ES-3003 Heat Transfer: Gauss-Seidel Iteration: Example 8-1

1
CHSLT - Center for Holographic Studies and Laser micro-mechaTronics WPI

Mechanical Engineering/NEST - NanoEngineering, Science, and Technology
ES-3003 Heat Transfer
Accuracy considerations
Energy balance
Accuracy of properties
Accuracy of boundary conditions
Gauss-Seidel iteration
Uncertainty analysis
Numerical formulation with heat generation
Heat generation with nonuniform nodal elements
Radiation boundary conditions
Use of variable mesh size
3D numerical formulation
LECTURE: 8 - 7 November 2001
Term B2001
Todays topics
Gauss-Seidel iteration: Example 8-1
Consider a square plate
shown in the figure. The left,
bottom, and right edges of
the plate are held at 100C.
The top edge of the plate is
held at 500C. Using Gauss-
Seidel iteration, determine
the steady-state temperature
of the interior nodes to within
0.1C.
x
y
Gauss-Seidel iteration
DEVELOPMENT OF THE EQUATION FOR A CONDUCTION NODE
ij
i j
k
i j j i
k k k k
R
T T
kA
x
T T
x
T T
kA
x
T
kA
dx
dT
kA q
ji
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
Fouriers Law of conduction gives
where
k
ij
kA
x
R

=
Gauss-Seidel iteration, contd
ij
i j
k
R
T T
q
ji
=
Therefore
Energy balance on node i is
0
4
4
3
3
2
2
1
1
= +
+ +
i
ij
i j
j
i
j
i
j
i
j
i
q
R
T T
R
T T
R
T T
R
T T
R
T T
L
Where q
i
is the heat delivered to node i by heat generation, radiation, etc.
0
4
4
3
3
2
2
1
1
= +
+ +
i
ij
i j
j
i
j
i
j
i
j
i
q
R
T T
R
T T
R
T T
R
T T
R
T T
L
0 = +
i
j ij
i j
q
R
T T
0 = +
i
j ij
i j
q
R
T T
The above equation can be solved for T
i
to obtain
+
=
j ij
j ij
j
i
i
R
R
T
q
T
1
2
Example 8-1, contd
For the case when q
i
= 0, the
above equation becomes
+
=
j ij
j ij
j
i
i
R
R
T
q
T
1
x
y
=
j ij
j ij
j
i
R
R
T
T
1
y
k y k
x
kA
x
R
k
ji
1
=
= because x = y
Example 8-1, contd
x
y
=
=
= =
4
1
4
1
1
j
j
j
j ij
j ij
j
i
k
T k
R
R
T
T
y
=
=
= =
4
1
4
1
4
1
4
j
j
j
j
i
T
k
T k
T
For node 1:
( ) ( )
1 3 2 3 2
4
1
1
600
4
1
500 100
4
1
4
1
T T T T T T T
j
j
= + + = + + + = =

=
Example 8-1, contd
x
y
y
For node 2:
( )
( )
4 1
4 1 2
600
4
1
100 500
4
1
T T
T T T
+ + =
+ + + =
For node 3:
( )
( )
4 1
4 1 3
200
4
1
100 100
4
1
T T
T T T
+ + =
+ + + =
For node 4:
( ) ( )
3 2 2 3 4
200
4
1
100 100
4
1
T T T T T + + = + + + =
Example 8-1, contd
( )
4 1 2
600
4
1
T T T + + =
( )
4 1 3
200
4
1
T T T + + =
( )
3 2 4
200
4
1
T T T + + =
( )
3 2 1
600
4
1
T T T + + =
To solve the above set of 4 equations, we must assume initial temperatures
for nodes 1, 2, 3, and 4. The values of these temperatures may be anything,
however the better the assumption we make the faster the results will
converge to the final answer. Based on the BCs, we can assume
C T T C T T = = = = 200 300
4 3 2 1
and
Example 8-1, contd
( ) ( ) 275 200 300 600 25 . 0 600 25 . 0
4 1
1
2
= + + = + + = T T T
( ) ( ) 175 100 300 200 25 . 0 200 25 . 0
4 1
1
3
= + + = + + = T T T
( ) ( ) 175 200 300 200 25 . 0 200 25 . 0
3 2
1
4
= + + = + + = T T T
( ) ( ) 275 200 300 600 25 . 0 600 25 . 0
3 2
1
1
= + + = + + = T T T
ITER No. T1 T2 T3 T4
0 300 300 200 200
1
0 300 300 200 200
1 275 275 175 175
2
Example 8-1, contd
( ) ( ) 500 . 262 175 275 600 25 . 0 600 25 . 0
4 1
2
2
= + + = + + = T T T
( ) ( ) 500 . 162 175 275 200 25 . 0 200 25 . 0
4 1
2
3
= + + = + + = T T T
( ) ( ) 500 . 162 175 275 200 25 . 0 200 25 . 0
3 2
2
4
= + + = + + = T T T
( ) ( ) 500 . 262 175 275 600 25 . 0 600 25 . 0
3 2
2
1
= + + = + + = T T T
0 300 300 200 200
1 275 275 175 175
2
0 300 300 200 200
1 275 275 175 175
2 262.500 262.500 162.500 162.500
3
3
Example 8-1, contd
( ) ( ) 250 . 256 500 . 162 500 . 262 600 25 . 0 600 25 . 0
4 1
3
2
= + + = + + = T T T
( ) ( ) 250 . 156 500 . 162 500 . 262 200 25 . 0 200 25 . 0
4 1
3
3
= + + = + + = T T T
( ) ( ) 250 . 156 500 . 162 500 . 262 200 25 . 0 200 25 . 0
3 2
3
4
= + + = + + = T T T
( ) ( ) 250 . 256 500 . 162 500 . 262 600 25 . 0 600 25 . 0
3 2
3
1
= + + = + + = T T T
0 300 300 200 200
1 275 275 175 175
2 262.500 262.500 162.500 162.500
3
0 300 300 200 200
1 275 275 175 175
2 262.500 262.500 162.500 162.500
3 256.250 256.250 156.250 156.250
4
Example 8-1, contd
( ) ( ) 125 . 253 250 . 156 250 . 256 600 25 . 0 600 25 . 0
4 1
4
2
= + + = + + = T T T
( ) ( ) 125 . 153 250 . 156 250 . 256 200 25 . 0 200 25 . 0
4 1
4
3
= + + = + + = T T T
( ) ( ) 125 . 153 250 . 156 250 . 256 200 25 . 0 200 25 . 0
3 2
4
4
= + + = + + = T T T
( ) ( ) 125 . 253 250 . 156 250 . 256 600 25 . 0 600 25 . 0
3 2
4
1
= + + = + + = T T T
0 300 300 200 200
1 275 275 175 175
2 262.500 262.500 162.500 162.500
3 256.250 256.250 156.250 156.250
4
0 300 300 200 200
1 275 275 175 175
2 262.500 262.500 162.500 162.500
3 256.250 256.250 156.250 156.250
4 253.125 253.125 153.125 153.125
5
Example 8-1, contd
( ) ( ) 563 . 251 125 . 153 125 . 253 600 25 . 0 600 25 . 0
4 1
5
2
= + + = + + = T T T
( ) ( ) 563 . 151 125 . 153 125 . 253 200 25 . 0 200 25 . 0
4 1
5
3
= + + = + + = T T T
( ) ( ) 563 . 151 125 . 153 125 . 253 200 25 . 0 200 25 . 0
3 2
5
4
= + + = + + = T T T
( ) ( ) 563 . 251 125 . 153 125 . 253 600 25 . 0 600 25 . 0
3 2
5
1
= + + = + + = T T T
0 300 300 200 200
1 275 275 175 175
2 262.500 262.500 162.500 162.500
3 256.250 256.250 156.250 156.250
4 253.125 253.125 153.125 153.125
5
0 300 300 200 200
1 275 275 175 175
2 262.500 262.500 162.500 162.500
3 256.250 256.250 156.250 156.250
4 253.125 253.125 153.125 153.125
5 251.563 251.563 151.563 151.563
6
Example 8-1, contd
Following the above procedure, temperatures for iteration No. 6 and greater
were performed to achieve the desired convergence. Results of these
iterations are summarized in the table shown below
0 300 300 200 200
1 275 275 175 175
2 262.500 262.500 162.500 162.500
3 256.250 256.250 156.250 156.250
4 253.125 253.125 153.125 153.125
5 251.563 251.563 151.563 151.563
6 250.782 250.782 150.782 150.782
7 258.391 250.391 150.391 150.391
8 250.196 250.196 150.196 150.196
9 250.098 250.098 150.098 150.098
10 250.049 250.049 150.049 150.049
Example 8-1, contd
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
300
325
350
0 2 4 6 8 10
ITERATION NUMBER
T
E
M
P
E
R
A
T
U
R
E
,

C
T1
T3
Example 8-1, contd
ITER No. T1 T1
0 300
1 275 25
2 262.500 12.500
3 256.250 6.250
4 253.125 3.125
5 251.563 1.562
6 250.782 0.781
7 258.391 0.391
8 250.196 0.195
9 250.098 0.098
10 250.049 0.049
4
Example 8-1, contd
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 2 4 6 8 10
ITERATION NUMBER
D
E
L
T
A

T
1
,

C
Example 8-1, contd
1.E-02
1.E-01
1.E+00
1.E+01
1.E+02
0 2 4 6 8 10
ITERATION NUMBER
D
E
L
T
A

T
,

C
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 2 4 6 8 10
ITERATIONNUMBER
D
E
L
T
A

T
1
,

C
Lin-Lin
Lin-Log
Accuracy considerations
Three basic approaches are used:
Compare the numerical solution with an analytical solution
Choose progressively smaller values of spatial (x, y, etc.)
increments and observe behavior of the solution. The nodal
temperatures should converge as x, y, etc., become smaller.
However, computational round-off errors increase as the number of
nodes increases.
Compare the numerical solution with experimental data (if
available).
Energy balance
An accurate solution of equations does not ensure an accurate
solution to the physical problem
In many cases the final solution is in error because the problem
was not formulated correctly at the start
One way to check for formulation errors is to perform an energy
balance using the final solution
Error versus uncertainty
Errors are based on actual knowledge of values
Uncertainties are evaluated analytically
There are a number of procedures for determination of
uncertainty
The most popular and most widely used relationship for
determination of uncertainty is known of the RSS-type
RSS-type uncertainty
Consider an an explicit equation for convective heat transfer
( )
e s c c
T T hA Q =
This equation can be represented in the most general way by the
fundamental equation, also known as phenomenological equation,
as follows:
( )
e s c c c
T T A h Q Q , , , =
The RSS-type uncertainty, based on the above equation, can be
expressed as
2
1
2 2 2 2
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
=
e
e
c
s
s
c
c
c
c c
c
T
T
Q
T
T
Q
A
A
Q
h
h
Q
Q
where the symbol denotes the uncertainty
5
Example 8-2
z
y
x
H
W
L
Consider a solid block with
dimensions of L, W, and H, as
shown in the figure. The block
is placed in the environment at
temperature of 20C where the
convective heat transfer
coefficient is 153 W/m
2
-C.
The block is at the temperature
of 300 5C. Determine the
magnitude of the heat transfer
by convection from the top
surface of the block and the
corresponding overall
uncertainty in this magnitude.
Also, list in the descending
order percentage contributions
to the overall uncertainty of the
individual uncertainties.
cm L 3 140 = cm L 3 =
cm W 1 25 = cm W 1 =
cm H 9 = cm H 5 . 0 =
LSD
2
1
LSD = Least Significant Digit
Example 8-2, contd
( )( )
2
35 . 0 25 . 0 4 . 1 m m m LW A
c
= = =
( ) ( )( ) W C m
C m
W
T T hA Q
e s c c
470 , 1 20 300 35 . 0 15
2
2
= |
.
|
\
|
= =
( )
e s c c c
T T A h Q Q , , , =
The fundamental equation is
The RSS-type uncertainty can be computed from
2
1
2 2 2 2
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
=
e
e
c
s
s
c
c
c
c c
c
T
T
Q
T
T
Q
A
A
Q
h
h
Q
Q
or
( )
2
1
2 2 2 2
s c s c c c c c
T Q T Q A Q h Q Q + + + =
Example 8-2, contd
( ) | |
( ) ( ) | | W
C m
W
C m
h T T A h
h
Q
h Q
e s c
c
c
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
10 64360 . 8 3 20 300 35 . 0 =
)
`
|
.
|
\
|
=
= = |
.
|
\
|
=
( ) | |
2
2
2
c e s c
c
c
c c
A T T h A
A
Q
A Q =
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
LW A
c
= ( ) W L A A
c c
, =
2
1
2 2
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
= W
W
A
L
L
A
A
c c
c

C m
W
h
=
2
3
Example 8-2, contd
2
1
2 2
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
= W
W
A
L
L
A
A
c c
c

( ) ( ) | | ( )( ) | | ( )( ) | | { }
( )
2 2
2
1
2 4 2 5
2
1
2 2
2
1
2 2
10 58824 . 1 10 96000 . 1 10 62500 . 5
01 . 0 4 . 1 03 . 0 25 . 0
m m m
m m m m W L L W A
c

= + =
= + = + =
( ) | |
( ) | | ( ) W m C
C m
W
A T T h A Q
c e s c c
3
2
2 2
2
2 2
10 44970 . 4 10 58824 . 1 20 300 15 =
)
`
|
.
|
\
|
=
= =

Example 8-2, contd
( )
( )( ) W C m
C m
W
T hA T
T
Q
T Q
s c s
s
c
s c
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
10 89063 . 6 5 35 . 0 15 =
(
|
.
|
\
|
=
= =
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
( )
( )( ) W C m
C m
W
T hA T
T
Q
T Q
e c e
e
c
e c
0
2
2
2
2
2
2
10 89063 . 6 5 . 0 35 . 0 15 =
(
|
.
|
\
|
=
= =
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
C T
s
= 5
C T
e
= 5 . 0
LSD
2
1
Example 8-2, contd
( )
( ) | |
W W
W
T Q T Q A Q h Q Q
s c s c c c c c
6 . 302 10 02625 . 3
10 89063 . 6 10 89063 . 6 10 44970 . 4 10 64360 . 8
2
2
1
2 0 2 3 4
2
1
2 2 2 2
= =
= + + + =
= + + + =
The percentage overall uncertainty is
This is the overall uncertainty
% 6 . 20 % 100
470 , 1
6 . 302
% 100 % = = =
W
W
Q
Q
Q
c
c
c

The percentage contributions of the individual uncertainties to the overall

uncertainty can be computes as
( )
% 3811 . 99 % 100
10 02625 . 3
10 64360 . 8
% 100 %
2
2
2 4
2
2
=
=
W
W
Q
h Q
h Q
c
c
c
6
Example 8-2, contd
( )
% 3811 . 94 % 100
10 02625 . 3
10 64360 . 8
% 100 %
2
2
2 4
2
2
=
=
W
W
Q
h Q
h Q
c
c
c
( )
% 8587 . 4 % 100
10 02625 . 3
10 44970 . 4
% 100 %
2
2
2 3
2
2
=
=
W
W
Q
A Q
A Q
c
c c
c c
( )
% 7524 . 0 % 100
10 02625 . 3
10 89063 . 6
% 100 %
2
2
2 2
2
2
=
=
W
W
Q
T Q
T Q
c
s c
s c
( )
% 0075 . 0 % 100
10 02625 . 3
10 89063 . 6
% 100 %
2
2
2 0
2
2
=
=
W
W
Q
T Q
T Q
c
e c
e c
% 0 . 100 % 9997 . 99 % 0075 . 0 % 7524 . 0 % 8587 . 4 % 3811 . 94

% % % %
= + + + =
= + + + =
e c s c c c c
T Q T Q A Q h Q CHECK
Highest contribution
Lowest contribution
Contribution No. 2
Contribution No. 3
Uncertainty analysis
Following the above example, uncertainties of almost anything
that is definable by an explicit equation can be determined.
Numerical formulation with heat generation
Numerical formulation with heat generation, contd
Numerical formulation with heat generation, contd
Heat generation with nonuniform nodal elements
Physical system
Nodal boundaries
7
Composite material with nonuniform nodal elements
Nodal boundaries
Physical system
Radiation boundary condition
Use of variable mesh size
3D numerical formulation
Results
Schematic

ES-3003 Heat Transfer: Gauss-Seidel Iteration: Example 8-1

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ES-3003 Heat Transfer: Gauss-Seidel Iteration: Example 8-1

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CHSLT - Center for Holographic Studies and Laser micro-mechaTronics WPI

The percentage contributions of the individual uncertainties to the overall

% 0 . 100 % 9997 . 99 % 0075 . 0 % 7524 . 0 % 8587 . 4 % 3811 . 94

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