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Characteristics of Arthropods
0 Segmented body with paired appendages on each segment 0 External exoskeleton made of chitin -Range in toughness.
-A waxy layer prevents water loss. 0 Jointed appendages arthron joint podos foot
Characteristics
0 Protostomes (blastopore
develops into mouth) 0 Coelomate (mesodermlined body cavity) 0 Nervous system 0 Open circulatory system 0 High degree of cephalization 0 Simple or compound eyes 0 Segmented antenna
Note on Exoskeletons:
0 The exoskeleton is made of Chitin.
0 Chitin- A modified Carbohydrate
Evolution
0 Common ancestors of arthropods evolved under the ocean
Evolution of Arthropods
Evolution
0 Ancestral arthropods had many body
segments each with appendages. 0 Modern arthropod segments fused into larger specialized segments
Subphylum Trilobita
0 Includes extinct trilobite
0 Marine 0 Have a head &
segmented trunk with one pair of legs on each segment 0 Breathe through gills 0 Single pair of antenna
mostly marine, fresh water, a few terrestrial all have two pair of antennae five or more pairs of legs segmented abdominal appendages head & trunk or cephalothorax & abdomen body arrangement have gills
Cephalothorax: Region of a crustacean formed by the fusion of the head with the thorax.
Coconut Crab
Relative of the hermit crab (juvenilles use a shell for protection) Can open coconuts with their large chelae which can lift up to 64 lbs. Largest terrestrial arthropod. Chelae- A claw, nipper or pincer.
Barnacles
Marine Sessile crustaceans live in limestone case Filter plankton with 12 appendages called cirri Found on ocean life, piers, boats
Copepods
Largest group of crustaceans Make up most of the marine plankton Serve as food for many marine animals Found in freshwater, marine, & moist terrestrial environments
Crayfish
Cephalothorax made of 13 fused segments & covered by protective carapace Antennules located on head help in balance, touch, & taste Statocysts - balancing organs at the base of antennules Antenna on head used for touch & taste Maxillae - paired mouthparts that move side to side to tear food
Section 28-2
Tail
Abdomen
Cheliped
Walking legs
Blue!
Red!
GRRRRRR!
Both!
Isopods
Terrestrial crustaceans that live in dark places Have 7 pairs of legs on a segmented body Can roll into a ball for protection rolly polly pillbugs & sowbugs
Includes 2 classes --Xiphosura (horseshoe crab) and Arachnida (spiders, ticks, scorpions, & mites) Have a cephalothorax (fused head& thorax) and abdomen No antenna
Simple eyes or ocelli Have 6 pairs of jointed appendages: Chelicerae - claws or fangs (1 pair) Pedipalps - used for feeding, walking, sensing, transferring sperm (1 pair) Walking legs movement (4 pairs)
Horseshoe crab
Marine Not true crabs Fanglike pincers or chelicerae Use book gills to breathe
Horseshoe crab
Arachnids
Terrestrial Eight legs Chelicerae or fangs with venom No antenna Breathe by book lungs &/or tracheal tubes
Arachnid that feeds on insects (carnivores) Have oval shaped, unsegmented abdomen Cephalothorax connected by narrow waist to abdomen Have 8 simple eyes or ocelli Fangs pierce prey, inject poison, & suck out body fluids Pedipalps on head help sense prey & move it to the mouth
Spiders
Abdomen
Heart Intestine Ovary Malpighian tubules
Brain Eyes
Airflow
Book Lung
Open circulatory system Ostia are openings in heart where blood reenters Body cavity called hemocoel Hemocycanin is oxygen-carrying pigment in blood
The Goliath Birdeater, Theraphosa leblondi, is a tarantula, and it is the largest spider in the world. Despite its name, the Goliath Birdeater does not eat birds; it eats invertebrates such as crickets and mealworms, and also small vertebrates such as mice and lizards. Native to South America, these spiders can be as large as 30 centimetres (12 inches) in leg span, when their legs are stretched out.
Have silk glands to make silk & spinnerets to release silk for webs
GARDEN SPIDER
Brown recluse
Spitting spider
Tarantula
Orb-weaving spider
Pseudoscorpion
have 2, 4, or no eyes. eight legs with five to seven segments poison is used to capture and immobilize prey. During digestion, pseudoscorpions pour a mildly corrosive fluid over the prey, then ingest the liquefied remains. spin silk from a gland in their jaws to make disk-shaped cocoons for mating, molting, or waiting out cold weather. Another trait they share with their closest relatives, the spiders, is breathing through spiracles. However, they do not have book lungs as most spiders do.
Parasitic arachnid Fused cephalothorax & abdomen Most abundant arachnid Need blood meal to molt
Mites can damage fruit & feed on dead skin at base of hair follicle Ticks carry Lyme disease & Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Lone star tick AKA Amblyomma americanum, which transmits Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever via Rickettsia rickettsii, Human monocytic erlichiosis by E. chafeensis, and Tularemia via Francisella tularesis.
The most common early sign of lyme disease is the appearance of a rash on the skin that looks like a "bull's eye". The rash begins as a reddened area near the area of the tick bite. As the rash gets bigger, it clears in the center and develops a red ring around the outer perimeter. Other symptoms include muscle or joint aches, stiff neck, headache, weakness, fever, swollen lymph nodes and other flu-like symptoms.
Predatory mite
Oribatid turtle-mites are among the most numerous of the micro-arthropods. This millimeter-long species feeds on fungi. Euzetes globulus
Have a cephalothorax & long segmented abdomen curled over body Prefer dry regions Poisonous stinger on end of abdomen Breathe through book lungs Pedipalps modified into claws Nocturnal predators
Scorpions
(Superstitionia donensis) posing motionless in natural light the same scorpion fluorescing bright green when illuminated by long-wave ultraviolet light.
Scorpions fluoresce because they contain a fluorescent protein in the hyaline layer of their exoskeleton. The ultraviolet light in the above photo appears dark blue-purple in color, and it colors anything that does not fluoresce this same color.
Millipede (Diplopoda)
Centipede (Chilopoda)
Garden centipede
Class Diplopoda
Terrestrial millipedes Have 2 pairs of legs per body segment Rounded body Scavengers on decaying vegetation as they burrow through soil Roll into ball when threatened & spray noxious chemical containing cyanide
Class Chilopoda
Terrestrial centipedes Flattened body with longer legs for fast movement Have 1 pair of legs per body segment Predators
Mandibles & maxilla for chewing prey (insects, small frogs earthworms, and sometimes rats) Claw-like appendages or pincers on 1st body segment that can inject venom Can coil up for defense
Giant centipede
Bugs Rock!
Success of Insects
Found everywhere except in deep part of ocean Very short life span & rapidly adapt to new environments Small size helps minimize competition in habitats Flight helps escape predators & move into other environments Reproduce in huge numbers!
Environmental Impact
Pollinate almost 2/3's of all plants Serve as food for fish, birds, & mammals Help recycle materials (termites recycle wood)
Make useful byproducts such as silk & honey Some spread disease Agricultural pests
Characteristics of Insects
Largest arthropod group Found in freshwater & terrestrial habitats, especially tropical areas Legs, mouthparts, & antenna jointed Body segmented into three sections --head, thorax, & abdomen
Characteristics of Insects
Six legs & up to two pairs of wings located on thorax Have compound & simple eyes One pair of antennae on head Abdomen has 11 segments Exoskeleton made of chitin and protects their body. Undergo molting to grow.
Characteristics of Insects
Wings located on mesothorax & metathorax Ovipositor located on the end of the abdomen in female insects & used to dig hole & lay eggs
carbohydrate found in arthropod exoskeletons and fungal cell walls. 0 Exoskeleton must be periodically molted (shed) for organism to grow
0 Molting hormone released and enzymes digest & loosen inner exoskeleton 0 New exoskeleton secreted by epidermal cells is flexible , making them soft
Insect Behavior
Insects may be solitary or social Social insects (bees, ants, & some wasps) live together in groups & share work (division of labor) Social insects have a caste system with different individuals doing different jobs
Workers - sterile females - care for queen & feed her honey - make beeswax and care for larva Drones - males mate with queen - fed by workers - driven out of hive during winter Queen - reproductive female - can store sperm for up to 5 yrs in seminal receptacles - feed by workers - secretes queen factor chemical
Reproductive System
Reproductive organs (ovaries & testes) located in abdomen Male deposits sperm into female's seminal receptacle Stored sperm fertilizes eggs as they are released by female Ovipositor on tip of female's abdomen is used to lay eggs Separate sexes Lay large number of eggs to ensure survival
Development
Incomplete metamorphosis goes from egg to nymph (immature form that looks like adult but without fully developed wings) to adult (3 stages)
Instars are growth periods between molts of nymphs & larva Grasshoppers, termites, & true bugs go through incomplete metamorphosis
Section 28-3
Metamorphosis
Adult
Adult
Eggs
Eggs
Incomplete Metamorphosis Complete Metamorphosis Adult Nymph Nymph Larva
Immature Nymph
Larva Pupa
Adult
Development
Complete metamorphosis goes from egg to larva (segmented & wormlike) to pupa to adult (4 stages) Butterflies, beetles, & flies go through complete metamorphosis Cocoon or chrysalis is a protective case formed around the pupa
Metamorphosis
Different stages of metamorphosis eliminates competition between larva & adults for food & space Multi-stage life cycle helps insects withstand harsh weather Different stages have different functions (caterpillar/growth & adult/reproduction)