IEEE Communications standards*

(widely used & popular)

Standard
IEEE 802.3 IEEE 802.4 IEEE 802.5 IEEE 802.11 802 11 b/g/n IEEE 802.15.1 IEEE 802.15.4

Alsoknownas
LAN/Eathernet ( (Metcalfe /Xerox) ) LAN (developed by General motors) LAN (developed by IBM) WLAN/WiFi PAN/Bluetooth (developed by Ericsson) PAN/ZigBee/WSN (Wireless Sensor N t Networks) k) BWA/Fixed WiMAX BWA/Mobile WiMAX BWA/Relay WiMAX BWA/Very high data rate MBWA/Mobile-Fi ( Will support connectivity up to 250 km/h mobile speed)

MediumAccess
CSMA/CD Token Bus Token Ring CSMA/CA --

Topology/frequencyband
Star topology p gy Bus topology Ring topology ISM bands 2 2.4 4 GHz & 5.8 5 8 GHz ISMbandat2.4GHz ISMbands**RF&2.4GHz

-OFDM OFDMA OFDMA OFDMA -2 GHz to 66 GHz (initially 10 GHz to 66 GHz was allocated for LOS but to support NLoS 2 GHz to 11 GHz was allocated later) Licensed Bands (below 3.5 GHz)

IEEE 802.16d IEEE 802.16e IEEE 802.16j IEEE 802.16m IEEE 802.20

*IEEEprovidescommunicationstandardsforPhysical&MAClayeronly **ZigBee operatingfrequencies868 MHzinEurope,915 MHzintheUSAandAustralia,and2.4 GHzrestoftheworld

Broadband Network
Provides multimedia integrated g services ( (Transportation p through g same medium)
Voice Video Data

Transports very high data rate signals Examples :- B-ISDN, WiMAX, Optical transmission lines, Leased lines etc.

Broadband Network (Cont.)

Broadband networks can be classified as
Wide Area Network (WAN) (Transports signals over long distances)
Optical fiber backbone network L Lease lines li Satellites Communication Telecommunication networks (BS to BS or backbone network)

Access network (BS or local exchange to customer

Cable modem , DSL & ADSL Wireless Local Loop (WLL) WiMAX

Telecommunication Networks from BS to MS (3G networks like UMTS/CDMA 2000)

BS=Base Station MS= Mobile Station

IEEE 802 802.16 16 as WiMAX technology h l

WiMAX stands for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access WiMAX forum is a non-profitable group WiMAX forum ensures the interoperability of devices developed by various vendors using IEEE 802.16 specifications WiMAX forum Promote the development and deployment of WiMAX systems

Types of Services based on data rate & delay

CBR ( (constant bit rate:) ) VBR(Variable bit rate) ABR (Available Bit Rate:-minimum guarantee rate) UBR (Unspecified bit rate: Traffic is allocate to all) Services based on type of QoS (Quality of Service)
UGS (Unsolicited Grant Service) ertps p ( (extended real time polling p g service) ) rtps (real tile polling service) nrtps (non real time polling service) BE (Best Effort service)

QoS scheduling

CIF/SIFD=connectionIdentifier/Subscriberidentifier

Network layer technologies

Eathernet LAN Internet ATM A

Eathernet LAN
Developed by Metcalfe's (Xerox company got patent) MAC address (48 bits) is used as address of a device. CSMA/CD is used for multiple access. Packet size is variable Pure Eathernet is no more in use, at present combination of Eathernet and Internet is used in LAN LAN.

Internet
Developed p by y IETF TCP/IP protocol suite covers network and transport layers. IP address are used for addressing of devices. Packet size is variable Two versions IPv4 (32 bits) and IPv6 (128 bits) are available for addressing purpose

ATM Network
Developed by ITU-T Combination of best features of circuit switched & packet p switched networks It uses asynchronous time division multiplexing Packet size is fixed (53 Bytes = 5 header +48 payload) ATM is a vital part of B-ISDN, SONET and several telecommunication backbone/backhaul network technologies. g Its a Virtual Circuit switched network (connection oriented) (three phases are Set-up connection, transfer data and tear down connection)

ATMReferenceModel

ATMReferenceModel
The ATM reference model is composed p of the following g planes, p , which span all layers:
ControlThis plane is responsible for generating and managing signaling requests requests. UserThis plane is responsible for managing the transfer of data. Management g Thisp planecontainstwocomponents: p
layer management that manageslayerspecificfunctions,suchasthe detectionoffailuresandprotocolproblems plane management that coordinatesfunctionsrelatedtothecomplete system.

ATM Reference Model (cont.)

The ATM reference model is composed of three ATM layers:
physical layer: manages the medium medium-dependent dependent transmission ATM Layer: provides cell multiplexing, cell-switching and routing services. To do this, it uses the VPI and VCI information in the header of each ATM cell. ATM adaptation layer: segments the data into 48-byte cell payloads.

There are five types of ATM Adaptation Layers (AAL)

AAL1: (CBR) used for voice and videoconferencing AAL2: (VBR) realtimeornonrealtimevoiceorvideo burstsinnature AAL3 and AAL 4:VBR services, supportsbothconnectionorientedand connectionlessdata AAL5: used for Data services, supportsbothconnectionorientedand connectionlessdata,exampleIPoverATM.

Which AAL is used in a cell is not encoded in the cell, it is negotiated between end devices prior to data transmission

ATM Virtual Connections

VirtualPaths PhysicalLink

VirtualChannels

Example a p e of o Virtual V ua path pa & Virtual V ua Channel C a e in ATM

NN:NetworkNode CPN:CustomerPremiseNode

ConceptualModelofATMNetwork
1.

ATM network is organized as a hierarchy.

User s equipment connects to networks via a UNI (User Users (User-Network Network Interface).

Connections between provided networks are made through NNI (Network-Network Interface). Interface)

2.

ATM is connection-oriented.
A connection (an ATM channel) must be established before any cell/Packet transmission.

3.

Two levels of ATM connections:

virtual path connections virtual channel connections

4.

Indicated by two fields in the cell header:

virtual path identifier (VPI) virtual channel identifier (VCI)

Private UNI

PrivateATM network

ATM Network Architecture

X
Private NNI

PublicATM networkA

X
NNI Public UNI

X
BICI PublicATM networkB

X
Public UNI

ATM Network Architecture

Two types of networks are included in the ATM architecture: Private Networks: Customer Premises Networks, permit the use of lower traffic speed Public Networks : supports Wider area UNI: User to Network Interface NNI: Network to Network Interface (Three types of NNI) gSystem y Interface) )that connects switches in the NNI-ISSI (InterSwitching same Local Transport Area NNI-ICI (Inter Carrier Interface) that connects ATM networks of different carriers Private NNI that connects different switches in a private network. BICI: Broadband Inter Carrier Interface

UNICellFormat

GFC(4bits) VPI(4bits) ATMcellheader VCI(4bi bits) )

VPI(4bits) VCI(4bits) VCI(8bits)

CLP

PT(3bi bits) ) HEC(8bits)

(1bit)

Payload (48bytes)

UNI header Fields

GFC (4 bits): Generic Flow Control "uncontrolled access" this field is set to all zeroes "controlled " access this hi fi field ld is i set to all ones when h congestion i has h occurred. d VPI (8 bits): Virtual Path Identifier VCI (16 bits): Virtual Channel Identifier PTI ( (3 bits): ) Payload y Type yp use information or Layer Management Information CLP (1 bit): Cell Loss Priority Indicates the cell's priority in the ATM selective loss algorithm. Set by the initiating equipment, i t when h this thi set tt to 0, 0 the th cell ll is i given i preference f over cells ll with ith CLP set t to t 1 during cell discarding (loss) process. HEC (8 bits): Header Error Control Provides a capability p y to correct all single g bit errors in the cell header as well as the detection of the majority of multiple-bit errors. Payload (48 Bytes): User or management Data

Payload Type (3 bits)

OAM:Operation,Administration,andMaintenanceusedforendtoendpingof PVC(Permanentvirtualconnection)

Payload y Type yp ( (3 bits)cont.

The first bit indicates the type of ATM cell that follows. A first bit set to 0i indicates di user data; d a bit bi set to 1 indicates i di operations, i administration d i i i & management (OA&M) data. The second bit indicates whether the cell experienced congestion in its journey from source to destination. This bit is also called the Explicit Forward Congestion Indication (EFCI) bit. The second bit is set to 0 by the source; if an interim switch experiences congestion while routing the cell, it sets the bit to 1. After it is set to 1, all other switches in the path leave this bit value at 1. Destination ATM endpoints p can use the EFCI bit to implement p flow control mechanisms to throttle back on the transmission rate until cells with an EFCI bit set to 0 are received. The third bit indicates the last cell in a block for AAL5 in user ATM cells. For non-user ATM cells, the third bit is used for OA&M functions.

NNICellFormat

NNI header Fields

VPI (12 bits): Virtual Path Identifier VCI (16 bits): Virtual Channel Identifier PTI (3 bi bits): ) Payload l d Type use information or Layer Management Information CLP ( (1 bit): ) Cell Loss Priority y Indicates the cell's priority in the ATM selective loss algorithm. Set by the initiating equipment, when this set to 0, the cell is given preference over cells with CLP set to 1. HEC (8 bit bits): ) Header H d E Error Control C t l Provides a capability to correct all single bit errors in the cell header as well as the detection of the majority of multiple-bit errors. Payload (48 Bytes): User or management Data

Data transmission through ATN network

User information User information

AAL ATM PHY ATM PHY ATM PHY

AAL ATM PHY

Endsystem Network Endsystem

Cell Switching and Routing is performed in ATM Layer