, cruel. bold, valiant.
144
VOCABULARY.
sec-o,
canalis].
fti,
cp.
S&gitta, ae, f. [root sak, " sharp ;" saxum, secare], an arrmc. sal, silis, m. (rarely n.): the salt wntrr,
the briny ocean [akin
lenst,
tum,
are,
1,
v.
a.
[root SAK or SKA,
to cut
"to cut;"
:
cp. e.>t^, '
the sea, oA-os).
to oA?,
seciSlum,
i,
see saeculum.
saltern, adv.: at amihow.
at all events,
sal-um,
i,
n.:
the sea [Gr. aA?].
iindum, adj. [for sequ-undus, fr. sequor, "to follow"! favourable, prosperous, fortunate. Of a chariot speeding along, rapid, swift.
:
sec-undus,
und.a,
Salu-S, tis, f. [for salv-ts, fr. salv-eo, " to be well or in pood health "], safety,
welfare, profjieriti/, deliverance.
_^se-cur-us,
a,
um,
adj.
without; cur-a, " Qa.re"], without care, unconcerned, regardless.
[se
(=sine),
sanc-tus,
render sacred
ta,
;"
tum,
adj. [sane lo,
see sacer].
" to Of persons
:
sed,
coiij.
[an abl. of se:
sed], but, yet.
by itself" '
venerable, aitgust.
sangu-is,
stock, race.
tois,
blood; family,
;"
sedeo, sedi, sessuni, sedere, 2, v n to sit [akin to Gr. f ôâi (=5<roMat), Sans.'
root SAD,
'
to sit
is,
f.
"J.
sa-tor, toris, m. [sero, " to beget throu h root sa], a father.
sedes,
sed-ne,
etc.
[sCd-eo,
n.
"to
a
dwelling-place, abode.
ills,
sit "J,
saxum,
scaena,
root
SKIT,
i,
n.
[for
sâg-sum
fr.
sak,
[id.],
teat,
bench,
fr.
"sharp;" see
ae,
sa<rittal,
huge
roujh
stone OT fraijment of rock.
ssditio,
"to background.
[Gr. Vk^'u'ij, " a tent ;" cover ; see scutiim], a stage;

f.
scelus,
wickedness.
eris, n.:
a wicked deed ;
:
guilt,
of eo, " to go ;" and so, "a going apart;" ace. to others fr. se, "apart ;" do, " to put ;" and so, a puttin-r apart, a separating"], insurrection, sedition.
(=sine), " apart
or.is, f.: [ace. ;" i, root
to
some
sed
sceptrum, i, n. a royal staff, a sceptre; kingdom, sovereignty, dominion, rule [aKTiTTTpov, "a staff," as that on wliieh one leans or supports one's self.
scilicet, adverb
:
se-mi-ta, tae, f. [for se-me-ta ; fr. se, aside;' me-o, "to go"], a by-way; u path, footpath.
forsooth,
you m,ust
scissum, scindere, 3, v. With personal pron. in reflexive force: a. to divide, separate, part asunder [root scii), "to cleave;" cp. o-xiûi ; caedo, aielura (=caedlum, " a chisel "), caemenscidi,
know [scire, SCindo,
licet].
semper, adv.: ever, always, at all times [root sam, from pronominal sa, together with ;" cp. a^<x, bti.6^, 6/iioios
simul, semel, similis, singulij.
sen-atus,
old
atiis,
man "],
m.
;
or assembly
[for sex-ni
the senate of elders.
i.e.,
[senex, sSn-is, the council
tuin].
se-ni, nae, ni, num, distrib. adj. plur fr. sex, " six "], six. ;
scintilla,
amvBrip].
ae,
f.
a spark [akin to
sentent-ia,
of thinking;
rôlve.
lae,
f.
[for sentlent-Ia
sclo, scivi and scli, scitum, scire, 4, v. to know, perceive, have kn avUdge of.
,
sentiens, sentient-is,
an
" thining "J, a way opinion; purpose, will. sen tire,

4,
fr
With
inf.
to Imuio
i,
how
:
to do.
SCopulus,
spectare].
m.
a projecting point
^
'
of rock ; a rock, cliff, crag froot spar, " to see ;" cp. (jKen-rOfiai, (TKottos ; specio
sentio, sensi, sensum, to perceive, observe ; to

or
a.-
aware
become sensible
indecl.
:
of.
sept-em, num.
[eiTT-a].
adj.
seven
ord.
SCU-tum,
ti,
n.
a shield of oblong
shape, covered with leather [root sku, " to cover ;" cp. axevr), (tkOto^, KiuSeii'
cutis, oliscurus].
Septimus,
Ima,
Imum, num.
adj. [sept-ein, "seven"], seventh.
sequ-or, utus
sui.
se, ace. and abl. of
dep.
the
;
secessus,
rirCfiS.
sOs,
m.
[for seced-sus
example
{or sec-) sum, 1, 3 v to follow, follow after; to follow

of,
fr.
imitate;
to
8eced-o, "to retire, withdraw"], a retreat,

clusi, clusum, clOdure, 3, v. "apart;' cU'ido (=claudo), " lo shut"]. Of cares, etc.: to dismiss, exa. [se,
si-cludo,
to detail or narr:te in succession ; to follow in pursuit ; to pursue (root SAK, "to follow;" cp. eVo/iat.
cTrer)?, oirAo;'
;
narration;
follow in
secundus, socius].
seren-o,
[seren-us,
avi,
ciaje.
atum,
I
are,
"clear"
.a.
root
swar,
"to
VOCABULARY.
shine ;r cp. oei/tuK, aeXwt, o-cA^jtj ; soL: En^. swart, sultry), to clear, eU <r up.
145
ser-ies, lei, i. (sr-o, "to joinl, a tvceetsUm, $eries,
at-i. Unm, ire, 1, v. a. (sodus, friend, oooipanion, etc.], to join with one^s gelf, eic ; to uttiie, axsodate.
sdci-O.
"a
ser-mo, monis, m. roontmonly

ferred to sOr-o,
re-
SOCIUS, li, m.: a friend, companion, eomrude (see sequor].

sol,
sulls,
"to connect "I

n.
raer-o,
talk, eoti-
m. :
t}ie
sun
(see sereno].
venation, diieoune.
ser-tum,
entwine
"
,
ti,
" to
iriait
or
a ffurland, wreath.
Itfi,
s6l-eo, ItoB sum, ere, 2, v. semi-dep. n.: to be aeeuttomed or leont.
serv-itium,
n.
'serv-os
"a
slaTe**], slavery, tervitxide,

1, v. a. [root cp. oA-o$, salvos, servos, salvni, solus], to preserve, protect; to keep, retain, etc
EAR or SAL, " to keep
servo,
avi, atiim, are,

;"
sdlium, Q, n. [prob. akin to sol-om see solum, a seat; a chair of state, thrune, etc.
SOlor, atos sum, ari, comfort solace console.
1,
r.
dep.
to
sol-um,
in sed-C,
i,
seu
see sive.
" to
a,
n. [pn.tb. sit"), the
fr.
root
;
sol^sed
soil.
ground^
si, conj.: if.
solus,
nm,
(gen. solius
dat
soliX
^^
ei-C [apocopated from a-ce; i.e., si, udn to hie,, is, ita ; demonstrative suffix oe], in thi* manner, in gueh a manner, In introducing a statement : tn $0, thus. the following loay, as foUowt. In condoding a statement: t/iU manner, thw, in the foregoinj icay ; to exieh a
adj. : along ; the only on,^
so-lvo. hi, Intum,

sS-lQo
;
fr.
se,
" apart
Ivere, 3, v. a. [for
loosen
to render powerless from the effects of cold ; to paralyte. Of fear : to ditmist, get rid of, cast of.
'1,
Iflo,
" to
degree, to
much.
som-mos,
s6n-0,
Neut.
:
ni,
m.
;
sUep
a dream
root svap.
n.
sid-iiS, cris, n. [see serenoj, a ttar.

statue,
[akin to Gr. Hv-roi " to sleep "J.

Oi,
sopor,
fr.
" silent "H. a being
signura, i, n. a tol-en or sign ; a image ; a pjure, device. aOent-iura, Q, n. (silens, gUent-is,

:
itum, are,
1,
v.
and
a.
tilent ; silent, stid-
to.sound, resound. Act : to qioe forth the sound of anything (akin to root SVAS, "to sound T.
sonor-us,
a,
nm,
adj.
[san-o,
^-eo,
tilent.
tli,
no
sop., ere. 2, v. n.
v.
to be
"sound"], resounding, loud sounding,

roiring.
sQex.
L),
Icis (abL alid, a JUnt, jtMrStCTte.

f.:
174X m. (rarely
silv-a, ae,
a teood
:
s6p-io, ivi or itum. Ire 4, v. a.: to jmt or luU to fleep ; to cause to sleep [akin to root SVAP, "to sleep"].
[vX/'-ijJ.
Tm
Tlia, Oe, adj.

:
Hie
[see seiuper].
soror,
oris,
t: a sitter.
is
Sim-ul, adv.
semper].
at the
same time
1, v. a.
[see
sor-s, tis, L: a tot by which a thing determined lot, Le.,fate, destiny.

;
simulo,
avi,
atom, are,
[for
sparge,
V. a.
spaisi,
:
simllo; fr. simlLis, "Uke"], to asaume the aippearanee of ; feym, counterfeit.
Of persons
sparsum, q>ar^'cre, 3, to disperse, scatter.^

ari, 1, t.
"],
speciSl-or, atus sum,
" if ;" ne, " not "I, however; hut if.

^X\&, prep.
Sl-n, conj. [shortened

>/
fr.
si-ne
fr, si,
on the contrary ; if
[spcc&l-a, " a look-out place for, observe, watch
dep.
to look oui
si>eliinc-a,
ae,
gov. " tigaiX'^ withmct,
abL [akin to
s^
spemo,
a.
:
cave,
eavem
sm-grulixs, gfila, gfilnm (mostly plor.X hs adj. : one by one, one after another, sabet. singula, onim, n. plur.: individMol things; each thing [see semper].
:
V.
sprevi, gpretom, q>emere, 3, to despise, aight, contemn [root SPEE or SPEE, akin to root SPHt-E, "to Gr. (rs-a^Kuro-ta, "to tear, rend," destroy
etc. J.
^no,
flivi,
dtom,
:
sinere, 4, v. a.
to
aOov, permit, tufer. the hangirtg fold of sinus, OS, m. a dress ; a 6ay, fiarbour, gulf. si-ve (contr. seu), oonj. (si, " if ;" ve, sive (seuX "or"l or if; sive (seu) or wh e ther. ..or; whether
sper-O, avi, atum, are, l,y.sL.: to hope for; to expect; to bear something in
mind ; tobi aegured of fomething.

spes,
spi,
f.
;for sper-s
fr.
sper-o
the word, in some old writers, being found in the forms speres and speribusj, hope, expectation.
146
spiro,
VOCABULARY.
\
.Iv.i,
atniTi, are, 1, V. a.
lo give
one's self,"
suit.
etc.],
eagerness,
eager pur:
forth, emit, exivde.
Co,
splend-ldus, Ida, Idum, adj. [splend"to sliiiie or be briffht"], hrilliunt,
stiip-eo,
fli,
no sup.,
;
Cre, 2, v. n.
to
uplendid, shining.
spol-ium,
li,
n.
arms, armour,
etc.,
stripped off a fallen foe; spoil, booty, plunder. sponda, ae, t.: a couch, etc. spu-raa, mac, f. [spO-o, " to spit "], foam, whether of the mouth or of the
sea.
be amazed or astounded [akiu eitlier to Or. tutt-to), " to beat;" root tup, "to hurt" or to root STiniBFi, " to stupefy "]. be struck anhast
to
SUadeo,
a.:
suasi, suasum, suadCre, 2, v. to advise, recommend, etc. [akin to

"].
root svAD, " to please
spum-O,
avi,
[spum-a, "foam"],
.atum, are, to foam,.
1,
v.
n.
prep. gov. aco. and abl. : under, beneath. Of time at the approach of, towards ; v. 662 [akin lo Gr. inr-d].
:
sub,
adj. [st{a)-o, sta-bilis, bile, stand"], firm, endurinii, etc.
" to
Sta-gnum, fjni, n. [id.], a piece of standing water; n pool, -pond, swamp, Plur.: twier* in general. fen.
sub-diico, duxi, ductum, ducCre, 3, a. [siib, "from below;" duco, "to draw "]. Gf the vessels of the ancients to dram or hatil up on land. sub eo, Ivi or li, Itiim, Ire, v. n. and a. [sub; eo, "to go"]. Neut: [sOb, "toV.
V Statuo,
wards
"],
to
proceed,
appjroach.
Act.
statOi, statutum, stattiCre, 3, V. a. [status, uncontr. g-en. statu-is, "a standing- position"], to plice put set ; to build, erect.
[sub, " under"], to enter a place.

egi, actum, Igere, 3, v. a, sub ago fr. sQb, "under;" ago, "to put in motion'], to subdue, vanquish. subit-o, adv. [saWt-us, "sudden"], suddenly, on a sudden. high, on high, sublimis, e, adj.
Sub-igO,
[for
stratum, .stemere, 3, V. a.: to spread, sprend out; to hrinrj to the ffiound, prostrate, ovtrlhrow [root STR.\ akin to 6r. o-ropcVimjui : stratus].
stravi,
;
Sterno,,
Stip-O,
togetlter,
p ';
race,
to
avi, atum, are, 1, v. a.: to press compress; to surround, encomraccompany, attend upon.
is,
aloft.
sub-mergo, mersi, mersum, merggre,

3, V. a.
plunge"!,
[sub, to
;
" beneath ;" mergo, " to plunge another beneath

nectfire,
Stirps,
Sto,
L (rarely m.), a stem,
stock,
something
3, V. a.
to
sink or overwhelm.
necto, "to bind
hneage.
stSti,
:
statum, stare, 1, v. n.: to sttnd. Of care, for a person to stand in, he centered in ; to stand firm, remain stMnding[ak\n to Gr. crra-ai, i-(rTT)-;ui].
[stemo, " to spread ;" hence, "to cover"]. Of roads, etc.: the
sub-necto, noperf., nexum,

[sub,
"beneath
tie,
;''
or tie
"], to
bind,
or fasten beneath or
below.
Stra-tum,
ti,
n.
pavement:
roads.
strata viarum (the pavements

i.e.^,
of the ways,
the
paved ways or
subnixus, a, um, p. perf. of obsoL verb, subnitor [fr. sub, "beneath;" nitor, "to lean upon "J. With abl.: supported b'j, reclining or resting on.
sub-rideo,
a.
(silh, little ; to sm,ile.
i"lsi,
no
sup., ridere, 2, v.
strep itus, make a noise "]. a
Itus,
[atrep-o, noise, din.
m.
"to
denoting "diminution;" nd6o, "to laugh"], to laugh somewhat, or a
strid-eo, i, no sup., ere, 3, v. n.; also Strid-O, i, no sup., ire, 3, v. n. Of a to creak. Of a stonn to whistle, hing-e Of the wings of birds to howl, roar.
:
:
:
volvi, vOlutum, volvgre, 3, [sub, " without force ;" volvo, " to roll "], to roll, roll along.
v.
a.
subvolvo,
whirr, rustle.
m. [strldeo, "to make a harsh or grating sound "]. Of the cordage of a ship a creahing.
Stridor,
:
oris,
stringo,
S, V. a.
:
strinxi, strictum, stringfire, to cut down, lop off, in order to

xi,
cessum, cedere, 3, v. sub cedo, " to go ;" sQb, "below"]. With dat. : to go beloie [sub, ." towards or up to "]. or under, With dat. : to go towards or up to ; to approach, draw near to.
cessi,
;
suc-cedo,
n. [for sub-ccdo
fr.
make. stru-O,
or pile
SUC-cingO,
V. a. [for
cinxi, cinctum, cingCre, 3,

;
sub-gingo
girt.
fr.
ctum,
Cre, 3, v. a.
to
heap
up;" eingo, "to gird"].

girded or
V. n. [for
sub, ' upwards, Pass.: to be
up ;
to set
to Gr. arop-fvvviiL
in order, arrange [akin ; see stemo].

n.
suc-curro,
curri,
;
Stiid-ium,
li,
[stQd-eo, " to
busy
sub-curro
fr.
cursum, currere, 3, sub, " towards or
vocabulakY.
up
to ;" curro,
h;
;"
"to run"],
fudi,
;
to aid, assist,
" upwards, up
or direct
"],
rOgo,
"to lead
a hog
straight
[Gr. 5v,
tuccour.
to rise arise, etc.
aub-fundo fr. sub, " beneath ;" funilo, "to pour upon"], to overspreid,
V. a. I^for
suf-fundo,
fusiim,
fundSre,
3,
SUS,
" a hog
a.
stiis,
comm.
gen.:
"J.
suffuse.
sui (dat. sibi ; ace. and abl. se, or reduplicated sese), pron. pers. sing, and plur.: of himself, herself, itself, or themselves.
cepi, ceptuni, ciiere, 3, v. subs-capio ; fr. subs ( = siib), "without force;" cSpio, "to take"], to
[for
SUS cipio,
take, receive.
sulcus,,
i,
m.: a furroiv [Gr. oAkos].
With dat.: frti, esse, v. n.: to be. to belon:j to one [root as, " to be ;" in perf. tenses and in fut. part, akin to root Biiu, "to be "].
Adv.: in adwith ace. or abl. With ace: (a) over, (b) upon, on the With abl. top of, (c) above, beyond. respectinj, concerning, about [akin to
adv. and prep. dition, inoreover. Prep.,
sum,
pendi, pensum, pendere, subs pendo fr. subs (=sfib), "beneath ;" pcndo, " to hang"], to hang up, to sus]:end.
3, v. a. [for
;
suspendo,
su-spicio,
fr.
spexi,
to look
spirrivi,
spectuni,
subs (=sab),
"from beneath
up
to
;"
spIcCre spCcio,
" to behold"],
or
at.
super,
su-spiro,
1,
splatum,
;
splrare,
[for subs-spTio fr. subs (=sQb), "fiom below;" spiro, "to breathe "], to drîw a deep bre th; to heave a sigh ; to
v. n.
sigh.
suum,
superb-ia, lae, f. [superb-us, "proud"],
pride, hnughtiness
gen. plur. of sua.

a,
SU-US,
ing
um, pron.
poss.
[stt-i],
belong-
super-bus,
ba,
bum,
to himself, his
is, f.:
own.
adj.
[siiper,
"above"], proud,
hiujhty,
perf.
arroijunt
syrtis,
a sand-banJc in the sea.
splendid, gorgeous, superb.
super-emineo, no
gmincre,
2, v. a.
nor
sup.,
[super,
to
"above;" emlnCo,
above or higher stand higher
are, v. a.
"to project"],
than something;
th
'U.
rise
to over-top,
tab-eo, no peff. nor sup., ere, 2, v. n.: to pine or tvaste away [perhaps akin to T)jK-w, Doric TaK-co].
super-o,
[super,
avi,
atum,
and
n.
^^ tab-ula,
"over"]. Aec. : to pass over, cross; to overcome, overpower, destroy. Neut.: to have the upper hand; to be overpowering.
tllae. f.: a board, plank, [prob. akin to ran, root of Te/ji-t'u>, " to cut ;" and so, " the cut thing "].
tac-itus, ita, itum, adj. be silent "], silent, still, etc.

:
[tac-Co,
" to
super-sum,
remiin, survive.
fQi,
esse, v.
n. I'sflper,
"over and above;" sum, "to be"],
to
Super-us,
"above"], that
a,
um,
above,
adj.
[snpJr,
ta-lis, le^, adj. of such a Idnd, stich. subst. : talia, ium, n. plur. such things, s7tch words Iprob. akin to demonstr. pron. root to, "this," and Gr.
As
on high. As subst.: superi, orum (um, v. 4), m. plur.:

is
article to].
the gods above, the celestial deities. Sup.: a, um highest, loftiest ; the highest or loftiest part of that denoted by the subst. to which it is in attribution the top of; S'upreme ; mightiest; most import int ; main, principal. Comp. sfipOr-Ior also another sup. suprcmns.
tarn, adv. [prob. akin to

adj.: so, so very.
talis].
With
summus,
tamen,
of tarn],
tandem,
adv. [prob. a lengthened form for (dl that, notwithst mdinij, adv. [tor tendem tarn,
;
"so;" with demonstrative suffix dem], at length, finally ; pray now; I, etc., proy thee.
ta(n)g'-0, tetlgi, tactum, tangcrc, 3, v. to touch. Of the feelings: to move, excite, affect [root tao, akin to diy--^di'M].
a.:
T
u
Supplex,
icis,
oomm.
gen. [sup[ile.x,
"suppliant"], a suppliant or supplicant.
supplic-iter, adv. 'supplex, supplicis, " suppliant "] (after the manner of the
supplex; hence), suppli'mtly, ax a supsappli nt, or as suppli-nts ; humbly, submissively.
tant-um,
so
adv. [tant-us,
"so much
"],
sura,
ae,
f.
tfie
calf of the leg.

3,
;
adj. : so much ; so great or large in size ; so great or im-
much, so gre itly. tant-us, a, um,
portmt.
v.
rectum, gcre, sur-go, contr. fr. sur-rego, for subrC-go

rexi,
n.
tar-dus,
dus
;
da,
dum,
fr.
sub.
fr. tr3,h-o],
adj. fprob. for trah slow, tardy.
148
taiir-inus,
VOCABULARY.
t6nus,
abl.:
in, Imim, adj. [taurus, bull"), of or belu/iginy to a bull; a hull' 6; bull.
"a
prep, (put after as far as, up to.

[tres,
its case),
gov.
ter, num. adv.

inserted),
tr-ium (with
thrice.
iris,
:
taurus,
tec-tum,
i,
m.:
a bull [Gr. ravpoi;
" three"], three times,

i,
akin to Anjflo Saxon "steer"].

ti,
" steor
;
;"
Enif.
tergum,
back.
tergus,
n. [for
;
tep-tum
fr.
tC^'O],
For a tergo, see ab. hide of an animal.

:
n. : the the skin or
the roof o( a building building.
a house, dwelling,
tergus, Oris see tergum. termin-o, avi, atum, fire,
1,
v.
a.
teg-men,
:
minis, n. [tugo, "to cover"].
Of animals tollus, una, L: a land, country. telum, i, n. a weapon, whether lor hurling or for close combat [usually re:
a skin, hide.
!teniiin-us, " a bound, or boundary "], to Unit, circumscribe, bound.

[tres,
ter-ni, nae, na, num. distrib. adj. plur. tr-Ium (with e inserted), "three"].
tres
:
For
three.
;
ferred to Gr. T>)Ae, "far off ;" but rather for tend-him, fr. tend-o, in force of "to launch nr hurl a weapon ;" and so, " the thing launched or hurled "].
temno,
V.
a.
to
tempsi, no sup., temncre, 3, despise, scorn, make light of,
contemn (akm to Gr. riy-via, "to cut;" and so, " to cut, or cut off "]. temper-O, avi, atum, are, 1, v. a.
[prob. for temp6r-o
is,
;
(/le rae, f.: the earth, as such earth, soil, iiruund ; a laud or country. Orbis trrarum, or simply tcrrae {the circle of lands ; the lands ; i.e.), the earth, the world, the globe [prob. akin to Gr. repo-oMttt. "to be or become dry;" ro >t trish (tarsh), "to thirst").
ter-ra,
terr-eo,
ili,
Itum, ere,
2,
v.
a.
to
fr.
tcuipus, tempOr-
frighten, terrify [akin to root [trab, tremble;" and in causative force,
"to "to
etymological meaning of " a section, portion "], to rule, regulate, govern, rein
cause to tremble
"].
strain^ etc.
tlum, adj. [tres, tr-ium (with e insterted), " three "], third.
tia
ter-tius,
tempes-tas,
fr.
:
tatis,
l.
[for
temper-tas
test-udo,
of animals),
udinis,
n.
f.
[test-a,
iii
"a
shell,"
tempus, old gen. tempor-is, as proved by existing adverbial abl. tempfiri]. Of weather in a bad sense storm, tempest.
pli, n. a temple, as a place dedicated to some deity [akin to Gr. Tt>-ru., " to cut ;" hence, buildings or lands allotted for religious purposes.
an
arch, vault,
i,
:
buildings.
theatrum,
ing sights],
o theatre [eiarpov
" that which serves for seeing or behold-
tem-plum,
ttiesauxus,
[Sijtrai-pos].
i,
m.
treasure
thymum,
tim-eo,
tim-or,
iii,
i,
tem-ptis,
a
\
N[-^
pCris, n. [akin to templum], portion of time; a time,- season ; time
m.: thyme [duô?]. no sup., ere, 2, v.

of.
a.:
to
fear, dread, be afraid

oris,
in general.
m.
[tIm-eo,
" to fear
"J,
tendo,
tetendi,
/'tendere, 3, v. a. out or forth; to extend;

:
tensum or tentum. and n. Act.: to stretch

turn, bend, or With course, etc.
to
fear, dread, terror.
tinguo,
a.
:
tinxi, tinctum, tinguSre, 3, v.
direct one's steps, to strive, endeavour, objective clause use exertion or e/ort that something be to bend one's way or Neut. done. course ; strive, endeavour [akin to nv, root of TetVw]. ten-eo, fli, tum, ere, 2, v. a. [akin to ten-do], to hold, keep, have; to hold or keep 2Jossession of; to reach, gain, or arrive at a place ; to hold fast ; to hold back, detain. With iter, etc.: to hold on one's course, betid one's way, proceed.
:
With personal pron. in reflexive force to plunge one's sei/ [reyyio].
tog-atus, ata, atum, adj. [tog-a, "a toga ;" the outer garment worn by Roman citizens in time of peace^, provided vnth or wearing a toga; toga-wearing : gens, togata, the toga-wearing nation, i.e., the
Roman
people.
NJ- tollo, sustali, sublatum, toUSre, 8, v. a.: to lift up, raise, uplift [root tol, akin
to root TUL,
"to
lift;"
Gr. tK-om,
"to
2,
ten-to,
intens.
tavi,
tatmn,
to
[tdn-fio],
tare, 1, v. a. try, attempt, essay,
* tondeo,
v. a.
;
"iâr"].
totondi,
torsi,
tonsum tondere,
L^
\
to shear, clip.
endeavour.
torqu-eo,
li,
torsum and tortum,
tentor-ium,
n. [tendo,
"to stretch
out ;" through obsol. tentor, tentor-is, " a stretcher-out" of something], a tent.
torquere, 2, v. a. : to whirl around ; to fiing with force or violence ; to hurl [akin to Gr. repir-m, " to tUm "J.
VOCABULARY.
torreo,
.
149
Ida,
tornii, tostuni, torrere, 2. v. Of corn, etc. : to roast, to hxtrn.

i, m.: o couch [=(s)tor-us see hence, " the covered thing "].
;
tum-idus,
" to swell
"],
Mum,
adj.
[tilm-co,
su'clUmj, su-ollen.
tfitudi,
parch.
tu(n)dO,
;
torus,
sterno
^|v. a.: to strike, ("tud, "to strike
tunsum, tMiidCre, 3, beat, smite [akin to root

:
"J.
f.
tot, num. adj. indecl.: so
many.
turba,
thronj [Gr.
ae,
croicd,
multitude,
tot-idem, num. adj. indecl. [tot, "so many"], just so many, or as many. tot-ies, num. adv. [id.], so manij, so
often.
rOp^Tj].
turbo,
to
d stm-b, agitate, confuse;
disorder
ta,
:
avi, atuni, are, 1, v. a. [turba], to throw into or coi'ftisivn.
turn (gen. tOtius dat. tiiti), hence, the ^vhnle or entire ; the adj. loholc oj [akin to root Ti', in meaning of " to increase "J.
to-tus,
;
violently
l9ii-o<;,
turb-o, mis, m. [1, turb-o, "to move "J, a whirtwind, hurricane.

tii-s, ris, n. : incense, frankincense Oi-eiv, "to sacrifice"].
[ttt-iior,
trab-S,
is,
f.
a beam [akin to
tractum,
;
trpdn-
tu-tus, ta, tum, adj. tect"), safe, in safety.
"to proti'i-i],
traho,
a.:
traxi,
to
drag away, or alow/;

to
jcci,
;
trithCre, 3, v. to draff or
tu-us,
a,
um, pron.
poss. [tu,
pull along gej]t\y
draw forth.
3,
tra-jicTo,
a.
jectum, jicCre,
fr.
v.
thy, thine; your. m. plur. : thy follou'ers.
Assubst.: tui, Orum, or your friends or

v.--.
[for
tra-jacio
;" j.1cio,
" through
tra ( = trans) " to cast "], to pierce.

ii,
tyrannus,
power contrary
[rupafros].
i,
m.
originally,
a mon-
arch, sovereign,
who
obtained sujjreme
trans-eo,
ivi
or
itum,
ire,
v. a.
to the institutions of his
irreg. [trans, "beyond; eo, time : to pass by, elapse.
"to go"]. Of
ferre, v. a. carry"], to
country; opposed to âeriA^.s, an hereditary possessor of royalty; a despot, tyrant
trans-fero,
[trans,
tnli,
Iritum,
"across;"
foro,
"to
u. uber, eris, n. (" a teat, etc.; hence), fertility, frxiilfulness, richness (akin to Gr. ovtâp cf. Eng. "udder '.
;
transjer.
trans-f igo,
[trans,
fixi,
;"
fixum, figere,
figo,
3, v. a.
" tlnough
pierce
piercing, transfix.
"],
to
" to fix by pierce through,
u-bi, adv. [akin to qu-ij. Of time tvhcn ; as soou as. Of place where.
:
sup., mCro, 3, v. n.: to tremble quiver, etc. [akin to Or. rpe'-w].
tre-rao,
mfii,
no
ubi-que, adv.
sultix],
[Qbi, no. 2
it
wherever
la,
may
que, indef. be; anywhere;

;
tres,
Tpeisj.
tria,
num.
ntis,
adj. plur.
three [Gr.
euergwiierc.
Ul-lus,
masc. [tridens, "having
tridens,
adj. [foruti-lus;
:
three teeth or tines"],
three-tined spear,
plur.
indecl.
a trident. tri-ginta,
I
non ulliis, m. any man, anyone.
(gen. ulllus ; dat. ulli), Qn-us, "one"], any: 7iot any, none, no. As subst.,
fr.
lum
num.
adj.
umbra,
ae,
" three :" gtnta = Kovra " ten " (" three tens ;" i.e.), thirty.
tres,
tri-a,
shade, spirit, person.
f. : shade, shadow; the or ghost of a departed
tri6n-es,-uin,
vs. 744].
the
wain
[see note,
timect-o,
moisten,
wet, sudoi-, sudus].
are, avi,
atum,
1, v. n.: to
ijeiv,
_^
te,
:
bedew
i,
[connected
Jj/jios,
tris-tis,
Comp.
trist-Ior
sorrow/tilsup. trist-isslnms (proba<:lj.

:
sad,
umer-us,
shoulder
"],
m. [akin to
"a
akin to root TiiAS,

literally,
tli, tfii (plur.
"to tremble;" and "trembling"].

thou,
the shoulder.
so.
"one"],
un-a, adv. [adverbial abl. of un-us, at one and the same time,
pron. pers.
T.;].
vos, vestrum or vestri), you [av, Doric form,

sum,
eri,
together.
unc-us, a, um, adj. [unc-us, "a hook"],

hooked, bent, curced.
tu-eor,
look, behold
Itus
;
2, v.
dep.: to
unda,
u-nde,
ae,
f.
to protect, defend.
" to wet or moisten "j.

rel.
water [akin to root und,

;
tuna
series
:
to
adv.: at that time; then. In a then, in the next place [prob. akin deraonstr. root to Or. tqj.
;
" who, which
"].
adv. [for cu-nde fr. qu-i, Of persons or things

:
from whom
or which
whence.
i.-.o
VOCABULARY.
a,
un-US,
but at
V.
uin
(yren.
;
41 UTiIiis
;at V. 329 tributed"]. peraon, one
or
itself,
wilh Assubst., m.: one man, o>ic almiK, nhif/lf, by one's self, : apart J rum others [akin t.o e's,
generally iinlus dat. uni), adj. one gcti. of "thing dis:
vela-men, minis, n [vel(a)-o, " to cover"] ("that which covers;" hence), a garment, dress, clothing, etc.
velitn, pres. subj. of volo.
tv-6<;].
urb-3, is, f. [prob. urb-o, "to mark out with a plough "J, a city, a tcalled
town.
yel-i-v6l-us, a, um, adj. [vchim, " a sail;" (i) connecting vowel; vOl-o, "to fly"), sail -fly ! ny ; winged with sails; an epithet of both ships and the sea.
vel-um,
uisi,
li,
n. [prob.
:
vehlum;
fr.
urgueo,
a.
:
sup., urguCre, 2, v. to drive, force, ptish, imjjcl.

a.
:
no
Of ships xanvas, covering, etc

"].
" to carry
a sail. Of
[vul,
vCh-o, tnt8
tiro, ussi, ustuin, urcre, 3, v. pall, fret, chafe, vex.
to
vel-ut, (-uti), adv. " as "J, e ven a s, j ust as,
" even
;"
ut,
like as.
u-s-quam,
inserted,
.-iiid
adv. [akin to qui, with

,
(s)
veluti
hunt
"],
see velut
trlcis,
f.
suffix <iu.im
anywhere.
venatrix,
[ven (a)-or,
"to
at, uti, adv. and conj. Adv.: when; how; as; as soon as. Conj.: that; in
order that.
a hu>Uress.
iiti-nam, adv.: oh! that; would that; I wish that.
ven-do, dtdi, ditum, dure, 3, v. a. [vcn-um, "sale;" do, "to place"], to sell, vend.
Utor, usus sum,

abl.
:
uti, 3, v.
dep.
With
Of
words
to use, make use of, eviploy. to address, etc. :
ve'ne-num, i, n. [for v5-nec-num fr. ve, inlensive particle; nOc-o, " to kill ";, charm, seductive jiower.
:
V.
vftco, avi. atum, Sre, 1, v. n. impers. with clause as subject vacat. : there is
time,
X'
leisxire,
ven-ia, lae, f. : favour, indulgence, kindness [akin to root van, " to love "J.
venio,
to cnine
;
vgni,
ventum, ventre,
;
4, v. n.:
to do,
i,
etc.
vad-um,
validus,
vallis,
n.
[vado,
"to go"], a
at v. 22, with dat., denoting purpose of intention cf. [Oscan and Unibrian root BES ; akin to Gr. pa-ivut ; root GA, "to go, to come"].
shallow, shoal.
idum, adj. [vai-fo, "to be strong"], strong, poweifal, mighty.

ida,
is, f.r
vent-US, i, m. the vnnd. Plur. the winds [akin to Sans, root VA, " to blow," through part. pres. vant].
: :
valley.
[for
verbum,
vacuus
:
;
i,
n.:
word
[pea>, prina.].
vanus.
vaco],
:
a, uni, adj.
iiile.
:
op.
vereor,
[opdu),
en, Itus sum,

cp. Eng.
i,
vain,
As
subst.
vana,
"to see;"
Ore,
v. dep. fear ward, wary].

:
drum, n. plur. idle or frivolous thiujs. Of persons false, deceptive.
verro,
sum,
v. a.:
sweep.
var-ius,
ia,
lum, adj
:
various,
mani-
Of conversation varied, varying, fold. of different kinds [akin to /SaAios].
verso, are, avi, resolve [verto].
atum,
v. a.:
turn over,
vertex
verto,
turn.
[see vortex].
Ore,
i,
vast-O, avi, atum, are, 1, v. a. [vast* us, "waste"], to lay waste, devastate, pillage.
sum,
v.
a.
turn, over-
vastus,
ve,
a,
um,
tc; hence), vast,
("empty, waste," huge, immense.

adj.
enclitic conj. : or, choice free be'ween two or or things.
leaving the more persons
Veru, us, n.: spit. verus, a, um, adj.: true, real. vescor, i, v. dep. feed upon (a dlgammated fonii of escor rt ko, " to
: ;
eat;" ep. esca, edo,
iSut].
:
vexi, veotum, vChC-re, 3, v. a.: to carry, convey. I'ass. : to sail in a vessel [root vah, " to carry "].
veho,
-Oris, m. tJie evening star " to dwell ;" hence, " the dwelling place of the sun "J.
[rt. v.\s,
vesper,
vel, conj. [akin to val-o ("wish or choose;" hence), or if you will; or:
vel
vel, either
vester. tra, trum, adj. : your. vestis, is. fem.: a garment, dress [rt. VA.s, "to clothe;" cp. evvv/jii. ( = Fcai'vfii)].
or.
veto,
are, ni, Itum, v. a.
forbid.
VOCABULARY.
via,
fr.
151
ae, fern.
a way, road
m.
:
:
[f'>r
veha-
vOho, " to carry "\

oris,
tailling [a1<in to Gr. |8oX, root of p6X-o/aot (=/3o(u)A-o/iiai), " to wish "].
victor,
1 coH'juer].
a conqueror
vivo].
v. a.
:
[vinco,
victus, us, m. food [see Video, ere, vidi, visum,

Eiig. wit]. vetus, Oris, adj. Tos, "a j'car"].
[e'lSoi'
:
to see
volt-US, Ha, ra. [volo, " to wish, as expressive of emotions or desires"], the face. vol-ucer, oris, acre, adj. [vOl-o, " to
fly "], Sivift,
rapid.
ancient, old [Gr.
vir, viri, m.: man [rt. ova, "to swell, or grow ;" cp. vireo, virjfo]. vis, veni, vi, f. [see vir], force, might.
v6lu-tO, ta\i, t.atum, tare, 1, v, a. intens. [for volv-to; fr. volv-o, "to roll"].
Of the voice: to cause to roll, roll along, Mentally : to tiira over if the spread. mind ; to revolve, ponder, etc.
villus,
cloth.
viginti, cont.: twenty. m. tvft of hair; nap of i,

:
volvo,
and
;
volvi,
volutum, volvere,
3, v. a.
n.
Act.
:
to roll, roll along.

:
Of
vincio.
bind
(rt.
Ire,
vinxi,
vinctum,
;"
v. a.: to
vi,
" to bind
cp' vieo, vitis,
Enjr. withe, willow].
misfortunes to undergo, be involved i7i, Mentally to etc. tfi_iinMd, reveal. re vol ve'ipii nder, conxiaer, weigh, etc. Neut. Of time to roll onward or along, Of the Fates : tojrsiJli.Jilon to revolve.
:
vinco,
quer.
ere, vici, victura, v. a.: to con-
.^
hnnd [see vinculum, i, n. vinum, i, n.: wine [Fotro?].

:
/ a
vincio].
Virgo,
vir].
-inis,
f.
maiden, virgin
valour, virtue.
"to roll"]. to atum, are, 1, v. a. devour, swallow up, etc. [akin to Gr. ^l^p-looKu), "to eat;" /Sop-a, "food;" Sans, root qri, " to devour"].
[akin to Fc\k-ii>,
v6r-0,
avi,
[see
^ vort-ex,
vert-o,
virtus,
Vitalis,
iitis, f.
e,
adj.:
"J.
of
life
(=vivtrilis;
fr. icis, m. [for vert-ex "to turn "] ("the turninp; thing ;" hence), a whirlpool, eddy, etc
;
vivo, " to live
vo-tum,
"to
60,
ti,
'
n. [for
vov-tum
fr.
v6v-
vivo,
live
;"
ere, xi, turn.: to live [rt. viv, cp. ;8ios, ^loiu].

a,
" to vow
],
o vow. " to
vivus,
um,
adj.
living,
un-
VOX, vOcis, f. [for voo-3 ; fr. vOc-o, call"], the voice; a sound, a word.
VUlg-O,
"the
avi,
wrought [see vivo'. vix, adv.: scarcely. v6c-0, avi, atnni. are, to call ; to call by name.
atum,
are, 1, v. a. [vulg-us,
common people"],
i,
1, v. a.
and
n.:
m.ilie
to spread abroad, widely or generally known.
volnus volgus;
VOlO,
Of
rapidly.
see vulnus.
vulgus,
m. and
n.
the
common
see vulgus.
avi, atum, are, 1, v. n.: to fly. things: to fly, i.e., to pass swiftly or
vSltii,
people; the multitude, populace. Of animals: the throwr, crowd, mass, etc. [sometimes referred to Gr. oxAos, .(Eolio oxAos, Cretan ttoAxos ; cf. Ger. volk ;
Eiig. folic].
VOlo,
velle,
v.
irreg.
to be
vuln-us,
Sris, n.:
a wound.
i^-V:
'/
"-^1^1
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/
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^/i
/y^T- r-6c^
'^'--^
^^^z^^^
>
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CATHAAtNES COIXEOUTB INSTITnTB.

Entered according to Act of the Parliament of Canada,

year one thousand

Copp, Clark Company (Ldiited), Toronto,

Ontario, in the Office of the Minister of Agriculture.

given in this edition. Latin

object of the notes

the grammatical difficulties that occur.

questions of Latin orthography,

Kennedy and Greenough have been

sulted in preparing the notes of the edition.

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.

typographical errors, which in-

advertently crept into the First Edition, have been corrected.

Cathakinrs, Oct. 24th,

Digitized by the Internet Archive

2009 with funding from

Ontario Council of University Libraries

Publius Vergilius Maro^

born on the fifteenth of

Horace, were of His

authorities say that the poet's father

potter, others, that

again assert that he

the individual, the

name was VergUius

was not common

the middle ages.

Furius Bibaculus was

Aemilius Macer, at Verona

of the time Tibullus,

Forum Julii Verona; Pr pertius,

Vergil began his studies at Cremona, where,

assumed the toga

day on which had already been noted,

having been the birthplace of Furius Bibaculus, and of the

After a brief stay at Cremona, and svibsequently at Mediohniuni

Under Epidius, the rheMarc Antony and afterwards of

Octavius, and under the Epicurean philosopher, Siron, the

poet became acquainted with the outlines of rhetoric and

but a weak voice and a diffident manner were

Vergil soon gave up rhetoric, and, in fact,

he welcomes the exchange

743; VI., 724; Geoig: II 475-492.

that he remained there

after the battle of Philippi (B.C.

In the division of the provinces, the Gauls (except

were those of the poet's father,

C. Asiuius Pollio, y^j^^"^

the prefect of GaUia

Transpadaiia, unable to restrain the

lawlessness of the soldiers of Antony, sent Vergil to

was negotiating a treaty between Augustus and Antony.*

log-ues I. and I.\. Horace: Satires I., 5 and

his death, little

Mantua me genuit; Calabri rapuere;

Cecini pascua, rura, duces.^"

generally described as of tall stature, delicate

frame, homely features, and dark complexion, abstinent in

the use of food, shy, and fond of retirement.

passionate, perhaps misplaced

In social circles of fastidious taste