Chapter 4 - Cell Structure and Function

Robert Hooke-First person to see cells, he coined the term "cell" for the great many boxes he saw under the microscope Anton van eeuwenhoek ! saw first living single celled organisms "animalcules#

The Cell Theory

" $hwann % $hleiden % &irchow # '( )very living organism is made of one or more cells *( +ells are the functional unit of multicellular organisms ,( +ells arise from pre-existing cells Cell Size atoms --- ./A --- virus --- bacteria "0rokaryotes# ---mitochondria--)ukaryotic cells +ells must remain small in si1e due to the ratio of surface area and volume As the cell increases in si1e, its surface area becomes too small to support its internal structures( 2xygen and other important substances cannot diffuse fast enough( +ells that get too large, may divide(

All Cells Have Three Basic Features: Cell Membrane !enetic Material Cytoplasm
"# $lasma Membrane %a&a Cell Membrane' 3solates cytoplasm from external environment *( regulates flow or material into and out of the cell ,( allows interaction with other cells

(# !enetic Material '( provides cellular "blueprint" that controls the functions of the cell *( 3n the form of ./A ".eoxyribonucleic acid# ,( ./A is universal for all cells, an all living things - evidence of common ancestry 4( +hromatin is the complex of proteins and ./A, it condenses into chromosomes before cell division )# Cytoplasm %a&a cyosol' '( inside plasma membrane *( contains water, salts, and other chemicals ,( organelles float within this 5elly-like substance $ro&aryote vs *u&aryote Cells 0rokaryotes

no membrane bound nucleus, chromosomes grouped together in an area called the "nucleoid" no membrane bound organelles smaller than eukaryotes have cell wall and cell membrane, some have a capsule on the outside ribosomes make protein consist of bacteria and archaebacteria Appendages include6 fimbriae, pili, flagella

)ukaryotes

has a membrane bound nucleus has membrane bound organelles in cytoplasm 2rganelles perform specific functions much larger than prokaryotes

animals, plants, fungi, protists

Endosymbiosis theory: All organelles seem to share many properties with bacteria. Lynn Margulis proposed endosymbiont hypothesis: that organelles derived from ancient colonization of large bacteria (became the eucaryotic cell) by smaller bacteria (became the mitochondria, chloroplast, etc.) ymbiosis ! living together.

he 0arts of the +ell

7he /ucleus
--nuclear envelope contains nuclear pores for some things to enter and exit "nucleoplasm within# -- chromatin is ./A and proteins, when the cell begins to divide, chromatin condenses and forms chromosomes --./A remains in the nucleus, it sends instructions to the cytoplasm via messen+er ,-A --R/A directs the synthesis of proteins on ribosomes in the cytoplasm ---ucleolus assembles ribosomes within the nucleus, ribosomes contain the "tools" to construct proteins

)ndoplasmic Reticulum -- 7ransport $ystem

"endoplasm means "within cytoplasm", reticulum means "little net" --divides cell into compartments --channels molecules through the cell8s interior, like a little highway ,ou+h *, --has ribosomes which give it its "rough" appearance --functions in protein synthesis --)R transports newly assembled proteins to the 9olgi Apparatus Smooth *, --mostly contains en1ymes that unction in lipid synthesis "such as hormones like estrogen and testosterone#

9olgi Apparatus -- .elivery $ystem

--flattened stacks of membranes --functions in collection, packaging and distribution of molecules made in the cell and used elsewhere -- front end "cis# faces the )R, and the back end "trans# faces the cell membrane --the folded stacks are called cisternae --unprocessed proteins enter the 9olgi apparatus from )R proteins are packaged and exported near membrane .obs o/ the !ol+i Apparatus %a&a !ol+i Comple0' '( separates proteins according to their destinations *( modifies proteins "adds sugar and makes glycoproteins# ,( packages materials into vesicles which are exported outside the cell - secretion

ysosomes - 3ntracellular .igestion +enters

--vesicles that are used to digest --contain high levels of degrading en1ymes "to "lyse" means to dissolve# --recycle old and worn out cell parts --"suicide sac" - apoptosis --digest other particles taken in by pha+ocytosis --this "food" is stored in food vacuoles, the lysosomes fuse with the vacuoles and release digestive en1ymes --found in animal cells TAY-SACHS disease " missing an enzyme of the lysosomes that brea#s down a fatty substance. $ver time this fat builds up in the brain and nervous tissue, smothering the cells. %esults in degeneration and death.

Ribosomes - $ites of 0rotein $ynthesis

--each is composed of two subunits, one large and one small --mR/A is "read" by the ribosomes and amino acids are assembled into proteins --ribosomes are manufactured by the nucleolus inside the nucleus --polyribosomes ! strings of ribosomes in the cytoplasm that work to make a protein

1ther 1r+anelles
-- $ero0isomes ! result in hydrogen peroxide, broken down by catalase -- 2acuole -- mainly storage or specific functions "contractile vacuole# -- 0lant cells have a C*-T,A3 2AC413* - used for storage and help to maintain hydrostatic pressure

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;itochondria - 7he +ell8s +hemical Furnaces

--contains its own ./A, support for )ndosymbiosis 7heory --singular is "mitochondrion" --* membranes, one smooth outer membrane, and an inner membrane folded into layers called cristae --+ristae has two compartments6 the matri0 and the intermembrane space --mitochondria divide before cell division, they are not synthesi1ed like other cell parts --function to store energy for cell use( )nergy is stored in the form of AT$ adenosine triphosphate

Chloroplasts - 5here $hotosynthesis Ta&es $lace

--only found in plant cells --has its own ./A, like mitochondrion --functions to convert light energy to carbohydrates

--carbohydrates then broken down in mitochondria to produce A70 --consists of grana, closed compartments that are stacked --thyla&oids are the individual disk shaped compartments that make up the +rana "stack of thylakoids# --stroma is the fluid surrounded the thylakoids <+hloroplasts are a type of plastid Chromoplasts 6 red, yellow and orange pigment 3eucoplasts 6 colorless "potatoes#

+ytoskeleton - $upport $ystem

Micro/ilaments %now called actin /ilaments' 6 occur in bundles, form tracks within the cell for the movement of organelles, used to form pseudopods "ameba# 7ntermediate /ilaments - support membrane, cell to cell 5unctions Microtubules - "little pipe# ! regulated by the MT1C "microtubule organi1ing center#, radiate from the centrosome - form thespindle during cell division Centrioles ! used during cell division to move and separate chromosomes, only found in animal cell

,elated to Movement
$seudopod ! extensions of the cell that allow for movement "ameba#, depend on actin filaments Cilia "hair# = Fla+ella "whip# --function in movement -- >? * Arrangement of microtubules

Chapter 8 - Membrane Structure and Function

The $lasma Membrane
--the fluid mosaic model "$(@ $inger# -- semi-permeable --fluid portion is a double layer of phospholipids, called the phospholipid bilayer @obs of the cell membrane

3solate the cytoplasm from the external environment Regulate the exchange of substances +ommunicate with other cells 3dentification

7he 0lasma ;embrane is also called the $hospholipid bilayer 0hospholipids contain a hydrophilic head and a nonpolar hydrophobic tail Hydrogen bonds form between the phospholipid "heads" and the watery environment inside and outside of the cell Hydrophobic interactions force the "tails" to face inward 0hospholipids are not bonded to each other, which makes the double layer fluid

+holesterol embedded in the membrane makes it stronger and less fluid

$roteins embedded in membrane serve di//erent /unctions '( +hannel 0roteins - form small openings for molecules to difuse through *( +arrier 0roteins- binding site on protein surface "grabs" certain molecules and pulls them into the cell ,( Receptor 0roteins - molecular triggers that set off cell responses "such as release of hormones or opening of channel proteins# 4( +ell Recognition 0roteins - 3. tags, to idenitfy cells to the body8s immune system A( )n1ymatic 0roteins - carry out metabolic reactions

Transport Across Membrane

7he membrane is differentiallty permeable "also called semipermeable # which means $assive Transport $imple .iffusion - water, oxygen and other molecules move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration, down a concentration gradient Facilitation .iffusion - diffusion that is assisted by proteins "channel or carrier proteins#

2smosis - diffusion of water( $alt $ucks 2smosis affects the turgidity of cells, different solution can affect the cells internal water amounts +ontractiles &acuoles are found in freshwater microorganisms - they pump out excess water 7urgor pressure occurs in plants cells as their central vacuoles fill with water(

Active 7ransport - involves moving molecules "uphill" against the concentration gradient, which reBuires energy )ndocytosis - taking substances into the cell "pinocytosis for water, phagocytosis for solids# )xocytosis - pushing substances out of the cell, such as the removal of waste $odium-0otassium 0ump - pumps out , sodiums for ever * potassium8s taken in against gradient .emo - $tarch in the baggie, iodine in the beaker( Chat happens and whyD 2bservation of elodea cells in salt water( Chat happens and whyD

;odification of +ell $ufaces 7ight 5unctions are composed of protein fibers that seal ad5acent cells to prevent leakage, something which can be useful in organs such as the bladder and the lining of the digestive tract( 7ight 5unctions literally fuse the

cells together forming a sheet of cells restricting molecules to one side of the sheet or the other( 7ight 5unctions can also partition the cells in which they are found( +ertain membrane proteins can be restricted to one side of the 5unction, as well, since the tight 5unction prevents protein migration within the membrane(

9ap 5unctions are protein channels, called connexons, between ad5acent cells that permit the transfer of small molecules, such as nutrient monomers, between the cells( 7hey are common in brain cells, forming the synapse, in many glands, and in cells in the heart muscle that coordinate contraction for heartbeat( 9ap 5unctions can be gated(

.esmosomes anchor ad5acent cells together by making connections that work like staples or rivets that attach to components of the cytoskeleton( ;any epithelial cells must adhere to ad5acent membranes to prevent free passage or free movement, and to not break apart under stress( .esmosome filaments are composed of speciali1ed glycoproteins proteins( 3ntermediate filaments of keratin in the desmosomes help strengthen the 5unction( Actin microfilaments can also attach to desmosomes, but have less strength

<0lants have plasmodesmata - channels between the cell wall that cytosol can pass through

9uiz: Cell Membrane and the $arts o/ the Cell

'( 7he door to your house is like the EEE of a cell membraneD phospholipid bilayer gated channel receptor protein recognition protein *( 7he phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane is like a"n#6 screen door plate glass window hot water heater oven ,( Facilitated diffusion EEEE reBuire energy and uses the help of EEEEEE does, transport proteins does, cytoplasm

does not, transport proteins does not, sodium pumps 4( A semi permeable membrane is stretched across a chamber filled with water( 7he membrane is only permeable to water( FG mg of salt is added to the left side of the chamber( Chich of the following will happenD water will move toward the right side salt will move toward the right side water will move toward the left side salt will move toward the left side A( 7he lipid bilayer keeps the inside of the cell membrane6 bipolar protein saturated dry wet F( Chich of the following could be found in H27H the nucleus and the cytoplasm nucleolus ribosomes R/A both R/A = ribosomes I( Amino acid chains built by the ribosomes then move to the6 golgi apparatus lysosome endoplasmic reticulum mitochondria J( Chich of the following structures has a > ? * arrangementD flagella ribosome

mitochondria golgi apparatus >( 7he centriole is most like the6 lysosome flagella mitochondria chromatin 'G( Chich of the following is composed of a large and a small subunitD golgi apparatus endoplasmic reticulum mitochondria ribosome ''( A cell that is missing lysosomes would have difficulty doing whatD digesting food storing energy packaging proteins moving cytoplasm '*( Chich of the following cell parts is described as a "fluid mosaic"D chloroplast vacuole cell membrane endoplasmic reticulum ',( $ome cells take in large molecules through the process of6 protein synthesis endocytosis cytoplasmic streaming A70

'4( Chich of the following organelles would /27 be found in a plant cellD chloroplast ./A food vacuole cell membrane $core K +orrect answers6
+lear

Related Lui11es6 +ell Lui1 % 0arts of the +ell % 7he +ell 7heory

Comparin+ $lant and Animal Cells

Check if present Plant Cell Plasma Membrane Nucleus Chromatin Nucleolus Lysosomes Smooth Endoplasmic eticulum ou!h Endoplasmic eticulum Animal Cell Prokaryotes Function (Sketch)

"ol!i Apparatus Mitochondria Cytoskeleton Centrioles Fla!ella #i!ht $unctions Central %acuole %acuole &esmosomes Plasmodesmata Cell 'all Chloroplasts

Additional Resources6 +ell abel $heet

Check if present Plant Cell Plasma Membrane Nucleus Chromatin Nucleolus Lysosomes Smooth Endoplasmic eticulum ou!h Endoplasmic ( ( ( ( ( ( ( Animal Cell ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( Prokaryotes ( Function )arrier* homeostasis Contains &NA &NA and proteins* !enetic code Makes ribosomes Contains di!esti+e en,ymes -ntracellular transport -ntracellular transport* mainly proteins

eticulum "ol!i Apparatus Mitochondria Cytoskeleton Centrioles Fla!ella #i!ht $unctions Central %acuole %acuole &esmosomes Plasmodesmata Cell 'all Chloroplasts ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( Packa!in! proteins Pro+ides ener!y (A#P) Support .ithin the cell Mo+es chromosomes durin! cell di+ision Mo+ement* like a tail /olds indi+idual cells to!ether /olds .ater /olds .ater or en,ymes Anchors the cell to other cells Channels bet.een the cell .alls E0tra support and protection Photosynthesis