Eurocode 4 EN 1994

Horizontally lying studs - load resistance for vertical shear

middle iddl position iti ti A A-A A section edge d position iti

PRd ,V =

0.012 ( f ck k ds )

0.5

(d a / s )0.4 (d l )0.3 (ar' ,o )0.7 kv

v

a spacing of studs 110 a 440 mm h overall height of the stud h 100 mm

Interaction:

Fd ,L P Rd ,L

1 .2

F + d ,V P Rd ,V

1. 2

s diameter of stirrups (ds) s 12 mm l diameter of longitudinal reinforment (dl) l 16 mm

EN 1994-2

Eurocode 4 EN 1994
Detailing of headed studs
Advices for distances of studs (edge distance, spacing of studs)

Hanswille

Eurocode 4 EN 1994
Detailing of headed studs - uplift forces
Calculation of uplift forces due to longitudinal shear force

Hanswille

Eurocode 4 EN 1994
Longitudinal shear forces in concrete slab determination
Slab in compression

Slab in tension

Hanswille

Eurocode 4 EN 1994
Longitudinal shear forces in concrete slab strut-and-tie

Hanswille

Eurocode 4 EN 1994
Longitudinal shear forces in concrete slab shear plane

section a-a: Acv= hc av section b-b, c-c, d-d: Acv = Lv av with Lv = Lb-b, Lc-c, Ld-d

Hanswille

Table of content
Part 1: Slim-floor system y 1. Slim-floor systems: Application / range of application 1.1 Slim-floor systems without composite action 1.2 Slim-floor systems with composite action 2. Design 2.1 General rules for design of slim-floor girder (application of EN1994-1-1) 2.2 Design (ultimate limit state) 2.2.1 Design of girder 2.2.2 Design of slab 223D 2.2.3 Design i of f studs t d 2.2.4 Erection condition 2.3 Fire design - advices 2 4 Design (service limit state) 2.4 2.4.1 Deflection 2.4.2 Proposal for vibration design 2 5 Technical Solutions of connections 2.5 2.6 Design example Ultimate limit state, service limit state, design of joints and connections

Slim-floor systems
Erection conditions structural behaviour
Different stress distribution due to the erection and propping conditions Different conditions: - unpropped condition - propped condition - propped condition and jacking props

Hanswille

Slim-floor systems
Erection conditions structural behaviour
Unpropped p pp construction ( (A) ) Propped construction (B) Propped construction and jacking of props (C)

The bending capacity Mp pl,Rd is independent of the loading history in case of Class 1 or Class 2 cross sections (plastic design) Using Class 3 or Class 4 cross sections the elastic behavior of the loading history has to be taken into account in ULS

Hanswille

Table of content
Part 1: Slim-floor system y 1. Slim-floor systems: Application / range of application 1.1 Slim-floor systems without composite action 1.2 Slim-floor systems with composite action 2. Design 2.1 General rules for design of slim-floor girder (application of EN1994-1-1) 2.2 Design (ultimate limit state) 2.2.1 Design of girder 2.2.2 Design of slab 223D 2.2.3 Design i of f studs t d 2.2.4 Erection condition 2.3 Fire design - advices 2 4 Design (service limit state) 2.4 2.4.1 Deflection 2.4.2 Proposal for vibration design 2 5 Technical Solutions of connections 2.5 2.6 Design example Ultimate limit state, service limit state, design of joints and connections

Eurocode 4 EN 1994
Fire design - General

Fire protection can be divided into active active and passive passive solutions active fire protection: surveillance methods and extinction concepts (fire sprinkling & fire alarm system) passive fire protection: structural measures (fire design according to EN 1994-1-2)

Possibilities of passive fire protection:

conventional fire protection (fire protection casing) fire design without additional structural measures fire design with additional structural measures (i.e. additional reinforcement)
additional reinforcement (fire design)

Fire design with additional structural measures (integrated ( integrated fire protection protection) )
Useful

and efficient method if design (section) of slim-floor girder not sufficent

additional reinforcement balances the reduced strength of the steel section due to fire (rising temperature)

Eurocode 4 EN 1994
Fire design according to EN 1994-1-2
EN1994-1-2 EN1994 1 2 allows three design procedures: 1) recognized design solutions called tabulated data for specific types of structural members (4.2) 2) simple calculation models for specific types of structural members (4.3) 3) advanced calculation models for simulating the behavior of the global structure (4 (4.3) 3)

1) Tabulated data solution design solutions for single components / specific types of structural members

tables with minimum size minimum concrete covering additional reinforcement for fire resistance

Application pp for - composite beam comprising steel beam with partial concrete encasement - composite columns

Eurocode 4 EN 1994
Fire design according to EN 1994-1-2
2) Simplified calculation model design solutions for single components / structural members

reduction of material strength due to temperatur design moment resistance Mfi,t,Rd :

Application for - composite deck slabs - composite girder (steel section protected and unprotected) - composite beam comprising steel beam with partial concrete encasement - composite p columns

additional reinforcement (fire design) ULS fire design

EN 1994-1-2

Eurocode 4 EN 1994
Fire design according to EN 1994-1-2
3) Advanced calculation model - model may be used for individual members, for subassemblies or for entire structures - models may be used with any type of cross-section - model considers material material, structural and geometrical properties due to fire impact

N Numerical i l model: d l fi fire d design i of f slim-floor li fl girder i d with ith

-

- UPE-profile (with hollow core) - IFB-profile

EN 1994-1-2

Table of content
Part 1: Slim-floor system y 1. Slim-floor systems: Application / range of application 1.1 Slim-floor systems without composite action 1.2 Slim-floor systems with composite action 2. Design 2.1 General rules for design of slim-floor girder (application of EN1994-1-1) 2.2 Design (ultimate limit state) 2.2.1 Design of girder 2.2.2 Design of slab 223D 2.2.3 Design i of f studs t d 2.2.4 Erection condition 2.3 Fire design - advices 2 4 Design (service limit state) 2.4 2.4.1 Deflection 2.4.2 Proposal for vibration design 2 5 Technical Solutions of connections 2.5 2.6 Design example Ultimate limit state, service limit state, design of joints and connections

Eurocode 4 EN 1994
SLS design (serviceability limit states) - General
Design according to SLS:

- limitation of stresses

- crack width control

- limitation of deflections

- vibrations

Eurocode 4 EN 1994
SLS design (serviceability limit states) Limitation of stresses

Serviceability assures the unrestricted application of building components

depending on the application the design rules (combinations) varies characteristic combination: frequent combination: quasi-permanent i combination: bi i

{ } Ed = E { Gk, j + Pk + 1,1 Qk,1 + 2,i Qk,i } Ed = E { Gk, j + Pk + 2,i Qk,i }

Ed = E Gk, j + Pk + Qk,1 + 0,i Qk,i
c > ct

fy

= s,Fl

combination
> ct

stress limit Ed ka fyk Ed ks fsk Ed kc fck PEd ks PRd

recommended values ki ka = 1,00 1 00 ks = 0,80 kc= 0,60 ks = 0,75

structural steel reinforcement concrete headed studs

characteristic characteristic characteristic characteristic

fy

Limitation of stresses depending on structural material:

Eurocode 4 EN 1994
SLS design (serviceability limit states) Crack width control
Crack control according design rules EN1992-1-1

Recommended values for wmax

w Ns
prestressed members b with ith bonded tendons

Exposure class

reinforced members, prestressed members with unbonded tendons and members prestressed by controlled imposed deformations quasi - permanent load combination

Ns s c

frequent load combination 0,2 mm 0,2 mm (2)

XO, XC1 XC2, XC3,XC4 XD1,XD2,XS1, XS2,XS3

0,4 mm (1)

Les

Les
s s s,1

0,3 mm decompression

c,1

Les

Les
Hanswille

Eurocode 4 EN 1994
Exposure classes according to EN 1992-1-1
Class Description of environment Examples no risk of corrosion or attack XO for concrete without reinforcement, for concrete with reinforcement : very dry concrete inside buildings with very low air humidity

Corrosion induced by carbonation XC1 XC2 XC3 XC4 dry or permanently wet wet, , rarely y dry y moderate humidity cyclic wet and dry concrete inside buildings with low air humidity concrete surfaces subjected j to long g term water contact, , foundations external concrete sheltered from rain concrete surfaces subject to water contact not within class XC2 Corrosion induced by chlorides XD1 XD2 XD3 moderate humidity wet, rarely dry cyclic wet and dry concrete surfaces exposed to airborne chlorides swimming pools, members exposed to industrial waters containing chlorides car park slabs, pavements, parts of bridges exposed to spray containing Corrosion induced by chlorides from sea water XS1 XS2 XS3 exposed to airborne salt permanently submerged tidal, splash and spray zones structures near to or on the coast parts of marine structures parts of marine structures
Hanswille

Table of content
Part 1: Slim-floor system y 1. Slim-floor systems: Application / range of application 1.1 Slim-floor systems without composite action 1.2 Slim-floor systems with composite action 2. Design 2.1 General rules for design of slim-floor girder (application of EN1994-1-1) 2.2 Design (ultimate limit state) 2.2.1 Design of girder 2.2.2 Design of slab 223D 2.2.3 Design i of f studs t d 2.2.4 Erection condition 2.3 Fire design - advices 2 4 Design (service limit state) 2.4 2.4.1 Deflection 2.4.2 Proposal for vibration design 2 5 Technical Solutions of connections 2.5 2.6 Design example Ultimate limit state, service limit state, design of joints and connections

Eurocode 4 EN 1994
Deflection of slim-floor girder systems
Deflections due to loading applied to the composite member should be calculated using elastic analysis taking into account effects from cracking of concrete creep and shrinkage sequence of construction influence of local yielding of structural steel at internal supports

Eurocode 4 EN 1994
Deflection of slim-floor girder systems
Different deflection behavior of ofnormal normal height height composite girder and composite slim-floor slim floor girder due to cracking of the concrete chord

comp. section Ii,0

steel section Ii,A

comp. section Ii,0

EI? EI?

EI?

0,85 l l

0,15 l l

??? l

??? l

Simplified calculation method for composite girder according g to EN1994-1-1

Different deflection behaviour of slim-floor girder calculation method according g to EN1994 still valid?

Eurocode 4 EN 1994
Deflection of slim-floor girder systems
Different deflection behaviour ofnormal of normal height height composite girder and composite slim-floor slim floor girder due to cracking of the concrete chord

comp. section Ii,0

steel section Ii,A

comp. section Ii,0

EI? EI?

EI?

0,85 l l

0,15 l l

??? l

??? l

Simplified calculation method for composite girder according g to EN1994-1-1

Different deflection behaviour of slim-floor girder calculation method according g to EN1994 still valid?

Table of content
Part 1: Slim-floor system y 1. Slim-floor systems: Application / range of application 1.1 Slim-floor systems without composite action 1.2 Slim-floor systems with composite action 2. Design 2.1 General rules for design of slim-floor girder (application of EN1994-1-1) 2.2 Design (ultimate limit state) 2.2.1 Design of girder 2.2.2 Design of slab 223D 2.2.3 Design i of f studs t d 2.2.4 Erection condition 2.3 Fire design - advices 2 4 Design (service limit state) 2.4 2.4.1 Deflection 2.4.2 Proposal for vibration design 2 5 Technical Solutions of connections 2.5 2.6 Design example Ultimate limit state, service limit state, design of joints and connections

SLS floor vibration

Proposals for vibration design
Due to the shallow construction height slim-floor slim floor girders are sensitive to the vibration behavior!

Calculation/Analysis of deck vibration: - finite element calculation method - simplified calculation methods (design guide)

SLS floor vibration

Vibration EN1994
EN 1994 1994-1-1: 1 1: The dynamic properties of floor beams should satisfy the criteria in EN 1990, A.1.4.4

EN 1990, A1.4.4: To achieve satisfactory vibration behavior of buildings and their structural members under serviceability conditions, the following aspects, among others, should be considered: the comfort of the user the functioning of the structure or its structural members Other aspects should be considered for each project and agreed with the client!

The natural frequency of vibrations of the structure or structural member should be kept above appropriate values! These values depend upon the function of the building and the source of the vibration vibration, and agreed with the client and/or the relevant authority. Possible sources of vibration that should be considered include walking, synchronised movements of people, machinery, ground db borne vibrations ib ti f from t traffic ffi and d wind i d actions. ti

Further information is given in ISO 10137.

SLS floor vibration

Vibration EN1994
The pacing rate fs dominates the dynamic effects and the resulting dynamic loads loads. The speed of pedestrian propagation vs is a function of the pacing rate fs and the stride length ls.

pacing rate fs [Hz]

forward speed vs = fs ls [ / ] [m/s] 1,1 1,5 2,2 3,3 5,5

stride length ls [m] 0,6 0,75 1,00 1,30 1,75

slow walk normal walk fast walk slow running (jog) fast running (sprint)

1,7 2,0 2,3 2,5 > 3,2

Hanswille

SLS floor vibration

Proposals for vibration design
Design guide for floor vibrations: The design guide focuses on simple methods, design tools and recommendations for the acceptance of vibration of floors which are caused db by people l d during i normal l use. Damping D Damping is the energy dissipation of a vibrating system. t The Th total t t l damping d i consists i t of f - Material and structural damping, - Damping by furniture and finishing (e.g. false floor), - Spread of energy throughout the whole structure. Referenced to:

Modal mass Mmod

A system y with several degrees g of freedom can be reduced to a system with a single degree of freedom

ArcelorMittal: Design Guide for Floor Vibrations

SLS floor vibration

Proposals for vibration design
Design guide for floor vibrations: Natural frequency f (Eigengfrequenz) Every structure has its specific dynamic behavior with regards to shape and duration T[s] of a Eigenfrequency g q y single g oscillation. The frequency q y f is the reciprocal p of the oscillation time T ( (f = 1/T). ) Each structure has as many natural frequencies and associated mode shapes as degrees of freedom. They are commonly sorted by the amount of energy that is activated by the oscillation. Therefore the first natural frequency is that on the lowest energy level and is thus the most likely to be activated. The equation for the natural frequency of a single degree of freedom system is

ArcelorMittal: Design Guide for Floor Vibrations

SLS floor vibration

Proposals for vibration design
Design guide for floor vibrations: OS-RMS90 One step RMS- value of the velocity for a significant step covering the intensity of 90% of peoples p p steps p walking g normally y OS: One step RMS: Root mean square = effective value, here of velocity v

In the determination of the dynamic floor characteristics, a realistic fraction of imposed load should be considered For concrete, the dynamic modulus of elasticity should be considered to be 10% higher than the static tangent modulus Ecm. in the mass of the floor. Experienced values for residential and office building are 10% to 20% of the imposed load.
ArcelorMittal: Design Guide for Floor Vibrations

SLS floor vibration

Proposals for vibration design
Design guide for floor vibrations:

Detemination of damping:

ArcelorMittal: Design Guide for Floor Vibrations

SLS floor vibration

Proposals for vibration design
Design guide for floor vibrations: Classification of vibrations: Aiming at an universal assessment procedure for human induced vibration, it is recommended to adopt the so-called one step RMS value (OSRMS) ) as a measure for assessing g annoying y g floor vibrations. The OS-RMS values correspond to the harmonic vibration caused by one relevant step onto the floor floor. The perception of vibrations is a very individual problem that can only be described in a way that fulfills the acceptance of comfort of the majority.

Classification of floor response and recommendation for the application of classes

ArcelorMittal: Design Guide for Floor Vibrations

SLS floor vibration

Proposals for vibration design
Design guide for floor vibrations: Application of diagrams: When modal mass and frequency are determined, the OSRMS90-value as well as the assignment to the perception classes may be determined with the diagrams given below. The relevant diagram needs to be selected according to the damping characteristics of the floor in the condition of use (considering finishing and furniture).
ArcelorMittal: Design Guide for Floor Vibrations

The diagram is used by entering on the x-axis the modal mass and the corresponding frequency on the y-axis y axis. The OS-RMS value and the acceptance class can be read-off at the intersection of extensions at both entry points.

SLS floor vibration

Proposals for vibration design
Design guide for floor vibrations: Determination of Natural frequency: Orthotropic floors as e.g. composite floors with beams in longitudinal direction and a concrete plate in transverse direction have different stiffnesses in length and width (EIy>EIx). The first natural frequency of the orthotropic plate being simply supported at all four edges can be determined with:

ArcelorMittal: Design Guide for Floor Vibrations

SLS floor vibration

Proposals for vibration design
Design guide for floor vibrations: Determination of Natural frequency (self-weight approach): The self weight approach is a very practical approximation in cases where the maximum deflection max due to self weight loading is already determined, e.g. by finite element calculation. This method has its origin in the general frequency equation: The stiffness K can be approximated by the assumption:

The approximated natural frequency is

ArcelorMittal: Design Guide for Floor Vibrations

SLS floor vibration

Proposals for vibration design
Design guide for floor vibrations: Determination of Modal Mass: Plate spans uniaxial between beams, plate and beams simply supported Modal mass

ArcelorMittal: Design Guide for Floor Vibrations

Table of content
Part 1: Slim-floor system y 1. Slim-floor systems: Application / range of application 1.1 Slim-floor systems without composite action 1.2 Slim-floor systems with composite action 2. Design 2.1 General rules for design of slim-floor girder (application of EN1994-1-1) 2.2 Design (ultimate limit state) 2.2.1 Design of girder 2.2.2 Design of slab 223D 2.2.3 Design i of f studs t d 2.2.4 Erection condition 2.3 Fire design - advices 2 4 Design (service limit state) 2.4 2.4.1 Deflection 2.4.2 Proposal for vibration design 2 5 Technical Solutions of connections 2.5 2.6 Design example Ultimate limit state, service limit state, design of joints and connections

Connections / Joints with slim-floor girder

Connections to coloums & girders
General
- Exemplarily the connections are shown for hat-profiles (UPE-profiles) - Constructions / joints with I I-profiles profiles or any other types of slim slim-floor floor girder can be done similarly

- in principle the joints can be executed - constrained - hinged

- normally the connections will be executed hinged, so that the slim-floor girder acts as a single-span girder

- constrained joints have the advantage of a reduced deflection of the girder system

Connections / Joints with slim-floor girder

End-plate joints hinged connection
j joints between steel g girder connections to columns with I-profiles p the end-plates are directly bolted to the colomns flanges

only shear forces (no transfer of bending moments) as the bolts are protected by the deck concrete of the slim-floor girder: high fire resistance of the connection

View
a2 t S,f t St

Section A - A
A

a3

t T,f

a1

or

e2

e3

e2

b St

Hinged end-plate joint

bS

e1 e e1

h St

hc

Connections / Joints with slim-floor girder

End-plate joints hinged connection
Erection: end-plates are welded to the slim-floor beams (openings to drill holes) fast erection (reduced crane times) possible by clipping the girders to the columns (openings of drill holes)

View
A

Section A - A

h St threaded bar tSt opening during erection tT,f

hc

detail of end-plate

A
bSt

Hinged end-plate connection (prepared for fast clipping)

bS

Connections / Joints with slim-floor girder

End-plate joints hinged connection
Erection of several slim-floorg gg girders in series: for the compensation of the tolerances placing of additional lining plates between column flange and end-plate gap between slim-floor girder and column flange (fire resistance!)

View
lining plates a2 t S,f t St

Section A - A
A

a3 gap s

a1

or

t T,f

e2

e3

e2

b St

Hinged end-plate connection with additional lining plates for the erection tolerance

bS

e1 e e1

h St

hc

Connections / Joints with slim-floor girder

End-plate joints constrained connection
continuous g girder action by y reinforcement in tension zone ( (top p side ot the concrete deck) ) contact piece & stiffener in the compression zone of the column during erection: single-span girder action (only transfer of shear force) after hardening process of concrete: continuous girder action

View
reinforcement t St,S t St,T

Section A - A
A
opening in column

tS S,St

h St stiffener a2 a1

tT T,f

hc

b St

Constrained connection (continuous action by reinforcement)

Connections / Joints with slim-floor girder

End-plate joints constrained connection
continuous g girder action by y constrained end-plate p joint and reinforcement j contact piece & stiffener in the compression zone of the column during erection: already partial continuous girder action (by constrained end-plate) after hardening process of concrete: full continuous girder action

View
a2 t St tSt

Section A - A
A
erectionbolts

h St,1

hc

or

t S,s

Constrained end-plate joint

t T,f

a1

h St,2

Connections / Joints with slim-floor girder

Connection to constricted columns
due to constricted columns four and more g girder can be seated after erection of the girder the bearing area of the column will be concreted the bearing of the girder is protected against fire impact the eccentricity of the shear force from the girder is minimized

View
A

Section A - A

h N,o

h St

A
dS securing bolt (during (d i erection) ti ) b St bS

t T,ff

hc

Hinged connection to constricted column

Connections / Joints with slim-floor girder

Cleat connection hinged connection
cleat connections allow a very y fast erection cleat connections are characterized by a high pre-fabrication cleat connection allow a higher tolerance in fabrication cleat can be welded directly to the column flange below the slim slim-floor floor girder

View
A
s t St hc

Section A - A

h N

or

h N,o hK t T,f

a3

a2

h N,u

a1

tK 80 mm (required for fire design)

bK bs

Hinged cleat connection