Penn State Leverton 1 CD 2013

Dr John W Leverton
Leverton Associates International
2008 August 2013

Penn State August 2013
SOUND MEASUREMENTS
METRICS FOR MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS OF AIRCRAFT NOISE
Hearing Response
Loudness Phons
Equal Loudness Curves ISO 226
Relationship between loudness in Sones and loudness level in Phons.
LOUDNESS
NOISINESS Unit of NOYS used as basis for EPNdB
WEIGHTING CURVES
WEIGHTING CURVES
SOUND PRESURE LEVEL (SPL)

FREQUENCY & PERIOD SPL (Sound Pressure Level) = 10 log P2 = 20 log P Pref2 Pref
SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL (SPL) sPL = 10 log (P2/Pref2) Sound Intensity or Energy
= 10 log (P/Pref)2 = 20 log (P/Pref)
If Two Equal Sources .
Sources
SPL = 10 log (P/Pref)2 + 10 log (P/Pref)2 = + 3 dB If Pressure Doubled SPL = 20 log (2 x P/Pref) = + 6 dB
Summation of Two Sources
Noise Reduction with Distance
6 dB per doubling or halving of distance

SPL = 20 log (d/d ref) Doubling of Distance = + 6 dB
Wavelengths
Wavelengths in Air under normal conditions
Sound Exposure Level - SEL (LAE) LA
LA MAX
Often referenced: Single Event Level Sound Event Level

.... there is also a Single Event Noise Exposure Limit (SENEL)
used in California State.
Sound Exposure Level - SEL (LAE) LA
LA MAX
Sound Exposure Level - SEL (LAE)
1/3 Octave Bands / Octave Bands
PNdB ~PNL
Noise Certification EPNdB
See Handout for Noise Certification PNL/EPNdB Calculation
Measured Noise Levels

Max Level
EPNdB
10dB dB(A)max/dBAM
10dB
SEL/LAE
Community Noise Levels

Rotorcraft Flyover
Ground Reflection of Sound
Sound Reflection due to Wind
Sound Reflection due to Temperature
Typical Noise / Sound Levels
Typical Noise / Sound Levels
Flyover Noise / Typical Ambient Noise
Amplitude vs. Time and Frequency
VARIATION OF NOISE WITH TEMPERATURE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY
Variation of 1/3 Octave Spectrum with Distance
Variation of 1/3 Octave Spectrum with Distance
ACOUSTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ROTORCRAFT
dB
Helicopter Noise Sources
Approach
BVI/Blade Slap can be higher and dominate
Flyover
+
Takeoff
Flyover BVI/Blade Slap* not indicate
BVI/Blade Slap = Main Rotor/Main Rotor Tip Vortex Interaction

MAIN ROTOR TIP VORTEX TRAJECTORIES DURING HOVER AND FORWARD FLIGHT - LYNX
Narrowband, Frequency or Spectrum Analysis
Narrowband, Frequency or Spectrum Analysis
Narrowband, Frequency or Spectrum Analysis BVI/Blade Slap
Pressure Time History BVI/Blade Slap
Hovering Wessex Impact of Wind
Time History BVI/Blade Slap
Flyover Time History
Generalized dB(A) Flyover Time History
Generalized dB(A) Flyover Time History
HSI High Speed Impulsive Noise / Thickness Noise
Helicopter with no HSI, no BVI, no TRI and low Tail Rotor (TR) Noise
Flyover Noise
HSI High Speed Impulsive Noise / Thickness Noise BVI Blade Vortex Interaction (Blade Slap) TRI - Tail Rotor (Main Rotor Interaction TRI or TailWake) Rotor (TR) Noise
Helicopter with High Levels of HSI, BVI, Tail Rotor (TR) and/or TRI Noise
Flyover Noise High HSI/Thickness Noise or BVI/Blade Slap
TRI or Tail Rotor (TR) Noise Helicopter with High Levels of HSI, BVI, Tail Rotor (TR) and/or TRI Noise
Flyover Noise High Tail Rotor Noise
Flyover Noise Public Acceptance
ROTOR NOISE GENERATION
ROTATIONAL NOISE
FUNDAMENTAL (1st Harmonic)
260 RPM 758 ft/sec
5th Harmonic
Rotational Noise Harmonic Level (SPL) vs. Thrust

T2
=
(Thrust) 2
10th Harmonic
160 RPM 461 ft/sec

20th Harmonic T2
T0 = Independent of Thrust
= (Thrust) 2
* 160 RPM - 461 ft/sec

205 RPM - 593 ft/sec 230 RPM 670 ft/sec 260 RPM 758 ft/sec
30th Harmonic
2 BLADED S-55 ROTOR
Rotational Noise Harmonic Level (SPL) vs. Rotor Tip Speed
Blade Tip Mach Number

V6
Rotational Noise
Harmonic Level (SPL) vs. Rotor Tip Speed
3050 lbs
o 0 lbs 700 lbs
V12
+ 1850 lbs
x 3050 lbs
0 lbs
2 BLADED S-55 ROTOR

758
Main Rotor Rotational Noise Harmonic ;Fall-off
Rotational Noise Directivity
LOW FREQUENCY BROADBAND NOISE
Broadband Noise Spectra
Low Frequency Broadband Noise Analysis Model

Low Frequency Broadband Noise Flat SPL vs. Thrust
Low Frequency Broadband Noise
Flat SPL vs. Tip Speed
Low Frequency Broadband Noise and
Total (Overall) Rotor Noise

Noise Directivity
2 Bladed (S55) Rotor 250 ft radius
ROTOR ACOUSTICS
THEORETICAL ASPECTS
Acoustics Theory
Lighthill (1952) redefined by Ffowcs-Williams and Hawkings (1969)
Acoustics Theory
Aerodynamic Sound = Monopole + Dipole + Quadrupole Sources

blade volume or thickness noise blade (fluctuating) force or lift noise - high speed effects: transonic compressibility flow, shock and viscous flow
Monopole Dipole Quadrupole
Acoustics Theory
Dipole Source
where: r = distance from observer to source co = speed of sound Fi = fluctuating force (t-r/co) = retarded time
Acoustics Theory
Dipole Source far field
where: Ls = loading per unit span xn = coordinate normal to the span.

Blade Loading
Blade Loading
Rotational Noise Prediction
Blade Loading (Force) Noise Predictions
Directivity Moving Dipole
Rotor Wake Calculation
Rotor Wake Calculation
MAIN ROTOR TIP VORTEX TRAJECTORIES DURING HOVER AND FORWARD FLIGHT - LYNX
Wake Modeling
Fluctuating Load and Acoustic Pressure Calculations
[Westland Helicopters Ltd]
BVI/Blade Slap Calculations
Peak Pressure Directivity 6 descent/ 70 knots
Forward Speed vs. Descent Angle
Thickness Noise
Thickness Noise
Thickness Noise Prediction
Thickness Noise Predictions
HSI/Thickness Noise - Directivity

Peak Acoustic Pressure 143 knot level flight
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 centreline
Vertical Directivity
Prediction Accuracy

Penn State Leverton 1 CD 2013

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Penn State Leverton 1 CD 2013

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Dr John W Leverton

Leverton Associates International

2008 August 2013

Leverton Associates International

Penn State August 2013

Leverton Associates International

Penn State August 2013

Leverton Associates International

Penn State August 2013

Leverton Associates International

Penn State August 2013

Equal Loudness Curves ISO 226

Leverton Associates International

Penn State August 2013

Relationship between loudness in Sones and loudness level in Phons.

Leverton Associates International

Penn State August 2013

NOISINESS Unit of NOYS used as basis for EPNdB

Leverton Associates International

Penn State August 2013

Leverton Associates International

Penn State August 2013

Leverton Associates International

Penn State August 2013

SOUND PRESURE LEVEL (SPL)

Leverton Associates International

Penn State August 2013

Leverton Associates International

Summation of Two Sources

Leverton Associates International

Penn State August 2013

Noise Reduction with Distance

6 dB per doubling or halving of distance

Leverton Associates International

Penn State August 2013

Wavelengths in Air under normal conditions

Leverton Associates International

Penn State August 2013

Leverton Associates International

Penn State August 2013

Sound Exposure Level - SEL (LAE) LA

Often referenced: Single Event Level Sound Event Level

Leverton Associates International

Penn State August 2013

Sound Exposure Level - SEL (LAE) LA

Leverton Associates International

Penn State August 2013

Sound Exposure Level - SEL (LAE)

Leverton Associates International

Penn State August 2013

1/3 Octave Bands / Octave Bands

Leverton Associates International

Penn State August 2013

Noise Certification EPNdB

See Handout for Noise Certification PNL/EPNdB Calculation

Leverton Associates International

Penn State August 2013

Measured Noise Levels

Leverton Associates International

Penn State August 2013

Community Noise Levels

Leverton Associates International

Penn State August 2013

Ground Reflection of Sound