Sub-Station

Introduction
The present day electrical power system is a.c. i.e. electric power is generated, transmitted and distributed in the form of Alternating current. The

electric power is produce at the power station, which are located at favorable places, generally quite away from the consumers. It is delivered to the consumer through a large network of transmission and distribution. At many place in the line of power system, it may be desirable and necessary to change some characteristic ( e.g. Voltage, ac to de, frequency p.f. etc. of electric supply. This is accomplished by suitable apparatus called sub!station for e"ample, generation voltage (##kv or $.$kv at the power station is stepped up to high voltage (%ay &&'kv to #(&kv for transmission of electric power. %imilarly near the consumer)s localities, the voltage may have to be stepped down to utili*ation level. This +ob is again accomplished by suitable apparatus called sub!station.

Definition of sub-station :,The assembly of apparatus used to change some characteristics (e.g. Voltage al to de freq. p.f. etc of electric supply is called sub!station-

Classification of sub-station
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Sub-Station
There are several ways of classifying sub!station. .owever the two most important way of classifying them are.

I) According to service requirement :According to service requirement sub!station may be classified into. 1) Transformer sub-station :Those sub!station which change the voltage level of electrical supply are called TI/ s0s. 2) Switching sub-station :These sub!station simply perform the switching operation of power line. 3) Power factor correction S/S :These sub!station which improve the p.f. of the system are called p.f. correction s0s. these are generally located at receiving end s0s. 4) Frequency changer S/S :Those sub!stations, which change the supply frequency, are known as frequency changer s0s. %uch s0s may be required for industrial utili*ation. ) !on"erting sub-station :Those sub!station which change a.c. power into d.c. power are called converting s0s ignition is used to convert A1 to dc power for traction, electroplating, electrical welding etc.

#) $n%ustria& sub-station :-

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Sub-Station
Those sub!stations, which supply power to individual industrial concerns, are known as industrial sub!station.

II) According to constructional features :According to constructional features, the sub!station are classified as 2 1) 'ut%oor Sub-Station :/or voltage beyond $$3V, equipment is invariably installed outdoor. It is because for such Voltage the clearances between conductor and the space required for switches, 1.4. and other equipment becomes so great that it is not economical to installed the equipment indoor. 2) $n%oor Sub-station :/or voltage upto ##3V, the equipment of the s0s is installed indoor because of economic consideration. .owever, when the atmosphere is

contaminated with impurities, these sub!stations can be erected for voltage upto $$3V. 3) (n%er groun% sub-station :In thickly populated areas, the space available for equipment and building is limited and the cost of the land is high. 5nder such situations, the sub! station is created underground. /ig. %hows a typical underground sub!station in which transformer, switch gear 6 other equipments are installed.

The design of underground s0s requires more careful consideration.

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Sub-Station
# & ( 7 The si*e of the s0s should be as minimum as possible. There should be resonable access for both equipment 6 personal. There should be provision for emergency lighting and protection against fire. There should be good ventilation.

4) Po&e-mounte% sub-station :This is an outdoor sub!station with equipment installed overhead on ..pole or 7!pole structure. It is the cheapest from of s0s for voltage not e"ceeding ##3V(or ((3V in some cases . 8lectric power is almost distributed in localities through such sub!station. /or complete is given bellow. /ig. %hows the typical 7!pole sub!station, it is a distribution sub! station placed overhead on a pole. /ig 9o.& shows the schematic connections, the transformer 6 other equipment are mounted on .!type pole. The ##3V line is connected to the T0/ (##3V077'V through gang isolator and fuses. The lighting arresters are installed on the ..T. %ide to protect the sub!station from lighting strokes. The T0/ step down voltage to 7'' V, (

phase, 7 wire supply. The voltage between any two lines is 7'' V 6 between line 6 neutral is &('V. The oil ckt breaker installed on the :.T. side automatically

isolates the mounted sub!station. T0/ are generally in the event of fault generally &''3VA T0/ is used.

Comparison between outdoor & indoor s/s

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Sub-Station

Sr)*o)

Particu&ars

'ut %oor Sub-station

$n%oor Sub-station

#. &. (. 7.

%pace required Time required for erection. /uture e"tension /oult location

;ore :ess 8asy 8asier

because is in

:ess ;ore <ifficult the <ifficult full the

because is

equipments =. $. ?. 1apital cost. >peration @ossibility escalation view. :ow <ifficult fault :ess clearance provided

equipment

of

enclosed. .igh 8asier because ;ore. can be

!uipment in a "ransformer #ub-#tation

The equipment required for a transformer %ub!%tation depends upon the type of %ub!%tation, %ervice requirement and the degree of protection desired. TI/ %ub!%tation has the following ma+or equipments.

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Sub-Station 1) Bus - bar :Ahen a no. of lines operating at the same voltage have to be directly connected electrically, bus!bar are used, it is made up of copper or aluminum bars (generally of rectangular B!%ection voltage. /ig. %hows the arrangement of <uplicate bus!bar, generally it consist of two bus!bars a ,main- bus!bar and spare bus!bar. The incoming and outgoing lines can be connected to either b0b. Aith the help of a bus!bar coupler, which consist of a ckt breaker and isolators. .owever, in case of repair of main bus!bar or fault accusing on it, the continuity of supply to the circuit can be maintain by transforming it to the spare bus!bar for voltage e"ceeding ((3V, <uplicate bus!bar is frequently used. and operate at constant

2)

Insulators :The insulator serves two purpose. They support the conductor ( or

bus bar

and confine the current to the conductor.

The most commonly used

material for the manufactures of insulators is porcelain. There are several type of insulator (i.e. pine type, suspension type etc. and there used in %ub!%tation will depend upon the service requirement.

3)

Isolating Switc es :In %ub!%tation, it is often desired to disconnect a part of the system

for general maintenance and repairs. This is accomplished by an isolating switch

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Sub-Station
or isolator. An isolator is essentially a kniff %witch and is design to often open a ckt under no load, in other words, isolator %witches are operate only when the line is which they are connected carry no load. /or e"ample, consider that the isolator are connected on both side of a cut breaker, if the isolators are to be opened, the 1.4. must be opened first.

!)

"ircuit brea#er :A circuit breaker is an equipment, which can open or close a ckt

under normal as well as fault condition. It is so designed that it can be operated manually ( or by remote control under normal conditions and automatically under fault condition. /or the latter operation a relay wt. is used with a 1.4. generally bulk oil 1.4. are used for voltage upto $$ 3V while for high voltage low oil 6 %/$ 1.4. are used. /or still higher voltage, air blast vaccum or %/$ cut breaker are used.

$)

%rotective rela& :,A protective relay is a device that detects the fault and initiates the

operation of the 1.4. to isolate the defective element from the rest of the system-. The relay detects the abnormal condition in the electrical ckt by constantly measuring the electrical quantities, which are different under normal and fault condition. The electrical quantities which may change under fault condition are

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Sub-Station
voltage, current, frequency and phase angle. .aving detect the fault, the relay operate to close the trip ckt of 1.4.

')

Instrument (ransformer :The line in %ub!%tation operate at high voltage and carry current of

thousands of amperes.

The measuring instrument and protective devices are

designed for low voltage (generally ##'V and current (about =A . Therefore, they will not work satisfactory if mounted directly on the power lines. This difficulty is overcome by installing Instrument transformer, on the power lines. There are two types of instrument transformer. i) !urrent Transformer :A current transformer is essentially a step!down transformer which steps!down the current in a known ratio, the primary of this transformer consist of one or more turn of thick wire connected in series with the line, the secondary consist of thick wire connected in series with line having large number of turn of fine wire and provides for measuring instrument, and relay a current which is a constant faction of the current in the line. ii) +o&tage Transformer :It is essentially a step ! down transformer and step down the voltage in known ratio. The primary of these transformer consist of a large number of turn of fine wire connected across the line. The secondary way consist of a few turns and provides for measuring instruments and relay a voltage which is known fraction of the line voltage.

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Sub-Station )) *etering and Indicating Instrument :There are several metering and indicating Instrument (e.g.

Ammeters, Volt!meters, energy meter etc. installed in a %ub!%tation to maintain which over the ckt quantities. The instrument transformer are invariably used with them for satisfactory operation.

+)

*iscellaneous equi,ment :In addition to above, there may be following equipment in a %ub!

%tation. i ii iii /uses. 1arrier!current equipment. %ub!%tation au"iliary supplies.

Conclusion
In this way I concluded that my seminar report on %ub!%tation also we understand what is mean by %ub!%tation, classification of %ub!%tation, comparison between outdoor 6 indoor %ub!%tation 6 various components 6 instrument used in %ub!%tation.

$eference %Govt. Polytechnic, Washim

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V. 3. ;8.ATA

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