Sentence Patterns in English

M. Rifai Abduh

Main Patterns:
Type I : Subject + Verb + (Object)* Type II : Subject + be Type III : There Type IV : It + be + be + Complement + Subject + Complement + Subject*)

Complete Patterns
Type I : Subject + Verb + (Object)* Type II : Subject + be Type III : There
Type IV : It

+ (Adverb)**) + (Adverb)*)

+ Complement + (Adverb)*) + Subject

(noun)

+ be
+ be

+ Complement + Subject*) + (Adverb)**)

Note:

Subject*) - to + infinitive+ (object)*) - verb in! + (object)*) - "th#t$ cl#u%e

Type I : Subject + Verb + (Object)*

Subject Verb
I II h#ve&h#% + III h#d + III c#n' m#y' mu%t' + infinitive %h#ll&(ill could' mi!ht' h#d to' + infinitive %hould&(ould c#n' m#y' mu%t' + h#ve + III %h#ll&(ill could' mi!ht' h#d to' + h#ve + III %hould&(ould i%' #m' #re (#%' (ere h#ve&h#% + been h#d

+ (Adverb)**)
(Object) Adverb

be+
c#n' m#y' mu%t + be + %h#ll & (ill could' mi!ht' h#d to' + h#ve + been + %hould&(ould

V -ing

Type II : Subject + be
Subject be

+ Complement + (Adverb)*)
Complement )ou n ctive Adje *rep o%ition#l phr#%e% ( prepo%ition + noun) Adverb

i%' #m' #re (#%' (ere h#ve&h#% + been + h#d c#n' m#y' mu%t + be + %h#ll & (ill could' mi!ht' h#d to' + h#ve + been %hould&(ould
Complement - )oun - Adjective - *repo%ition#l phr#%e

Type III : There

+ be

+ Subject

+ (Adverb)**)
3

(noun)

There

be

Subject (noun)

Adverb

i%' #re (#%' (ere h#ve&h#% + been h#d c#n' m#y' mu%t + be %h#ll & (ill could' mi!ht' h#d to' + h#ve + been %hould&(ould

Type IV : It

+ be

+ Complement + Subject*) + (Adverb)**)

It

be
i% (#%' (ere h#% + been + h#d c#n' m#y' mu%t + be + %h#ll & (ill could' mi!ht' h#d to' + h#ve + been + %hould&(ould

Complement )ou n ctive phr#%e% ( prepo%ition + noun) *rep o%ition#l Adje

Subject

Adverb**)

)ote: Subject*) - to + infinitive - verb in! - "th#t$ cl#u%e

Examples:

Computer Systems The term computer is generally applied to a collection of devices that together are technically known as a computer system This system consists of functional components! or parts! for input! storage! control! processing! and output "ll general-purpose computer systems have these components! #ut their physical characteristics may vary The main storage! control! and processing components constitute the heart of the computer system The central processing unit $C%&' has #een designed #y the manufacturer to control and carry out #asic instructions to that particular computer (t is here that the data processing is done The C%& has two components! called the control and arithmetic units These input and output devices are handled #y machines called ()* devices (n later units! more will #e said a#out these machines +ain storage! which is also called the memory! is made up of circuits with millions of tiny metal cores that can #e magneti,ed- thus! they can #e in one of two states! magneti,ed or un-magneti,ed .ecause it is made up these cores! it is fre/uently called core storage! or 0ust core *ne often hears of programs not running #ecause they e1ceeded core This means that there are not enough cores to handle all the data that have #een programmed The control unit directs the step-#y-step operation of the system (t selects instructions and data from main storage! interprets them! and controls the flow #etween main storage and the arithmetic unit The latter performs the actual arithmetic operations that are called for in the instructions (t also performs some kinds of logical operations such as comparing or selecting information The control and arithmetic units are made up of electronic circuits with millions of switches! which can #e in one of two states! either on or off

+ain storage and the C%& are connected to a console! where manual control operations can #e performed The computer operator can communicate directly with the machine #y means of control keys or a specially modified typewriter The operator can stop or start the program or make corrections in it The console also includes a display such as indicator lights or a T3 screen so that the operator can monitor information from the machine (t is necessary to understand how a program works in con0unction with the entire computer system The machine can #e programmed to carry out instructions! or e1ecute them! if they are in machine language! a communications code that the machine can 4understand4 The program is a set of instructions that may also include data to #e processed The computer is given the program through an input device and places it in main storage $memory' 5hen the machine is asked to act on the program! the program is #rought into the control unit! which directs the other units to carry out the steps of the program in se/uence "fter the data have #een processed #y the C%&! the final result is transmitted #y means of an output device that makes the result availa#le to the programmer

7ewrite the headword of each of the following phrases %ut them in the provided #rackets $Tulis kem#ali kata pokok dari frasa-frasa #erikut pada tanda kurung' 81 machines for processing data 82 have #een properly prepared 83 has #een presented 84 millions of electronic devices 85 circuit with different functions 82 at incredi#le speeds 86 have profoundly changed 89 many kinds of work 8: whole areas of work 18 prior to their development 11 the course of rockets 12 e1tremely difficult 13 in a fraction of the time 14 a very large adding machine 15 a very restricted view of 16 the #asic philosophy of science 19 advanced states of computers 1: operations in a short time 28 devices such as telephones 21 several features in common 22 pieces of information! or data 23 operations of the machine 24 a team of men to do them 25 scientific #asis of computers $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
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12 the message of an advertisement $

Sentences 81 The term ;computer< is generally applied to a collection of devices 82 This system consists of functional components or parts 83 "ll general-purpose computer systems have these components 84 The main storage! control! and processing components constitute the heart of the computer system 85 (t is here that the data processing is done 82 The C%& has two components! called the control and arithmetic units 86 The input and output handled #y machines are called ()* devices 89 (n later units! more will #e said a#out these machines 8: +ain storage is made up of circuits with millions of cores 18 They can #e in one of two states! magneti,ed or un-magneti,ed 11 .ecause it is made up these cores! it is fre/uently called core storage! or 0ust core 12 *ne often hears of programs not running #ecause of the core 13 There are not enough cores to handle all the data 14 The control unit directs the step-#y-step operation of the system 15 The latter performs the actual arithmetic operations that are called for in the instructions 12 The control and arithmetic units are made up of circuits 16 +ain storages and the C%& are connected to a console! where manual control operations can #e performed 19 The computer operator can communicate directly with the machine 1: The operator can stop or start the program or make corrections 28 The console also includes a display such as indicator lights or a T3 screen so that the operator can monitor information 21 (t is necessary to understand how a program works 22 The program is a set of instructions 23 The computer is given the program through an input device 24 5hen the machine is asked to act on the program! the program is #rought into the control unit 25 "fter the data have #een processed #y the C%&! the final result is transmitted #y means of an output device

Electronic Data Processing

Computers are electronic machines for processing data =ata are pieces or items of information that have #een properly prepared so that the machines can work with them %rocessing means handling or manipulating the material that has #een presented to the machine in such ways as performing calculations! classifying information! or making comparisons " computer is made of millions of electronic devices that can store the data or switch them through comple1 circuit with different functions at incredi#le speeds (n only a short time! computers have profoundly changed the way in which many kinds of work are done (ndeed! they have created whole areas of work that didn>t e1ist prior to their development 5e have all heard of computers plotting the course of rockets! preparing #ank statements! predicting elections! forecasting weather! and so forth Computers do many tasks for us that would #e e1tremely difficult if we did not have them Computers take routine tasks and do them in a fraction of the time it would take a man or even a team of men to do them +any people imagine that a computer is a very large adding machine Certainly a computer can function in that way! #ut this is a very restricted view of the nature of a computer The message of a familiar advertisement is that machines should work! #ut men should think This is the #asic philosophy of computer science! even in the advanced states of computer technology =espite the scientific #asis of computers! many people are awed #y the way they function This is pro#a#ly due to the fact that computers perform very comple1 operations in a very short time - seconds or even fractions of a second (n the modern world! people are often impressed with speed =evices such as traffic lights and telephones are a part of modern life (n a sense they are computers too "ll computers have several features in common! regardless of make or design (nformation is presented to the machine! the machine acts on it! and a result is then returned The pieces of information! or data! that are presented to the machine are called the input The internal operations of the machine are called processing The result that is returned is called the output

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