I.

Comparison of Arteries and Veins -insert anatomy part

The volume of blood flowing through the arteries is about the same as that flowing through the veins. It must be since it is a closed circulatory system. The difference is in the internal diameter (lumen) of the vessels. The arteries have smaller lumen and more muscular structure, the veins have less muscle, are of less defined, larger lumen shape. Therefore blood flows slower in the veins, faster in the arteries, but the volume of blood is the same. (Prove using equation) (conservation of mass) :Continuity equation A1v1 =A2v2 =constant Velocity is indirectly proportional to cross section area. II. Blood velocity as vessels branch off

The diameter of the blood vessel affects the speed of the flow of blood. Blood flow slows down as it moves from arteries to arterioles and subsequently to the capillaries because the cross-sectional area in the capillary beds is much bigger than the arteries or any part of the circulatory system. This reduction in velocity is important for the normal function of the circulatory system because it allows for the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood in the capillaries and the interstitial fluid surrounding the capillaries. Blood moves at a velocity that is 500 times less in the capillaries (approximately 0.1cm/sec) than the velocity at which it moves in the aorta (approximately 48cm/sec). Once nutrient and gas exchange has happened in the capillary beds, the blood picks up velocity in the venules and finally in the veins, as the "total" cross-sectional area here is smaller than that of the capillaries.
TERMS

mention pulse wave, changes momentum https://www.boundless.com/biology/circulatory-system/blood-pressure-and-flow/the-velocity-ofblood-flow/

Factors considered in fluid mechanics of blood flow in bifurcated aorta. Given a symmetrically bifurcated artery

1.) 2.) 3.) 4.)

Cross-sectional area of the vessels Entering blood velocities Blood pressure Density of blood Assumptions for simplification: 1.) Bifurcations is symmetric, (u1 = u2) 2.) Vessels are rigid. Walls of vessels do not deform; thus, cross-sectional area of vessel. 3.) The blood is: a. Incompressible; density is constant b. Inviscid; no viscous forces c. Steady; does not change with time 4.) The flow is a. Uniform. Velocities are constant. Acceleration = 0 b. Axial; perpendicular to the surfaces.

III. Circulatory Adaptations Many endotherms and some ectotherms can alter the amount of blood flowing between the body and the skin.

1.) Vasodilation: nerve signals relax muscles of the vessel walls (On superficial vessels) a. Diameter increase b. Area increase c. Velocity decrease d. Blood volume increase e. Blood spends more time on the skin f. Blood carries heat, warms the skin. g. Transfers body heat to a cool environment by radiation, conduction, and convection 2.) Vasoconstriction: nerves constrict muscles of vessel walls (Superficial) a. Diameter decrease b. Area decrease c. Velocity Increase d. Blood volume decrease e. Blood is directed away from the skin f. Cools the skin. Explain through concept and equation