HPC Applications in France Dr Franois TOUTLEMONDE LCPC, Division FDOA (Public Works Researc !

ns"i"u"e, #ri$%e &"ruc"ures De'ar"(en") *+ #oulevar$ Le,ebvre -*-./ Paris Ce$e0 1* France 2 ,rancois3"ou"le(on$e4lc'c3,r Course given in Catania, June 22. 2007 Giornata Studio sul tema Nuove Tecnologie per la realizzazione e la riparazione di strutture di calcestruzzo

Introduction
HPC is generally defined in France as concrete with characteristic cylinder compressive strength higher than 50 MPa, which is in fact not far from the fib definition of water/binder ratio < 0 ! However pioneer "se of HPC in France #Malier $%%&' too( place in the middle of the )0*s, and was especially applied to bridge str"ct"res, d"e to a favo"rable attit"de of owners, among which the Highway +dministration, regarding innovation in the field of concrete and bridge str"ct"res in general ,n fact the first HPC applications, especially in o"tstanding pro-ects, which too( place from $%)., did not directly acco"nt for the higher strength of concrete /which was impossible in the technical and administrative frame of p"blic wor(s before code e0tension1, b"t "sed 2side* advantages, namely3 4 fl"idity at the fresh state, which is of special advantage in highly reinforced elements, and may be related to p"mpability 5his was of ma-or concern for the 26rande +rche de la 78fense*, one ma-or high4rise b"ilding in the b"siness district of Paris, where concrete had to be p"mped over 900 m incl"ding $00 m rise 4 strength at early age, which leads to smaller e0ec"tion time and th"s important savings 5ypical e0amples are the :8 ,sland bridge, where accelerated form removal allowed an advanced delivery date, and the Pert"iset bridge, the first HPC cable4stayed bridge in France, where a strength of ;; MPa at $9 h allowed early tensioning, and where higher early strength and red"ced creep and shrin(age were acco"nted for realistically for the first time, 4 higher material d"rability, related to red"ced permeability and carbonation, improved frost resistance 5hese advantages were mainly e0ploited by owners in the case of cold /Champ d" Comte viad"ct1 or marine environment /Chatea"briand arch bridge on the :ance river1, as well as for specific ind"strial applications3 radioactive waste containers, containment vessels /Civa"0 n"clear power plant1, etc + first "pgrading of the design codes for reinforced and pre4stressed concrete "p to a characteristic strength of 90 MPa too( place in $%%$ ,t allowed applying higher compressive strength, tensile strength and <o"ng=s mod"l"s of HPC, which improves the stability of slender str"ct"res3 tri4dimensional tr"ss str"ct"res as in >ylans46laci?res viad"cts, thin dec(s as for the :oi@e bridge, and high4rise piles of long4span cable stayed bridges /,roise bridge, Aormandie bridge1 ,n the early %0=s it was also attempted to capitalise the e0perience owned especially in bridge applications of HPC More f"ndamental st"dies on mechanical properties of HPC were carried o"t, and a proposal for code e0tension "p to )0 MPa derived from this wor( #de Barrard et al., $%%9' 5his e0tension was formally approved in $%%% and leads to the possibility of ta(ing advantage of HPC in even standard str"ct"res However, since $%%5 and especially within the framewor( of a -oint : C 7 =national pro-ect= called =DHP=&000=, efforts were done to develop HPC alternative pro-ects to classical C!0 bridge designs Deside the e0pected advantages in terms of d"rability, it was th"s necessary to E"antify the possible materials savings and economical advantages of "sing HPC, on a rational and demonstrative basis ,n the first part of this paper, ! e0amples of s"ch case st"dies are given, some of which have lead to practical realisation on site

Application of C80 for standard overpasses near Bourges

Structural applications in standard bridges: context of the competition Deside HPC applications in o"tstanding bridges, and the increasing possible capacities of "ltra4high performance concrete, which sho"ld be reasonably "sed and e0ploited in the specific pro-ects where s"ch e0pensive materials may be reE"ired, it has contin"o"sly been searched by the FHPC fathersF #Malier et al, $%%&' to develop HPC for small and standard str"ct"res, where benefits of material d"rability and E"ality control /especially for pre4cast elements1 co"ld be appreciated by the owner, together with material savings and red"ced maintenance Gith this aim in view, the French Ministry of 5ransportation enco"raged the development of a new generation of standard bridges /motorway crossings1 made with HPC

Fig"re $3 6eneral view of one HPC innovative overpass on Do"rges Dypass + design competition was initiated in $%%5 concerning a f"nctional specification for a & H & lanes overpass +mong a large n"mber of very innovative and interesting sol"tions, the winning design was prod"ced by a -oint vent"re of the 7alla Iera and Do"yg"es contracting companies, in partnership with the >pielmann architect office Constr"ction was completed in $%%) for & prototypes on Do"rges Dypass in central France /fig $1 + typical file describing this HPC overpass sol"tion is being prepared after drawing "p technical and economic concl"sions, so that this str"ct"re can be re4employed easily anywhere on the highway networ( The structural concept +ll parts /fo"ndations, dec( and s"pports1 are made of HPC with )0 MPa characteristic strength 5he frame of the pro-ect consists of a standard overpass type bridge, & H & lane motorway type road crossing, with two &0 to &9 m spans, 50 to $00 gr s(ew, a total dec( width from 5 to $; m with one rib /possibly wider with several ribs1, $% 5 $5 pre4stressing tendons, conventional pavements and standard safety barriers Fo"ndations sho"ld be of conventional type on footings or deep fo"ndations +b"tments and piers had to be anchored on footings 5he central pier sho"ld be architect"rally fle0ible Contin"ity sho"ld be possible between pier and dec(

>imple optim"m shapes have been researched 5he dec( consists of a longit"dinally pre4 stressed rib, cast in place on form with prefabricated caissons on both sides forming hollow bloc(s /fig &1 5hese bloc(s are designed to act as side formwor( for the rib, they consist of a longit"dinal edge beam, & transverse ribs and a beam with a downstand acting as a formwor( for the rib sides 5he assembly s"pports a thin slab /$; cm1 Jeying provides contin"ity between hollow bloc(s and hollow bloc(s, and between hollow bloc(s and ribs 5he "se of HPC optimises the cross4section of s"pports and the dec(, by acco"nting for the architect"ral views, both for the fineness and the E"ality of finished s"rfaces 5he concept is innovative d"e to combined traditional and ind"strial methods3 simple and solid rib cast on site, prefabricated thin and comple0 corbels

Fig"re &3 7ec( of HPC overpass >ide pre4cast bloc(s and pre4stressed rib cast in place Design aspects Ksing HPC helps to ta(e f"ll advantage of re4bars with 500 MPa yield stress, either in the dec( or s"pports, since the allowable stress is increased "nder damaging crac(ing conditions in relation to concrete strength >teel/concrete mod"lar ratio was ass"med eE"al to % HPC is also attractive for a higher contrib"tion of concrete to resist shear forces and torsion, which red"ces the transverse dimensions of the central rib Bongit"dinal bending of the dec( was comp"ted in crac(ed section in accordance with class ,,, of DPLB %$ r"les e0tended to )0 MPa concrete, #de Barrard et al., $%%9' Contin"ity of the dec( and the increased thic(ness of the central pier red"ced applied moments "nder imposed loads in the slenderest part of the span 5he brac(et on the pier also red"ces the n"mber of pre4stressing cables /$% 5 $5 > consisting of .4wire class $)90 MPa very low creep strands1 reE"ired with the constant height Ma0im"m stresses are enco"ntered on the central s"pport and in the span, d"e to good str"ct"ral optimisation /low str"ct"ral slenderness of $3;01 5ransverse bending was st"died by F L modelling, which showed how local forces are transferred into the prefabricated ribs, the $; cm thic( slab and hollow bloc(s Lffects of vehicle impact on safety devices and effects of differential shrin(age between the elements /longit"dinal (ey and prefabricated elements, central rib and pre4cast elements1 were st"died "sing the same model

5able $ Comparative ratios for standard overpass bridges traditional C;5 sol"tion $/&& $m 0 .5 m ;%0 m; ;% t $& t %.5 t 7alla Iera / Do"yg"es C)0 sol"tion $/;0 0 5! to $ m 0 ;. m $)) m; ;% t )t 5&0 t

>lenderness 5hic(ness LE"ivalent thic(ness Concrete vol"me Passive reinforcement Pre4stressing 7ec( weight

Realisation and followings 5he specified )0 MPa concrete was obtained "sing the recent HPC mi04design methods #de Barrard, $%%%'3 first comp"ter4aided approach of the mi04proportioning, optimisation of the aggregate grading "sing the :en84BCPC software, st"dy of cement4admi0t"re compatibility according to the +F:LM method, ad-"stment of concrete viscosity "sing the BPC4rheometer 5he concrete developed for the site has a cement CLM , 5& 5 content of !50 (g/m; ,t contains !0 (g/m; of silica f"me and ; $ M of s"perplastici@er, res"lting in easy placement, average &) day strength of more than $00 MPa and perfect s"rface finishes with the "se of "ntreated plywood formwor( + rather low prod"ction rate /&0 to &5 m ;/h1 has been confirmed, as well as the absol"te necessity of thoro"gh immediate c"ring +ll temporary constr"ction has been designed as simple and safe as possible, and can be set "p by any professional bridge contractor, the form on which the central part is po"red is lighter than for a conventional overpass bridge, d"e to the smaller cross4section of the dec( 5he pre4cast hollow bloc(s incorporating the rib side formwor( and the architect"ral concrete cantilevers, are designed to be transported by road 5hey are handled directly with a crane and installed on the form before ad-"stment Nverall (eying is done in a single operation at the same time as the rib concrete is cast 5otal completion time is less than & months for one bridge 5he contractor estimates the time red"ction to &4; wee(s on site, with methods less sensitive to bad weather O"antitative ratios are given in 5able $, for this HPC overpass sol"tion 5hey are compared with a conventional C;5 sol"tion with two && 5 m spans, emphasising the possible material savings, which are very "sef"l in the case of diffic"lt conditions for fo"ndations, and tend to ta(e a growing importance in the conte0t of nat"ral reso"rce management in France For f"rther pro-ects, it seems necessary to modify the dec( ends to ens"re pre4stress diff"sion in an in4sit" cast transverse rib, rather than in the pre4cast slabs Nther improvements have been s"ggested3 connection of pre4cast slabs with lateral e0ternal pre4 stressing rather than in4sit" (eying, light thic(ering of the slab for easier re4bars placing 7espite these possibilities of detail improvements, this e0perience of standard HPC bridge development t"rns o"t very fr"itf"l and re4"sable ,t ill"strates the growing role of the material engineer in pro-ects, together with the designer, architect and contractor ,t also emphasises the interest of a global economic approach incl"ding material costs directly related to mechanical parameters, placement conditions, aesthetics, maintenance, rational "se of reso"rces, etc

C80 alternative project for an arch bridge of moderate span

Context and scope of the study Deside the application of HPC in standard bridges, comparative st"dies were carried o"t within the frame of DHP=&000 national research coordinated program #5o"tlemonde, $%%)'

gathering owners, designers, contractors and laboratories aiming at the development and application of HPC 5hese st"dies have been foc"sed on =classical= shapes for bridges, where concrete compressive strength is highly appreciated 5he res"lts are th"s e0pected to help bridge designers in applying HPC in the most favorable conditions For the first of these cases, the opport"nity consisted in the st"dy, at >L5:+ /French Highways 5echnical +gency1, of an arch bridge of moderate span, crossing the river Cher at Chambonchard /central France1 ,n the initial pro-ect, the top of the arch is &5 m above the origins 5he span between them is $$0 m and the total length of the bridge is $)% m ,t has been decided #B8geron, $%%)' to imagine two alternative sol"tions for this arch, with slightly modified architect"ral reE"irements 5he first sol"tion sho"ld "se conventional concrete with !0 MPa design strength, the other one HPC with )0 MPa design strength and containing silica f"me 5his latter strength corresponds to the limit of presently official French design r"les #de Barrard et al., $%%9' 5he choice of HPC containing silica f"me was intended to ta(e advantage of limited delayed deformations in the design Doth alternative sol"tions had to be optimi@ed in terms of material savings, so that the advantages and limits of "sing HPC vers"s ordinary concrete can be pointed o"t at the design stage ,n fact, HPC had already been "sed even in France in a famo"s arch bridge, mostly for reasons of d"rability and methods effectiveness /de Champs, in #Malier, $%%&'1 +rch bridges appear as favorable applications of HPC d"e to possibly high compressive stresses in the arch However, the limits of economical application to HPC of =classical= bridge shapes generally optimi@ed for conventional concrete had to be E"estioned in this conte0t #Helland, $%%9'

Fig"re ;3 6eneral shape of the initial bridge pro-ect Iterative optimization of the pro ects 5he general shape of the pro-ect /fig ;1 had to be respected in the alternative sol"tions 5h"s the position of arch origins and top, spacing of piles transferring the dec( weight /$5 .5 m1 and f"nctional reE"irements of the dec( /reinforced concrete ribbed slab, $$ m wide, $)% m long1 were (ept 5he same actions and load combinations were "sed 5he arch has been chosen as f"nic"lar with respect to permanent loads 5his choice is classical for larger span arches, it has been maintained here beca"se of the relatively low traffic loads 5he initial parabolic shape of the arch is th"s modified /and appro0imated by . straight segments1 d"e to material savings in the arch cross section, in the dec( and piles For architect"ral reasons, the initial pro-ect "sed a bo04girder for the arch, leading to very red"ced compressive stresses 5his type of section is well adapted for long span arches, for

it ma0imi@es torsion inertia For intermediate spans, an H4shaped section is interesting for its transverse inertia Here a do"ble ,4shaped cross section with transverse bracing at the piles leads to minim"m material cons"mption, yet satisfying the most critical reE"irements, i.e. no tension at serviceability limit state />B>1 with freE"ent load combination, and tensile stresses limited to ftj /act"al tensile strength1 at >B> with infreE"ent load combination ,t has been ass"med that the arch wo"ld be erected by the cantilever method 6enerally, when (eying, a -ac( is introd"ced to recover compressive stresses 5he -ac(ing load has been optimi@ed /abo"t .. M of the load reE"ired to cancel the deformation d"e to the dead weight of the arch itself1 to get minim"m tensile stresses, especially in the anchoring bloc(s 5he E"estion of the dead weight of the arch relatively to s"pported loads /piles, dec( and s"perstr"ct"res1 has not been f"lly e0plored Material savings "sing HPC /red"ced dec( thic(ness for e0ample1 may lead to red"ced compressive stresses in the arch, especially in the case of moderate spans, which might not be optim"m, even tho"gh interesting for fo"ndations >implified minim"m sE"are cross4sections have been chosen for piles <et piles with red"ced longit"dinal inertia b"t large cross4section might have t"rned o"t better s"ited a posteriori + first step of shape optimi@ation and cross4section minimi@ation "sing hypotheses described here4above is th"s achieved by comp"ting dead loads, optimi@ing the arch c"rvat"re and chec(ing tensile stresses "nder freE"ent and infreE"ent load combinations at >B> 5he critical case is always the >B> infreE"ent combination of actions at long term, incl"ding temperat"re effects + tensile stress close to ftj is then reached in the lower fiber of the arch at the ab"tment Main feat"res of the alternative pro-ects are detailed in #B8geron, 5o"tlemonde et al., &00$' and s"mmed "p in table & 5able &3 Main feat"res of C!0 / C)0 sol"tions >B> stresses /long term 4 rare combination1 dec( ma0 thic(ness C!0 0 9!$ m C)0 05m piles cross4section $ $ m H $ ;5 m $$mH$0m $/& arch ,4shape $&mH&0m $$mH$)m , web thic(ness 0!m 0 &5 m ma0 tensile stress ; $9 MPa ! %; MPa ma0 stress in compression $% ; MPa &; $ MPa

,t t"rns o"t that the "sable stress range of C)0 /"p to !) MPa instead of &! MPa for C!01 is hardly applied in compression Nn the contrary, the tensile strength is f"lly applied in both cases /available stress limit ftj P ; MPa for C!0 vers"s 5 $ MPa for C)01 + parallel comp"tation has been performed for an arch with the same span b"t a red"ced height /$5 m1 5he cross4section has been minimi@ed as e0plained previo"sly 5he mean compressive stress is higher especially after -ac(ing ,t t"rns o"t that a ratio of $/5 for the height / span of the arch can be considered as a practical minim"m for val"able application of HPC in terms of high compressive strength Reinforcement determination and complementary verifications +n elastic comp"tation of the bending moments is carried o"t for the different combinations of actions either with >B> or KB> /"ltimate limit state1 coefficients For in4plane loads, >B> is critical for determining the reinforcement and KB> chec(ing does not lead to any s"pplementary re4bar 5he different loading cases can be drawn on the interaction diagram of the most critical cross4section of the arch, it t"rns o"t that at KB> the cross4section dimensions of the C)0 sol"tion wo"ld have been s"fficient even with a concrete having a design strength of only !0 MPa #B8geron, $%%)' 5he most critical transverse load is the wind press"re before (eying, which reE"ires provisional lashing of the beams Ghen the arch is (eyed, both sol"tions are eE"ivalent in terms of resistance 5he C)0 arch is thinner, it catches less the wind b"t its stiffness is also lower

5he first modes of instability are identified in a first comp"tation as lateral tipping /first ; modes, the first one is the most critical1 and longit"dinal b"c(ling 5hen an amplit"de of B/&000 is applied to each mode, /B P span of the arch1 5his displacement is given as an initial fa"lt for an incremental non4linear comp"tation, "ntil stability is lost + safety factor hardly higher than & is got for the C!0 sol"tion concerning lateral tipping, which is the minim"m generally reE"ired + higher val"e /almost ;1 is got for the C)0 pro-ect, which is lighter for a higher material stiffness For both cases a very high safety factor /abo"t $01 is got with respect to longit"dinal b"c(ling 7"e to the span and height of the arch, it has been ass"med that it wo"ld be erected by the cantilever method, with provisional cable stabili@ation 5he E"antity of cables is determined by the weight of the arch, so that no bending moment is transmitted to the ab"tment /the dead weight being eE"ilibrated by the cables1 5he weight of the C)0 sol"tion /red"ced by &$ M1 leads to a red"ced cable weight /4 $& 5 M1 However, the provisional lashing for stabili@ation against wind loads before (eying sho"ld not be m"ch altered for the C)0 vers"s the C!0 sol"tion Desides, piles /even if not detailed for architect"ral reE"irements in this st"dy1 are relatively massive elements and temperat"re elevation problems sho"ld be addressed for both sol"tions Bong term deflections and stresses have been comp"ted at different stages /before and after -ac(ing, and at long term1 "nder permanent loads "sing detailed code provisions for ta(ing HPC delayed behavior into acco"nt #Be :oy, $%%9' 5he choice of C)0 containing more than 5M of silica f"me /with respect to the cement content1 is of prime importance for this advantage of dimensional stability of HPC 5he compressive stresses prod"ced by -ac(ing are maintained all the better than delayed deformations are smaller Lven (eeping in mind the "ncertainties on standard val"es concerning creep and shrin(age of concrete, it t"rns o"t /see table ;1, that the increment of deflection e0pected d"ring service life is m"ch red"ced in the C)0 sol"tion compared to the C!0 one /$ % cm instead of 5 9 cm1 5his tends to favor an easier management for the owner in the C)0 sol"tion 5able ;3 Bong term deflection and stresses after (eying and -ac(ing (ey vertical stress on ab"tments /MPa1 stress at the (ey /MPa1 displacement /cm1 lower fiber "pper fiber lower fiber "pper fiber $9 !% %; 55 !9 0) 59 )9 5$ 50 after long term creep and shrin(age (ey vertical stress on ab"tments /MPa1 stress at the (ey /MPa1 displacement /cm1 lower fiber "pper fiber lower fiber "pper fiber 4!0 )& 5) ;9 9! 4$ $ .5 99 !0 90

C!0 C)0

C!0 C)0

!ttempts of cost comparison + part of initial costs for the owner can be derived from material E"antities of the completed str"ct"re 5he total concrete e0pense is $;%) m; for C)0 instead of $.%$ m; for C!0, i e a red"ction of && M For concrete, price incl"des material and casting /wor(manship1 ,n $%%), it was estimated aro"nd $000 F/m; for C!0 /$50 Q1 and $900 F/m; for C)0 /&!; Q1 5he difference sho"ld not be considered as absol"te ,t can be attrib"ted in the present French mar(et conte0t to longer st"dies and controls concerning HPC for red"ced delivered E"antities ,t t"rns o"t /see table !1 that the C)0 sol"tion is more e0pensive especially d"e to

the costs of the C)0 dec(, where HPC is hardly applied D"t given scattering of the prices, both sol"tions witho"t the dec( can be considered as eE"ivalent in terms of initial costs, besides savings of nat"ral reso"rces and ind"ced savings in maintenance costs /better d"rability of HPC1 +s indicated, the heavier C!0 dec( is not "nfavorable for the C)0 arch 5he costs d"e to the method of erection can hardly be completely identified at this step 5he most direct conseE"ence of the change of concrete grade is the lighter weight of cables for provisional stabili@ation /4 $& 5 M1 5he derived savings are estimated to abo"t &00,000 F +dded to material initial costs, and provided the other e0penses are "nchanged, this gives a little advantage to the C)0 sol"tion /with C!0 dec(1 or red"ces the difference between both sol"tions However, it is necessary to recall that consistently with all these estimations, the global initial cost of s"ch a bridge is abo"t &5 MF, that is abo"t ! times the material costs that co"ld be listed here Main initial savings "sing C)0 are th"s d"e to a red"ced concrete e0pense /4 && M1, red"ced cost of forms, red"ced weight of cables for provisional stabili@ation O"antity and cost of re4bars are almost "nchanged, as well as for fo"ndations in this case /for an arch, the E"ality of soil is generally good1 :ed"ced erection times may be e0pected "sing C)0, which may have important economical conseE"ences, d"e to HPC rapid hardening D"t this has to be planned e0plicitly in specifying concrete 5able !3 Material initial costs /French Francs, val"e $%%) 4 $ FF R 0 $5 Q1

rel val C)0 vs C!0 E"antity cost /FF1 E"antity cost /FF1 E"antity cost Piles concrete passive ribbed re4 bars ro"nd re4bars high E"ality forms Arch concrete passive ribbed re4 bars ro"nd re4bars high E"ality forms Deck concrete passive ribbed re4 bars ro"nd re4bars reg"lar forms high E"ality forms concrete c"ring
Total Total (e cept !eck"

C!0

C)0

5.& m; 55 t

5.&,000 !%5,000

!&! m; 55 t

9.),!00 4 &5 % M S $) 9 M S0M !%5,000 S 0 M

4 &0 M 4 $; % M

4 &0 M 5;t !.,.00 ! &! t ;),$90 4 $,.90 mT !!0,000 $,5$5 mT ;.),.50 $; % M

5%5 m; !& t

5%5,000 ;.),000

!&0 m; !& t

9.&,000 4 &% ! M S $& % M S0M ;.),000 S 0 M

S0M 455M S0M 455M

9 %; t 9&,;.0 9 %; t 9&,;.0 &,.50 mT )&5,000 &,900 mT .)0,000 9&! m; 5% t 5 5! t $00 mT &&50 mT &$0$ mT 9&!,000 5;$,000 !%,)90 &5,000 9.5,000 !&,0&0
5,361,95 0 3,415,07 0

55! m; 95 t 5 5! t $00 mT &&50 mT &$0$ mT

))9,!00 4 $$ & M S !& $ M 5)5,000 S $0 & S $0 & M !%,)90 &5,000 9.5,000 !&,0&0
5,745,96 0 3,4#$,6# 0 M S0M S0M S0M S0M S0M S0M S0M S0M S.&M S& 0 M

5he advantages and limits of HPC for an arch bridge of moderate span can th"s be derived and s"mmed "p from the case st"died3

$ 4 ,f HPC has to be applied, the general shape of the arch sho"ld be s"rbased eno"gh /top / span ratio lower than $/51 and the dec( not too m"ch lightened, so that important compressive stresses are applied in the arch & 4 For s"ch a moderate span, a do"ble , cross section with reg"lar bracing is better s"ited and more economic than a bo04girder or an H4shaped cross section for the arch ; 4 C)0 material savings /4 &; M in this typical case1 are limited by the tensile strength, which is reached in the lower fiber of the arch near ab"tments at the serviceability limit state /variable actions "nder infreE"ent combination1 5his emphasi@es the reE"irement of a validated and d"rable high tensile strength for HPC, when the absence of crac(s is reE"ired at the serviceability limit state ,n the C)0 vs C!0 sol"tion the E"antity of re4bars remains almost "nchanged ! 4 7elayed strains are m"ch red"ced in the HPC sol"tion, d"e to the choice of silica f"me concrete 5he safety factor concerning instability /first lateral tipping mode1 is s"bstantially increased 5 4 Gith probable economical hypotheses, the optimi@ed C!0 and C)0 pro-ects st"died are ro"ghly eE"ivalent in terms of initial costs, yet ind"ced changes in erection methods may be in favor of HPC

C80 alternative project for a box girder pre stressed concrete bridge over the river !eine
+s another type of bridge str"ct"re where concrete compressive strength is fr"itf"lly applied, the case of a pre4stressed bo04girder was st"died "sing the opport"nity of the c"rrently st"died viad"ct of Mesnil4le4:oi over the river >eine on +$! motorway western from Paris 5his st"dy also too( place within DHP=&000 national pro-ect #PiE"et, $%%. C $%%)' 5he reference sit"ation concerns the bridge effectively b"ilt "sing C!0, with a main span of $$0 m /fig !1 and classical height / span ratios of abo"t $/&0 "pon pier and $/;. at the (ey /fig 51

Fig"re !3 Bongit"dinal profile of Mesnil4le4:oi viad"ct Fo"r alternative sol"tions were considered, three of which "sing C)0 with silica f"me, which is the limit of present design r"les, and the last one "sing C$&0 with the same /e0trapolated1 form"lae For the first three sol"tions, the ob-ective was to precisely E"antify /at the level of the comp"tation for e0ec"tion1 the possible savings d"e to the s"bstit"tion of C)0 to C!0 5he optimisation was th"s foc"sed on three points3 7 :ed"ction of pre4stressing steel E"antity, for the same cross4section and same span as in the reference C!0 sol"tion, "sing C)0 7 ,ncrease in span /with an affinity in the longit"dinal profile1, for the same cross4section and the same pre4stressing tendons as in the reference C!0 sol"tion 5his strategy was applied both for C)0 and C$&0 types of concrete, and the possibility of a s"pplementary

$%5$5 cable instead of an empty reservation was "sed in a variant comp"tation to amplify the potential increase :ed"ction of thic(ness and material savings for the transverse profile "sing C)0, for the same span and pre4stressing as in the C!0 reference sol"tion

"pon pier

at the (ey

Fig"re 53 5ransverse profile of Mesnil4le4:oi bo0 girder /C!0 alternative1 5he optimised alternative sol"tions were determined after verification of the same loading config"rations as for the really b"ilt str"ct"re 5his helped validating the correct implementation of HPC code e0tension form"lae within c"rrent str"ct"ral design codes freE"ently "sed for this type of segmentally b"ilt concrete bridges 5he res"lting E"antities are detailed on table 5, and the limiting loading case is given with the ratio of the ma0im"m stress comp"ted over the allowable one, either in tension or in compression 5able 53 Main feat"res of C!0 / C)0 / C$&0 sol"tions
co%crete

spa%

cross & sectio%

pre &stressi%'

hei'ht ( spa% (pier"

hei'ht ( spa% (ke)"

c stress ratio i% co*pressio%

t stress ratio i% te%sio%

co**e%ts

C!0 C)0 C)0 C)0

$$0 m /ref1 ref +12% $&! m +15% $&) m ref

ref ref ref ref

$&0 t /ref1 -11% /$; t1 ref S$ $%5$5 /F S$0M1 ref S$ $%5$5 /F S$0M1

$/$% ) $/$% ) $/&& & 1/22.8

$/;. 0 $/;. 0 $/!$ ! 1/42.5

); M >B> infreE"ent ;% M >B> perm 59 M >B> perm 90 M >B> perm 9$ M >B> perm ;% M >B> perm

.! M >B> infreE"ent !. M beam erection %! M beam erection %9 M beam erection 9. M >B> infreE"ent $00 M >B> freE"ent

45M pass reinf

C)0

4$!M lim " ref

1/25.8 $/&; !

1/46.3 $/!; 9

C$&0 +18% $;$ m

4$&M pass reinf limit P 0 tension

19

Ghen the span and cross4section are (ept constant, i e for simple concrete type s"bstit"tion, savings in the reinforcement are significant /5 M for passive re4bars, $$ M for pre4stressing1, however the capacities of the material are hardly applied Ghen the increase in span is searched, with constant pre4stressing and transverse profile, the limit of tensile strength is enco"ntered d"ring erection steps /connection of the last segment of one beam before (eying1 for the C)0 sol"tions and d"ring service life /freE"ent load combination for >B>1 for the C$&0 sol"tion 5he relative increase in span /S $& to S$) M1 may be of interest in case of local constraints However the val"able application of concrete high compressive strength is limited Finally, the most promising sol"tion, leading to the thinner aspect ratios, comes from the cross4section optimisation /fig 91 5he limit of the obtained material savings comes from the ma0im"m allowable shear stress, both at >B> and KB>, and from practical dispositions /concrete cover aro"nd pre4stressing d"cts1 5he red"ced web thic(ness is an advantage concerning thermal effects 6lobally, the capacities of HPC are satisfactorily applied witho"t e0cessive stress ratio in tension, and the global passive reinforcement ratio is not m"ch altered, which is important regarding the E"ality of concrete placing Finally, the height over span ratios of $/&9 /"pon pier1 and $/!9 /at the (ey1 can be (ept in mind to s"m "p the aesthetic and f"nctional capacities of HPC in this type of str"ct"res

"pon the pile

at the (ey

Fig"re 93 5ransverse profile of Mesnil4le4:oi bo0 girder /C)0 optimised alternative1

High rise piers and p"lons using HPC# experience and trends
+ last typical case st"died in the frame of DHP=&000 pro-ect concerns high rise piers and pylons /higher than .0 m, and with a height / diameter ratio higher than $01, where concrete high strength can be applied d"e to intense and permanent compressive stresses + preliminary design e0ample is given in table 9 to fi0 ideas "sing typical pro-ect data For the same normal load on top and bending moment at the bottom of the pier, the "se of C)0 instead of C!0 leads to global savings /abo"t 5 M of cost red"ction1 mainly d"e to a red"ction of pier thic(ness by a factor & <et the reinforcement ratio has to be increased significantly to ens"re this global efficiency 5able 93 comparison of simplified design for a pile $50 m high, vertical load P $95 MA on top
co%crete

l (+e 500"

thick%ess (*"

, -./ (,0.*"

0 -./ (,0"

/./ per* (,Pa"

co%crete 1ol. (*3"

!efor*e! re&bars (t"

cost (k+"

cost 1ariatio%

C!0 C)0 C)0

$M $M &5M

$0 0) 0 !)

;;00 ;;00 ;;00

;;% ;$) &)$

55 9; %0

;!50 &)0) $.;$

&9% &$% ;;)

5095 5)0. !.%5

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11

6iven recent e0amples of s"ch str"ct"res in France /Aormandie /fig ., d"ring erection1 and Llorn cable stayed bridges, Ierri?res composite bridge and Milla" viad"ct, fig )1 some trends and recommendations have been drawn 5hese recommendations #B8geron, d=+loUa et al., &00;' deal with the specificity of concrete reE"irements /thermal behavio"r, shrin(age, wor(ability, aspect of facings1, erection methods /stabilisation against wind loads, slipping vs climbing formwor(1, specific design verifications /stability, dynamic behavio"r1, and E"ality control d"ring st"dies and e0ec"tion

Fig"re .3 Aormandie bridge d"ring erection Nverview of the HPC piers and dec(

Fig"re )3 Piers of Milla" viad"ct /C90/.51

1/

,n this type of str"ct"res, the potential advantages of HPC are the following3 7 material savings for the same load to be s"pported, provided the reinforcement ratio /or the stress ratio of the re4bars1 has to be significantly increased, 7 preservation of aggregate nat"ral reso"rces, 7 red"ction of the cost of fo"ndations, 7 higher d"rability, provided restrained shrin(age is controlled, which is of prime importance for str"ct"res diffic"lt to inspect and repair, 7 easier placing when p"mpable or self4levelling HPC is ordered 5hese advantages have been clearly demonstrated on the basis of recent e0amples or comparative design However they will be f"lly applied on f"t"re sites only if3 7 a complete set of concrete reE"irements is established and thoro"ghly followed d"ring a /longer1 phase of material st"dies and agreement #de Barrard, $%%9', 7 restrained shrin(age /in massive parts or between s"ccessive steps1 is controlled 7 concrete segregation has been prevented 7 stability and wind comp"tations have applied the higher material rigidity F"rthermore in the case of s"ch bridges, the spans are generally large which also favo"rs a /lighter1 HPC dec( in case of a concrete sol"tion

!tructural application of HPC # s"nthesis

Fo"r cases of design and cost comparison of C)0 vs C!0 sol"tion for standard or o"tstanding bridges or bridge str"ct"ral parts have been detailed in the first part of this paper 5hese cases correspond to possibly fr"itf"l str"ct"ral applications of HPC in bridge design, they were considered as ill"strative and demonstrative for enco"raging "se of HPC in bridge engineering #5o"tlemonde et al &00&4b, 5o"tlemonde et al &00;, Dra@illier ed &005' + systematic hypothesis of comparison has been the same f"nctional reE"irements 5he following general concl"sions can be dawn from these cases $ 4 5he aspect ratio of the C)0 str"ct"res is always thinner, and the optimised shapes lead to global concrete vol"me savings from abo"t $5 M to 50 M & 4 5he optimised C)0 alternative has th"s generally an initial material cost somewhat lower than the reference C!0 sol"tion /between 0 and $0 M savings1 Possible ind"ced savings are diffic"lt to E"antify in a general frame ; 4 + mandatory condition of worthy application of C)0 consists in dealing with high compressive stress levels3 for an arch, it has to be s"rbased eno"ghV for a bo04girder, the span has to be long eno"ghV for a pier or an arch, the s"pported load has to be high eno"gh ! 4 Nn the contrary, if classical shapes are not modified, tensile or shear ma0im"m allowable stresses t"rn o"t to be the limiting factors for the C)0 sol"tion, and prevent a so"nd application of C$00 or C$&0 5 4 ,n all st"died cases, the "se of silica f"me concrete leads to a significant red"ction of delayed strains and load redistrib"tion 9 4 7"ring erection or "nder wind loads, the stability /th"s the safety1 of HPC sol"tions is generally increased . 4 Finally, for the comparison of initial costs, the correct acco"nting of methods since the beginning of the pro-ect is of prime importance to ta(e all the benefits of an HPC sol"tion 5hese concl"sions established within the conte0t of $%%%4e0tended French design codes #5o"tlemonde et al &00&4a' still stand valid when comparing technical advantages of HPC / reg"lar concrete alternative sol"tions However, some other aspects also infl"ence the val"able application of HPC, mainly the economic aspects of E"ality control and the technical level of the staff in charge of mi04proportioning and mi0ing, and the technical level of the pro-ect chec(er 5his has tended for recent times to favo"r applications in pre4cast prod"cts, high4rise b"ildings and large bridges

1.

Present trends of HPC application in France

7"ring the last five years, ma-or evol"tions also too( place in France concerning concrete, having an infl"ence on HPC applications $ +pproval of LA &09 standard for concrete specification 5his highlighted the E"estion of concrete d"rability vs e0pos"re classes Combined with cover specification in LA $%%&, which led to important calibration wor(s at the national level #5o"tlemonde C Coin, &005', this concern of d"rability highlights the important potential of HPC #Daroghel4Do"ny &00!' 5his potential has also been emphasi@ed and rationally demonstrated with the promotion of scientifically4based d"rability inde0es #Daroghel4Do"ny et al &00!, Daroghel4Do"ny &00.' +pplication of s"ch concepts especially in cases where the bridge contractor also is f"rther operator has demonstrated interest of HPC for ens"ring low maintenance costs, as in Iasco de 6ama bridge in Port"gal, Confederation bridge in Canada, Milla" bridge in France or :ion4+ntirion bridge in 6reece /fig %1 However for smaller wor(s and e0cept direct technical advantages for the str"ct"re 4 e g dec( of Dea"caire45arascon cable4stayed bridge, high4rise piers of 5"lle bridge /fig $01 4 the recent concern of 7LF ris( may have ind"ced a rather caref"l attit"de regarding possible "ncontrolled hydration heat W for which HPC may not be advantageo"s

Fig"re % 3 :ion4+ntirion bridge >ee #C"ssigh et al &00.' for details of concrete specification

Fig"re $0 3 5"lle viad"ct High4rise piers made of C.0 ens"ring strength and intrinsic free@e4 thaw resistance

15

& 7evelopment of fl"id concrete specification and control >elf4compacting concrete represents an important brea(4thro"gh which significantly modifies costs of concrete mi04design and placement Moreover, it has conseE"ences of increasing importance in terms of noise dist"rbance, either in a pre4cast concrete plant or in "rban -obsites Provisional r"les for >CC acceptance were ta(en early #C"ssigh et al &000' ,n the present state of practice concerning admi0t"res and mi04design, >CC rob"stness with respect to -obsite and environmental variations, reE"ired also for architect"ral p"rposes #5o"tlemonde ed &00!', is ens"red by "sing relatively high4strength self4compacting concrete /X C!5/551 ,mportant scientific advances have been gained concerning rational mi04design of s"ch concrete #de Barrard $%%%', prevision of concrete p"mpability #Japlan &00$', possible red"ction of mi0ing times #Chopin &00;', and modelling of fresh concrete flow 5hese advances limit drawbac(s of first HPC e0perience in terms of stic(y hard to place concrete with ris( of cement4admi0t"re incompatibility However, they are mainly "sed in the conte0t of a globally controlled concrete s"pply process, which is mainly the case for pre4cast concrete or large sites with own concrete plant For the ready4mi0 concrete ind"stry, additional costs of HPC still seem to remain diffic"ltly accepted ; Consolidation of (nowledge on HPC within the frame of L"rocodes provisions ,mportant research efforts #5o"tlemonde et al &00&4b, 5o"tlemonde et al &00;4b' were devoted d"ring the late nineties to ens"ring the validity of design code provisions when applied to HPC and also IHPC /C)0/%5 and "p1, so that both the still presently valid French design code and the c"rrently enforced L"rocode & co"ld be safely and val"ably "sed, given the French e0perience of HPC str"ct"res Ma-or contrib"tions concerned tensile strength of HPC #5o"tlemonde et al &00!4b', shear strength of beams and specific design of @ones "nder concentrated loadings, creep val"es, etc #5o"tlemonde et al &00;4a, 5o"tlemonde et al &00!4a' 5he technical benefits of HPC lower creep, for e0ample, has been proven as val"ably applied in an e0tension of the techniE"e of prebended beams #5o"tlemonde C >taE"et &009' Gidespread "se of the L"rocodes incl"ding ed"cation of designers still remains in France an ongoing important wor( to be carried o"t, which for the moment may prevent from developing innovative sol"tions f"lly e0ploiting the offered design possibilities

Fig"re $$ :oof of Milla" viad"ct toll gate, made of KHPF:C ! 7evelopment and application of KHPF:C Finally, after $%%9 pioneer applications in >herbroo(e footbridge and beams for cooling towers of L7F power plants, "ltra4high performance fibre reinforced concrete entered the time of a new ind"strial development with the reali@ation of the first KHPF:C road bridge in Do"rg l?s Ialence /&00$1, and the p"blishing of design and control recommendations #:esplendino et al &00&' ,nd"strial competition has got significant with this (ind of materials as a sign of capability of concrete mi04design and placement control and aptit"de to innovation Lven tho"gh cons"mption of KHPF:C is still very limited, it gains growing interest d"e to e0pected d"rability, lightness, low reso"rce cons"mption, architect"ral

1*

possibilities #Do"teille C :esplendino &005' 7esign and reali@ation e0perience, for e0ample with erection of the roof of Milla" viad"ct toll gate /fig $$1, is collected within the French mirror gro"p of fib ) 9 tas( gro"p, also ta(ing advantage of research pro-ects res"lts on possible KHPF:C applications #5o"tlemonde et al &005' Ghile KHPF:C raise the limits of concrete strength application, they help drawing "pwards the technical interest for concrete performance tailoring, and sho"ld gain an increasing n"mber of prototype applications Gith this approach, rationally4based choice of concrete strength higher than C!0, and specification of related other properties, is getting wider and wider acceptance +ltogether, these present feat"res and evol"tions may tend to favo"r HPC application, b"t not mainly for its strength properties, even given the trend to save nat"ral reso"rces For economic reasons which still remain a strong press"re on constr"ction ind"stry especially for ho"sing, the ready4mi0 concrete ind"stry is not very prone to s"pply with HPC anywhere in France, even tho"gh it has proven to be feasible, and an important proportion of ready4mi0 plants have standard proposal of C90 grade Considering the present sit"ation of HPC application, it is to be stated that more than 90 M of concrete "sed in pre4cast ind"stry has strength higher than C90 Moreover, HPC sol"tions are generally considered W at least in alternative pro-ects 4 for large bridges, and freE"ently chosen Lven tho"gh it represents a very specific aspect of the mar(et, HPC is also mainly "sed for high4rise b"ildings especially in Ba 78fense b"siness district of Paris F"rther evol"tions may be drawn by a renewed interest for steel4concrete composite constr"ction Nnce connection and restrained shrin(age iss"es can be rationally solved, which is now the case, HPC associated with steel has important economical and technical advantages of lightness, rigidity and stability, which may favo"r f"rther application of pioneer sol"tions li(e the :oi@e bridge #Ca"sse C Montens $%%&' or overpass P>$; concept #Chevallier C Petit-ean &00$', possibly "sing KHPF:C #5o"tlemonde et al &005' Finally in o"r opinion, HPC growing application co"ld be the res"lt of a growing concern of d"rability and s"stainability of constr"ctions, provided the level of aesthetic and architect"ral performance of HPC pro-ects is maintained, and provided the cost of E"ality control which is necessary for ens"ring HPC satisfactory s"pply, is considered as an investment balanced by savings in placement, constr"ction methods and maintenance costsY which may still reE"ire some open4minded people within the systems

$eferences
Daroghel4Do"ny I et al /&00!1 2o%ceptio% !es b3to%s po4r 4%e !4r3e !e 1ie !o%%3e !es o41ra'es, +F6C, 7oc"ments scientifiE"es et techniE"es, Paris, &59 p Daroghel4Do"ny /&00!1 Bes sp8cificit8s des b8tons Z ha"tes performances Caract8ristiE"es microstr"ct"rales et propri8t8s relatives Z la d"rabilit8 8val"8es en conditions de laboratoire o" en conditions nat"relles, 5t4!es et recherches !es .P2, N+!!, BCPC, Paris, )0 p Daroghel4Do"ny I /&00.1 D4rabilit) 6%!icators 7 rele1a%t tools for a% i*pro1e! assess*e%t of 82 !4rabilit), 5[ conf ,nt CNA>LC= 0., 5o"rs, France, !49 -"in &00., \Concrete "nder severe conditions Lnvironment and loading], 5o"tlemonde et al ed , vol $, pp 9.4)! Do"teille > , :esplendino ^ /&0051 7erniers d8veloppements dans l*"tilisation des b8tons fibr8s "ltra4performants en France Proc. 92:$005, A+92, Paris, 19 p. Dra@illier 7 et al. /$%%91 ,nnovative design of small highway bridges in HPC Proc. 4th 6%t. /)*p. o% the 4tili;atio% of <i'h stre%'th ( <i'h Perfor*a%ce 2o%crete, BCPC 4 Presses de l=LAPC, Paris, $!!.4$!59 Dra@illier 7 et al /$%%.1 Aew developments in standard bridge design "sing H P C /D)01, Proc. of the 6%t. 2o%f. o% 0e= Tech%olo'ies i% /tr4ct4ral 5%'i%eeri%', +6P:97 , &45 -"ly, Bisbon, $;$4$;) Ldited by Dra@illier 7 /&0051 /)%th>se !es tra1a4 !4 projet %atio%al ?<P $000 s4r les b3to%s @ ha4tes perfor*a%ces, Presses de l*Lcole Aationale des Ponts et Cha"ss8es, Paris

16

Ca"sse 6 , Montens > /$%%&1 5he :oi@e Dridge, <i'h Perfor*a%ce 2o%crete. +ro* *aterial to str4ct4re, L C FA >PNA, 5&545;9 Chevallier F , Petit-ean ^ /&00$1 +)5 Be P> $; Bes o"vrages mi0tes Z dalle pr8fabriE"8e en DHP, Tra1a4 , 771 Chopin 7 /&00;1 Mala0age des b8tons Z ha"tes performances et des b8tons a"to4 pla_ants Nptimisation d" temps de fabrication, Lt"des et :echerches des BPC, N+!$, BCPC, Paris, &$0 p C"ssigh F et al /&0001 ?3to%s a4to&plaAa%ts. 8eco**a%!atio%s pro1isoires />elf4 compacting Concrete ,nterim recommendations1 +F6C, Paris 9! pp /Fran_ais4Lnglish1 C"ssigh F , Donnard I , Carde C , Ho"d"sse N /&00.1 8io% A%tirio% bri!'e project. 2o%crete !4rabilit) for pre1e%tio% of corrosio% risk , 5[ conf ,nt CNA>LC= 0., 5o"rs, France, !49 -"in &00., \Concrete "nder severe conditions Lnvironment and loading], 5o"tlemonde et al ed , vol $, pp );%4)50 Helland > /$%%91 Ktili@ation of HPC Proc. 4th 6%t. /)*p. o% the 4tili;atio% of <i'h stre%'th ( <i'h Perfor*a%ce 2o%crete, BCPC 4 Presses de l=LAPC, Paris, 9.4.; Japlan 7 /&00$1 Pompage des b8tons, Lt"des et :echerches des BPC, N+;9, BCPC, Paris, &;0 p de Barrard F , 6illet 6 , Canitrot D /$%%91 Preliminary HPC mi04design st"dy for the =grand viad"c de Milla"=3 an e0ample of BCPC=s approach Proc. 4th 6%t. /)*p. o% the 4tili;atio% of <i'h stre%'th ( <i'h Perfor*a%ce 2o%crete , BCPC 4 Presses de l=LAPC, Paris, $;&;4$;;$ de Barrard F et al. /$%%91 L0tension d" domaine d=application des r?glements de calc"l D+LB/DPLB a"0 b8tons Z )0 MPa, ?4lleti% !es .aboratoires !es Po%ts et 2ha4ss3es , spcial XIX de Barrard F /$%%%1 2o%crete *i t4re&proportio%i%' B A scie%tific approach, Modern Concrete 5echnology series n[%, L C FA >PNA, Bondon B8geron F , Codis 6 , Bef?vre ^ , Do"chon L /$%%)1 Cpti*isatio% !D4% po%t e% arc e% ?40 et e% ?#0 :eport for the pro-ect DHP=&000, >L5:+, Dagne"0 B8geron F , 5o"tlemonde F , Do"chon L , Bef?vre ^ , Codis 6 /&00$1 +pplication of High Performance Concrete in an arch of moderate span Comparative st"dy ;rd ,nt Conf on arch bridges A82<D01, Paris, $%4&$ sept &00$ B8geron F , d=+loUa B , Be :oy : , 5o"tlemonde F , :"nfola P /&00;1 Ealorisatio% !es b3to%s @ ha4tes perfor*a%ces !a%s les piles et p)lF%es !e 'ra%!e ha4te4r !es o41ra'es !Dart 5echnical 6"ide, BCPC, Paris Be :oy : /$%%91 78formations instantan8es et diff8r8es des b8tons Z ha"tes performances, 5t4!es et 8echerches !es .aboratoires !es Po%ts et 2ha4ss3es , OA22, BCPC, Paris Ldited by Malier < /$%%&1 <i'h Perfor*a%ce 2o%crete. +ro* *aterial to str4ct4re L C FA >pon, Bondon PiE"et + , Charfi H /$%%.1 Cpti*isatio% !:4% po%t&caisso% e% ?<P #0. Eia!4c !e ,es%il& le&8oi. A4toro4te A14, to*e 6. :eport for the pro-ect DHP=&000, 7"me@465M, Aanterre PiE"et + , Aa(hle B /$%%)1 Cpti*isatio% !:4% po%t&caisso% e% ?<P #0. Eia!4c !e ,es%il&le&8oi. A4toro4te A14, to*e 66. :eport for the pro-ect DHP=&000, 7"me@465M, Aanterre :esplendino ^ et al /&00&1 -ltra <i'h Perfor*a%ce +iber&8ei%force! 2o%cretes. 6%teri* 8eco**e%!atio%s. +F6C4>L5:+, 7oc"ments scientifiE"es et techniE"es, Dagne"0, &00&, $5& p >taE"et > , 5o"tlemonde F /&0091 6%%o1atio% po4r les o41ra'es ferro1iaires e% +ra%ce 7 4%e po4tre *i te pr3fl3chie e% ?T<P / ,nnovation for the railway bridge dec(s in France 3 a precambered composite beam "sing IHPC, in .a tech%iG4e fra%Aaise !4 ?3to%, +F6C, &?me congr?s international de la fib, Aaples, 54) -"in &009, r8s"m8 pp $;4$5, doc"ment complet pp $&4&! s"r C74:om 5o"tlemonde F , Dra@illier 7 C de Barrard F /$%%)1 :ecent advances in France in High Performance Concrete technology /tr4ct4ral 5%'i%eeri%' Horl! Hi!e. Llsevier >cience Btd Paper ref 5$)54;

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5o"tlemonde F , B8geron F , Dra@illier 7 /&00&4a1 8atio%al str4ct4ral !esi'% 4si%' <P2 i% so*e t)pical bri!'e str4ct4res, 9th ,nternational >ymposi"m on Ktili@ation of High >trength / High Performance Concrete, $94&0 -"in &00&, Beip@ig, J`nig, 7ehn C Fa"st eds, vol ,, pp .%.4)$& 5o"tlemonde F , 7e Barrard F , Dra@illier 7 /&00&4b1 /tr4ct4ral applicatio% of <P27 a s4r1e) of rece%t research i% +ra%ce, conf8rence pl8ni?re invit8e, 9th ,nternational >ymposi"m on Ktili@ation of High >trength / High Performance Concrete, $94&0 -"in &00&, Beip@ig, J`nig, 7ehn C Fa"st eds, vol ,, pp $.4!! 5o"tlemonde F , B8geron F , PiE"et + /&00;4a1 Ialorisation des b8tons Z ha"tes et tr?s ha"tes performances dans les str"ct"res d*o"vrage d*art, ?4lleti% !es .aboratoires !es Po%ts et 2ha4ss3es, n[ 246-247, septembre Z d8cembre, r8f !!%5, pp 5.4.& 5o"tlemonde F , Fo"r8 D , 7e Barrard F /&00;4b1 I8rifications concernant la prise en compte r8glementaire de certaines propri8t8s des b8tons Z ha"tes et tr?s ha"tes performances, ?4lleti% !es .aboratoires !es Po%ts et 2ha4ss3es, n[ 246-247, septembre Z d8cembre, r8f !!%;, pp .;4$00 5o"tlemonde F , Fo"r8 D , 7e Barrard F /&00!4a1 Pre&%or*ati1e res4lts relate! to 1er) hi'h stre%'th co%crete, symposi"m international de la fib, \Concrete >tr"ct"res3 the challenge of creativity], +vignon, France, &94&) avril &00!, r8s"m8 pp $!04$!$, article en 9 pages /C74:om1 5o"tlemonde F , 7e Barrard F , Cha"vel 7 /&00!4b1 Te%sile stre%'th of co%crete a%! its lo%'&ter* e1ol4tio% =ith ti*e7 fro* re'4lar to 1er) hi'h perfor*a%ce co%crete , ![ conf8rence internationale CNA>LC= 0!, >8o"l, Cor8e d" >"d, &.4;0 -"in &00!, \Concrete "nder severe conditions Lnvironment and loading], D H Nh ed , vol &, pp $;&%4$;;9 Ldited by 5o"tlemonde F /&00!1 Architect4re a%! 2o%crete, +C, Centennial Celebration, Ponts Formation Ldition, Paris 5o"tlemonde F , :esplendino ^ , >orelli B , Do"teille > , Drisard > /&0051 6%%o1ati1e !esi'% of -ltra&hi'h Perfor*a%ce +iberBrei%force! 2o%crete ribbe! slab 7 e peri*e%tal 1ali!atio% a%! preli*i%ar) !etaile! a%al)ses , .th ,nternational >ymposi"m on Ktili@ation of High >trength / High Performance Concrete, Gashington 7 C /K>+1, -"ne &04&&, &005, +C, >P4&&), H :"ssel ed , >P &&)44.9, pp $$).4$&09 5o"tlemonde F , Coin + /&0051 >tr"ct"res en b8ton con_"es avec l*L"rocode & Aote techniE"e s"r les dispositions relatives Z l*enrobage po"r l*application en France, 94i!es tech%iG4es !es .aboratoires !es Po%ts et 2ha4ss3es, octobre

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