Module 7 Unit 7 Differential and Operational Amplifiers

Review Question:1. How is basic structure of a differential amplifier different from, for example, a conventional RC coupled common emitter amplifier? 2. In what different configurations can a differential amplifier be used? 3. How are the two inputs of an differential amplifier different? Explain inverting and non-inverting nature of inputs. 4. Symmetry in construction of two halves of differential amplifier is emphasized. Give reasons. 5. What is tail current? Efforts are made and several circuits suggested for the constancy of tail current. Discuss. 6. The input impedance of differential amplifier is much higher (~ M ) than a conventional common emitter amplifiers. Explain. 7. Define an ideal operational amplifier. 8. Draw the approximate block diagram of an op amp giving various stages of the amplifier. 9. An op amp is rarely used in open loop (i.e. without feedback) for linear amplifying applications. Why? 10. Inverting input is a virtual ground in op amp. What does it mean and what is its significance? 11. What reasons would you assign for very wide use of op amps in analog and digital circuits? 12. Define common mode rejection ratio(CMRR). Give its significance in device performance. 13. Define slew rate. When does it start showing its effect on amplifier performance. 14. How does input off-set voltage in an op amp arise? And how can it be corrected?

Problems:
7.1 Estimate dc emitter current in each transistor of differential amplifier shown in fig. How much is dc voltage from each collector to ground? How much is Vout?

+12V

RC vi1

16k
+

RC Vout
+ -

16k

VCE1
-

VCE2

vi2

IT RE 24k

-12V

Solution:The tail current through 24k resistor is,

IT or , IT

VEE RE

VBE 12V 24 k

VEE RE 0.5 mA

The emitter current, IE, in each transistor is,

IE IE

1 0.5 mA IT 2 2 0.25 mA

0.25 mA

Since IC = IE, voltage summation in the output circuit gives, VCC = ICRC + VCE1 VCE1 = VCC ICRC = 12 0.25X10-3 X 16X103

Or, VCE1 = 8.0 V = VCE2 (due to symmetry) Then, Vout = VCE1 VCE2 = 8 - 8 = 0V

7.2 Design an inverter amplifier with gain of 120 and input impedance of 5k. Give the circuit.

Solution:-

vi

R1

RF

+VCC
+

vo -VEE

Figure shows the circuit for an inverting amplifier. Since for an inverting amplifier, the input impedance Zi is, Zi = R1 = 5k (desired) Therefore, R1 = 5k Further, the gain AV of inverting amplifier is,
AV RF R1

And, AV desired is 120, R1 = 5k Therefore, RF = AV.R1 = 120 X 5k or, RF = 600 k

7.3 Find out the voltage gain of the non-inverting amplifier shown in fig.

+VC
C
+

vo VEE 99 k R
2

vi
a

1 k R
1

Solution:The voltage gain of a non-inverting amplifier is,

AV

1 1

RF R1 99 k 1k 100

or AV

7.4 In the amplifier circuit shown in fig., if open loop gain and open loop band width of the op amp respectively are 105 and 10 HZ, Calculate the bandwidth of feedback amplifier (in fig.).

+VCC vo -VEE 99k R2

vi
a

1k R1
Solution:-

If open loop band width is f2, the band width with feedback, f2(FB) is given by f2(FB) = f2(1 + AB) f2.AB because AB>>1 Now, A = 105 (given) And the gain of feedback network, B in the circuit shown in fig. is
B R1 R1 RF 1k 1k 99k 1 100 10
2

Then, f2(FB) = 10 X 105 X 10-2 HZ or, f2(FB) = 10kHZ

7.5 For the summing amplifier shown in fig., estimate the values of resistors R1,R2 and R3 so that the output V0 is, V0 = - (3V1 + V2 + 0.2V3) What is the approximate value of the compensating resistor R?

v1
a

R1

RF(=30k)

v2
a

R2

v3
a

R3
+

+VCC vo -VEE R

Solution:The output voltage, V0, for the summing amplifier is,

V0

RF V1 R1

RF V2 R2

RF V3 R3

Thus for the desired output,

RF R1 or , R1

3 , or 10 k

30k R1

Similarly,

RF R2 or , R2
And,

1 , or R2 30 k

RF

30 k

RF R3 or R3
And,

0.2 or , R3 150 k

RF 0.2

30 k 0.2

R = R1

R2

R3

= 10k 30k 150k

or, R = 7.0k

7.6 Determine the output voltage in the circuit shown in fig. If V a= 5V, Vb= -2V and Vc = 3b

1k R1

RF

2k

+VCC va
a

1k R1 1k R2 1k R3

vo -VEE

vb
a

vc
a

Solution:In the amplifier circuit shown in fig. Since the resistors R1, R2, and R3 are all equal to 1k, the voltage V1, at non-inverting input terminal will be average of the three voltages, V a, Vb, and Vc. Thus,

V1

Va

Vb 3

Vc

5V

2V 3

3V

2V

And the gain for non-inverting amplifier, AV, is

AV or , V0 or , V0

V0 V1 1 6V

RF R RF V1 R 1 2k 1k 2V

7.7 Differential gain Ad, of an op amp measures 100. In the measurement of commonmode gain experiment when 1.0V is applied common to both the inputs, output voltage measured is 0.01V. How much is common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR)?

Solution:By definition, common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) is

CMRR (in dB) 20log10 Ad Acm

Where Ad is gain in differential mode which is given as 100. And, the gain in common mode, ACM is,
ACM V0 Vi ( c m ) 0.01V 1.0V 10
2

Therefore,

CMRR

20log10

100 10 2 20log10 (104 )

or, CMRR = 20 X 4 = 80 dB CMRR = 80 dB

7.8 Figure shows a low-pass filter. Calculate the value of feedback resistor RF so that band-pass gain is 100. Also calculate the value of resistor R to get cut-off frequency of 2kHZ.

1k

RF

+VCC
R
+

vo -VEE

vi
a

~
0.2 F

Solution:The gain in band-pass region is that of non-inverting amplifier and it is,

AV AV 100 or , RF

RF R1 1k , then RF 1k 99k

100, R1 1

The cut-off frequency, f, for low-pass fitter is given by

1 2 RC 1 or , R 2 fC or , R 398 (Pr actically R f

1 2 3.14 2 103 0.2 10 400 )